Journal articles: 'Bioindicator,electromagnetic fields, genotoxicity'

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Heynick, Louis N., Sheila A. Johnston, and Patrick A. Mason. "Radio frequency electromagnetic fields: Cancer, mutagenesis, and genotoxicity." Bioelectromagnetics 24, S6 (2003): S74—S100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.10162.

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N.V., Balenko, Sovertkova L.S., Chernichenko I.O., Babii V.F., Dumanskyi Yu.D., Lytvychenko O.M., Serdiuk Ye.A., and Kondratenko O.Ye. "Investigations of genotoxicity of low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Current state (second report)." Environment & Health, no. 2 (87) (April 2018): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32402/dovkil2018.02.023.

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Chang, S.-K., J.-S. Choi, H.-W. Gil, J.-O. Yang, E.-Y. Lee, Y.-S. Jeon, Z.-W. Lee, et al. "Genotoxicity evaluation of electromagnetic fields generated by 835-MHz mobile phone frequency band." European Journal of Cancer Prevention 14, no. 2 (April 2005): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200504000-00014.

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Romeo, Stefania, Olga Zeni, Anna Sannino, Susanna Lagorio, Mauro Biffoni, and Maria Rosaria Scarfì. "Genotoxicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: Protocol for a systematic review of in vitro studies." Environment International 148 (March 2021): 106386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106386.

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Schuermann, David, Christina Ziemann, Zeinab Barekati, Myles Capstick, Antje Oertel, Frauke Focke, Manuel Murbach, Niels Kuster, Clemens Dasenbrock, and Primo Schär. "Assessment of Genotoxicity in Human Cells Exposed to Modulated Electromagnetic Fields of Wireless Communication Devices." Genes 11, no. 4 (March 25, 2020): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11040347.

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Modulated electromagnetic fields (wEMFs), as generated by modern communication technologies, have raised concerns about adverse health effects. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies them as “possibly carcinogenic to humans” (Group 2B), yet, the underlying molecular mechanisms initiating and promoting tumorigenesis remain elusive. Here, we comprehensively assess the impact of technologically relevant wEMF modulations on the genome integrity of cultured human cells, investigating cell type-specificities as well as time- and dose-dependencies. Classical and advanced methodologies of genetic toxicology and DNA repair were applied, and key experiments were performed in two separate laboratories. Overall, we found no conclusive evidence for an induction of DNA damage nor for alterations of the DNA repair capacity in cells exposed to several wEMF modulations (i.e., GSM, UMTS, WiFi, and RFID). Previously reported observations of increased DNA damage after exposure of cells to GSM-modulated signals could not be reproduced. Experimental variables, presumably underlying the discrepant observations, were investigated and are discussed. On the basis of our data, we conclude that the possible carcinogenicity of wEMF modulations cannot be explained by an effect on genome integrity through direct DNA damage. However, we cannot exclude non-genotoxic, indirect, or secondary effects of wEMF exposure that may promote tumorigenesis in other ways.

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Jacobson-Kram, David, John Tepper, Peter Kuo, Richard H. C. San, Patrick T. Curry, Valentine O. Wagner, and Donald L. Putman. "Evaluation of potential genotoxicity of pulsed electric and electromagnetic fields used for bone growth stimulation." Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 388, no. 1 (January 1997): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5718(96)00134-9.

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Kiełbasa, P., T. Dróżdż, and A. Miernik. "Influence of alternating electromagnetic field on somatic reactions of pathogens." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2408, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2408/1/012005.

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Abstract Outbreaks of new infectious diseases are occurring with increasing frequency and consequences, including wildlife diseases and zoonoses. The increasing emergence of infectious pathogens has many causes, all related to increasing anthropogenic impacts on nature. Some studies show how exposure to fields can enhance or reduce cellular activity, with possible application implications in the field of biotechnology. The effects of magnetic fields at the cellular level in microbial cells may include cell viability and proliferation, apoptosis, morphological changes, changes in metabolic and enzymatic activities, changes in ion transport into the cell, and genotoxicity and changes in gene expression. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the somatic response of pathogen cells used in biotechnological processes exposed to an alternating electromagnetic field with a constant frequency of 50 Hz in three variants of exposure time. It was found that stimulation with an alternating electromagnetic field affects the somatic responses of microorganisms represented by their growth. The responses of the studied microorganisms are also related to their morphology.

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Simkó, Myrtill. "Induction of Cell Activation Processes by Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields." Scientific World JOURNAL 4 (2004): 4–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2004.174.

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Electromagnetic fields (EMF) such as those from electric power transmission and distribution lines (50/60 Hz) have been associated with increased risk of childhood leukemia, cancer of the nervous system, and lymphomas. Severalin vitrostudies on EMF effects were performed to clarify the existing controversies, define the risks, and determine the possible mechanisms of adverse effects. In some of these reports, the effects were related to other mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Modification in cell proliferation was observed after EMF exposure and a few reports on cytotoxic effects have also been published. This limited review gives an overview of the current results of scientific research regardingin vitrostudies on the effects of power line frequency EMF, but also cell biological mechanisms and their potential involvement in genotoxicity and cytotoxicity are discussed. Cell cycle control and signal transduction processes are included to elucidate the biochemical background of possible interactions. Exposure to EMF has been also linked to the incidence of leukemia and other tumors in some epidemiological studies and is considered as “possibly carcinogenic to humans”, but there is no well-established biological mechanism that explains such a relation. Furthermore, EMF is also shown as a stimulus for immune relevant cells (e.g., macrophages) to release free radicals. It is known that chronic activation of macrophages is associated with the onset of phagocytosis and leads to increased formation of reactive oxygen species, which themselves may cause DNA damage and are suggested to lead to carcinogenesis. To demonstrate a possible interaction between EMF and cellular systems, we present a mechanistic model describing cell activation as a major importance for cellular response.

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Demsia, George, Dimitris Vlastos, and Demetrios P. Matthopoulos. "Effect of 910-MHz Electromagnetic Field on Rat Bone Marrow." Scientific World JOURNAL 4 (2004): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2004.178.

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Aiming to investigate the possibility of electromagnetic fields (EMF) developed by nonionizing radiation to be a noxious agent capable of inducing genotoxicity to humans, in the current study we have investigated the effect of 910-MHz EMF in rat bone marrow. Rats were exposed daily for 2 h over a period of 30 consecutive days. Studying bone marrow smears from EMF-exposed and sham-exposed animals, we observed an almost threefold increase of micronuclei (MN) in polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) after EMF exposure. An induction of MN was also observed in polymorphonuclear cells. The induction of MN in female rats was less than that in male rats. The results indicate that 910-MHz EMF could be considered as a noxious agent capable of producing genotoxic effects.

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Vilić, Marinko, Ivona Žura Žaja, Mirta Tkalec, Anamaria Štambuk, Maja Šrut, Goran Klobučar, Krešimir Malarić, Perica Tucak, Selim Pašić, and Ivana Tlak Gajger. "Effects of a radio frequency electromagnetic field on honey bee larvae (Apis mellifera) differ in relation to the experimental study design." Veterinarski arhiv 91, no. 4 (September 15, 2021): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24099/vet.arhiv.1321.

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Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) at the operating frequencies of different communication devices can cause various biological effects. However, there is a lack of studies on the oxidative stress response and genotoxicity in the honey bee (Apis mellifera) after exposure to RF-EMF. In this study, we investigated the oxidative stress and DNA damage in honey bee larvae situated in waxcomb cells, exposed to modulated RF-EMF 23 Vm-1. The glutathione S-transferase activity decreased, whereas the catalase activity increased significantly in the honey bee larvae upon RF-EMF exposure. Superoxide dismutase activity, the level of lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage were not statistically altered in exposed honey bee larvae when compared to the control group. These results suggest that the biological effects of modulated RF-EMF in honey bee larvae depend on the exposure design.

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Lee, Sang-Kon, Sungman Park, Yoon-Myoung Gimm, and Yoon-Won Kim. "Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields Induce Spermatogenic Germ Cell Apoptosis: Possible Mechanism." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/567183.

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The energy generated by an extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) is too weak to directly induce genotoxicity. However, it is reported that an extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) is related to DNA strand breakage and apoptosis. The testes that conduct spermatogenesis through a dynamic cellular process involving meiosis and mitosis seem vulnerable to external stress such as heat, MF exposure, and chemical or physical agents. Nevertheless the results regarding adverse effects of ELF-EMF on human or animal reproductive functions are inconclusive. According to the guideline of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP; 2010) for limiting exposure to time-varying MF (1 Hz to 100 kHz), overall conclusion of epidemiologic studies has not consistently shown an association between human adverse reproductive outcomes and maternal or paternal exposure to low frequency fields. In animal studies there is no compelling evidence of causal relationship between prenatal development and ELF-MF exposure. However there is increasing evidence that EL-EMF exposure is involved with germ cell apoptosis in testes. Biophysical mechanism by which ELF-MF induces germ cell apoptosis has not been established. This review proposes the possible mechanism of germ cell apoptosis in testes induced by ELF-MF.

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Koyama, Shin, Eijiro Narita, Yukihisa Suzuki, Takeo Shiina, Masao Taki, Naoki Shinohara, and Junji Miyakoshi. "Long-term exposure to a 40-GHz electromagnetic field does not affect genotoxicity or heat shock protein expression in HCE-T or SRA01/04 cells." Journal of Radiation Research 60, no. 4 (June 14, 2019): 417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrz017.

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AbstractMillimeter waves are used in various fields, and the risks of this wavelength range for human health must be carefully evaluated. In this study, we investigated the effects of millimeter waves on genotoxicity and heat shock protein expression in human corneal epithelial (HCE-T) and human lens epithelial (SRA01/04) cells. We exposed the cells to 40-GHz millimeter waves at 1 mW/cm2 for 24 h. We observed no statistically significant increase in the micronucleus (MN) frequency or the level of DNA strand breaks in cells exposed to 40-GHz millimeter waves relative to sham-exposed and incubator controls. Heat shock protein (Hsp) expression also exhibited no statistically significant response to the 40-GHz exposure. These results indicate that exposure to 40 GHz millimeter waves under these conditions has little or no effect on MN formation, DNA strand breaks, or Hsp expression in HCE-T or SRA01/04 cells.

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Wang, Xiaoya, Chuan Liu, Qinglong Ma, Wei Feng, Lingling Yang, Yonghui Lu, Zhou Zhou, Zhengping Yu, Wei Li, and Lei Zhang. "8-oxoG DNA Glycosylase-1 Inhibition Sensitizes Neuro-2a Cells to Oxidative DNA Base Damage Induced by 900 MHz Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 37, no. 3 (2015): 1075–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000430233.

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Background/Aims: The purpose of this study was to explore the in vitro putative genotoxicity during exposure of Neuro-2a cells to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) with or without silencing of 8-oxoG DNA glycosylase-1 (OGG1). Methods: Neuro-2a cells treated with or without OGG1 siRNA were exposed to 900 MHz Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Talk signals continuously at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0, 0.5, 1 or 2 W/kg for 24 h. DNA strand breakage and DNA base damage were measured by the alkaline comet assay and a modified comet assay using formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (FPG), respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and cell viability were monitored using the non-fluorescent probe 2, 7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and CCK-8 assay. Results: Exposure to 900 MHz RF-EMFs with insufficient energy could induce oxidative DNA base damage in Neuro-2a cells. These increases were concomitant with similar increases in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Without OGG1 siRNA, 2 W/kg RF-EMFs induced oxidative DNA base damage in Neuro-2a cells. Interestingly, with OGG1 siRNA, RF-EMFs could cause DNA base damage in Neuro-2a cells as low as 1 W/kg. However, neither DNA strand breakage nor altered cell viability was observed. Conclusion: Even if further studies remain conducted we support the hypothesis that OGG1 is involved in the process of DNA base repair and may play a pivotal role in protecting DNA bases from RF-EMF induced oxidative damage.

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Borghini, Francesco, Giovanni Dinelli, Ilaria Marotti, Grazia Trebbi, Giovanni Borghini, and Lucietta Betti. "Electromagnetic Information Transfer (EMIT) by Ultra High Diluted (UHD) solutions: the suggestive hypothesis of an epigenetic action." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 11, no. 40 (December 21, 2021): 113–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v11i40.582.

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The aim of this work is to confirm the theoretical possibility of an epigenetic mechanism shared between EMIT and UHD. The presentation will be divided in three sections: 1. Water aggregates with an electric dipole moment (UHD succussed solutions) as mediators of weak specific bioelectromagnetic signals on target stem cells. Recent experimental works confirm the developing concept of water mediated Electromagnetic Information Transfer (EMIT) of specific molecular signals, picked up from the source biological effector, on target stem cells with evident effect on their proliferation [1]. Similar Electromagnetic (EM) emission and consequences are also reported by the scientific literature on rotational excited aggregates with an electric dipole moment, created in polar liquids by Ultra High Diluted (UHD) or High Diluted (HD) succussed solutions. These aggregates are composed of solvent molecules only or a combination of these and solute particles [2]. 2. DNA mediated physiopathological effects of ELF EMFs In detail, according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the extremely low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are classified as "possible carcinogenic" based on their effects [3-5], although most scientists agree that they are too weak to kill cells or to cause mutations and thus initiate cancer. Besides the prevailing paradigm of the environmentally-induced acute and chronic diseases involving either cell killing (cytotoxicity) or gene/chromosome mutations (genotoxicity), many studies concerning the biological and health consequences of ELF-EM exposure report that alteration of the expression of genetic information at the transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational levels has the potential to contribute to various diseases. 3. Epigenetic mechanism shared between EMIT and UHDs The latter referred mechanism, denoted as "epigenetic" (that affects gene expression rather than gene structure), is characterized by threshold-like action, multiple biochemical pathways and it needs chronic regular exposures to be effective [6]. Epigenetic factors affect one of four potential cell states, namely alteration of cell proliferation, cell differentiation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) or adaptive responses of differentiated cells, and probably they act as co-inductors of DNA damage rather than as a genotoxic agents per se. At the present time, studies on genomic and functional genetic are identifying many genes and gene variants that potentially modulate the fundamental molecular mechanisms underpinning both physiological and pathological processes.

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Ledoigt, Gérard, Chaima Sta, Eric Goujon, Dalila Souguir, and Ezzeddine El Ferjani. "Synergistic health effects between chemical pollutants and electromagnetic fields." Reviews on Environmental Health 30, no. 4 (January 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2015-0028.

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AbstractHumans and ecosystems are exposed to highly variable and unknown cocktail of chemicals and radiations. Although individual chemicals are typically present at low concentrations, they can interact with each other resulting in additive or potentially synergistic mixture effects. This was also observed with products obtained by radiation actions such as sunlight or electromagnetic fields that can change the effects of chemicals, such as pesticides, and metal trace elements on health. Concomitant presence of various pesticides and their transformation products adds further complexity to chemical risk assessment since chronic inflammation is a key step for cancer promotion. Degradation of a parent molecule can produce several by-products which can trigger various toxic effects with different impacts on health and environment. For instance, the cocktail of sunlight irradiated sulcotrione pesticide has a greater cytotoxicity and genotoxicity than parent molecule, sulcotrione, and questions about the impact of photochemical process on environment. Adjuvants were shown to modify the biological features of pesticides. Addition of other elements, metals or biological products, can differently enhance cell toxicity of pesticides or electromagnetic radiations suggesting a synergy in living organisms. Electromagnetic fields spreading, pesticide by-products and mixtures monitoring become greater for environmental contamination evaluations.

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Pall, Martin L. "Scientific evidence contradicts findings and assumptions of Canadian Safety Panel 6: microwaves act through voltage-gated calcium channel activation to induce biological impacts at non-thermal levels, supporting a paradigm shift for microwave/lower frequency electromagnetic field action." Reviews on Environmental Health 30, no. 2 (January 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2015-0001.

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AbstractThis review considers a paradigm shift on microwave electromagnetic field (EMF) action from only thermal effects to action via voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) activation. Microwave/lower frequency EMFs were shown in two dozen studies to act via VGCC activation because all effects studied were blocked by calcium channel blockers. This mode of action was further supported by hundreds of studies showing microwave changes in calcium fluxes and intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i signaling. The biophysical properties of VGCCs/similar channels make them particularly sensitive to low intensity, non-thermal EMF exposures. Non-thermal studies have shown that in most cases pulsed fields are more active than are non-pulsed fields and that exposures within certain intensity windows have much large biological effects than do either lower or higher intensity exposures; these are both consistent with a VGCC role but inconsistent with only a heating/thermal role. Downstream effects of VGCC activation include calcium signaling, elevated nitric oxide (NO), NO signaling, peroxynitrite, free radical formation, and oxidative stress. Downstream effects explain repeatedly reported biological responses to non-thermal exposures: oxidative stress; single and double strand breaks in cellular DNA; cancer; male and female infertility; lowered melatonin/sleep disruption; cardiac changes including tachycardia, arrhythmia, and sudden cardiac death; diverse neuropsychiatric effects including depression; and therapeutic effects. Non-VGCC non-thermal mechanisms may occur, but none have been shown to have effects in mammals. Biologically relevant safety standards can be developed through studies of cell lines/cell cultures with high levels of different VGCCs, measuring their responses to different EMF exposures. The 2014 Canadian Report by a panel of experts only recognizes thermal effects regarding safety standards for non-ionizing radiation exposures. Its position is therefore contradicted by each of the observations above. The Report is assessed here in several ways including through Karl Popper’s assessment of strength of evidence. Popper argues that the strongest type of evidence is evidence that falsifies a theory; second strongest is a test of “risky prediction”; the weakest confirms a prediction that the theory could be correct but in no way rules out alternative theories. All of the evidence supporting the Report’s conclusion that only thermal effects need be considered are of the weakest type, confirming prediction but not ruling out alternatives. In contrast, there are thousands of studies apparently falsifying their position. The Report argues that there are no biophysically viable mechanisms for non-thermal effects (shown to be false, see above). It claims that there are many “inconsistencies” in the literature causing them to throw out large numbers of studies; however, the one area where it apparently documents this claim, that of genotoxicity, shows no inconsistencies; rather it shows that various cell types, fields and end points produce different responses, as should be expected. The Report claims that cataract formation is produced by thermal effects but ignores studies falsifying this claim and also studies showing [Ca2+]i and VGCC roles. It is time for a paradigm shift away from only thermal effects toward VGCC activation and consequent downstream effects.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bioindicator,electromagnetic fields, genotoxicity'

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