Journal articles on the topic 'Biogeography – Western Australia – South-West'
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1
Phillips, Ryan D., Gary Backhouse, Andrew P. Brown, and Stephen D. Hopper. "Biogeography of Caladenia (Orchidaceae), with special reference to the South-west Australian Floristic Region." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 4 (2009): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt08157.
Abstract:
Caladenia contains 376 species and subspecies, of which almost all are endemic to temperate and southern semiarid Australia. Eleven species occur in New Zealand, 10 of which are endemic, and one species is widely distributed in eastern Australia and the western Pacific. Only three species occur in both south-western and south-eastern Australia. At subgeneric level, Drakonorchis is endemic to the South-west Australian Floristic Region (SWAFR), Stegostyla to eastern Australia and New Zealand, whereas three subgenera, Calonema, Phlebochilus and Elevatae occur on both sides of the Nullarbor Plain. Subgenus Caladenia is primarily eastern Australian but also extends to the western Pacific. The largest subgenera (Calonema and Phlebochilus) have radiated extensively, with Calonema exhibiting a greater concentration of species in more mesic parts of the SWAFR than Phlebochilus. Within the SWAFR, the major biogeographic division within Caladenia follows the 600-mm isohyet. Within rainfall zones, biogeographic districts for Caladenia correlate with a combination of underlying geology and surface soils. Areas of high endemism contain diverse edaphic environments. Climatic and edaphic requirements are likely to be key drivers of rarity in Caladenia, although these parameters may be acting in concert with mycorrhizal and pollinator specificity.
2
Turner, H. "Sapindaceae and the biogeography of eastern Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 9, no. 2 (1996): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9960133.
Abstract:
The biogeographic relations within eastern Australia and of this region to surrounding areas in New Guinea, West Malesia and the western Pacific are analysed using eight monophyletic groups of Sapindaceae. The results show that areas within eastern Australia are related (Cape York (Atherton Plateau + South East Queensland)), confirming similar results obtained by revious authors. The relationship between eastern Australia and surrounding areas is shown to be complex, involving both vicariance and dispersal events. There are at least two patterns connecting Australia to the West Pacific: an old vicariance (or dispersal) pattern involving the eastern end of the Inner Melanesian Arc and a more recent dispersal pattern via New Guinea involving the Outer Melanesian Arc. West Malesia is also probably connected to eastern Australia by numerous dispersal events via New Guinea. At least two patterns relate eastern Australia to New Guinea: an old vicariance pattern and a younger dispersal pattern from New Guinea back to Australia. These results are compared briefly with those obtained in earlier studies.
3
Brown, Gillian K., Frank Udovicic, and Pauline Y. Ladiges. "Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Melaleuca, Callistemon and related genera (Myrtaceae)." Australian Systematic Botany 14, no. 4 (2001): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb00029.
Abstract:
To resolve the relationships of taxa within the Beaufortia suballiance (Myrtaceae), 72 ingroup taxa were analysed by parsimony methods and nrDNA sequence data from the 5S and ITS-1 ribosomal DNA spacer regions. Although basal nodes in the consensus tree (combined data set) are not supported by bootstrap or jackknife values, a number of clades are well supported, showing that Melaleuca is polyphyletic. Monophyletic groups include: endemic species of Melaleuca from New Caledonia (including species of Callistemon recently transferred to Melaleuca); the tropical Melaleuca leucadendra group; Australian species of Callistemon, which relate to species of Melaleuca predominantly from the South-East; and a group of south-western and eastern Australian melaleucas that relate to a clade of three south-western genera, Eremaea, Conothamnus and Phymatocarpus. Calothamnus, Regeliaand Beaufortiamay also relate to this latter group. Lamarchea is possibly related to northern melaleucas. The results have implications for generic revisions of the large genus Melaleuca. Biogeographic subtree analysis, based only on supported nodes of the taxon cladogram, showed New Caledonia, New Guinea, Eastern Queensland and the Northern Desert unresolved at the base of the area cladogram. The position of some of these areas is likely to be artifactual, but New Caledonia is interpreted as in the correct position. At a higher node, the monsoonal northern areas of Australia (Kimberley, Arnhem and Cape York), Atherton, the Pilbara and Western Desert relate to the southern regions, which form a group. The South-West of Australia is related to Eyre and Adelaide (designated area ‘South’) and Tasmania is related to the South-East and MacPherson–Macleay. The vicariance between northern and southern regions in Australia possibly relates to an early major climatic change (from the Early Tertiary). The biogeographic analysis helped illuminate taxon relationships.
4
Bougher, NL, BA Fuhrer, and E. Horak. "Taxonomy and biogeography of Australian Rozites species mycorrhizal with Nothofagus and Myrtaceae." Australian Systematic Botany 7, no. 4 (1994): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9940353.
Abstract:
Seven species of the putatively obligately ectomycorrhizal fungal genus Rozites are described from Australian Nothofagus and myrtaceaeous forests. Rozites metallica, R. armeniacovelata, R. foetens, and R. occulta are new species associated with Nothofagus in south eastern Australia. Rozites fusipes, previously known only from New Zealand, is reported from Tasmanian Nothofagus forests. Rozites roseolilacina and R. symea are new species associated with Eucalyptus in south eastern and south western Australia respectively. The significance of these Rozites species to mycorrhizal and biogeographical theories, such as the origin of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with myrtaceous plants in Australia are discussed. The diversity of Rozites species in Australia, which equals or exceeds that of other southern regions, furthers the notion that many species of the genus co-evolved with Nothofagus in the Southern Hemisphere. Rozites symea in Western Australia occurs well outside the current geographic range of Nothofagus. It is considered to be a relict species that has survived the shift in dominant ectomycorrhizal forest tree type from Nothofagus to Myrtaceae (local extinction of Nothofagus 4–5 million years ago), and is most likely now confined to the high rainfall zone in the south west. Data on Rozites in Australia support the concept that at least some of the present set of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Myrtaceae in Australia are those which successfully completed a host change from Nothofagus, and adapted to changing climate, vegetation and soil conditions during and since the Tertiary. We suggest that the ancient stock of Rozites arose somewhere within the geographical range of a Cretaceous fagalean complex of plant taxa. By the end of the Cretaceous, Rozites and the fagalean complex may have spanned the Asian–Australian region including perhaps many Southern Hemisphere regions. A northern portion of the ancestral Rozites stock gave rise to extant Northern Hemisphere Rozites species and a southern portion speciated as Nothofagus itself speciated.
5
Gouws, Gavin, Barbara A. Stewart, and Savel R. Daniels. "Phylogeographic structure of a freshwater crayfish (Decapoda:Parastacidae:Cherax preissii) in south-western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 57, no. 8 (2006): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf05248.
Abstract:
Although phylogeographic patterns of freshwater decapods elsewhere in Australia are well documented, little is known of the phylogeography and biogeography of the endemic freshwater fauna of south-western Australia. Here, the phylogeographic structure of a freshwater crayfish, Cherax preissii Erichson, 1846, was investigated to determine contemporary and historical patterns of gene flow and to examined evolutionary and biogeographical scenarios. Allozyme and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mitochondrial DNA data were collected from 15 populations, sampled across the known C. preissii distribution. Both markers revealed a clear distinction and separation among populations occurring in the north-western and southern portions of the distribution. Inferences of allopatric fragmentation and molecular dating attributed the divergence of the aquatic fauna of these regions to periods of Pliocene–Pleistocene aridity. Connectivity appeared to be greater within each of these regions. Evidence suggested contemporary, but not ongoing, gene flow, particularly within the southern region. This was possibly facilitated by dispersal during pluvial Pleistocene periods or drainage connectivity during episodic marine regressions. The divergence and distributions of these lineages parallels patterns seen in other freshwater crayfish of the region. More explicit investigation of these and further fine-scale phylogeographic studies may contribute to the understanding of biogeography and evolution in the south-west, and may further refine currently recognised biogeographical regions.
6
Harms, Danilo, J. Dale Roberts, and Mark S. Harvey. "Climate variability impacts on diversification processes in a biodiversity hotspot: a phylogeography of ancient pseudoscorpions in south-western Australia." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186, no. 4 (April 12, 2019): 934–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz010.
Abstract:
Abstract The south-western division of Australia is the only biodiversity hotspot in Australia and is well-known for extreme levels of local endemism. Climate change has been identified as a key threat for flora and fauna, but very few data are presently available to evaluate its impact on invertebrate fauna. Here, we derive a molecular phylogeography for pseudoscorpions of the genus Pseudotyrannochthonius that in the south-west are restricted to regions with the highest rainfall. A dated molecular phylogeny derived from six gene fragments is used for biogeographic reconstruction analyses, spatial mapping, environmental niche-modelling, and to infer putative species. Phylogenetic analyses uncover nine clades with mostly allopatric distributions and often small linear ranges between 0.5 and 130 km. Molecular dating suggests that the origins of contemporary diversity fall into a period of warm/humid Palaeogene climates, but splits in the phylogeny coincide with major environmental shifts, such as significant global cooling during the Middle Miocene. By testing several models of historical biogeography available for the south-west, we determine that Pseudotyrannochthonius is an ancient relict lineage that principally follows a model of allopatric speciation in mesic zone refugia, although there are derivations from this model in that some species are older and distribution patterns more complex than expected. Ecological niche models indicate that drier and warmer future climates will lead to range contraction towards refugia of highest rainfall, probably mimicking past variations that have generated high diversity in these areas. Their conservation management will be crucial for preserving the unique biodiversity heritage of the south-west.
7
Burgman, MA. "Cladistics, Phenetics and Biogeography of Populations of Boronia inornata Turcz. (Rutaceae) and the Eucalyptus diptera Andrews (Myrtaceae) Species Complex in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 33, no. 4 (1985): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9850419.
Abstract:
Numerical cladistic and phenetic analyses were undertaken on morphometric data from 22 Western Australian populations of the southern Australian shrub Boronia inornata and from the southern Western Australian tree Eucalyptus diptera and its unnamed allies. The E. diptera species complex includes four taxa, three of which are at present unnamed. These species are largely allopatric, although in one location the ranges of two species overlap. Two subspecies of Boronia inornata are described and one of them, subsp. leptophylla, contains three informal variants. Subsp. inornata and two of the variants of subsp. leptophylla are restricted to Western Australia. One variant of subsp. leptophylla is sympatric with subsp. inornata in Western Australia and also occurs in southern South Australia. The events which gave rise to the four species of the E. diptera complex and to the subspecies and variants of B. inornata occurred within the semiarid mallee zone of Western Australia, probably during the Quaternary. Speciation has occurred in a replacement pattern across the southern transitional rainfall zone, which is reflected in at least one other, unrelated taxon.
8
CRAIG, DOUGLAS A., DOUGLAS C. CURRIE, and JOHN K. MOULTON. "Reassignment of Western Australia Paracnephia gladiator Moulton & Adler to a new genus, Bunyipellum (Diptera: Simuliidae)." Zootaxa 4375, no. 3 (January 25, 2018): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4375.3.3.
Abstract:
With new material available of most stages of many known Australian Paracnephia, including new species, it is now clear that certain segregates warrant assignment to new genera. This applies to Paracnephia gladiator Moulton & Adler, a Western Australia simuliid with numerous unique character states. The species is fully redescribed and assigned to Bunyipellum nov. gen. A diagnosis is provided and relationships discussed, as is historical biogeography. Bunyipellum appears to be more closely related to elements of the South American simuliid fauna than to any other Gondwanan Australian species.
9
Berra, TM, LELM Crowley, W. Ivantsoff, and PA Fuerst. "Galaxias maculatus: An explanation of its biogeography." Marine and Freshwater Research 47, no. 6 (1996): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9960845.
Abstract:
Galaxias maculatus is a small diadromous fish found in Australia, New Zealand, South America and on some oceanic islands. Two hypotheses have been advanced to explain this widespread, disjunct distribution. McDowall promoted dispersal through the sea of salt-tolerant juveniles but Rosen and others claimed that the distribution reflected the break-up of Gondwana and subsequent drift of the southern continents. Allozyrne electrophoresis of muscle extracts of specimens of Galaxias maculatus from eastern and western Australia, New Zealand and Chile was used to test the hypothesis that populations of G. maculatus from the western Pacific and the eastern Pacific do not differ genetically. FST based on allele frequencies and genotypes was 0.14, suggesting only minor differentiation between eastern and western Pacific populations. Minor differentiation in allele frequency existed at some loci, but no fixation of alternative alleles has occurred. The populations examined appear to be part of the same gene pool, indicating that gene flow via dispersal through the sea occurs today. It is unlikely that South American and Australasian populations would be conspecific if they have exchanged no migrants since the break-up of Gondwana at the end of the Mesozoic.
10
Lamont, BB, and A. Markey. "Biogeography of Fire-Killed and Resprouting Banksia Species in South-Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 43, no. 3 (1995): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9950283.
Abstract:
Banksia includes 38 fire-killed (seeders) and 20 resprouting species, and two species with contrasting ecotypes, in south-western Australia. There may be up to 12 seeders per 50 × 50 km grid cell in the southern sandplains and 12 resprouters in the northern sandplains. The patterns of distribution of species across soil type and eight climatic attributes is similar for both life forms, except that greater numbers of resprouting species occur at higher rainfalls and where there is greater seasonal spread of rainfall. Most seeders occur on white sands and rocky substrates, and resprouters occur on yellow sands and the more fertile lateritic soils. Nutrient requirements for both life forms appear to be similar. Resprouters are more widespread than seeders which suggests that resprouters show greater environmental tolerances. The distribution of grid cells containing each life form across soil types and eight climatic attributes is similar and any differences in climatic profile for all species in each category are considered biologically insignificant. Both life forms in section Abietinae are well represented in the climatically distinct southern and northern sandplains indicating no climatic preferences within the lineage. There are no consistent trends in environmental attributes from fire-killed to resprouting ecotypes of B. ashbyi E.G.Baker and B. violacea C.A. Gardner. Multiple-partitioning classification of the floristic data produced 10 groups varying greatly in geography, species richness, and proportion and endemism of each life form. The Lesueur (northern) district has four endemic seeders, six endemic resprouters and a mean of 10 resprouters per cell. The East Eyre (southern) district has five endemic seeders, no endemic resprouters and one resprouter per cell. Both groups have a mean growing season of 5 months. The relative aridities and fluctuations of present and past (Quaternary and late Tertiary) climates are invoked to explain the much higher proportion of resprouters in the northern than southern sandplains and the absence of seeders in the most marginal cells. The absence of endemic species yet high proportion of resprouters (73%) in the extreme south-western corner of the region might be explained by elimination of seeders through frequent burning by Aborigines in the late Quaternary. The increase in the proportion of fire-killed species along the south coast from 23% to 100% at the edge of the Nullarbor Plain also requires an explanation.
11
Hnatiuk, RJ, and BR Maslin. "Phytogeography of Acacia in Australia in Relation to Climate and Species-Richness." Australian Journal of Botany 36, no. 4 (1988): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9880361.
Abstract:
This paper reports on the kinds of geographic patterns encountered in the distribution of Australian species of Acacia and on some climatic correlates of these patterns. The analyses were based on distribution data of 837 species mapped on a 1° x 1.5° grid. The area of highest density of species was the south-west corner of the continent, especially adjacent to the major boundary separating the Arid Zone from the more humid South West Botanical Province. The second major centre of richness occurred in eastern Australia south of the Tropic of Capricorn along the topographically heterogeneous Great Dividing Range. Secondary centres of species-richness occurred in northern and north-eastern Australia, a number of rocky tablelands of the Arid Zone and in western Victoria. The principal species-poor areas were located in sandy and some riverine areas of the Arid Zone, in temperate forests of Tasmania and in coastal areas of the north of the continent. The geographic patterns of each section of Acacia, when combined with those of species density, highlighted the tropical (section Juliflorae) v. temperate areas (sections Phyllodineae, Pulchellae, Botrycephalae and Alatae). The numerical classification of grids resulted in the recognition of eight major Acacia areas, arranged under four Acacia regions: (1) South-west; (2) Eastern, comprising a southern and a northern area; (3) Northern, comprising an eastern and a western area; (4) Central, comprising a south-east, a central and a north-west area. A discriminant function analysis indicated that precipitation was more important than temperature in distinguishing between areas. Discussion of the potential evolutionary significance of these findings and brief comparison with other biogeographic studies are given.
12
Rix, Michael G., Mark S. Harvey, and J. Dale Roberts. "A revision of the textricellin spider genus Raveniella (Araneae:Araneoidea:Micropholcommatidae): exploring patterns of phylogeny and biogeography in an Australian biodiversity hotspot." Invertebrate Systematics 24, no. 3 (2010): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is09048.
Abstract:
South-western Western Australia is a biodiversity hotspot, with high levels of local endemism and a rich but largely undescribed terrestrial invertebrate fauna. Very few phylogeographic studies have been undertaken on south-western Australian invertebrate taxa, and almost nothing is known about historical biogeographic or cladogenic processes, particularly on the relatively young, speciose Quaternary sand dune habitats of the Swan Coastal Plain. Phylogeographic and taxonomic patterns were studied in textricellin micropholcommatid spiders belonging to the genus Raveniella Rix & Harvey. The Micropholcommatidae is a family of small spiders with a widespread distribution in southern Western Australia, and most species are spatially restricted to refugial microhabitats. In total, 340 specimens of Raveniella were collected from 36 surveyed localities on the Swan Coastal Plain and 17 non-Swan Coastal Plain reference localities in south-western Western Australia. Fragments from three nuclear rRNA genes (5.8S, 18S and ITS2), and one mitochondrial protein-coding gene (COI) were used to infer the phylogeny of the genus Raveniella, and to examine phylogeographic patterns on the Swan Coastal Plain. Five new species of Raveniella are described from Western Australia (R. arenacea, sp. nov., R. cirrata, sp. nov., R. janineae, sp. nov., R. mucronata, sp. nov. and R. subcirrata, sp. nov.), along with a single new species from south-eastern Australia (R. apopsis, sp. nov.). Four species of Raveniella were found on the Swan Coastal Plain: two with broader distributions in the High Rainfall and Transitional Rainfall Zones (R. peckorum Rix & Harvey, R. cirrata); and two endemic to the Swan Coastal Plain, found only on the western-most Quindalup dunes (R. arenacea, R. subcirrata). Two coastally restricted species (R. subcirrata, R. janineae) were found to be morphologically cryptic but genetically highly distinct, with female specimens morphologically indistinguishable from their respective sister-taxa (R. cirrata and R. peckorum). The greater Perth region is an important biogeographic overlap zone for all four Swan Coastal Plain species, where the ranges of two endemic coastal species join the northern and south-western limits of the ranges of R. peckorum and R. cirrata, respectively. Most species of Raveniella were found to occupy long, highly autapomorphic molecular branches exhibiting little intraspecific variation, and an analysis of ITS2 rRNA secondary structures among different species of Raveniella revealed the presence of an extraordinary hypervariable helix, ranging from 31 to over 400 nucleotides in length.
13
Andersen, Alan N., John C. Z. Woinarski, and Ben D. Hoffmann. "Biogeography of the ant fauna of the Tiwi Islands, in northern Australia's monsoonal tropics." Australian Journal of Zoology 52, no. 1 (2004): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo03013.
Abstract:
This paper describes the biogeography at the species level of ants from the Tiwi Islands, and represents the first such analysis for any region in Australia. The Tiwi Islands are located 20 km off the mainland coast near Darwin in northern Northern Territory, and include Australia's second largest insular landmass after Tasmania. The islands receive the highest mean annual rainfall (up to 2000 mm) in monsoonal northern Australia, and they are the closest part of the Australian landmass to south-east Asia. On the basis of ~1300 species records, we list 154 species (including nine introduced) from 34 genera. The richest genera are Polyrhachis (20 species), Monomorium (15), Camponotus (14), Pheidole (12), and Iridomyrmex (11). In all, 66% of the native Tiwi species belong to Torresian (tropical) species groups, which is considerably higher than the 44% for Australia's monsoonal ant fauna as a whole. Fifteen Tiwi ant species are not known from mainland Australia. These include a species of Anonychomyrma, which is the only record of the genus in monsoonal Australia, Polyrhachis debilis, the only representative of the sub-genus Cyrtomyrma known from north-western Australia, and the only species of the araneoides group of Rhytidoponera known from the Northern Territory. Unfortunately, the Tiwi ant fauna also includes the exotic invasive species Pheidole megacephala, which represents a serious conservation threat.
14
Buckley, Sean J., Fabricius M. C. B. Domingos, Catherine R. M. Attard, Chris J. Brauer, Jonathan Sandoval-Castillo, Ryan Lodge, Peter J. Unmack, and Luciano B. Beheregaray. "Phylogenomic history of enigmatic pygmy perches: implications for biogeography, taxonomy and conservation." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 6 (June 2018): 172125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172125.
Abstract:
Pygmy perches (Percichthyidae) are a group of poorly dispersing freshwater fishes that have a puzzling biogeographic disjunction across southern Australia. Current understanding of pygmy perch phylogenetic relationships suggests past east–west migrations across a vast expanse of now arid habitat in central southern Australia, a region lacking contemporary rivers. Pygmy perches also represent a threatened group with confusing taxonomy and potentially cryptic species diversity. Here, we present the first study of the evolutionary history of pygmy perches based on genome-wide information. Data from 13 991 ddRAD loci and a concatenated sequence of 1 075 734 bp were generated for all currently described and potentially cryptic species. Phylogenetic relationships, biogeographic history and cryptic diversification were inferred using a framework that combines phylogenomics, species delimitation and estimation of divergence times. The genome-wide phylogeny clarified the biogeographic history of pygmy perches, demonstrating multiple east–west events of divergence within the group across the Australian continent. These results also resolved discordance between nuclear and mitochondrial data from a previous study. In addition, we propose three cryptic species within a southwestern species complex. The finding of potentially new species demonstrates that pygmy perches may be even more susceptible to ecological and demographic threats than previously thought. Our results have substantial implications for improving conservation legislation of pygmy perch lineages, especially in southwestern Western Australia.
15
COLLOFF, MATTHEW J. "New eremaeozetid mites (Acari: Oribatida: Eremaeozetoidea) from the south-western Pacific region and the taxonomic status of the Eremaeozetidae and Idiozetidae." Zootaxa 3435, no. 1 (August 23, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3435.1.1.
Abstract:
Four new species of Eremaeozetidae are described from Australia: Eremaeozetes schatzi sp. nov. and E. darwinensis sp.nov. from the Northern Territory; E. malleensis sp. nov. from South Australia, and Rogerzetes samueli sp. nov. fromNorfolk Island. Eremaeozetes spathulatus Balogh, 1968 from Papua New Guinea is recombined to Rogerzetes.Eremaeozetes undulatus Mahunka 1985 sensu Aoki 2006 from the Ryukyu Islands is a previously undescribed species. Itis differentiated from E. undulatus Mahunka 1985 from St. Lucia and named Eremaeozetes aokii sp. nov. Retrozetes gen.nov. is proposed, containing the type species, R. koghisensis sp. nov., R. mirabilis sp. nov. and R. novaecaledoniae sp.nov. from New Caledonia, as well as R. fernandezi sp. nov. from Papua New Guinea. Eremaeozetes hanswursti Mahunka,1999 from Singapore is recombined to Retrozetes. A new species of Idiozetes, I. hagenensis sp. nov., is described fromPapua New Guinea. Idiozetidae is considered to be a junior synonym of Eremaeozetidae, which is re-defined and containsthe genera Eremaeozetes, Idiozetes, Mahunkaia, Retrozetes and Rogerzetes. Seteremaeozetes P. Balogh, 1988 is made ajunior subjective synonym of Eremaeozetes. Keys are provided to the genera of Eremaeozetidae and species of Retrozetes. A basic synthesis is presented of the biogeography of the Eremaeozetidae of the south-west Pacific region.
16
Barnes, Thomas C., Claudia Junge, Steven A. Myers, Mathew D. Taylor, Paul J. Rogers, Greg J. Ferguson, Jason A. Lieschke, Stephen C. Donnellan, and Bronwyn M. Gillanders. "Population structure in a wide-ranging coastal teleost (Argyrosomus japonicus, Sciaenidae) reflects marine biogeography across southern Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no. 8 (2016): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15044.
Abstract:
Population structure in marine teleosts is often investigated to aid conservation and fisheries management (e.g. to assess population structure to inform restocking programs). We assessed genetic population structure of the important estuary-associated marine fish, mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus), within Australian waters and between Australia and South Africa. Genetic variation was investigated at 13 polymorphic microsatellite markers. FST values and Bayesian estimates in STRUCTURE suggested population differentiation of mulloway within Australia and confirm strong differentiation between South Africa and Australia. The 12 Australian sample sets fell into one of four spatially separated genetic clusters. Initially, a significant signal of isolation-by-distance (IBD) was evident among Australian populations. However, further investigation by decomposed-pairwise-regression (DPR) suggested five sample sets were influenced more by genetic-drift, rather than gene-flow and drift equilibrium, as expected in strong IBD cases. Cryptic oceanographic and topographical influences may isolate mulloway populations from south-western Australia. The results demonstrate that DPR is suitable to assess population structure of coastal marine species where barriers to gene flow may be less obvious than in freshwater systems. Information on the relative strengths of gene flow and genetic drift facilitates a more comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary forces that lead to population structure, which in turn informs fisheries and assists conservation management. Large-bodied predatory scale-fish may be under increasing pressure on a global scale, owing to a variety of anthropogenic reasons. In southern Australia, the iconic sciaenid A. japonicus (mulloway, jewfish or kob) is no exception. Despite the species supporting important fisheries, much of its ecology is poorly understood. It is possible that a greater understanding of their genetic population structure can help ensure a sustainable future for the only southern Australian sciaenid.
17
Woinarski, JCZ. "Biogeography and conservation of reptiles, mammals and birds across north-western Australia: an inventory and base for planning an ecological reserve system." Wildlife Research 19, no. 6 (1992): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9920665.
Abstract:
The distributions of mammals (94 spp. =38% of the Australian total), land birds (252 spp. =52%), and terrestrial reptiles (269 spp. = 39%) in north-western Australia are analysed. Of these species, 133 (mostly reptiles) are restricted to this region. Reptiles (and especially endemic species) characteristically have small ranges in this area. For all three groups, diversity is highest in coastal, high rainfall areas (especially of Arnhem Land and the northern Kimberley). Such areas are relatively well represented in the existing nature reserve system. Assemblages of species are mapped, on the basis of classification of the 123 lo latitude by lo longitude cells in the region. For both mammal and bird species, four defined assemblages were distributed in high rainfall coastal areas, inland low rainfall areas and two transitional zones, all extending over a broad east-west span. Reptile assemblages show a similar initial (wet-dry) division, but then split into east and west subdivisions. For all three animal groups, transitional and inland assemblages are poorly reserved (<0.25% of land area). A total of 58 reserves occur in the region. Most are small (median 24km*2) and concentrated around population centres. Biological information is lacking for most reserves. Largely because of the dispersion of existing reserves, almost one quarter of the species considered (and about the same proportion of endemic species) are not known to occur in any conservation reserve in the region. Priorities are assigned for the placement of future reserves. The most significant additions should be in the north Kimberley, south-west Kimberley, northern fringe of the Tanami Desert, Gulf of Carpentaria hinterland and eastern Arnhem Land. The conservation of this fauna is not dependent solely on the provision of a park network, but demands also informed management of reserves and adequate environmental protection of land outside reserves.
18
COLLOFF, MATTHEW J. "New species of Crotonia (Acari: Oribatida: Crotoniidae) from Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands: further evidence of long-distance dispersal events in the biogeography of a genus of Gondwanan relict oribatid mites." Zootaxa 2650, no. 1 (October 19, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2650.1.1.
Abstract:
Three new species of oribatid mite belonging to the genus Crotonia are described: one from Lord Howe Island (C. gorgonia sp. nov.) and two (C. norfolkensis sp. nov. and C. utricularia sp. nov.) from Norfolk Island, South-west Pacific. Crotonia gorgonia sp. nov. belongs to the Capistrata species group which reaches its highest diversity in Australia but is absent from New Zealand. Crotonia norfolkensis sp. nov. is a member of the Cophinaria group, recorded from Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia, but with closest morphological similarity to C. brachyrostrum (Hammer, 1966) from New Zealand. Crotonia utricularia sp. nov. belongs to the Unguifera group, which reaches its highest diversity in New Zealand, is absent from Australia, and is present on Vanuatu and the Marquesas. The distribution of members of the species-groups of Crotonia in the south-western Pacific indicates that the species from Lord Howe Island has affinities with species from Australia, while the species from Norfolk Island are both most similar to species from New Zealand, and represents further evidence of the capacity of Crotonia spp. for long-distance dispersal to oceanic islands.
19
Walsh, CJ, and BD Mitchell. "The Freshwater shrimp Paratya australiensis (Kemp, 1917) (Decapoda:Atyidae) in estuaries of south-westren victoria, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 46, no. 6 (1995): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9950959.
Abstract:
All life-cycle stages of Paratya australiensis, formerly thought to occur predominantly in freshwater environments, were found to be common in estuaries of western Victoria. Highest densities of larvae were found below the halocline in stable, open, well developed, salt-wedge estuaries. Larvae developed in the salt wedge, and juveniles recruited to littoral weed beds. Adults were most abundant in low salinities among submerged, leafy macrophytes. Although recruitment to estuaries permits the avoidance of fatal drift of larvae to sea, tolerance of saline conditions may permit rare dispersal of larvae between estuaries. A new model for the biogeography of Paratya is proposed.
20
CRAIG, DOUGLAS A., JOHN K. MOULTON, and DOUGLAS C. CURRIE. "Taxonomic revision of Paraustrosimulium Wygodzinsky & Coscarón: reassignment of Austrosimulium colboi and description of P. obcidens n. sp. from Western Australia." Zootaxa 4337, no. 4 (October 20, 2017): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4337.4.1.
Abstract:
The hitherto monotypic South American genus Paraustrosimulium Wygodzinsky & Coscarón is revised to accommodate two Australian species: Austrosimulium colboi Davies & Györkös and Paraustrosimulium obcidens n. sp. The generic diagnosis is updated and the eastern Australian species Paraustrosimulium colboi (Davies & Györkös) n. stat. is re-described, including the male for the first time. The Western, Australian sister species of P. colbo, namely P. obcidens Craig, Moulton Currie n. sp. is also fully described. The relationship of Paraustrosimulium to other simuliid genera is discussed, as are aspects of historical biogeography.
21
Colgan, Donald, Gregory Edgecombe, and Deirdre Sharkey. "Phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian centipede Henicops (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha): A combined morphological and molecular approach." Insect Systematics & Evolution 37, no. 3 (2006): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631206788838590.
Abstract:
AbstractThe lithobiomorph centipede Henicops is widely distributed in Australia and New Zealand, with five described species, as well as two species in New Caledonia and Lord Howe Island. Parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of ca. 800 aligned bases of sequence data from 16S rRNA and 28S rRNA were conducted on a dataset including multiple individuals of Henicops species from populations sampled from different parts of species' geographic ranges, together with the allied henicopines Lamyctes and Easonobius. Morphological characters are included in parsimony analyses. Molecular and combined datasets unite species from eastern Australia and New Zealand to the exclusion of species from Western Australia, New Caledonia and Lord Howe Island. The molecular data favour these two geographic groupings as clades, whereas inclusion of morphology resolves New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island, southwest Western Australia and Queensland as successive sisters to southeastern Australia and New Zealand. The basal position of the Lord Howe Island species in the phylogeny favours a diversification of Australasian Henicops since the late Miocene unless the Lord Howe species originated in a biota that pre-dates the island. The molecular and combined data resolve the widespread morphospecies H. maculatus as paraphyletic, with its populations contributing to the geographic groupings New South Wales + New Zealand and Tasmania + Victoria.
22
Roberts, JD. "Hybridization Between the Western and Northern Call Races of the Limnodynastes-Tasmaniensis Complex (Anura, Myobatrachidae) on the Murray River in South Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 41, no. 2 (1993): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9930101.
Abstract:
The Limnodynastes tasmaniensis complex consists of three call races: northern, southern and western. This paper documents differences in call structure between the western and northern races: differences in note repetition rate, dominant frequency, average number of notes per call and pulses per second note, but not in pulse repetition rate. The races also differ in egg size (smaller in northern) and egg number (higher in northern). There are zones of overlap between these two races west from Morgan and along the Marne River in South Australia. Mixed populations contain both parental and hybrid phenotypes. Hybrids were identified by a hybrid index based on the three call components that overlapped least (note repetition rate, dominant frequency and average number of notes per call). Temporary range expansions, associated with flooding on the Murray River, are documented for the northern call race. Artificial hybridisations revealed no evidence of hybrid inviability and this was supported by estimates of egg viability in field-collected egg masses from the Morgan zone of overlap. The hybrid zones are interpreted as zones of overlap with hybridisation where introgression is likely to occur. Biogeographic data suggest that the northern call race may be spreading south and west, displacing the western call race.
23
Mitchell, Anthony, Rong Li, Joseph W. Brown, Ines Schönberger, and Jun Wen. "Ancient divergence and biogeography of Raukaua (Araliaceae) and close relatives in the southern hemisphere." Australian Systematic Botany 25, no. 6 (2012): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb12020.
Abstract:
Molecular genetic analyses were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships and estimate divergence times for Raukaua species and their close relatives. A monophyletic group identified as the ‘greater Raukaua clade’ was circumscribed, with eight representative species; its basal divergence was estimated at c. 70 Mya, possibly after Zealandia had separated from Gondwana. Raukaua is paraphyletic because of the placement of Motherwellia, Cephalaralia, Cheirodendron and Schefflera s.s. The phylogeny supports a more narrowly circumscribed Raukaua that includes the New Zealand but not the South American or Tasmanian representatives. Ancestors of the monophyletic South American and Tasmanian Raukaua and the mainland Australian Motherwellia and Cephalaralia diverged at c. 66 Mya and their current disjunction may be vicariant, with overland dispersal between Australia and South America, possibly via Antarctica. Vicariance is also a likely mechanism for divergence at c. 57 Mya of the monophyletic Motherwellia, Cephalaralia and Tasmanian Raukaua. The common ancestor of New Zealand Raukaua¸ Cheirodendron and Schefflera s.s. is inferred to have existed c. 62 Mya in New Zealand, before the marine incursions during the Oligocene, implying that New Zealand Raukaua and Schefflera s.s. survived the inundation period or speciated outside New Zealand and subsequently colonised. Ancestors of Cheirodendron split from New Zealand Raukaua c. 43 Mya and dispersed over vast expanses of the south-western Pacific to Hawaii.
24
Horwitz, Pierre, and Mark Adams. "The systematics, biogeography and conservation status of species in the freshwater crayfish genus Engaewa Riek (Decapoda : Parastacidae) from south-western Australia." Invertebrate Systematics 14, no. 5 (2000): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it99020.
Abstract:
This paper presents a review of the systematics of freshwater crayfish species in the genus Engaewa Riek, endemic to south-western Australia. Allozyme electrophoresis of six allopatric populations of Engaewa and several outgroup taxa at 17 loci was initially used to identify four distinct genetic groups within the genus. Morphological characters were then used to establish within and between species boundaries more precisely. Five species were recognised, comprising the existing species E. subcoerulea Riek, E. reducta Riek, and E. similis Riek, plus two new species, E. pseudoreducta, sp. nov. and E. walpolea, sp. nov. The genus is endemic to south-western Australia where distributions of species conform to those expected for slowly dispersing, inland aquatic organisms wedded to year-round cool and wet conditions. The range of the genus occurs within the Warren Bioregion of Australia. The species occupy well-defined and largely non-overlapping geographical ranges. Within the bioregion, apparent incipient speciation exists in the Cape Naturaliste–Cape Leeuwin subregion, confirming a pattern observed for other aquatic organisms. Morphological and electrophoretic evidence suggests that species in the genus are more closely related to each other than they are to other species of extant freshwater crayfish, suggesting that they represent a monophyletic group. Nevertheless, the morphological variation displayed by Engaewa clearly falls within that found for the genus Engaeus Erichson from south-eastern Australia, indicating that a broad-scale generic revision for the entire group would be appropriate. The narrow geographical ranges of E. walpolea, sp. nov., E. pseudoreducta, sp. nov. and E. reducta, coupled with known threats to populations, warrant concern for these species from a conservation viewpoint. precisely.
25
Gibbs, Adele K., Frank Udovicic, Andrew N. Drinnan, and Pauline Y. Ladiges. "Phylogeny and classification of Eucalyptus subgenus Eudesmia (Myrtaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA, chloroplast DNA and morphology." Australian Systematic Botany 22, no. 3 (2009): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb08043.
Abstract:
Phylogenetic analysis of Eucalyptus subgenus Eudesmia is presented on the basis of the following three datasets: sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the external transcribed spacer (ETS) regions from nuclear rDNA, sequences of the psbA–trnH intergenic spacer region from chloroplast DNA, and morphological characters, including stamen bundling, operculum development, seeds and trichomes. Studies of floral development were essential for understanding the morphology of mature flowers and interpretation of synapomorphy and homoplasy. A summary phylogeny was constructed from a maximum parsimony analysis of those nodes coded as characters that had support in the molecular trees together with morphological characters. A revised infra-subgeneric classification is presented on the basis of the summary phylogeny, and compared with classifications of Hill and Johnson (1998) and Brooker (2000). Differences relate to relationships between clades and taxonomic rank (sections, series and subseries) and valid names of Brooker (2000) are conserved where possible. One main clade of 14 species (section Limbatae), many of mallee growth form, was found in all analyses; this clade is distributed in the South-West of Western Australia and adjacent Interzone and desert areas. A second main clade (section Complanatae) occurs in the northern and eastern tropical and subtropical regions of Australia, including Kimberley, Arnhem, Queensland and New South Wales. This section includes E. tetrodonta, previously treated as an isolated taxon in a monotypic section; however, this species is related to E. baileyana, E. similis, E. lirata and series Miniatae. The hypothesised phylogeny provides a framework for further analyses of biogeography and ecology, including functional traits.
26
Bell, Karen L., Haripriya Rangan, Rachael Fowler, Christian A. Kull, J. D. Pettigrew, Claudia E. Vickers, and Daniel J. Murphy. "Genetic diversity and biogeography of the boab Adansonia gregorii (Malvaceae: Bombacoideae)." Australian Journal of Botany 62, no. 2 (2014): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt13209.
Abstract:
The Kimberley region of Western Australia is recognised for its high biodiversity and many endemic species, including the charismatic boab tree, Adansonia gregorii F.Muell. (Malvaceae: Bombacoideae). In order to assess the effects of biogeographic barriers on A. gregorii, we examined the genetic diversity and population structure of the tree species across its range in the Kimberley and adjacent areas to the east. Genetic variation at six microsatellite loci in 220 individuals from the entire species range was examined. Five weakly divergent populations, separated by west–east and coast–inland divides, were distinguished using spatial principal components analysis. However, the predominant pattern was low geographic structure and high gene flow. Coalescent analysis detected a population bottleneck and significant gene flow across these inferred biogeographic divides. Climate cycles and coastline changes following the last glacial maximum are implicated in decreases in ancient A. gregorii population size. Of all the potential gene flow vectors, various macropod species and humans are the most likely.
27
Moller, Andersen N. "Cladistic biogeography of marine water striders (Insecta, Hemiptera) in the Indo-Pacific." Australian Systematic Botany 4, no. 1 (1991): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9910151.
Abstract:
More than 120 species of marine water striders (Hemiptera, Gerromorpha), representing three families and eight genera, are distributed throughout the lndo-Pacific region. They live in marine habitats such as mangroves, intertidal coral reef flats and the sea surface near coral and rocky coasts. Five species of sea skaters, Halobates (Gerridae), have colonised the surface of the open ocean. Adult marine water striders are wingless but may disperse along coasts, chains of islands and possibly across wider stretches of open sea. Although some species of coral bugs, Halovelia (Veliidae) and Halobates are widespread, most species of marine water striders have rather restricted distributions. Cladistic hypotheses are now available for the genera Halovelia, Xenobates (Veliidae) and Halobates. Based upon distributional data for about 110 species, a number of areas of endemism can be delimited within the Indo-Pacific region. The results of component analyses of taxon-area cladograms for several monophyletic species-groups of marine water striders are presented. The faunas of northern New Guinea, the Bismarck and Solomon Islands (Papuasia) are closely related and show much greater affinity with Maluku, Sulawesi and the Philippines than with the fauna of northern Australia. Relationships between the faunas of Papuasia + Sulawesi + the Philippines and those of Borneo + Jawa + Malaya are relatively weak. Marine water striders endemic to islands of the western Pacific show relationships among themselves and with Australia. Most marine water striders from the Indian Ocean (East Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles and Maldives) can be derived from the Indian-South-east Asian fauna. Composite faunas of marine water striders (either of different age or origin) are found in New Guinea, New Caledonia, Fiji Islands, the Philippines, tropical Australia and East Africa. The biogeography of marine water striders does not support the traditional division of the Indo- Pacific into the Ethiopian, Oriental and Australian regions. The distributional patterns are more compatible with a set of hierarchical relationships between more restricted areas of endemism.
28
KANTVILAS, Gintaras. "The genus Menegazzia (Lecanorales: Parmeliaceae) in Tasmania revisited." Lichenologist 44, no. 2 (February 8, 2012): 189–246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282911000685.
Abstract:
AbstractWith 30 species, Tasmania is a major area of species diversity in the genus Menegazzia. Seven of these are new to science: M. abscondita Kantvilas, known from Tasmania and New Zealand, and M. athrotaxidis Kantvilas, M. hypogymnioides Kantvilas, M. petraea Kantvilas, M. ramulicola Kantvilas, M. subtestacea Kantvilas and M. tarkinea Kantvilas, all endemic to Tasmania. An identification key, descriptions based exclusively on Tasmanian collections, and detailed discussion of distribution, ecology, chemical composition and inter-species relationships are provided. All literature records of Menegazzia species pertaining to Tasmania are accounted for. New synonyms include: Menegazzia prototypica P. James and Parmelia pertusa var. coskinodes F. Wilson [synonyms of M. myriotrema (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.], M. fertilis P. James [a synonym of M. platytrema (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.] and Parmelia pertusa var. montana F. Wilson (a synonym of M. subtestacea). Incorrectly recorded species that should be deleted from the Tasmanian census include M. castanea P. James & D. J. Galloway (present on Macquarie Island) and M. testacea P. James & D. J. Galloway (endemic to New Zealand). The South American species, M. sanguinascens (Räs.) R. Sant., is recorded in Australasia (Tasmania) for the first time, whereas the widespread south-eastern Australian M. norstictica P. James is recorded for Western Australia. Salient features of the genus are discussed, including morphology, anatomy and chemistry. The biogeography of the genus is explored briefly. Twelve species (40%) are endemic to Tasmania, a level of endemism unmatched by any other species-rich genus on the island. Twelve species are shared with mainland Australia, eleven are shared with New Zealand, and only four species are shared with southern South America, all of which are sorediate, suggesting they are products of long-distance dispersal.
29
Stevens, MM. "Taxonomy, cladistics and biogeography of the Australian genus Putoniessa Kirkaldy (Hemiptera : Cicadelloidea : Cicadellidae)." Invertebrate Systematics 8, no. 5 (1994): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9941037.
Abstract:
The morphology of Putoniessa Kirkaldy is reviewed and the genus revised. In total, 28 species are recognised: the type species, P. dignissima Kirkaldy, which is removed from synonymy; one new combination, P. dorsalis (Walker); eight previously described species, P. nigra (Walker), P. minima Evans, P. mackei Evans, P. draba Evans, P. taradalensis Evans, P. sordida Evans, P. nigrella Evans and P. turneri Evans; and 18 new species, P. rieki, P, brisbanensis, P. hickmani, P, neboissi, P. stanthorpensis, P. woodwardi, P. striata, P. evansi, P. variegata, P. tasmaniensis, P. grossi, P. serrata, P. northamensis, P. bifurcata, P. kiataensis, P. watsoni, P. fusca and P. aroka. P. nota Evans is excluded from the genus, and P. maculata Evans is synonymised under P. dorsalis (Walker). P. rivularis (Walker), originally described under Bythoscopus Germar, and P. galliensis Evans are considered as species of uncertain identity. The genus is shown to have a disjunct Bassian distribution with some eastern species extending northwards into the south-east of the Tomesian province. A consensus cladogram for Putoniessa, based on morphological characters, is presented. Large areas of the cladogram remain unresolved because of high levels of homoplasy among the limited number of reliable ingroup characters available. The cladogram does not support a purely vicariant biogeographic hypothesis. Theories that receive qualified support involve an eastern origin for the group followed by either an east-to-west dispersal or a vicariance event affecting a single taxon subsequent to initial speciation. A western origin for the group is strongly refuted.
30
Lücking, Robert. "Takhtajan's floristic regions and foliicolous lichen biogeography: a compatibility analysis." Lichenologist 35, no. 1 (January 2003): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.2002.0430.
Abstract:
AbstractTakhtajan's floristic regions of the world, based on vascular plant distribution, were used for a comparative analysis of foliicolous lichen biogeography. Of the 35 regions distinguished by that author, 23 feature foliicolous lichens. The South-East African, Fijian, Polynesian and Hawaiian regions lack sufficient information and were excluded from further analysis. Using multi-dimensional scaling and cluster and cladistic analyses, the remaining 19 regions were grouped into six lichenogeographical regions: (1) Neotropics, (2) African Paleotropics (including Madagascar, Réunion and Seychelles), (3) Eastern Paleotropics (including North-East Australia and New Caledonia), (4) Valdivian region (temperate rainforest in southern South America), (5) Tethyan region (subtropical areas of Macaronesia, Mediterranean, and Western Irano-Turanian) and (6) Neozealandic-Tasmanian region (temperate rainforests of New Zealand and Tasmania). Affinities between these six large scale regions, with 57–77% shared species, are still stronger than those between the 35 smaller scale regions denned by Takhtajan [(20−)40–60(−75)% shared species]. Based on presence/absence within each of the six regions, 22 potential distribution patterns were defined for foliicolous lichens. Many species are widely distributed; 21% are cosmopolitan or pantropical, while 19% are disjunct on at least two continents, and only 60% are restricted to one of the three major tropical areas (nearly 100% in vascular plants). Most of the latter are found in the Neotropics, while the African Paleotropics are poor in endemics. Most genera deviate significantly from overall distribution patterns; for example, Strigula and Calopadia have higher proportions of widely distributed species, while Porina displays a concentration of Eastern Paleotropical endemics. Species diversity and composition of the six regions indicate that the three extra-tropical foliicolous lichen biotas (Valdivian, Tethyan, Neozealandic-Tasmanian) are the result of partly separate evolutionary histories. On the other hand, there is a strong affinity between the Neotropics and the African Paleotropics, suggesting a shared Western Gondwanan element in the foliicolous lichen biotas of these two regions.
31
McLay, Todd G. B., Michael J. Bayly, and Pauline Y. Ladiges. "Is south-western Western Australia a centre of origin for eastern Australian taxa or is the centre an artefact of a method of analysis? A comment on Hakea and its supposed divergence over the past 12 million years." Australian Systematic Botany 29, no. 2 (2016): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb16024.
Abstract:
Lamont et al. (2016) concluded that the Australian sclerophyllous genus Hakea (Proteaceae) arose 18million years ago in the South West of Western Australia (SWA) and dispersed 18 times to eastern (EA) and central Australia (CA) only 12million years ago (mid-Miocene). Their explanation of the biogeographic history of Hakea was based on the following: accepting a fully resolved molecular phylogenetic tree, although ~40% of nodes had posterior probability values below 0.95; using all nodes including geographically paralogous nodes to determine ancestral area probabilities; and applying a strict clock to estimate clade divergence times. Our re-analyses of the same dataset using a relaxed clock model pushes the age of Hakea to 32.4 (21.8–43.7) million years ago relative to its nearest outgroups, and the age of the divergence of two major clades (A and B) to 24.7 (17.2–33.7) million years ago. Calibration based on a new finding of Late Cretaceous fossil Banksia pushes these dates to 48.0 (24.3–75.2) million years ago and 36.6 (18.5–55.4) million years ago respectively. We confirm that each of the two main clades includes lineages in SWA, CA and EA. At the basal node of Clade A, two eastern Australian species form the sister group to three SWA scrub–heath–Eremaean species. These two groups together are sister to a large, mostly unresolved clade of SWA, CA and EA taxa. Similarly, at the base of Clade B is a polytomy of lineages from the SWA, CA and EA, with no resolution of area relationships. There is no evidence of a centre of origin and diversification of the genus is older than the mid-Miocene, being at least Oligocene, and probably older, although calibration points for molecular dating are too far removed from the ingroup to provide any great confidence in the methodology. Consideration should be given to the possibility of vicariance of multiple, widespread ancestral lineages as an explanation for lineages now disjunct between EA and SWA.
32
Lamont, Byron B., Tianhua He, and Sim Lin Lim. "Hakea, the world’s most sclerophyllous genus, arose in southwestern Australian heathland and diversified throughout Australia over the past 12 million years." Australian Journal of Botany 64, no. 1 (2016): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt15134.
Abstract:
Hakea (Proteaceae) currently comprises over 150 species, with two-thirds confined to south-western Australia (SWA) and the remainder spread throughout Australia, especially along the eastern coast. We constructed a time-based molecular phylogeny for the genus and used area-assignment techniques to trace its biogeographic history. According to our area-cladogram analysis, there is a 95% probability that Hakea arose 18 million years ago (Ma) in the sandplains of SWA. From 12 Ma, the genus speciated and migrated into forest and onto granite outcrops within SWA, into the drier centre and then continued to the maritime forests of eastern Australia (EA) 3000 km away, and north-east to savanna grasslands. The Nullarbor Plain was an obstacle but it did not prevent eastward migration. Twelve west➔east, apparently allopatric, speciation events are identified that coincided with glacial maxima, but more likely represent sympatric speciation in SWA or central Australia, followed by further migration and speciation➔extinction➔speciation events across central to EA. During the period from 8 to 1 Ma, net speciation has been linear and strong in the sclerophyll shrublands of SWA and, to a lesser extent, the sclerophyll forests of EA. Four lines of evidence (historical distribution of sclerophyllous Proteaceae, historical subjection to aridity, species diversification patterns, relative allocation of drought-adapted traits) support our area-cladogram results that Hakea originated in SWA and gradually spread to all parts of Australia as suitable nutrient-impoverished, and open drought- and fire-prone habitats became available.
33
Weston, PH, and MD Crisp. "Cladistic biogeography of waratahs (Proteaceae, Embothrieae) and their allies across the pacific." Australian Systematic Botany 7, no. 3 (1994): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9940225.
Abstract:
The Proteaceae are often said to be a 'relict Gondwanan group' because they are disjunctly distributed over several southern continental blocks. Such distributions are shown by 12 different taxa above species-level in the family, which is thus potentially useful in cladistic studies of Southern Hemisphere biogeography. We have produced well-corroborated cladograms for the subtribe Embothriinae and its sister-taxon, Lomatia. These taxa have almost identical distributions within eastern Australia and western South America. Distributions of most species of Embothriinae are relatively narrow and we have used them to define areas of endemism for analysis. We analysed the biogeographic relationships of these areas under Assumptions 1 and 2 of Nelson and Platnick and Assumption 0 of Zandee and Roos, using R.D.M. Page's program COMPONENT. When analysed separately, Embothriinae and Lomatia share no area-cladograms under any assumption. The similarity between the two suites of area-cladograms, obtained in turn under each assumption, was assessed in terms of the symmetric difference of triplets. Under Assumptions 0 and 2 at least, the similarity between area-cladograms of Lomatia and Ernbothriinae appeared higher than would be expected due to chance. We took this as a fair indication that the two groups share congruent area-patterns, which justified analysing them as a single group. When analysed as a whole, the {Lomatia + Ernbothriinae} clade yielded a single most parsimonious cladogram under the 'items of error' parsimony criterion (Assumption 1) and the same cladogram plus several others under the 'Wagner' parsimony criterion (Assumption 0). The single cladogram on which these analyses agree seems to be consistent with conventional geological theories, assuming a history of vicariance events caused by continental break-up and climatic change.
34
Mitchell, A. D., P. B. Heenan, B. G. Murray, B. P. J. Molloy, and P. J. de Lange. "Evolution of the south-western Pacific genus Melicytus (Violaceae): evidence from DNA sequence data, cytology and sex expression." Australian Systematic Botany 22, no. 3 (2009): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb08042.
Abstract:
Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear DNA external transcribed spacer (ETS) and chloroplast DNA trnL–trnF markers were undertaken to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the South Pacific genus Melicytus. Bayesian analyses of the ETS sequence data produced a phylogenetic tree with several well supported groups, including clades comprising: (1) species from Australia, Tasmania and Lord Howe Island; (2) the Norfolk Island M. latifolius and New Zealand off-shore island M. novae-zelandiae subsp. novae-zelandiae; (3) the large-leaved M. ramiflorus complex; (4) M. fasciger and M. micranthus; and (5) M. obovatus and allies from the Cook Strait region. Phylogenetic analysis of trnL–trnF sequence data also retrieved some of these groups although, in general, was not as well resolved. The relationships of M. lanceolatus are equivocal, as in the ETS phylogeny it is sister to a clade comprising the large-leaved tree species M. fasciger and M. ramiflorus complex and the small-leaved M. micranthus, whereas in the trnL–trnF phylogeny it is sister to a clade of small-leaved shrub species such as M. alpinus and M. crassifolius. Several biogeographic patterns are evident, with dispersal to the west from New Zealand, to Australia, involving small-leaved shrub species. Dispersal to the north from New Zealand, to Norfolk Island and Fiji, involves large-leaved tree species. The sex expression is documented for all named species and undescribed entities, with these being either hermaphroditic or dioecious. When sex expression is mapped onto the phylogeny, the hermaphroditic system is inferred to have evolved from the dioecious system. New chromosome counts are presented for M. angustifolius (2n = 64) and M. dentatus (2n = 32), and earlier counts of 2n = 64 are confirmed for M. crassifolius and M. alpinus. An additional 17 counts are provided for two natural hybrids and several undescribed entities from Australia and New Zealand. The polyploid chromosome number of 2n = 64 occurs most frequently in small-leaved divariate plants with hermaphroditic flowers. When chromosome numbers are plotted onto the phylogeny it is inferred that high polyploids (e.g. 2n = 64) and small-leaved shrubs have evolved from large-leaved trees with functional diploid (e.g. 2n = 32) chromosome numbers.
35
Møller Andersen, N. "The coral bugs, genus Halovelia Bergroth (Hemiptera, Veliidae). I. History, classification, and taxonomy of species except the H. malaya-group." Insect Systematics & Evolution 20, no. 1 (1989): 75–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631289x00519.
Abstract:
AbstractMarine bugs of the genus Halovelia Bergroth inhabit intertidal coral reefs and rocky coasts along the continents and larger islands bordering the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and western Pacific Ocean as well as on island groups and atolls in these areas. A historical review of the study of the genus is presented and different views upon its classification discussed. The genus Halovelia is redescribed together with its type species, H. maritima Bergroth, and four other previously known species. Fifteen new species are described: H. carolinensis sp.n. (Caroline Islands), H. halophila sp.n. (Sumbawa, Sabah), H. corallia sp.n. (Papua New Guinea, Australia: Queensland), H. esakii sp.n. (Solomon Islands, Irian New Guinea, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumbawa, Palau Islands, Philippines), H. polhemi sp.n. (Australia: Northern Territory), H. solomon sp.n. (Solomon Islands), H. novoguinensis sp.n. (Papua New Guinea), H. fosteri sp.n. (Fiji Islands), H. tongaensis sp.n. (Tonga Islands), H. heron sp.n. (Australia: S. Queensland), H. fijiensis sp.n. (Fiji Islands), H. inflexa sp.n. (Sudan, Red Sea), H. annemariae sp.n. (Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea), H. lannae sp.n. (Java, Singapore, West Malaysia, Sabah, Philippines), and H. wallacei sp.n. (Sulawesi, Sumbawa). Two names are synonymized: H. marianarum Usinger syn.n. (= H. bergrothi Esaki) and H. danae Herring syn.n. (= H. bergrothi Esaki). The following species are removed from the genus Halovelia: H. papuensis Esaki, H. loyaltiensis China, and H. (Colpovelia) angulana Polhemus. A key to the species is included. The taxonomy of the H. malaya-group will be presented in Part II of this work together with the cladistics, ecology, biology, and biogeography of the genus.
36
Giribet, Gonzalo, Rebecca S. Buckman-Young, Cristiano Sampaio Costa, Caitlin M. Baker, Ligia R. Benavides, Michael G. Branstetter, Savel R. Daniels, and Ricardo Pinto-da-Rocha. "The ‘Peripatos' in Eurogondwana? — Lack of evidence that southeast Asian onychophorans walked through Europe." Invertebrate Systematics 32, no. 4 (2018): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is18007.
Abstract:
Onychophorans, or velvet worms, are cryptic but extremely charismatic terrestrial invertebrates that have often been the subject of interesting biogeographic debate. Despite great interest, a well resolved and complete phylogeny of the group and a reliable chronogram have been elusive due to their broad geographic distribution, paucity of samples, and challenging molecular composition. Here we present a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Onychophora that includes previously unsampled and undersampled lineages and we analyse the expanded dataset using a series of nested taxon sets designed to increase the amount of information available for particular subclades. These include a dataset with outgroups, one restricted to the ingroup taxa, and three others for Peripatopsidae, Peripatidae and Neopatida (= the Neotropical Peripatidae). To explore competing biogeographic scenarios we generate a new time tree for Onychophora using the few available reliable fossils as calibration points. Comparing our results to those of Cyphophthalmi, we reconsider the hypothesis that velvet worms reached Southeast Asia via Eurogondwana, and conclude that a more likely scenario is that they reached Southeast Asia by rafting on the Sibumasu terrane. Our phylogenetic results support the reciprocal monophyly of both families as well as an early division between East and West Gondwana, also in both families, each beginning to diversify between the Permian and the Jurassic. Peripatopsidae clearly supports paraphyly of South Africa with respect to southern South America (Chile) and a sister group relationship of the Southeast Asian/New Guinean Paraperipatus to the Australian/New Zealand taxa. The latter includes a clade that divides between Western Australia and Eastern Australia and two sister clades of trans-Tasman species (one oviparous and one viviparous). This pattern clearly shows that oviparity is secondarily derived in velvet worms. Peripatidae finds a sister group relationship between the Southeast Asian Eoperipatus and the West Gondwanan clade, which divides into the African Mesoperipatus and Neopatida. The latter shows a well supported split between the Pacific Oroperipatus (although it is unclear whether they form one or two clades) and a sister clade that includes the members of the genera Peripatus, Epiperipatus, Macroperipatus and representatives of the monotypic genera Cerradopatus, Plicatoperipatus and Principapillatus. However, Peripatus, Epiperipatus and Macroperipatus are not monophyletic, and all the species from the monotypic genera are related to geographically close species. The same goes for the type species of Macroperipatus (from Trinidad, and sister group to other Trinidad and Tobago species of Epiperipatus) and Epiperipatus (from French Guiana, and related to other Guyana shield species of Epiperipatus and Peripatus). Geographic structure within Neopatida is largely obscured by an unresolved backbone, but many well supported instances of generic non-monophyly challenge the current taxonomic framework, which has often relied on anatomical characters that are untested phylogenetically.
37
McDonald, M. W., M. Rawlings, P. A. Butcher, and J. C. Bell. "Regional divergence and inbreeding in Eucalyptus cladocalyx (Myrtaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 4 (2003): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02106.
Abstract:
Eucalyptus cladocalyx F.Muell. is a widely cultivated tree in dryland southern Australia. It is grown for firewood, timber production and as a windbreak and ornamental species. Natural populations of E. cladocalyx are endemic to South Australia where they occur in three disjunct regions. This study assessed the mating system and patterns of genetic diversity in natural populations of E. cladocalyx by using allozymes. Populations had relatively low levels of genetic diversity (HE = 0.148) and high levels of genetic divergence (θ = 0.26) among populations, similar to other regionally distributed eucalypts. Populations clustered into three distinct groups, which corresponded to its disjunct natural distribution. Genetic differentiation among populations and between regions was highly significant. Relatively high levels of inbreeding (tm = 0.57) were detected in natural populations of E.�cladocalyx. Outcrossing rates were highly variable among families, ranging from 0 to 100%. One-third of families from four populations had outcrossing rates that were not significantly different from zero. The origins of three commercially significant, cultivated stands of E. cladocalyx were also assessed. Allozyme profiles of cultivated stands from Wail and Lismore in western Victoria suggested origins in the Wirrabara region of the southern Flinders Ranges, while a cultivated stand of E. cladocalyx var. nana Hort. ex Yates had an allozyme profile consistent with origins in the Eyre Peninsula region. The results are discussed in relation to the species' morphological variation, biogeography and the implications for its domestication and conservation.
38
Harvey, A. S., Wm J. Woelkerling, and A. J. K. Millar. "The genus Lithophyllum (Lithophylloideae, Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta) in south-eastern Australia, with the description of L. riosmenae, sp. nov." Australian Systematic Botany 22, no. 4 (2009): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb08051.
Abstract:
The genus Lithophyllum (Lithophylloideae, Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta) is represented by six species in south-eastern Australia L. chamberlainianum Woelkerling & Campbell, L. corallinae (Crouan & Crouan) Heydrich, L. cuneatum Keats, L. pustulatum (Lamouroux) Foslie, L. riosmenae, sp. nov., and L. stictaeforme (Areschoug in Agardh) Hauck. Four of these taxa are commonly found in Australia, whereas L. cuneatum was previously known only from Fiji and L. riosmenae is newly described. Morphological and anatomical accounts are provided, including keys, information on distribution, nomenclature and habitat in south-eastern Australia. South-eastern Australian species are primarily delimited on characters relating to tetrasporangial conceptacles and the presence/absence of a semi-endophytic habit. Ten species of Lithophyllum are now confirmed to occur in Australia and their diagnostic characters are detailed. Confirmed Australian species of Lithophyllum are primarily delimited on characters relating to tetrasporangial conceptacles, the presence/absence of a semi-endophytic habit and the growth-form. Biogeographic comparisons between south-eastern Australia and other Australian biogeographic regions are also made. Eight species of Lithophyllum are known to occur in southern Australia, three in tropical eastern Australia and three in subtropical western Australia. Southern and south-eastern Australia show major overlap, with five species occurring in both regions. L. pustulatum and L. stictaeformae are widely distributed, having been confirmed to occur in eastern tropical, western subtropical, warm temperate and cold temperate waters within Australia.
39
Brown, Gillian K., Daniel J. Murphy, James Kidman, and Pauline Y. Ladiges. "Phylogenetic connections of phyllodinous species of Acacia outside Australia are explained by geological history and human-mediated dispersal." Australian Systematic Botany 25, no. 6 (2012): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb12027.
Abstract:
Acacia sensu stricto is found predominantly in Australia; however, there are 18 phyllodinous taxa that occur naturally outside Australia, north from New Guinea to Indonesia, Taiwan, the Philippines, south-western Pacific (New Caledonia to Samoa), northern Pacific (Hawaii) and Indian Ocean (Mascarene Islands). Our aim was to determine the phylogenetic position of these species within Acacia, to infer their biogeographic history. To an existing molecular dataset of 109 taxa of Acacia, we added 51 new accessions sequenced for the ITS and ETS regions of nuclear rDNA, including samples from 15 extra-Australian taxa. Data were analysed using both maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods. The phylogenetic positions of the extra-Australian taxa sampled revealed four geographic connections. Connection A, i.e. northern Australia?South-east Asia?south-western Pacific, is shown by an early diverging clade in section Plurinerves, which relates A. confusa from Taiwan and the Philippines (possibly Fiji) to A. simplex from Fiji and Samoa. That clade is related to A. simsii from southern New Guinea and northern Australia and other northern Australian species. Two related clades in section Juliflorae show a repeated connection (B), i.e. northern Australia?southern New Guinea?south-western Pacific. One of these is the ?A. auriculiformis clade', which includes A. spirorbis subsp. spirorbis from New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands as sister to the Queensland species A. auriculiformis; related taxa include A. mangium, A. leptocarpa and A. spirorbis subsp. solandri. The ?A. aulacocarpa clade' includes A. aulacocarpa, A. peregrinalis endemic to New Guinea, A. crassicarpa from New Guinea and Australia, and other Australian species. Acacia spirorbis (syn. A. solandri subsp. kajewskii) from Vanuatu (Melanesia) is related to these two clades but its exact position is equivocal. The third biogeographic connection (C) is Australia?Timor?Flores, represented independently by the widespread taxon A. oraria (section Plurinerves) found on Flores and Timor and in north-eastern Queensland, and the Wetar island endemic A. wetarensis (Juliflorae). The fourth biogeographic connection (D), i.e. Hawaii?Mascarene?eastern Australia, reveals an extreme disjunct distribution, consisting of the Hawaiian koa (A. koa, A. koaia and A. kaoaiensis), sister to the Mascarene (R�union Island) species A. heterophylla; this clade is sister to the eastern Australian A. melanoxylon and A. implexa (all section Plurinerves), and sequence divergence between taxa is very low. Historical range expansion of acacias is inferred to have occurred several times from an Australian?southern New Guinean source. Dispersal would have been possible as the Australian land mass approached South-east Asia, and during times when sea levels were low, from the Late Miocene or Early Pliocene. The close genetic relationship of species separated by vast distances, from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific, is best explained by dispersal by Austronesians, early Homo sapiens migrants from Asia.
40
Burrett, C., N. Duhid, R. Berry, and R. Varne. "Asian and south-western Pacific continental terranes derived from Gondwana, and their biogeographic significance." Australian Systematic Botany 4, no. 1 (1991): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9910013.
Abstract:
The recent recognition of numerous small geological terranes in the Indo-Pacific region has revolutionised our understanding of geological and biogeographic processes. Most of these terranes rifted from Gondwana. The Shan-Thai terrane rifted from Australia in the Permian and collided with Indo-China in the Triassic. Parts of Sumatra and Kalimantan may have rifted from Australia in the Cretaceous and carried an angiosperm flora north. Other terranes, now dispersed in South-East Asia and in the Pacific were, at various times in the Cenozoic, part of the Australian continent. Faunal and floral mobilism to Fiji via the Solomons and Vanuatu was probably not difficult up to the late Miocene.
41
Dugas, Daniel P., and Gregory J. Retallack. "Middle Miocene fossil grasses from Fort Ternan, Kenya." Journal of Paleontology 67, no. 1 (January 1993): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000021223.
Abstract:
At the well-known fossil mammal locality of Fort Ternan in southwestern Kenya, radiometrically dated at about 14 million years old (middle Miocene), fossil grasses have been preserved by nephelinitic sandstone in place of growth above a brown paleosol (type Onuria clay). Large portions of grass plants as well as fragments of leaves have revealed details of silica bodies, stomates, and other taxonomically important features under the scanning electron microscope. The computer database for grass identification compiled by Leslie Watson and colleagues was used to determine the most similar living grass genera to the five distinct kinds of fossil found. Two of the fossil species are assigned to Cleistochloa kabuyis sp. nov. and C. shipmanae sp. nov. This genus includes one species from low fertility dry woodland soils of New South Wales and Queensland and a second species from “raw clay soils” in western New Guinea. A third fossil species, represented by a large portion of a branching culm, is assigned to Stereochlaena miocenica sp. nov. This genus includes five species of low-fertility woodland soils in southeastern Africa. Both Cleistochloa and Stereochlaena are in the supertribe Panicanae of the subfamily Panicoideae. A fourth species is assigned to Distichlis africana sp. nov. and provides a biogeographic link between the single species of this genus now living in coastal grasslands in southeastern Australia and the 12 species of dunes and deserts found throughout the Americas from Patagonia and the West Indies to the United States and Canada. A fifth species is, like D. africana, in the subfamily Chloridoideae, but its stomata were not seen and it could belong to Cyclostachya, Pogoneura, or Polevansia. This earliest known wooded grassland flora in Africa is taxonomically unlike the modern grass flora of fertile volcanic African landscapes, and may have been recruited from an archaic grass flora of Gondwanan desert and lateritic soils.
42
Gibson, D. F. "Distribution and Conservation Status of the Black-Footed Rock-Wallaby, Petrogale lateralis (MacDonnell Ranges race), in the Northern Territory." Australian Mammalogy 21, no. 2 (1999): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am00213.
Abstract:
The distribution and conservation status of the Black-footed Rock-wallaby Petrogale lateralis (MacDonnell Ranges race), in the Northern Territory were investigated to complement previous surveys in adjoining areas of Western Australia and South Australia. Historical data were collated and compared with recent biological survey results obtained between 1870 and 1999. From a total of 469 records, 400 were collated for the period 1975-1999. The species occurs over ten biogeographic regions, principally within the MacDonnell Ranges bioregion, but with many populations in the Burt Plain and Great Sandy Desert bioregions. It is widely distributed through pastoral, Aboriginal, conservation and urban land and, at present, retains much the same distribution as concluded from early records. Thirteen conservation areas and 30 pastoral leases currently support populations of the species. An unknown number of animals live in and about Alice Springs. Only two National Parks, the West MacDonnells and Finke Gorge, are considered large and diverse enough to ensure the long-term survival of P. lateralis. Measures of abundance are not available but numbers of animals in conservation areas are perceived to have remained stable or to have increased over the past 20 years. Surveys undertaken during the period 1975-1999 indicate that P. lateralis have disappeared from 21 of 400 sites. Petrogale lateralis were present on all major rock types, including many granite outcrops. They were most widespread and apparently abundant on major quartzite ranges such as the MacDonnells where steep cliff faces, gorges, scree slopes and fire shadow areas are common. The wide distribution of P. lateralis in the Northern Territory in comparison to other states may be due to a variety of factors: widespread, relatively contiguous and variable habitat, occupation of country north of the core distribution of Oryctolagus cuniculus and of Vulpes vulpes, the inability of Capra hircus to persist and thus to compete in rocky range habitat, and a government 1080 poisoning programme for Canis lupus dingo on pastoral land. There is however, concern for the survival of some populations on many small ranges and rock outcrops on the fringes of its known distribution where recent observations indicate that numbers of animals are low.
43
Hill, Robert S., Yelarney K. Beer, Kathryn E. Hill, Elizabeth Maciunas, Myall A. Tarran, and Carmine C. Wainman. "Evolution of the eucalypts – an interpretation from the macrofossil record." Australian Journal of Botany 64, no. 8 (2016): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16117.
Abstract:
Eucalypts have influenced the fire ecology of the Australian landscape more than any other plant group. They are the iconic plant taxon in the Australian vegetation today, but their origin, early evolution and migration remain poorly understood, mostly because of a remarkably sparse and underworked fossil record. However, a recent major macrofossil find in southern South America, coupled with increasing sophistication of molecular phylogenetic and palynological research allow for a more comprehensive summary of the likely early history of this group of genera. It is likely that the origin was close to the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, somewhere in the Weddellian Biogeographic Province (which includes southern South America, western Antarctica and south-eastern Australia), in an area with high natural fire frequency. Evidence for the early record of eucalypts in Australia and their eventual spread across the continent, leading to their current dominance of the Australian plant biomass is growing and is consistent with a drying climate and increasing fire frequency following a very wet period during the Paleogene. The causes of the extinction of eucalypts from South America and probably New Zealand are considered, but remain obscure.
44
Abrams, Kym M., Rachael A. King, Michelle T. Guzik, Steven J. B. Cooper, and Andy D. Austin. "Molecular phylogenetic, morphological and biogeographic evidence for a new genus of parabathynellid crustaceans (Syncarida : Bathynellacea) from groundwater in an ancient southern Australian landscape." Invertebrate Systematics 27, no. 2 (2013): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is12033.
Abstract:
The putatively ancient subterranean crustacean family Parabathynellidae has been poorly studied, in part because of the problem of obtaining material from difficult to access subterranean habitats in which they live. Further, the systematics of the group has been complicated by their generally simplified morphology and isolated descriptions of new taxa in the absence of any phylogenetic framework. Using material from comprehensive field surveys and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and nuclear 18S sequence data, plus morphology, a new genus is recognised, Arkaroolabathynella Abrams & King, gen. nov., from underground waters in the Flinders Ranges, South Australia. Arkaroolabathynella contains four genetically and morphologically distinct species, described as A. bispinosa Abrams & King, sp. nov., A. remkoi Abrams & King, sp. nov., A. robusta Abrams & King, sp. nov. and A. spriggi Abrams & King, sp. nov. Phylogenetic analysis also revealed a previously unknown diversity of parabathynellids from southern Australia, and a complex set of relationships with the eastern (New South Wales) and south-western (Western Australia) continental faunas. Additionally, this study showed that deep molecular divergences in parabathynellids are not always reflected in morphological divergence. A checklist to Australian parabathynellid genera and species is also provided.
45
Perrie, Leon R., Daniel J. Ohlsen, Lara D. Shepherd, Michael Garrett, Patrick J. Brownsey, and Michael J. Bayly. "Tasmanian and Victorian populations of the fern Asplenium hookerianum result from independent dispersals from New Zealand." Australian Systematic Botany 23, no. 6 (2010): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb10028.
Abstract:
The fern Asplenium hookerianum Colenso (Aspleniaceae) is indigenous to New Zealand and Australia. In New Zealand, it is widespread and genetically diverse, with 26 haplotypes previously identified for the chloroplast trnL–trnF locus. In Australia, A. hookerianum is currently known only from two small populations in Victoria and two in Tasmania. The present study assessed the diversity, relationships and biogeographic history of the Australian populations. A single trnL–trnF haplotype was identified in Tasmanian populations, and it was shared with populations in south-western New Zealand. The single haplotype found in Victorian populations was unique and most similar to a haplotype found in populations from central and eastern North Island, New Zealand. Relationships among haplotypes suggest that the two Australian haplotypes are derived within the group (not close to the root of the haplotype network) and only distantly related. This pattern is consistent with two independent dispersals of A. hookerianum from New Zealand to Australia. These findings are unique in providing evidence for more than one trans-Tasman dispersal event in a species of vascular plant.
46
Jobson, Richard W., Paulo C. Baleeiro, and Markus S. Reut. "Molecular phylogeny of subgenus Polypompholyx (Utricularia; Lentibulariaceae) based on three plastid markers: diversification and proposal for a new section." Australian Systematic Botany 30, no. 3 (2017): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb17003.
Abstract:
Phylogenetic relationships among all of the 47 recognised species and 10 putative new taxa of Utricularia subgenus Polypompholyx, were assessed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference analyses of DNA sequences representing the plastid rps16 intron, trnL–F intron and spacer regions and the trnD–T intron. We found strong jackknife and posterior-probability support for a monophyletic subgenus Polypompholyx and a sister relationship between the sections Polypompholyx+Tridentaria and Pleiochasia. Within the section Pleiochasia, are two well-supported major clades, each containing three supported clades. Our S-DIVA biogeographic analysis, using five major Australian drainage basins and New Zealand as geographic areas, estimated two early vicariance events between south-western and north-western mainland regions, corresponding with known periods of increased aridity at 15 and 6million years ago. Subsequent dispersal events were estimated between northern and south-eastern Australia, with recent dispersal of species from south-western regions to the south-east and New Zealand occurring between 4million and 1million years ago. There were 28 speciation events inferred within the north-western region, followed by 9 for the south-western and south-eastern regions, indicating that the north-western monsoonal savanna habitats are a biodiversity hotspot for the lineage. We also show the evolutionary shifts in growth habit, and show that lifecycle corresponds strongly with shifts in seasonality between temperate and monsoonal regions. On the basis of our molecular phylogenetic results and morphology, we here designate a new sectional ranking for subgenus Polypompholyx.
47
PERKINS, PHILIP D. "A revision of the Australian species of the water beetle genus Hydraena Kugelann (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)." Zootaxa 1489, no. 1 (May 31, 2007): 1–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1489.1.1.
Abstract:
The Australian species of the water beetle genus Hydraena Kugelann, 1794, are revised, based on the study of 7,654 specimens. The 29 previously named species are redescribed, and 56 new species are described. The species are placed in 24 species groups. High resolution digital images of all primary types are presented (online version in color), and geographic distributions are mapped. Male genitalia, representative female terminal abdominal segments and representative spermathecae are illustrated. Australian Hydraena are typically found in sandy/gravelly stream margins, often in association with streamside litter; some species are primarily pond dwelling, a few species are humicolous, and one species may be subterranean. The areas of endemicity and species richness coincide quite closely with the Bassian, Torresian, and Timorian biogeographic subregions. Eleven species are shared between the Bassian and Torresian subregions, and twelve are shared between the Torresian and Timorian subregions. Only one species, H. impercepta Zwick, is known to be found in both Australia and Papua New Guinea. One Australian species, H. ambiflagellata, is also known from New Zealand. New species of Hydraena are: H. affirmata (Queensland, Palmerston National Park, Learmouth Creek), H. ambiosina (Queensland, 7 km NE of Tolga), H. antaria (New South Wales, Bruxner Flora Reserve), H. appetita (New South Wales, 14 km W Delagate), H. arcta (Western Australia, Synnot Creek), H. ascensa (Queensland, Rocky Creek, Kennedy Hwy.), H. athertonica (Queensland, Davies Creek), H. australula (Western Australia, Synnot Creek), H. bidefensa (New South Wales, Bruxner Flora Reserve), H. biimpressa (Queensland, 19.5 km ESE Mareeba), H. capacis (New South Wales, Unumgar State Forest, near Grevillia), H. capetribensis (Queensland, Cape Tribulation area), H. converga (Northern Territory, Roderick Creek, Gregory National Park), H. cubista (Western Australia, Mining Camp, Mitchell Plateau), H. cultrata (New South Wales, Bruxner Flora Reserve), H. cunninghamensis (Queensland, Main Range National Park, Cunningham's Gap, Gap Creek), H. darwini (Northern Territory, Darwin), H. deliquesca (Queensland, 5 km E Wallaman Falls), H. disparamera (Queensland, Cape Hillsborough), H. dorrigoensis (New South Wales, Dorrigo National Park, Rosewood Creek, upstream from Coachwood Falls), H. ferethula (Northern Territory, Cooper Creek, 19 km E by S of Mt. Borradaile), H. finniganensis (Queensland, Gap Creek, 5 km ESE Mt. Finnigan), H. forticollis (Western Australia, 4 km W of King Cascade), H. fundaequalis (Victoria, Simpson Creek, 12 km SW Orbost), H. fundata (Queensland, Hann Tableland, 13 km WNW Mareeba), H. hypipamee (Queensland, Mt. Hypipamee National Park, 14 km SW Malanda), H. inancala (Queensland, Girraween National Park, Bald Rock Creek at "Under-ground Creek"), H. innuda (Western Australia, Mitchell Plateau, 16 mi. N Amax Camp), H. intraangulata (Queensland, Leo Creek Mine, McIlwrath Range, E of Coen), H. invicta (New South Wales, Sydney), H. kakadu (Northern Territory, Kakadu National Park, Gubara), H. larsoni (Queensland, Windsor Tablelands), H. latisoror (Queensland, Lamington National Park, stream at head of Moran's Falls), H. luminicollis (Queensland, Lamington National Park, stream at head of Moran's Falls), H. metzeni (Queensland, 15 km NE Mareeba), H. millerorum (Victoria, Traralgon Creek, 0.2 km N 'Hogg Bridge', 5.0 km NNW Balook), H. miniretia (Queensland, Mt. Hypipamee National Park, 14 km SW Malanda), H. mitchellensis (Western Australia, 4 km SbyW Mining Camp, Mitchell Plateau), H. monteithi (Queensland, Thornton Peak, 11 km NE Daintree), H. parciplumea (Northern Territory, McArthur River, 80 km SW of Borroloola), H. porchi (Victoria, Kangaroo Creek on Springhill Rd., 5.8 km E Glenlyon), H. pugillista (Queensland, 7 km N Mt. Spurgeon), H. queenslandica (Queensland, Laceys Creek, 10 km SE El Arish), H. reticuloides (Queensland, 3 km ENE of Mt. Tozer), H. reticulositis (Western Australia, Mining Camp, Mitchell Plateau), H. revelovela (Northern Territory, Kakadu National Park, GungurulLookout), H. spinissima (Queensland, Main Range National Park, Cunningham's Gap, Gap Creek), H. storeyi (Queensland, Cow Bay, N of Daintree River), H. tenuisella (Queensland, 3 km W of Batavia Downs), H. tenuisoror (Australian Capital Territory, Wombat Creek, 6 km NE of Piccadilly Circus), H. textila (Queensland, Laceys Creek, 10 km SE El Arish), H. tridisca (Queensland, Mt. Hemmant), H. triloba (Queensland, Mulgrave River, Goldsborough Road Crossing), H. wattsi (Northern Territory, Holmes Jungle, 11 km NE by E of Darwin), H. weiri (Western Australia, 14 km SbyE Kalumburu Mission), H. zwicki (Queensland, Clacherty Road, via Julatten).
48
Sedaghat, Bibirabea, Ralf Schaa, Alex Costall, Brett Harris, Jingming Duan, Andrew Pethick, and Wenping Jiang. "Magnetotelluric, Basin Structure and Hydrodynamics; South West of Western Australia." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2018, no. 1 (December 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2018abp095.
49
Arnold, GW, PG Ozanne, KA Galbraith, and F. Dandridge. "The capeweed content of pastures in south-west Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 1 (1985): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850117.
Abstract:
The capeweed (Arctotheca calendula) content of pastures in the agricultural areas of Western Australia was estimated from coloured aerial photographs taken during flowering. Linear regressions were obtained between a visual score for capeweed content based on colour and the actual capeweed content of calibration sites. Surveys in 1972, 1973 and 1975 showed that 1973 was a year of high capeweed content in all areas compared with 1972 and 1975. The content was higher in lower-rainfall wheatbelt areas, where it averaged about 50% of pasture dry matter in 1973, than in the high-rainfall grazing areas, where the average was 37%. Fluctuations from year to year were followed on fixed sites between 1973 and 1977. The high rainfall sites varied more from year to year in capeweed content than did the low-rainfall sites. A detailed survey of one farm was made between 1972 and 1976 and this confirmed the indications from the other broadscale surveys that 1973 and 1976 were years that favoured capeweed. They were years when germination was followed by a 4-5 week dry period. Soil type and position in the landscape were also shown to influence the capeweed content of pastures.
50
HOBBS, RICHARD J., and LYN ATKINS. "Spatial variability of experimental fires in south-west Western Australia." Austral Ecology 13, no. 3 (September 1988): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1988.tb00977.x.