Academic literature on the topic 'Biogeochemical Cover'
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Journal articles on the topic "Biogeochemical Cover"
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Yakubov, Wallhead, Protsenko, Yakushev, Pakhomova, and Brix. "A 1-Dimensional Sympagic–Pelagic–Benthic Transport Model (SPBM): Coupled Simulation of Ice, Water Column, and Sediment Biogeochemistry, Suitable for Arctic Applications." Water 11, no. 8 (July 30, 2019): 1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081582.
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Marine biogeochemical processes can strongly interact with processes occurring in adjacent ice and sediments. This is especially likely in areas with shallow water and frequent ice cover, both of which are common in the Arctic. Modeling tools are therefore required to simulate coupled biogeochemical systems in ice, water, and sediment domains. We developed a 1D sympagic–pelagic–benthic transport model (SPBM) which uses input from physical model simulations to describe hydrodynamics and ice growth and modules from the Framework for Aquatic Biogeochemical Models (FABM) to construct a user-defined biogeochemical model. SPBM coupled with a biogeochemical model simulates the processes of vertical diffusion, sinking/burial, and biogeochemical transformations within and between the three domains. The potential utility of SPBM is demonstrated herein with two test runs using modules from the European regional seas ecosystem model (ERSEM) and the bottom-redox model biogeochemistry (BROM-biogeochemistry). The first run simulates multiple phytoplankton functional groups inhabiting the ice and water domains, while the second simulates detailed redox biogeochemistry in the ice, water, and sediments. SPBM is a flexible tool for integrated simulation of ice, water, and sediment biogeochemistry, and as such may help in producing well-parameterized biogeochemical models for regions with strong sympagic–pelagic–benthic interactions.
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Claussen, Martin, Victor Brovkin, and Andrey Ganopolski. "Biogeophysical versus biogeochemical feedbacks of large-scale land cover change." Geophysical Research Letters 28, no. 6 (March 15, 2001): 1011–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000gl012471.
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Zaady, Eli, Ilan Stavi, Vladislav Dubinin, Nina Kamennaya, Hiam Abu-Glion, Shimshon Shuker, and Hezi Yizhaq. "Hillslope Geodiversity Impact on Biocrusts’ Biogeochemical Functions." Land 11, no. 11 (November 5, 2022): 1983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11111983.
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Geodiversity integrates physical parameters such as geological, geomorphological, and pedological components. It represents the abiotic diversity of the earth surface layer. It incorporates geological (bedrocks and mineral sediments), geomorphological (geography, land surface formations, physical processes), pedological (soils), and hydrological characteristics. Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) play an essential role in regulating the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen. Their ability is dependent on habitat conditions, composition, and cover percentage of the ground surface, all of which are affected by geodiversity. This study’s objective was to assess the effects of geodiversity on the biogeochemical functions of biocrusts by regulating the soil water dynamics and the subsequent impact on readily available nitrogen and carbon. Hillslope geodiversity is determined by the geodiversity found in the stone cover on the ground surface and in the stone content throughout the soil profile, as well as by the soil profile thickness of the underlying bedrock. We hypothesized that in dry environments, the physical conditions in high-geodiversity hillslopes, compared to low-geodiversity hillslopes, positively affect the soil water budget, which would affect the biocrusts and their readily available nitrogen and carbon. The results showed higher soil moisture content in the heterogeneous hillslopes. The ammonium and labile organic carbon in the biocrusts were more substantial in the heterogeneous than in the homogeneous hillslopes, while soil protein, nitrite, and soil organic matter were similar. We suggest that the comparatively high soil moisture content in the heterogeneous hillslopes stimulates biocrust community activities and increases the readily available nitrogen and carbon, thus improving the survival of shrubs in these ecosystems under long-term drought conditions.
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Throop, Heather L., and Jayne Belnap. "Connectivity Dynamics in Dryland Litter Cycles: Moving Decomposition beyond Spatial Stasis." BioScience 69, no. 8 (July 10, 2019): 602–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz061.
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AbstractDrylands (arid and semiarid ecosystems) cover nearly half of Earth's terrestrial surface, but biogeochemical pools and processes in these systems remain poorly understood. Litter can account for a substantial portion of carbon and nutrient pools in these systems, with litter decomposition exerting important controls over biogeochemical cycling. Dryland decomposition is typically treated as a spatially static process in which litter is retained and decomposed where it is initially deposited. Although this assumption is reasonable for mesic systems with continuous plant canopy cover and a stable subcanopy litter layer, dryland pools generally reflect discontinuous inputs from heterogeneous canopy cover followed by substantial litter transport. In the present article, we review horizontal and vertical transport processes that move litter from the initial deposition point and retention elements that influence litter accumulation patterns. Appreciation of the spatially dynamic litter cycle, including quantitative assessment of transport patterns, will improve estimates of the fate and distribution of organic matter in current and future drylands.
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Talib, Ammara, and Timothy O. Randhir. "Climate change and land use impacts on hydrologic processes of watershed systems." Journal of Water and Climate Change 8, no. 3 (March 24, 2017): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2017.064.
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Land use, land cover and climate change (CC) can significantly influence the hydrologic balance and biogeochemical processes of watershed systems. These changes can alter interception, evapotranspiration (ET), infiltration, soil moisture, water balance, and biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen, and other elements. The need to evaluate the combined effect of land use change and CC of watershed systems is a focus of this study. We simulated watershed processes in the SuAsCo River watershed in MA, USA, using a calibrated and validated Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran model. Climatic scenarios included downscaled regional projections from Global Climate Model models. The Land Transformation Model was used to project land use. Combined change in land cover and climate reduce ET with loss of vegetation. Changes in climate and land cover increase surface runoff significantly by 2100 as well as stream discharge. Combined change in land cover and climate cause 10% increase in peak volume with 7% increase in precipitation and 75% increase in effective impervious area. Climate and land use changes can intensify the water cycle and introduce seasonal changes in watershed systems. Understanding dynamic changes in watershed systems is critical for mitigation and adaptation options. We propose restoration strategies that can increase the resilience of watershed systems.
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Dieye, A. M., D. P. Roy, N. P. Hanan, S. Liu, M. Hansen, and A. Touré. "Sensitivity analysis of the GEMS soil organic carbon model to land cover land use classification uncertainties under different climate scenarios in Senegal." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 4 (July 8, 2011): 6589–635. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-6589-2011.
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Abstract. Spatially explicit land cover land use (LCLU) change information is needed to drive biogeochemical models that simulate soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. Such information is increasingly being mapped using remotely sensed satellite data with classification schemes and uncertainties constrained by the sensing system, classification algorithms and land cover schemes. In this study, automated LCLU classification of multi-temporal Landsat satellite data were used to assess the sensitivity of SOC modeled by the Global Ensemble Biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS). The GEMS was run for an area of 1560 km2 in Senegal under three climate change scenarios with LCLU maps generated using different Landsat classification approaches. This research provides a method to estimate the variability of SOC, specifically the SOC uncertainty due to satellite classification errors, which we show is dependent not only on the LCLU classification errors but also on where the LCLU classes occur relative to the other GEMS model inputs.
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Dieye, A. M., D. P. Roy, N. P. Hanan, S. Liu, M. Hansen, and A. Touré. "Sensitivity analysis of the GEMS soil organic carbon model to land cover land use classification uncertainties under different climate scenarios in senegal." Biogeosciences 9, no. 2 (February 3, 2012): 631–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-631-2012.
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Abstract. Spatially explicit land cover land use (LCLU) change information is needed to drive biogeochemical models that simulate soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. Such information is increasingly being mapped using remotely sensed satellite data with classification schemes and uncertainties constrained by the sensing system, classification algorithms and land cover schemes. In this study, automated LCLU classification of multi-temporal Landsat satellite data were used to assess the sensitivity of SOC modeled by the Global Ensemble Biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS). The GEMS was run for an area of 1560 km2 in Senegal under three climate change scenarios with LCLU maps generated using different Landsat classification approaches. This research provides a method to estimate the variability of SOC, specifically the SOC uncertainty due to satellite classification errors, which we show is dependent not only on the LCLU classification errors but also on where the LCLU classes occur relative to the other GEMS model inputs.
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Mahmood, Rezaul, Roger A. Pielke, and Clive A. McAlpine. "Climate-Relevant Land Use and Land Cover Change Policies." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00221.1.
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Abstract Both observational and modeling studies clearly demonstrate that land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) play an important biogeophysical and biogeochemical role in the climate system from the landscape to regional and even continental scales. Without comprehensively considering these impacts, an adequate response to the threats posed by human intervention into the climate system will not be adequate. Public policy plays an important role in shaping local- to national-scale land-use practices. An array of national policies has been developed to influence the nature and spatial extent of LULCC. Observational evidence suggests that these policies, in addition to international trade treaties and protocols, have direct effects on LULCC and thus the climate system. However, these policies, agreements, and protocols fail to adequately recognize these impacts. To make these more effective and thus to minimize climatic impacts, we propose several recommendations: 1) translating international treaties and protocols into national policies and actions to ensure positive climate outcomes; 2) updating international protocols to reflect advancement in climate–LULCC science; 3) continuing to invest in the measurements, databases, reporting, and verification activities associated with LULCC and LULCC-relevant climate monitoring; and 4) reshaping Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation+ (REDD+) to fully account for the multiscale biogeophysical and biogeochemical impacts of LULCC on the climate system.
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Sibgatullina, Madina, and Vsevolod Valiev. "Trace elements in wild plants of the Lower Kama national park." SOCIALNO-ECOLOGICHESKIE TECHNOLOGII 9, no. 3 (2019): 325–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2500-2961-2019-9-3-325-342.
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Biogeochemical studies of plants and soil cover in specially protected natural areas are necessary for conducting background geochemical monitoring in order to determine the content of trace elements in plants of natural ecosystems and to establish the relationship between trace element composition and environmental factors. The atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to determine the content of trace elements Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Co, Ni, Cd, Pb in wild herbaceous plants and the root layer of soil in the Nizhny Kama National Park (Kama valley and its tributaries). Species with a high content of Ni were found. High concentrations of Fe, Cr, Pb in the phytomass of mosses were revealed, which may indicate their aerogenic supply from nearby industrial enterprises. It was established that the soil cover of the national park within the Yelabuga region is characterized by an increased content of Mn and Co. The trace elements that are vigorously absorbed by plants, as well as species characterized by high biogeochemical activity have been identified – Aegopodium podagraria L., Fragaria vesca L., Paris quadrifolia L., Anemonoides ranunculoides L., Dicranum Hedw
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Chen, Ning, Kailiang Yu, Rongliang Jia, Jialing Teng, and Changming Zhao. "Biocrust as one of multiple stable states in global drylands." Science Advances 6, no. 39 (September 2020): eaay3763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay3763.
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Biocrusts cover ~30% of global drylands with a prominent role in the biogeochemical cycles. Theoretically, biocrusts, vascular plants, and bare soil can represent multiple stable states in drylands. However, no empirical evidence for the existence of a biocrust stable state has been reported. Here, using a global drylands dataset, we found that biocrusts form an alternative stable state (biocrust cover, ~80%; vascular cover, ≤10%) besides bare soil (both biocrust and vascular cover, ≤10%) and vascular plants (vascular cover, >50%; biocrust cover, ~5%). The pattern of multiple stable states associated with biocrusts differs from the classic fold bifurcation, and values of the aridity index in the range of 0 to 0.6 define a bistable region where multiple stable states coexist. This study empirically demonstrates the existence and thresholds of multiple stable states associated with biocrusts along climatic gradients and thus may greatly contribute to conservation and restoration of global drylands.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biogeochemical Cover"
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Wang, Pei-Ling. "Modeling global human-induced soil degradation and its impacts on water balance." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/13361.
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Soils are a critical resource for supporting ecosystems, agricultural systems, and human wellbeing. However, these same soils have been degraded by human activities throughout human history. Despite the rapid development of global models that include dynamic changes in land use and land cover (LULC) and biogeochemical processes to assess climate and hydrological impacts, soil properties are often assumed to be spatially or temporally constant. These assumptions can affect the results of model projections, impact assessments and underestimate the human impact on Earth systems. This study reveals the physical impacts of human-altered soil conditions on the global water balance through a meta-analysis study and soil degradation modeling. We link major global LULCs to four hydrologic soil groups: sandy (sand, sandy loam, and loamy sand), loamy (loam, silty loam, and silt)), clayey soils (clay, sandy clay, clay loam, silty clay, and silty clay loam), and sandy clay loam) from 850 to 2015 AD, and identified loamy and clayey soils as the preferred soils for most human land uses. Humans selectively use those soils for intensive agriculture and pasture activities, while grazing occurs on sandier soils.
To simulate the impact of human activities on soils, several soil change models were built for soil organic carbon (SOC) content, soil texture (sand, silt, and clay), and soil bulk density from meta-analyses of site observations. The models were applied globally based on the LULC and soil relations, global environmental and soil conditions, and LULC distributions. Pedotransfer functions were applied to estimate soil water-holding capacity using those soil properties, then a Thornthwaite-type water balance model was used to assess the impacts of soil degradation on the global water balance. Results show that under a high-intensity LULC scenario (conventional tillage on croplands and heavy grazing), SOC decreases by 363 Pg and water deficit increases 78 km3 globally. The impacts on SOC and deficit are reduced to 213 Pg and 51 km3, respectively, when reducing land-use intensity by substituting animal ploughing/no-till and light grazing for conventional tillage and heavy grazing. Impacts from other LULC types are identical for these two LULC scenarios. Development of this history between LULC and soil properties allows for improved simulation of human impacts on global water, energy, and biogeochemical cycles. The results of the water balance simulations demonstrate how different soils representations in models can significantly alter the estimates of global evapotranspiration, water deficit, and surplus. This study contributes to developing a better understanding of the processes by which human-induced soil degradation impacts climate/hydrological models and providing a mechanism to better assess the impacts of humans on the Earth system. The outcome will also complement numerous ongoing global studies that evaluate the impacts of climate change on water resources and society.Graduate
2022-08-09
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Navrátilová, Denisa. "Změny geochemismu povrchových vod ve vybraných povodích Krušných hor." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-436418.
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This master thesis focuses on an analysis of surface water chemistry, long-term trends and the impact of drought on changes in concentrations of selected parameters in the upper Svatava, Rolava and Načetínský potok basins located in the Ore Mountains. Research on water quality in mountain spring areas is important, the consequences of various changes can be easily observed there. This work analyses the changes in surface water chemistry and discusses their possible causes, especially the impact of peat bogs and dry episodes. The parameters of water temperature, conductivity, pH, BOD5, COD, TOC, concentration of nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, phosphates, sodium, potassium, calcium and iron were investigated for the period 1993-2018. The available data are analysed using evaluation methods according to ČSN 75 7221 as well as box plots, Pearson correlation coefficient, PCA analysis and Mann-Kendall test. The greatest anthropogenic influence exhibited in Svatava, almost all concentrations reached their highest values there. In the Rolava and Načetínský potok basins, the influence of peatlands manifested itself by increasing the concentrations of iron, TOC and COD. The results of trends showed an increase both in pH and in surface water temperature related to an increase in air temperature, on the...
Books on the topic "Biogeochemical Cover"
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Pokatilov, I︠U︡ G. Khimii︠a︡ atmosfernykh osadkov i mediko-demograficheskie osobennosti estestvennykh i tekhnogennykh territoriĭ Vostochnoĭ Sibiri : (biokhimicheskiĭ aspekt izuchenii︠a︡ territoriĭ): Atmospheric precipitation and snow cover chemistry, and medical-demographic characteristics of natural and technogenic territories in East Siberia : the biogeochemical aspect of the study of territories. Irkutsk: Izdatelʹstvo Instituta geografii im. V.B. Sochavy SO RAN, 2010.
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Karnwal, Arun, and Abdel Rahman Mohammad Said Al-Tawaha, eds. Environmental Microbiology: Advanced Research and Multidisciplinary Applications. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97816810895841220101.
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Environmental Microbiology: Advanced Research and Multidisciplinary Applications focus on the current research on microorganisms in the environment. Contributions in the volume cover several aspects of applied microbial research, basic research on microbial ecology and molecular genetics. The reader will find a collection of topics with theoretical and practical value, allowing them to connect environmental microbiology to a variety of subjects in life sciences, ecology, and environmental science topics. Advanced topics including biogeochemical cycling, microbial biosensors, bioremediation, application of microbial biofilms in bioremediation, application of microbial surfactants, microbes for mining and metallurgical operations, valorization of waste, and biodegradation of aromatic waste, microbial communication, nutrient cycling and biotransformation are also covered. The content is designed for advanced undergraduate students, graduate students, and environmental professionals, with a comprehensive and up-to-date discussion of environmental microbiology as a discipline that has greatly expanded in scope and interest over the past several decades.
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Chapin, F. Stuart, Mark W. Oswood, Keith van Cleve, Leslie A. Viereck, and David L. Verbyla, eds. Alaska's Changing Boreal Forest. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195154313.001.0001.
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The boreal forest is the northern-most woodland biome, whose natural history is rooted in the influence of low temperature and high-latitude. Alaska's boreal forest is now warming as rapidly as the rest of Earth, providing an unprecedented look at how this cold-adapted, fire-prone forest adjusts to change. This volume synthesizes current understanding of the ecology of Alaska's boreal forests and describes their unique features in the context of circumpolar and global patterns. It tells how fire and climate contributed to the biome's current dynamics. As climate warms and permafrost (permanently frozen ground) thaws, the boreal forest may be on the cusp of a major change in state. The editors have gathered a remarkable set of contributors to discuss this swift environmental and biotic transformation. Their chapters cover the properties of the forest, the changes it is undergoing, and the challenges these alterations present to boreal forest managers. In the first section, the reader can absorb the geographic and historical context for understanding the boreal forest. The book then delves into the dynamics of plant and animal communities inhabiting this forest, and the biogeochemical processes that link these organisms. In the last section the authors explore landscape phenomena that operate at larger temporal and spatial scales and integrates the processes described in earlier sections. Much of the research on which this book is based results from the Bonanza Creek Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Here is a synthesis of the substantial literature on Alaska's boreal forest that should be accessible to professional ecologists, students, and the interested public.
Book chapters on the topic "Biogeochemical Cover"
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Herlihy, Alan T., John L. Stoddard, and Colleen Burch Johnson. "The Relationship between Stream Chemistry and Watershed Land Cover Data in the Mid-Atlantic Region, U.S." In Biogeochemical Investigations at Watershed, Landscape, and Regional Scales, 377–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0906-4_34.
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Wharton, Robert A., Christopher P. McKay, Gary D. Clow, and Dale T. Andersen. "Perennial ice covers and their influence on Antarctic lake ecosystems." In Physical and Biogeochemical Processes in Antarctic Lakes, 53–70. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ar059p0053.
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Artaxo, Paulo. "The Atmospheric Component of Biogeochemical Cycles in the Amazon Basin." In The Biogeochemistry of the Amazon Basin. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195114317.003.0006.
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Tropical forests, with their high biological activity, have the potential to emit large amounts of trace gases and aerosol particles to the atmosphere. The accelerated development and land clearing that is occurring in large areas of the Amazon basin suggest that anthropogenic effects on natural biogeochemical cycles are already occurring (Gash et al. 1996). The atmosphere plays a key role in this process. The tropics are the part of the globe with the most rapidly growing population, the most dramatic industrial expansion and the most rapid and pervasive change in land use and land cover. Also the tropics contain the largest standing stocks of terrestrial vegetation and have the highest rates of photosynthesis and respiration. It is likely that changes in tropical land use will have a profound impact on the global atmosphere (Andreae 1998, Andreae and Crutzen 1997). A significant fraction of nutrients are transported or dislocated through the atmosphere in the form of trace gases, aerosol particles, and rainwater (Keller et al. 1991). Also the global effects of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and other trace gases have in the forest ecosystems a key partner. The large emissions of isoprene, terpenes, and many other volatile organic compounds could impact carbon cycling and the production of secondary aerosol particles over the Amazon region. Vegetation is a natural source of many types of aerosol particles that play an important role in the radiation budget over large areas (Artaxo et al. 1998). There are 5 major reservoirs in the Earth system: atmosphere, biosphere (vegetation, animals), soils, hydrosphere (oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater), and the lithosphere (Earth crust). Elemental cycles of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements interact with the different reservoirs of the Earth system. The carbon cycle has important aspects in tropical forests due to the large amount of carbon stored in the tropical forests and the high rate of tropical deforestation (Jacob 1999). In Amazonia there are two very different atmospheric conditions: the wet season (mostly from November to June) and the dry season (July-October) (see Marengo and Nobre, this volume). Biomass burning emissions dominate completely the atmospheric concentrations over large areas of the Amazon basin during the dry season (Artaxo et al. 1988).
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Sposito, Garrison. "The Composition of Soils." In The Chemistry of Soils. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630881.003.0005.
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Soils are porous media created at the land surface through weathering processes mediated by biological, geological, and hydrological phenomena. From the point of view of chemistry, soils are open biogeochemical systems containing reactive solids, liquids, and gases. That they are open systems means they exchange both matter and energy with the surrounding atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere. That they are biogeochemical systems means their development over time is a result of chemical transformations of earth materials linked to the life cycles of the soil biota and plant roots. Soils are the central feature of the life-supporting Critical Zone, which extends from the top of the vegetation canopy to the bottom of the groundwater aquifer in a terrestrial ecosystem. The Critical Zone provides essential ecosystem services (outputs of food, fiber, fuel, and water, including their quality) that sustain the biosphere. Other earth materials than soil may occur in the Critical Zone (for example, weathered rock [saprolite]), but soils are unique in showing a distinctive vertical stratification, the soil profile (Fig. 1.1), created by percolating water under the combined influence of parent material, topography, climate, living organisms, and pedogenic time—the five factors of soil formation. Analogous to biomes, which classify terrestrial ecosystems according to similar climate and vegetative cover, orders classify soils according to similar climate, parent material, or pedogenic time. With respect to climate, for example, Oxisols reflect tropical conditions, whereas Mollisols reflect temperate conditions. Spodosols and Gelisols reflect mainly boreal conditions (Table 1.1). Andisols, Histosols, and Vertisols, on the other hand, are not defined by climatic region, but instead by parent material (volcanic ash, organic litter, or swelling clay, respectively), whereas Entisols and Inceptisols reflect pedogenic time being insufficiently long for significant A or B horizon development, respectively. Biomes are basic classification units of the aboveground biosphere useful for characterizing its ecosystem services, whereas orders are basic classification units of the pedosphere useful for the same purpose. The natural capitalof soils is the set of assets that allows them to function beneficially as providers of ecosystem services.
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Bernoux, Martial, and Marisa C. Piccolo. "Carbon Storage in Biomass and Soils." In The Biogeochemistry of the Amazon Basin. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195114317.003.0014.
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Carbon dioxide and methane integrate biogeochemical cycles of C and constitute, together with nitrous oxide, the main trace gases responsible for the greenhouse effect. Increasing interest in the global consequences of climate change has prompted the global scientific community to deepen their studies about the global C stocks and the interrelations among its different compartments. As main compartments, soils and phytomass (living and nonliving) have received special attention. Many authors proposed a quantification of C stored in soils and proposed to study their role as both a source and sink of carbon (Post et al. 1982, Eswaran et al. 1993, Sombroek et al. 1993, Batjes 1996). The world’s mineral soils are estimated to contain about 1500 Pg C (Post et al. 1982, Eswaran et al. 1993, Batjes 1996), while the biomass of plants is estimated to be comprised between 560 and 835 Pg C (Whittaker and Likens 1975, Bouwman 1990). Tropical forests account for between 20 and 25% of the world terrestrial C (Brown and Lugo 1982, Dixon et al. 1994). The Amazon contains the largest expanse of native tropical ecosystems and has a direct influence on global biogeochemical cycles, especially the C cycle. The C stored in phytomass is of importance because of its quantity and its potential to be released easily. Carbon in soil is proved to be important because soil organic carbon (SOC) is intimately involved in virtually all biological processes, and organic matter (OM), even when present in small amounts, is an extremely important soil constituent. Two Brazilian soil classes, Latossolos and Podzólicos, make up 73% of the total area of the Legal Amazon Basin of Brazil (Prado 1996, Jacomine and Camargo 1996). More precisely, only three dystrofic soil types, Podzólico Vermelho Amarelo (Acrisol), Latossolo Amarelo (xanthic Ferralsol), and Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo (orthic Ferralsol) cover approximately 60% of the total, and are therefore of prime interest. The remainder is distributed between 13 additional classes. Only 6, however, represent more than one percent, and only 2 of which are more than 5%: Plintossolos (Inceptisols, Oxisols, and Alfisols) and Gleissolos (Entisols and Inceptisols).
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Tuck, Adrian F. "Introduction." In Atmospheric Turbulence. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199236534.003.0004.
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The atmosphere consists of molecules in motion, yet it is often hard to find any mention of the fact in meteorological texts. This absence is also true of substantial areas of physics and chemistry which have evolved to provide quantitative descriptions of the behaviour of atoms and molecules in the gas phase: in particular, non-equilibrium statistical mechanics and molecular dynamics have had less overlap with the theory and observation of turbulence than perhaps might have been expected. Meteorology of course has had fluid mechanics at front and centre for over a century and has had to face issues in turbulence for over half that time. The purpose of this book is to show that atmospheric turbulence is an emergent property arising from the anisotropic environment of populations of gas molecules, linking molecular dynamics with fluid mechanics through the generation of vorticity. The anisotropies arise from gravity, planetary rotation, the solar beam, and the nature of the topography, the sea and ice surfaces, and the vegetative cover. We shall see that analysis of high resolution data of adequate quality, as yet available largely from only a few aircraft, leads to the emergence of a correlation of the multifractal, turbulent scaling at the smaller scales with some characteristics of the larger scale meteorological flow, such as the intensity and depth of jet streams. Lest the reader should think that the formulation of events at the microscopic scale has little or nothing to do with the central concerns of modern meteorology, we note that climate is determined through the absorption and emission of photons by molecules in the atmosphere and at the surface. The nature and distribution of these molecules is determined by photochemical kinetics acting in the presence of turbulent transport and biogeochemical fluxes from the surface. Quantitative calculation of the rates of these processes must necessarily account for both the skewed probability distributions of molecular velocities maintained interactively by vorticity structures and the effect of the scale invariant turbulent structures, on such large volumes of chemical reaction as the stratospheric polar vortex.
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Selinus, O. "Biogeochemical Monitoring in Medical Geology." In Geology and Health. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162042.003.0029.
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How can we determine the distribution of metals and other elements in our environment? The Geological Survey of Sweden started an innovative monitoring of metals in a monitoring/mapping program in 1980. Before 1980, traditional inorganic stream sediments were used, a method still employed all over the world, but not really suitable for medical work. A new method is used, whereby metal concentrations are determined in organic material consisting of aquatic mosses and roots of aquatic higher plants. These are barrier-free with respect to trace metal uptake and reflect the metal concentrations in stream water (Brundin 1972, 1988, Kabata-Pendias,1992, Selinus 1989). Aerial parts of many plant species do not generally respond to increasing metal concentrations in the growth medium because of physiological barriers between roots and above-ground parts of plants. These barriers protect them from uptake of toxic levels of metals into the vital reproductive organs. The roots and mosses, however, respond closely to chemical variations in background levels related to different bedrock types in addition to effects of pollution. The biogeochemical samples provide information on the time-related bioavailable metal contents in aquatic plants and in the environment. One great advantage of using biogeochemical samples instead of water samples is also that the biogeochemical samples provide integrated information of the metal contents in the water for a period of some years. Water samples suffer from seasonal and annual variations depending on, for example, precipitation. The mapping program now covers about 65% of the land area of Sweden (40,000 sample sites, one sample every 6 km²), where about 80% of the population of Sweden is living. This means that there is now available an extensive analytical data base for use in environmental and medical research (Freden 1994). One example of the use of biogeochemical monitoring concerns high cadmium contents in Sweden. In noncontaminated, noncultivated soils, Cd concentration is largely governed by the amount of Cd in the parent material (Thornton 1986). If the substrate concentration is higher than in background concentrations, Cd is readily taken up by roots and is distributed throughout the plants.
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Bianchi, Thomas S., and Elizabeth A. Canuel. "Carbohydrates: Neutral and Minor Sugars." In Chemical Biomarkers in Aquatic Ecosystems. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691134147.003.0005.
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This chapter covers carbohydrates, the most abundant class of biopolymers on Earth and significant components of water column particulate organic matter and dissolved organic matter in aquatic environments. Carbohydrates are important structural and storage molecules and are critical in the metabolism of terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Carbohydrates can be further divided into monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (two covalently linked monosaccharides), oligosaccharides (a few covalently linked monosaccharides), and polysaccharides (polymers made up of several mono- and disaccharide units). In phytoplankton, carbohydrates serve as important reservoirs of energy, structural support, and cellular signaling components. Carbohydrates make up approximately 20 to 40% of the cellular biomass in phytoplankton and 75% of the weight of vascular plants. Minor sugars, such as acidic sugars, amino sugars, and O-methyl sugars, tend to be more source-specific than major sugars and can potentially provide further information on the biogeochemical cycling of carbohydrates.
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Lawrence, Deborah, and David R. Foster. "Recovery of Nutrient Cycling and Ecosystem Properties Following Swidden Cultivation: Regional and Stand-Level Constraints." In Integrated Land-Change Science and Tropical Deforestation in the Southern Yucatan. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199245307.003.0014.
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The total area of agricultural systems in tropical Mexico increased by 64 per cent from 1977 to 1992—a mean annual deforestation rate of 1.9 per cent (Cairns et al. 2000). In all likelihood, this rate has continued for the past ten years. Dry tropical forest covers 8 per cent of Mexico and is subject to conversion for agricultural use (Trejo and Dirzo 2000). Because the southern Yucatán contains the largest contiguous block of dry tropical forest in Mexico and Central America, understanding the biogeochemical consequences of land-use change there is important for effective national and international conservation and development efforts. Over the past four decades the southern Yucatán peninsular region has undergone an increasing amount and intensity of land use (Chs. 3, 9, 10). These land uses, many focused on swidden practices, alter the structure and function of forested lands and often generate new feedbacks in terms of subsequent human use. Consequently, a major goal in assessing regional environmental change is to understand how biogeochemical processes respond to land-use change, emphasizing the potential of a human-dominated landscape to sustain continued human use. One of the greatest challenges in these studies is to untangle the effects of environmentally induced variation from, for example, climate, geology, or natural disturbance, from that induced by human activity. In the SYPR project the approach to this challenge has been to investigate variation in ecosystem processes in several study sites across the dominant environmental gradients while focusing on the influence of local, human-controlled factors within a given area. In the southern Yucatán peninsular region annual precipitation increases by more than 50 per cent over a distance of 120km. Median annual precipitation varies from about 900mm in the northern part of the study area to about 1,400mm in the southern part. This dramatic gradient overlies a seasonal pattern shared by all sites regardless of their total annual precipitation. Rainfall is highly variable, with a pronounced dry period lasting from four to six months, depending on latitude. The range in precipitation observed in the study area encompasses approximately 50 per cent of the variation in precipitation of dry tropical forests worldwide (Murphy and Lugo 1986).
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Pathak, Prasad, and Stephen Whalen. "Using Geospatial Techniques to Analyze Landscape Factors Controlling Ionic Composition of Arctic Lakes, Toolik Lake Region, Alaska." In Geographic Information Systems, 130–50. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2038-4.ch012.
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The impacts of climate change on landscapes in arctic Alaska are evident in terms of permafrost melting, frequent thermokarst activity, and the occurrence of more broadleaf vegetation. These changes may alter natural biogeochemical cycles of ions along with major nutrients and affect ionic compositions of lakes, as they are connected with the landscapes. However, the nature of the connectivity between lakes and landscapes in this region is not yet explored. The authors propose that geospatial analysis of landscape properties along with observed lake ion concentrations will enable an understanding of the currently existing landscape controls over ion inputs into the lakes. For the watersheds of 41 lakes in the Arctic Foothills region of Alaska, spatial properties of natural vegetation communities expressed in terms of percentage, shape complexity, and patch density metrics were derived using satellite data. Regression analyses were performed for concentration of ions as well as conductivity in lake water where the spatial metrics along with lake physical properties, lake order, and glacial till age categories were used as predicting variables in the regression. Landscape metrics for major land covers i.e., Percentage of Moist Acidic Tundra (MAT) and Moist Non-acidic Tundra (MNT) were the major predicting variables for concentration of several ions.
Conference papers on the topic "Biogeochemical Cover"
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Chetri, Jyoti K., and Krishna R. Reddy. "Climate-Resilient Biogeochemical Cover for Waste Containment Systems." In Geo-Extreme 2021. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483695.019.
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Rai, Raksha K., and Krishna R. Reddy. "Role of Landfill Cover Materials in Mitigating GHG Emissions in Biogeochemical Landfill Cover System." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2019. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482322.006.
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Coronel, Oscar, Ryan G. Vannier, Anthony D. Kendall, Sherry L. Martin, David W. Hyndman, Bryan C. Pijanowski, and R. Jan Stevenson. "UNDERSTANDING ECOSYSTEM BIOGEOCHEMICAL CONTROLS ON TIME-LAGGED WATER QUALITY RESPONSES TO LAND USE / LAND COVER." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-341048.
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