Relevant bibliographies by topics / Biogas as a fuel

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Academic literature on the topic 'Biogas as a fuel'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Biogas as a fuel"

1

Kabeyi, Moses Jeremiah Barasa, and Oludolapo Akanni Olanrewaju. "Biogas Production and Applications in the Sustainable Energy Transition." Journal of Energy 2022 (July 9, 2022): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8750221.

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Biogas is competitive, viable, and generally a sustainable energy resource due to abundant supply of cheap feedstocks and availability of a wide range of biogas applications in heating, power generation, fuel, and raw materials for further processing and production of sustainable chemicals including hydrogen, and carbon dioxide and biofuels. The capacity of biogas based power has been growing rapidly for the past decade with global biogas based electricity generation capacity increasing from 65 GW in 2010 to 120 GW in 2019 representing a 90% growth. This study presents the pathways for use of biogas in the energy transition by application in power generation and production of fuels. Diesel engines, petrol or gasoline engines, turbines, microturbines, and Stirling engines offer feasible options for biogas to electricity production as prme movers. Biogas fuel can be used in both spark ignition (petrol) and compression ignition engines (diesel) with varying degrees of modifications on conventional internal combustion engines. In internal combustion engines, the dual-fuel mode can be used with little or no modification compared to full engine conversion to gas engines which may require major modifications. Biogas can also be used in fuel cells for direct conversion to electricity and raw material for hydrogen and transport fuel production which is a significant pathway to sustainable energy development. Enriched biogas or biomethane can be containerized or injected to gas supply mains for use as renewable natural gas. Biogas can be used directly for cooking and lighting as well as for power generation and for production of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) fuels. Upgraded biogas/biomethane which can also be used to process methanol fuel. Compressed biogas (CBG) and liquid biogas (LBG) can be reversibly made from biomethane for various direct and indirect applications as fuels for transport and power generation. Biogas can be used in processes like combined heat and power generation from biogas (CHP), trigeneration, and compression to Bio-CNG and bio-LPG for cleaned biogas/biomethane. Fuels are manufactured from biogas by cleaning, and purification before reforming to syngas, and partial oxidation to produce methanol which can be used to make gasoline. Syngas is used in production of alcohols, jet fuels, diesel, and gasoline through the Fischer-Tropsch process.
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Itodo, Isaac N., Dorcas K. Yakubu, and Theresa K. Kaankuka. "The Effects of Biogas Fuel in an Electric Generator on Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Power Output, and Fuel Consumption." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 4 (2019): 951–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13394.

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Abstract. The rising cost of fossil fuels, global warming from greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, unreliable grid supply electricity, and overdependence on hydropower electricity have resulted in low electricity per capita in Nigeria. This study was undertaken to produce, purify, and use biogas as a fuel to generate electricity with a 3.5 kW spark-ignition engine generator and determine its effect on GHG emissions, power output, and fuel consumption. Unpurified and purified biogas were used as fuels. The biogas was purified in water and in a calcium chloride solution. The fuels used to power the generator were gasoline, unpurified biogas, water-purified biogas, and calcium chloride-purified biogas. The GHGs measured were carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and sulfur dioxide. The biogas was produced with a 3 m3 capacity floating-drum biogas plant. The total solids concentration and carbon/nitrogen ratio of the influent and effluent slurries were determined. The effects of fuel type on GHG emissions were determined in a 4 × 4 factorial experiment with three replicates in a completely randomized design. The effects of fuel type on power output and fuel consumption of the generator were determined in a 4 × 2 factorial experiment with three replicates in a completely randomized design. The results were analyzed using analysis of variance at p = 0.05. Duncan’s new multiple range test was used to separate means when there was significant difference. The results obtained showed that carbon dioxide emission was not affected by purification of the biogas because the carbon dioxide emissions from the fuel types were not significantly different. The carbon monoxide emission was much higher from the unpurified biogas than from the purified biogas fuels, although gasoline had the highest carbon monoxide emission. The water-purified biogas had the least carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide emissions. The unpurified biogas had the least nitrogen oxide emission compared to the purified biogas fuels and gasoline. The power output from the unpurified biogas was not significantly different from that of gasoline and was higher than the purified biogas fuels. The fuel consumptions of the purified biogas fuels were not significantly different. The water-purified biogas is recommended for use as fuel for the production of electricity from a spark-ignition engine generator. Keywords: Biogas, Effects, Electricity, Fuel consumption, Greenhouse gas emissions, Power output.
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Lie, David, I. Wayan Bandem Adnyana, and Tjokorda Gde Tirta Nindhia. "Studi Emisi Dan Konsumsi Bahan Bakar Genset Bermesin 2 Langkah Dual Fuels (Biogas – Metanol)." Jurnal METTEK 8, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mettek.2022.v08.i02.p05.

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Saat ini kualitas biogas di berbagai instalasi digester anaerobik untuk pengolahan sampah organik masih belum optimal, terutama di negara berkembang yang belum banyak dikenal pemahamannya tentang pengolahan anaerobik. Kandungan metana dalam biogas biasanya didapati rendah sehingga tidak memungkinkan untuk digunakan sebagai bahan bakar mesin. Pemurnian Biogas biasanya akan diperkenalkan sebagai solusi untuk mengurangi gas pengotor pada biogas seperti CO2, H2S, dan H2O sehingga layak digunakan sebagai bahan bakar mesin. Dibeberapa penelitian sebelumnya, menggunakan biogas sebagai bahan bakar mesin mendapatkan konsumsi bahan bakar yang tinggi (boros). Solusi lain disarankan dengan biogas diperkaya dengan bahan bakar lain (dual fuels). Penelitian ini memperkenalkan teknik sederhana untuk metode biogas diperkaya dengan menggunakan metanol. Metanol adalah salah satu jenis alkohol dimana metanol merupakan salah satu bahan bakar yang dapat diperbaharui (renewable energy). Metanol yang digunakan memiliki kemurnian 97% yang sudah berada di pasaran. Biogas yang digunakan pada penelitian ini memiliki kandungan metana sebesar 52%vol. Generator set (genset) bermesin 2 langkah yang memiliki kapasitas 63cc dengan kompresi 10 bar disiapkan untuk penelitian ini agar memungkinkan untuk dioperasikan menggunakan dual fuels biogas diperkaya metanol. Diketahui genset bermesin 2 langkah bekerja dengan baik dengan menggunakan bahan bakar biogas yang diperkaya dengan metanol. Konsumsi bahan bakar pada generator set (genset) bermesin 2 langkah menggunakan biogas yang diperkaya metanol diketahui mendapatkan hasil yang lebih baik bila dibandingkan dengan biogas saja. Emisi gas buang ditemukan lebih baik dibandingkan menggunakan biogas saja untuk mesin yang sama. Quality of biogas in various anaerobic digester installations for processing organic waste is not optimal, especially in developing countries where there is not much knowledge about anaerobic processing. The methane content in biogas is usually found to be low so it is not possible to use it as engine fuel. Biogas purification will be a solution to reduce impurity gases in biogas such as CO2, H2S, and H2O so that it is suitable for use as engine fuel. In some previous studies, using biogas as engine fuel gets high fuel consumption (wasteful). Another solution is suggested with biogas enriched with other fuels (dual fuels). This study introduces a simple technique for the biogas enrichment method using methanol. Methanol is a type of alcohol where methanol is a renewable fuel. The methanol used has a purity of 97% which is already on the market. The biogas used in this study contains 52% vol of methane. A generator set with a 2 stroke engine which has a capacity of 63cc with a compression of 10 bar was prepared for this research to allow it to be operated using dual fuels biogas enriched with methanol. The 2 stroke engine generator works well using biogas fuel enriched with methanol. The fuel consumption of a 2-stroke engine generator set using biogas enriched with methanol is known to get better results when compared to only biogas. Exhaust emissions were found to be better than using only biogas for the same engine.
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Shah, M. S., P. K. Halder, A. S. M. Shamsuzzaman, M. S. Hossain, S. K. Pal, and E. Sarker. "Perspectives of Biogas Conversion into Bio-CNG for Automobile Fuel in Bangladesh." Journal of Renewable Energy 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4385295.

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The need for liquid and gaseous fuel for transportation application is growing very fast. This high consumption trend causes swift exhaustion of fossil fuel reserve as well as severe environment pollution. Biogas can be converted into various renewable automobile fuels such as bio-CNG, syngas, gasoline, and liquefied biogas. However, bio-CNG, a compressed biogas with high methane content, can be a promising candidate as vehicle fuel in replacement of conventional fuel to resolve this problem. This paper presents an overview of available liquid and gaseous fuel commonly used as transportation fuel in Bangladesh. The paper also illustrates the potential of bio-CNG conversion from biogas in Bangladesh. It is estimated that, in the fiscal year 2012-2013, the country had about 7.6775 billion m3 biogas potential equivalent to 5.088 billion m3 of bio-CNG. Bio-CNG is competitive to the conventional automobile fuels in terms of its properties, economy, and emission.
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Dimitrov, Radostin, Zdravko Ivanov, Penka Zlateva, and Veselin Mihaylov. "Optimization of biogas composition in experimental studies." E3S Web of Conferences 112 (2019): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911202007.

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The article is focused on the potential and application of biogas, as an alternative fuel from Renewable Energy Sources, for use mainly in gas-generator stations. Biogas fuel is basically a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide. Its composition depends on the type of raw material used for its production. Methane concentration in biogas is between 50÷80%. To be possible engine to work with maximum efficiency with different biogas fuels, it is necessary to modify specific adjustment parameters depending on the concentration of methane in the mixture. This requires the creation of a biogas simulation system for different concentrations of the main components. The aim is to investigate and determine the optimum and permissible biofuel blend concentrations and their impact on engine performance and fuel consumption. Biogas can be used as a fuel to produce electricity, heat or steam or as fuel for internal combustion engine, and its use will help to reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere.
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Lyng, Kari-Anne, and Andreas Brekke. "Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Biogas as a Fuel for Transport Compared with Alternative Fuels." Energies 12, no. 3 (February 7, 2019): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030532.

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Upgraded biogas, also known as biomethane, is increasingly being used as a fuel for transport in several countries and is regarded as an environmentally beneficial option. There are, nevertheless, few studies documenting the environmental impacts of biogas as a transport fuel compared with the alternatives on the market. In this study, life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was applied to compare the environmental performance of biogas used as a fuel for bus transport with natural gas, electricity fueled buses, biodiesel, and fossil diesel. A sensitivity analysis was performed for the biogas alternative to assess the importance of the underlying assumptions. The results show that biogas has a relatively low contribution to the environmental impact categories assessed. Emissions of greenhouse gases are dependent on assumptions such as system boundaries, transport distances and methane leakages.
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Hariyanto, Kris. "Performa Pembakaran Kompor Biogas Menuju Desa Mandiri Energi di Yogyakarta." Conference SENATIK STT Adisutjipto Yogyakarta 2 (November 15, 2016): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.28989/senatik.v2i0.58.

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Biogas is an alternative energy sources as a substitute for fossil fuels in household activities daily, but there are obstacles in the use of biogas, namely the difficulty of arranging a flame that is stable and fuel consumption relatively less efficient biogas. So it takes a design development system that will produce a burning stove produces biogas-fueled stove fits the purpose of research, on the other hand biogas stove should be simple, cheap production price, maximum efficiency and safe to use. Stages in the study include: desk assessment, creation of objective requirements desing, manufacture conceptual and basic design, manufacture real stove. As for knowing the performance of the stove carried ujji stove performance are: test flame stability and efficiency. The results showed that the efficiency of the biogas stove design results in only 31 percent higher than the efficiency of biogas stoves old design, while the fuel consumption of biogas stoves new design is 16 percent lower when compared with fuel consumption of biogas stoves old design. In terms of manufacture and ease of repair and maintenance of gas cookers new design is more easily repaired and easy to make and simple in form compared with the old design biogas stoves. Keywords— design, efficiency, biogas stoves, fuel consumption
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KISHORRE, V. Annanth, A. KAREN, K. Abhishek VEDA, H. NIRANJAN, K. Anusha KRISHNA, N. GOBINATH, and M. FEROSKHAN. "Evaluating the effect of DEE blending ratio in biogas-biodiesel fuelled dual-fuel engine." INCAS BULLETIN 13, no. 3 (September 4, 2021): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2021.13.3.6.

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Fossil fuels are depleting faster than being consumed. Fuels with higher efficiency, less consumability, and ecocity are very much desired for the present scenario. In this investigation, a conventional single-cylinder CI engine is utilized in dual-fuel mode, in which biogas is the primary fuel while biodiesel (palm oil) with different DEE blending ratios is used (5%, 10%, and 15%) as a secondary fuel. For each DEE blend, biogas flow rate and loads are varied and their effect on brake thermal efficiency, pilot fuel energy ratio, CO, NOx, and HC emissions are estimated. Exhaust gas emissions were calculated using an AVL 5-gas emission analyser. The calorific value and density of each sample are calculated. It is witnessed from the experiments that 5% DEE used with lower biogas flow rate resulted in high brake thermal efficiency of 31.83%. Also, an increase in DEE is found to increase NOx emission while an increase in biogas flow rate resulted in a reduction in NOx emission. The addition of biogas is experimentally observed to have the potential in reducing pilot fuel consumption.
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Abdurrakhman, Arief, Dhirga Kurniawan, Mohammad Berel Toriki, and Bambang Lelono Widjiantoro. "KARAKTERISASI KECEPATAN PUTARAN BERDASARKAN RASIO INPUT BAHAN BAKAR PADA GENERATOR SET DUAL FUEL (GASOLINE – BIOGAS) MENGGUNAKAN JARINGAN SYARAF TIRUAN." JTT (Jurnal Teknologi Terapan) 6, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31884/jtt.v6i1.238.

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Currently, energy consumption in Indonesia has increased so that the utilization of renewable energy is more developed to supply projections for future energy needs. One of the renewable energy sources that is being developed is biogas, especially for household-scale biogas. There are several types of biogas implementation at the household scale, one of which is the use of biogas as generator fuel to produce electricity. Fuel generators can use biogas in full or mix gasoline with biogas fuel. Electric generator sets with dual gasoline-biogas fuel can save the use of gasoline as fuel and can also increase the performance of generators. The gasoline-biogas mixture ratio affects engine performance, one of which is the rotational speed. However, at present the ratio of gasoline to biogas is still manually regulated on household scale biogas usage. Based on these conditions, the artificial neural networks(ANN) method was developed in this study which aims to find the optimal ratio in order to get the generator set rotational speed characterization with the best engine performance value. A total of 300 variations of data were processed using 75% for training with the number of hidden nodes 100 net.trainParam.goal value = 0.0001, net.trainParam.lr = 0.01, and net.trainParam.epochs = 1000, and 25% for the test. This study produced a RMSE training value of 10.4812 at node 55 and a test RMSE value of 5.8301 with a rotational speed of 3445.87, and obtained the best ratio of 0.012 L / min gasoline and 5 L / min biogas.
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Ahmed, Salman Abdu, Song Zhou, Yuanqing Zhu, Asfaw Solomon Tsegay, Yoming Feng, Naseem Ahmad, and Adil Malik. "Effects of Pig Manure and Corn Straw Generated Biogas and Methane Enriched Biogas on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Dual Fuel Diesel Engines." Energies 13, no. 4 (February 17, 2020): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040889.

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In recent years, due to stringent emission regulations vehicle manufacturers have been compelled to cut down noxious pollutants released from diesel engines. Different alternative solutions have been recommended to achieve this challenging task. One of these alternative solutions is the utilization of biogas in addition to the use of liquid diesel. In this regard, the current study investigates the combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions of a turbocharged, direct injection, diesel engine operating at constant speed (1800 rpm) and under dual fuel mode with diesel as the pilot fuel and biogas (generated from pig manure and corn straw) and methane enriched biogas. Simulations were carried out at four various engine loads corresponding to brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of 0.425, 0.85, 1.275, and 1.7 MPa using GT-Power package. The BTE values of biogas-diesel were higher as compared to diesel fuel. The CO2 ratio of biogas did not impact BTE considerably. The highest BTE value of 38.22% was recorded for BG45. However, the Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) values for the biogas-diesel fuels were higher than that of diesel fuel operations. With respect to emissions, compared to diesel fuel operation, the hydrocarbon (HC) and CO2 of the biogas-diesel were higher, but NOx and CO pollutants were much lower. The utilization of biogas with diesel by all accounts is attractive to cut down discharges and improve performance of the engine. The engine performance did not deteriorate with up to 45% CO2 proportion in biogas.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biogas as a fuel"

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Shah, Bilal. "Distributed biogas production for biogas fuel." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-218021.

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Hedström, Lars. "Fuel Cells and Biogas." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energiprocesser, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-13219.

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This thesis concerns biogas-operated fuel cells. Fuel cell technology may contribute to more efficient energy use, reduce emissions and also perhaps revolutionize current energy systems. The technology is, however, still immature and has not yet been implemented as dominant in any application or niche market. Research and development is currently being carried out to investigate whether fuel cells can live up to their full potential and to further advance the technology. The research of thesis contributes by exploring the potential of using fuel cells as energy converters of biogas to electricity. The work includes results from four different experimental test facilities and concerns experiments performed at cell, stack and fuel cell system levels. The studies on cell and stack level have focused on the influence of CO, CO2 and air bleed on the current distribution during transient operation. The dynamic response has been evaluated on a single cell, a segmented cell and at stack level. Two fuel cell systems, a 4 kW PEFC system and a 5 kW SOFC system have been operated on upgraded biogas. A significant outcome is that the possibility of operating both PEFCs and SOFCs on biogas has been established. No interruptions or rapid performance loss could be associated with the upgraded biogas during operation. From the studies at cell and stack level, it is clear that CO causes significant changes in the current distribution in a PEFC; air bleed may recover the uneven current distribution and also the drop in cell voltage due to CO and CO2 poisoning. The recovery of cell performance during air bleed occurs evenly over the electrode surface even when the O2 partial pressure is far too low to fully recover the CO poisoning. The O2 supplied to the anode reacts on the anode catalyst and no O2 was measured at the cell outlet for air bleed levels up to 5 %. Reformed biogas and other gases with high CO2 content are thus, from dilution and CO-poisoning perspectives, suitable for PEFC systems. The present work has enhanced our understanding of biogas-operated fuel cells and will serve as basis for future studies.
QC20100708
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Larsson, Anneli. "Profile and perceptions of biogas as automobile fuel : A study of Svensk Biogas." Thesis, Linköping University, The Tema Institute, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-12507.

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From an environmental- and health perspective, biogas and other biomass-based fuels have several advantages; nevertheless the majority of motorists fill their cars with petroleum-based fuels. This thesis is designed to explore the profile of biogas in relation to its perceptions. It is a study concerning the communication between the biogas producing company Svensk Biogas and their biogas users and non biogas users. To obtain a thorough understanding of the profile and perceptions of biogas a qualitative approach was considered appropriate. Biogas users and non-users were interviewed at gasoline stations, while Svensk Biogas was interviewed as a group.

The three interview segments were analyzed and compared in order to identify patterns, similarities and differences. Based on research data the thesis concludes that the profiling arguments of biogas correlates to that biogas is the most environmentally friendly fuel, the least expensive fuel, and locally produced. Furthermore, the company profile of Svensk Biogas is equal to sustainable alternative, locally produced, trustworthy, environmentally friendly and climate smart [klimatsmart]. Given the arguments of the company profile, environmental values seem to be the core communicating value. Profiling Svensk Biogas happens through events and by using communication material such as company logotype.

Motorists have an overall positive perception of biogas. Biogas users states environmental benefits as the key argument behind their commitment. Non-users are positive toward biogas although expressing a lack of knowledge confusing biogas with ethanol and bio-fuels in general. According to motorists the negative perceptions, in addition to the prerequisites of biogas, are connected to insufficient infrastructure of biogas filling stations, a short range of the biogas tank, a high investment cost of a biogas car, a biogas price increase, scarcity of cars, and information (lack of information and misleading information).

The overall perception of Svensk Biogas among biogas users is positive. Biogas users express a negative perception concerning the Svensk Biogas filling stations and also wish for a lower biogas price. Non-users express modest perceptions of the company. This research also concludes that perceptions of the biogas producer are correlated to the perceptions of biogas. Furthermore, biogas producer, users and non-users wish to be directed by political decisions, guiding them toward environmentally friendly fuel alternatives.

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Arespacochaga, Santiago Nicolás de. "Sewage biogas energy valorization via solid oxide fuel cells." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/345237.

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A more sustainable and secure energy supply is required for the forthcoming generations; where the actual dependence on the fossil fuel reserves should be replaced by self-sufficiency and use of renewable energy resources. Conventional sewage treatment is an energy consuming process, or more specifically, an electricity consuming process. Notwithstanding, energy on Waste Water Treatment Plants is not only considered in terms of consumption reduction, but also in terms of production of renewable energy in form of biogas. Today, achieving energy self-sufficiency is limited by the low electrical efficiencies of conventional biogas-powered Combined Heat and Power systems; but fuel cell technology is appearing on the scene in the recent years offering both a higher electrical efficiency and a further reduced environmental impact. Biogas energy valorization in fuel cells combines a high-efficient technology for electrical generation, i.e.: fuel cell, with the use of a renewable fuel, i.e.: biogas. Raw biogas contains a wide range of contaminants, mainly sulfur and organic silicon compounds (siloxanes), which pose a risk to Solid Oxide Fuel Cell operation; hence biogas requires a thorough conditioning and cleaning process upstream the fuel cell unit. Moreover, monitoring of siloxanes levels remained somewhat controversial with discrepancies on optimal sampling procedure as well as quantification technique; hindering the design and operation of siloxanes removal technologies. This work is devoted to studying and validating the whole biogas energy valorization line, including the biogas treatment system and the fuel cell operation. The integration of low-cost biological desulphurization and deep polishing physico-chemical adsorption processes with a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell has been studied in an industrial 2.8 kWe pilot plant installed in a Waste Water Treatment Plant in Spain, showing that the stringent gas quality requirements of 0.5 ppmv S and 1 mg Si/Nm3 can be satisfied with over the long-term. The technical and economic comparison of Solid Oxide and Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell performance with conventional Internal Combustion Engines and Micro-Turbines has been also conducted for different plant sizes and raw biogas compositions, confirming the relevant role that fuel cells can play on carbon neutral sewage treatment; particularly in small- and medium-size plants. Today the final justification for biogas valorization in fuel cell systems needs to be found in environmental issues as some improvements both in the performance and costs are still required. Nonetheless, this thesis demonstrates that the economics for this next-generation technology are expected for the short-term. Further collaborative research between biogas producers, suppliers of biogas treatment systems and manufacturers of fuel cells is required in the near future for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell technology deployment in the sewage sector.
El subministrament d'energia sostenible i segur és un dels reptes més rellevants per a les properes generacions, on la dependència actual en les fonts d'energia basades en combustibles fòssils haurà de ser substituïda per l'autosuficiència i l'ús dels recursos energètics renovables. El tractament convencional d'aigües residuals urbanes és un procés que consumeix grans quantitats d'energia, o més específicament, grans quantitats d'electricitat. En aquest sentit, l'energia a les Estacions Depuradores d'Aigües Residuals s'ha de tractar no només en termes de reducció del consum, sinó també en termes de producció d'energia renovable a partir del biogàs. Avui en dia, no és possible assolir l'autosuficiència energètica a causa de les baixes eficiències elèctriques dels sistemes de cogeneració convencionals alimentats per biogàs. Tot i això, en els darrers anys, la tecnologia de les piles de combustible està apareixent en escena, oferint una millor eficiència elèctrica i una reducció en l'impacte ambiental. La valorització energètica de biogàs en piles de combustible combina una tecnologia d'elevada eficiència per a la generació d'energia (la pila de combustible), amb l'ús d'un combustible renovable (el biogàs). S'ha de tenir en compte que el biogàs brut conté una àmplia gamma de contaminants, especialment compostos de sofre i de silici orgànic (siloxans), que comporten un risc operatiu per al correcte funcionament de les piles de combustible d'òxid sòlid. Per tant, s'ha d'instal·lar una etapa d'acondicionament i neteja exhaustiu del biogàs abans que es pugui introduïr a la pila de combustible. D'altra banda, la monitorització de les concentracions de siloxans presenta discrepàncies en relació al procediment òptim per al seu mostreig i en la tècnica analítica de quantificació; dificultant d'aquesta manera el disseny i la operació de les tecnologies d'eliminació d'aquests compostos. Aquest treball es centra en l'estudi i validació de tota la línia de valorització energètica, incloent el sistema de tractament de biogàs i la operació de la pila de combustible. S'ha estudiat la integració de tecnologies de dessulfuració biològica de baix cost i de processos d'adsorció fisicoquímica amb una pila de combustible d'òxid sòlid en una planta pilot industrial de 2.8 kWe instal·lada en una Estació Depuradora d'Aigües Residuals a Catalunya (Mataró). Els resultats experimentals han demostrat que les tecnologies de tractament de biogàs són capaces d'assolir els exigents nivells de qualitat de 0.5 ppmv S i 1 mg Si/Nm3 tant en el curt com en el llarg plaç. Per altra part, s'ha realitzat una estudi tècnic-econòmic comparatiu entre les piles de combustible (d'òxid sòlid i de carbonat fos) amb els motors de combustió interna i les microturbines per a diferents tamanys de planta i composicions del biogàs. D'aquesta manera, s'ha confirmat el paper important que poden jugar les piles de combustible en l'assoliment d'un tractament d'aigües residuals autosuficient; particularment en plantes de tamany petit i mitjà. Avui en dia, els projectes de valorització energètica de biogàs a través de piles de combustible encara s'han de justificar per raons ambientals ja que es requereixen millores tant en el rendiment tècnic com en els costos d'inversió. No obstant, aquesta tesi demostra que aquesta tecnologia de pròxima generació serà econòmicament viable en el curt termini i podrà competir amb les tecnologies convencionals. La investigació col·laborativa entre productors de biogàs, proveïdors de tecnologies de tractament i fabricants de piles de combustible serà imprescindible durant els propers anys per tal que la tecnologia pugui convertir-se en una realitat en el sector del tractament d'aigües residuals urbanes.
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5

Makkar, Mahesh Kumar. "The effect of quality of gaseous fuels on the performance and combustion of dual-fuel diesel engines." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388983.

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6

Kull, Sara. "Attityder till val av fordonsbränsle." Thesis, Linnaeus University, School of Natural Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-8269.

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För att minska dagens klimatpåverkan krävs fullgoda energialternativ till de fossila bränslena. Utsläpp från fossila bränslen är idag en av de största orsakerna till de negativa klimatförändringar som sker på jorden. Genom en ökad användning av alternativa fossilfria drivmedel kan en tydlig minskning av koldioxidutsläpp till atmosfären ske. Biogas är ett sådant fossilfritt drivmedel som idag klassas som ett av de renaste. Biogasen framställs från olika typer av restprodukter från samhället. Då fossila drivmedel ersätts med biogas sker en total reduktion av växthusgaser.

Kalmar Län har som mål att till år 2030 vara en helt fossilbränslefri region. Genom en ökad användning av gasen inom transportsektorn kan sådana typer av nationella mål uppfyllas. Västervik kommun i Kalmar Län har sedan 2008 producerat biogas lokalt, vilket bidrog till att en tankstation kunde öppnas under år 2009. Genom dessa åtgärder har kommunen genomfört ett stort steg för biogasens utveckling och framfart i samhället. Då tillgängligheten är säkrad är det upp till individer och företag att avgöra om de sedan väljer att nyttja gasen som fordonsbränsle. Detta val kräver en förändring av ett tidigare beteende. En attitydförändring är därför viktig om en förändring ska kunna ske. Det finns många olika faktorer och argument som påverkar övergången från en miljövänlig attityd till ett miljövänligt beteende.

Syftet med detta arbete var utifrån denna bakgrund att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av fordonsbränsle hos privatpersoner och företag. Detta möjliggjordes genom en enkätundersökning för privatpersoner och ett frågeformulär för företag. Genom att privatpersoner och företag som både använder biogas och fossila bränslen ingick i undersökningen kunde dessa senare jämföras för att den aktuella frågeställningen skulle kunna besvaras. Undersökningen var av intresse för Västervik kommun, varav privatpersoner deltog både från kommunen och runt om i landet. 612 personer svarade på enkäten, 336 gasanvändare och 276 fossilanvändare. Sammanlagt ingick fem lokala företag i undersökningen samt tre lokala bilfirmor.

Genom undersökningen kunde intressanta typer av mönster urskiljas gällande de attityder och faktorer som låg till grund för de val som privatpersonerna har gjort. Fossilanvändare ansåg att ekonomi är den viktigaste faktorn vid valet av bränsle. En ökad ekonomi eller ett minskat pris på gasfordon skulle kunna medföra en övergång till biogas. Gasanvändare har utvecklat ett miljövänligt beteende genom användandet av gasen, där det starkaste argumentet var just ett rent miljösamvete som biogasanvändningen bidrar till. Det framkom även att biogassystemet måste fungera som helhet för att en ökad användning ska kunna möjliggöras, då en del gasanvändare påpekade brister i det nuvarande systemet. För företag var även ekonomi och miljösamvete viktiga faktorer vid val av fordonsbränsle. Att biogasfordon har ett reducerat förmånsvärde var en viktig faktor för företags investering. Detta var även något som bilfirmor påpekade och att det hos privatpersoner trots allt är den egna plånboken som styr valet. Biogas är i dagsläget ett miljömässigt bra drivmedel och tidigare forskning har dessutom visat att det finns god potential till betydande förbättringar i framtiden.


Fossil fuels are amongst the largest contributors to the climate changes currently happening. Through an increased use of alternative fossil-free fuel it is possible to achieve a significant reduction of carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. One such fuel is biogas, which is considered as one of the cleanest fuels available today. Biogas is produced from various types of waste materials, and replacing fossil fuel with biogas results in an overall reduction of green-house gas emissions.

The Kalmar County has set a target to become a completely fossil fuel-free region by the year 2030. Through an increased use of biogas in the transport sector, such types of national targets can be achieved. The Municipality of Västervik, a part of the Kalmar County, has since 2008 been producing biogas locally, which meant that a fuelling station could be built in 2009 and through this, the Municipality has taken a major step towards an increased use of biogas. With supply secured, it is up to individuals and companies to use it for vehicle fuel. This choice requires a change in human habits. The motivations for making changes vary among individuals and theirs attitudes.

The aim of this study was to examine which factors affect the choice of vehicular fuel among individuals and companies. This was achieved through a survey for individuals and a questionnaire for companies. Individuals and companies could then be compared to. The study was made for the Municipality of Västervik, and the study subjects were both local and non-local residents. 612 people replied to the survey, 336 users of gas and 276 users of fossil fuels. Totally five local companies were included in the survey and three local Car Dealers.

In this study, a number of interesting patterns regarding attitudes and affecting factors have been observed. Users of fossil considered the economic aspect as the most important factor for their choice. Users of gas have adopted environmentally friendly habits through the use of gas, where the strongest argument was the environmentally friendly approach. It was also found that biogas must be part of a coherent system in order to increase use; some biogas users pointed on shortcomings in the current system. The economic aspects and the environmental conscience were also important for companies for theirs choice of vehicles. The reduced benefit value was an important factor for investment of biogas vehicles. This was also something that Car Dealers pointed out; it is after all the own wallet that govern elections. Biogas is an environmentally friendly fuel in the current situation and previous research has also shown that there is good potential for significant improvements in the future.

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7

Svensson, Kine. "Biogas production from “multi-fuel” substrate : Experimental results and process evaluation." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for vann- og miljøteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-19426.

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A multi fuel biogas plant is under planning at Fiborgtangen, Norway. The plant will utilize biogas from several different sources, including fish silage, animal manures, sludge from the paper factory and straw. In order to make good decisions on how to design the plant, characterization of the substrates in regards to biogas potential and nutrient value was done, and laboratory scale models of a possible plant design was established. The characterization showed that a minimum of 42% of the DM should come from manure in order to meet the micro-nutrient demand, it also showed that some nitrogen rich substrates in addition to the manure needed to be present to avoid nitrogen limitation to balance out the high carbon substrates. A biochemical methane potential study was carried out for all substrates and showed promising results, with the exception of the fiber sludge from the paper factory that had a very poor methane potential. The mixed substrate fed to the reactor models gave a methane yield of 300 mL CH4/gVS in the biochemical methane potential study. A mix of all the substrates was fed to 4 semi continuous reactors with a HRT of 25 days and OLR of 3 gVS/L. The reactors performance was unstable, and operating with high propionic acid concentrations. The specific methane yield ranged from 170-230 mL CH4/gVS, but because the reactors did not reach steady state during the experimental period and the propionic acid concentrations were so high, it is not possible to conclude on what yield this design would give. It is recommended that the semi continuous experiments are continued until they reach steady state or collapse because of the high propionic acid concentrations. After this it would be recommended to start experiments with higher proportions of animal manure and to leave the fiber sludge out of the reactor feed as it is has very low methane and nutrient value.
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8

Karpenko, Valeriy I., O. V. Horlinskyy, O. G. Shcherbakova, and L. P. Golodok. "INTENSIFYING THE FORMATION OF BIOGAS AS FUEL AND IMPROVING BIOENERGY TECHNOLOGIES." Thesis, Мегапринт, 2013. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/10098.

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9

Paulose, Paulose. "Anaerobic digestion of sugarcane trash and bagasse for biomethane production." Thesis, Griffith University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/405200.

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Sugarcane cultivation is a major source and sinks of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). In 2019, approximately 30.04 x 106 t of sugarcane was harvested from 364,428 ha of land. Of the total cane harvested, sugarcane bagasse (SB) and sugarcane trash (ST) accounted for 30.1% and 14.9%, respectively. Further, fossil fuel consumption in the transport of cane to mills was 29.15 ML and is equivalent to 221.5 Mt CO2-equivalent GHG emissions. Anaerobic digestion (AD) of sugar industry wastes for biomethane production and use as vehicle fuel (bioCNG) would reduce the fossil fuel consumption and the associated GHG emissions in cane transportation to mill. The study aims to optimize biogas production and upgrade the produced biogas to vehicle fuel. For that the study is divided into different objectives. To determine the substrate characteristic and suitable AD parameters viz biodegradability (Experiment I), particle size (Experiment II), acid/base thermal pretreatment (Experiment III), C:N ratio (Experiment IV), and trace nutrient supplementation (Experiment V), to generate the maximum methane yield from ST with respect to SB was designed as objective I. At first, chemical composition and methane yields of ST and SB were determined through bench-scale biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests (Experiment I). Buswell’s equation predicted a theoretical methane yield of 291.0 and 349.4 mL CH4 g-1VSadded for ST (C107.8H179.1O101.4N1S0.08) and SB (C86.7H134.3O64.9N1S0.07), respectively. The corresponding methane yields with Modified Dulong’s equation were 266.3 and 298.7 mL CH4 g-1VSadded, respectively. The calculated energy value was 14.1 MJ for ST and 12.6 MJ for SB. However, experimental methane yields obtained were 161.8 and 187.9 mL CH4 g-1VSadded for ST and SB, respectively. First-order kinetic model revealed that experimental data fitted well (R2 = 0.99) with the modelling data and the hydraulic rate constant (khyd) values of 0.04 and 0.06 day-1 were obtained for ST and SB, respectively. However, modified Gompertz model had a lag phase () of 2.1 and 1.7 day, for ST and SB, respectively indicating hydrolysis was the rate limiting step for the studied lignocellulosic feedstocks. Thus, the effect of mechanical (Experiment II)., thermal and chemical pretreatments (Experiment III) on chemical composition and methane yields of ST and SB were evaluated. The effect of particle size of <0.25, 0.25-0.50, 0.50-1 and 1-2 mm on chemical composition and methane yields were determined. Results showed that particle size reduction had a profound effect on methane yields, especially for SB than for ST. For ST, particle size of 1-2 mm showed an improvement in methane yields by 19.1% over control (161.8 mL CH4 g-1 VSadded). For SB, the increase in methane yields over control (189.7 mL CH4 g-1 VSadded) were by 23.6%, 20.3%, 18.1% and 6.4% respectively at particle sizes of 1-2, 0.5-1, 0.25-0.5, 0.13-0.25 mm, respectively. These results suggest that the optimal particle size for anaerobic digestion of ST and SB will be 1-2 mm for maximum methane yield. Further, mechanical pretreatment through milling did not solubilise hemi-cellulose and/or improve delignfication but improved the surface area of the holocellulose. Therefore, the effect of chemical catalysts (dilute NaOH, H2SO4, HNO3) with and without steam explosion on chemical composition and methane yields was evaluated (Experiment III). Pretreatment conditions used for the steam explosion were 130 °C for 5 minutes at acid/base concentration of 2.5% catalyst loading. Results showed that the studied pretreatments had a profound effect on chemical composition and methane yields of ST. On comparison to control, dilute H2SO4, followed by NaOH and HNO3 addition with steam explosion improved the methane yields of ST by 63.5%, 52.1% and 45.6%, respectively. Steam explosion alone also improved the methane yields of ST by 40% over control. Biomass composition analysis showed that dilute H2SO4, HNO3, NaOH and steam explosion alone had improved the glucan content by 13.7%, 11.7%, 9.3% and 3% respectively than control. Dilute H2SO4 pretreatment improved the glucan availability by 45.2% and hemicellulose (xylan and arabinan) solubilisation by 63.7%-66.9%. Lignin depolymerisation in pretreated ST was improved (16.7%) over untreated ST. In Experiment I, chemical composition of ST and SB showed that the studied substrates were deficit in trace elements and contained high carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio of 92.4and 146.5 respectively. Therefore, the effect of C/N ratios of 15:1, 20:1, 25:1, 30:1, 35:1 and 40:1 with urea addition on methane yields of ST and SB was investigated (Experiment IV). Results showed that methane yields improved by 13.6% and 11.3% for ST when the C/N ratio was at 20:1 and 25:1, respectively. The corresponding values for SB were 14.2% and 14.3% at 20:1 to 25:1 C/N ratio, respectively. Both these results indicate that the optimal C/N was 20-25:1 for AD of lignocellulosic residues such as ST and SB. On the other hand, the effect of trace nutrients nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) on methane yields during AD of ST and SB (Experiment V) showed that trace elements supplementation influenced the methane yields and both substrates responded differently. With ST, methane yields of 68.1% and 68.7% increase over control were noticed with addition of Co and Mo, respectively. For SB, methane yields increased by 48.6%, 63.9% and 4.8% with Co, Mo and Mn dosing at 2, 3, 90 mg kg-1 respectively. All other TE addition resulted in lower methane yields than control or inhibited the biogas production at different stages of incubation. All the batch BMP tests were conducted in triplicates at inoculum to substrate (ISR) ratio of 2 in serum glass bottles with a working volume of 100 mL and incubated statically at 37 °C. All the results were analysed for variance using LSD and Dunnett-t test giving methane yield as dependent variable (p<0.05). Second objective was designed to study the effect of organic loading on process performance and methane yields in four lab-scale stainless reactors (10 L working volume) and operated at an initial organic loading rate (OLR) of 1.5 gVS L-1 d-1 with hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 35 days for 225 days. Reactors were fed with untreated ST (ST), untreated SB (SB), pretreated SB (TB) and pretreated ST (TT). Dilute H2SO4 followed by steam explosion (Experiment II) was used for pretreatment of ST and SB. OLR was increased in a stepwise manner from the initial rate of 1.5 to 2.5 and 3.5 gVS L-1 d-1. OLR was changed upon achieving steady-state condition and/or operating for 2 consecutive HRTs. Methane production rates and yields responded with increase in OLR from 1.5 to 2.5 gVS L-1 d-1. Mean methane yields of 138, 173, 248 and 252 ml g-1VSfed were obtained at an OLR 1.5 gVS L-1 d-1 in ST, SB, TT and TB reactors, respectively. Increase in OLR to 2.5 gVS L-1 d-1 showed decrease in methane yields. Mean methane yields obtained for TB, TT, SB and ST were 121, 148, 226, 236 ml g-1VSfed with a VS removal rate of 48.5, 51.4, 51.5 and 52.4%, respectively. Process parameters such as pH, total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) were shown to be stable and were 7.3-7.5, 0.36-0.54 g L-1 and 0.79-0.98 g L-1 respectively during operational OLR’s. Further increase in OLR from 2.5 to 3.5 gVS L-1 d-1 resulted in further decrease in methane yields and unstable AD process. At OLR 3.5 gVS L-1 d-1, methane yields were 119, 139, 189 and 199 ml g-1VSfed for substrates ST, SB, TT and TB respectively. TVFA accumulation was noticed (1.55-2.49 g L-1) , pH was 7.4-7.5 and lower methane concentration (50.5-51.9%). Residual methane production (RMP) test after each OLR indicated the process efficiency. At OLR 2.5 gVS L-1 d-1, TT and TB reactors had the lowest RMP (32.1% and 30.2% respectively) with relatively high VS removal compared with SB and ST reactors. These results indicate that steam explosion with dilute sulphuric acid improved the biodegradability and methane yields of ST and SB. The results obtained from the lab-scale reactors were used to design and optimise process performance and methane yields from pretreated sugarcane trash in pilot-scale reactors (date not presented). Third objective was designed to evaluate detailed biogas composition and to develop and optimise high pressure water scrubbing technology (HPWS). For that, the biogas composition, energy content, siloxanes and trace volatile organic compounds in biogas generated from lab-scale biogas reactors were determined and compared with the pilot-scale. Laboratory biogas samples were collected during the steady-state condition when the reactors were operated at an OLR of 2.5 gVS L-1 d-1. Results showed that biogas collected from ST, SB, TT and TB reactor had methane concentration of 52.3, 52.2, 52.7, 52.7 %, respectively. The corresponding lower calorific values (LCV) were 18.4, 18.1, 18.9 and 19.2 MJ m-3 respectively. The wobbe index values in the biogases were 18.3, 18.2, 18.7 and 19.0 MJ m-3, respectively. Volatile organic compounds were noticed in the biogas samples. Organic silicon compounds (siloxanes) were in the range of 0-0.4 mg m-3. The reduced sulphur compounds and benzene and toluene content in the biogases were in the range of 0.7-1.3 mg m-3 and 0.2-0.7 mg m-3, respectively. Among the studied siloxanes, the proportion of cyclic siloxane (D3:D4:D5) viz., hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) were noticed. The ratio of D3:D4:D5 in biogases produced from lab-reactors were 68.5:5.7: 22.4 for ST, 33.9:4.9: 60.1 for SB, 25:8.6:69.3 for TT and 14.8:3.7:81.8 for TB. Trimethylsilanol, linear siloxanes and decamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) content in the biogases were below the detection limits. Volatile organic compounds, reduced sulphur compounds and siloxanes cause environmental impact and affect biomethane quality for vehicle fuel use. Biogas composition from pilot-scale biogas reactors (1.2 m3 reactor with 0.8 m3 working volume) fed with steam exploded ST at an OLR of 1.5 kgVS m-3 d-1 and HRT of 35 d was analysed to optimise the process parameters to achieve the desired biomethane quality and evaluate the energy requirements of pilot-scale biogas upgrading unit (10 m3 h-1) for biogas upgrading and bottling. Results showed that the biogas had 54.1% CH4 and 39.7% CO2 and the produced biogas was upgraded to 96.7% biomethane purity by using high pressure water scrubbing process. Experimental data from the biogas upgrading process was used to optimise biogas upgrading by using Aspen Plus software. The influence of process parameters such as absorber column pressure, water to gas flow rate, temperature on biomethane purity and percentage of H2S and CO2 removal were evaluated. Experimental results showed that at liquid flow rate of 3 m3/hr, fluid temperature of 20°C, at absorption column pressure of 8 bar with 4 m random packing material with redistributor at 2 m with 25 mm plastic pall ring packing material; biogas can be upgraded to biomethane of 96.8% CH4, 2.9% CO2, < 1 ppm H2S. These model results were validated with software simulation.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Eng & Built Env
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Mkruqulwa, Unathi Liziwe. "Co-digestion of Cassava Biomass with Winery Waste for Biogas Production in South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2853.

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Thesis (Master of Engineering in Chemical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.
Renewable energy security for the future and better use of natural resources are key challenges that can be concurrently managed by a practical anaerobic co-digestion approach in the production of methane. For this study, co-digestion of cassava and winery waste was investigated for the production of biogas. Cassava biomass is a good substrate for biogas production due to its high carbohydrate yield per hectare (4.742 kg/carb) than most plants. Winery wastes constitute a lot of challenge in South Africa due to high amounts currently being dumped at landfills. Due to the chemical properties of the two substrates, it is envisaged that their co-digestion will produce more biogas than use of a single substrate. Biomethane potential (BMP) tests were carried out in a batch, mesophilic (37 °C±0.5) reactor using cassava and winery waste singly and in combination at a ratio of 1:1 and ran for 30 days. Biogas optimization was also evaluated. The optimal conditions for methane production from anaerobic co-digestion of cassava biomass and winery solid waste using response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of temperature, pH and co-substrate ratios on the methane yield were explored. A central composite design technique was used to set-up the anaerobic co-digestion experiment was determined. Once the optimized values were established, biogas production from co-digestion of cassava biomass with winery waste was investigated using a single-stage 5 L mesophilic batch digester and the microbial dynamics inside the digester during co-digestion of cassava and winery waste in the single-stage 5 L mesophilic batch digester. The samples were collected on days 1, 15 and 30 of the anaerobic digestion period and DNA extracted from them while 16sRNA bacterial sequencing was performed. The results for the BMP tests showed that cumulative methane yield for cassava, winery waste and in combination were 42, 21 and 38 mLCH4 respectively. It was concluded that biogas production from anaerobic digestion was dependent on many factors such as pH, substrate properties and the ratio of different feedstocks used during co-digestion. The results from the optimization study were pH 7, temperature of 35 °C±0.5 and co-digestion ratio of 70:30 cassava to winery waste. The maximum methane yield of 346.28 mLCH4/gVSadded was predicted by the quadratic model at the optimal temperature of 35 oC±0.5, pH of 7 and 70:30 ratio of cassava biomass to winery solid waste. Experimental results showed a close fit but higher methane yield (396 mLCH4/gVSadded) than predicted values as indicated by the coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.9521. The response surface model proved successful in the optimization process of methane yield. The single-stage 5L mesophilic batch digester with a co-substrate ratio of 70:30 cassava to winery waste produced a total of 819.54 mL/gVS biogas with a 62 % methane content. The study of microbial community dynamics showed the presence of the bacteria that is responsible for each stage of anaerobic digestion. The study concluded that both winery waste and cassava substrates were favourable for biogas production and most underprivileged people in the rural areas with no access to electricity can produce & utilise it.
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Books on the topic "Biogas as a fuel"

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Keen, Alex R. Biogas cleanup technology and reuse as fuel. [New York, N.Y.]: Knovel, 2010.

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Deublein, Dieter. Biogas from waste and renewable resources: An introduction. 2nd ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2011.

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Turco, Maria, Angelo Ausiello, and Luca Micoli. Treatment of Biogas for Feeding High Temperature Fuel Cells. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03215-3.

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Butler, Ciarán. Energy from biomass and waste in the south-east region of Ireland. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1996.

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Halvadakis, Constantinos P. Hog-farm waste management: Investment opportunities in Greece. Athens: Centre of Planning and Economic Research, 1988.

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International Symposium on Biogas Production, Wastewater Treatment, and Management Strategies of Organic Resources (2005 Suwŏn-si, Korea). International Symposium on Biogas Production, Wastewater Treatment, and Management Strategies of Organic Resources: Suwon, Korea, Sep. 5, 2005. Suwon, Korea: National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2005.

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Zakharinov, Botʹo. Biomasa, biogaz, bioshlam v energetikata na antropogenni ekosistemi: Ekologichni biotekhnologii za proizvodstvo na biogaz i opolzotvori︠a︡vane na bioshlam. Sofii︠a︡: Nov bŭlgarski universitet, 2013.

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Bioenergy technology and engineering. Beijing, China: Science Press, 2013.

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Fuel free!: Living well without fossil fuels. [North Charleston, S.C.]: CreateSpace, 2010.

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Yanagisawa, Yūji. Teionka ni okeru kensetsu sekō no kankyō fuka teigen ni kansuru kentō. [Ibaraki-ken Tsukuba-shi]: Doboku Kenkyūjo, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Biogas as a fuel"

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Rajak, Anup Kumar, Harsh Sharma, Abhinay Rangari, Aman Pandey, Rohit Sen, and Abhishek Mishra. "Biogas as an Alternate Vehicle Fuel." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 153–61. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4975-3_13.

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Stan, Cornel. "Heat, electricity and fuel from biogas." In Energy versus Carbon Dioxide, 204–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64162-0_17.

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Kalita, Pankaj, Munu Borah, Rupam Kataki, Dipti Yadav, Dipam Patowary, and Rupam Patowary. "Biogas and Fuel Cell as Vehicular Fuel in India." In Sustainable Biofuels Development in India, 87–133. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50219-9_5.

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Kant, Rajni, and Keshav Kant. "Methane and Biogas." In Renewable Fuels, 218–89. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003200123-6.

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Turco, Maria, Angelo Ausiello, and Luca Micoli. "Fuel Cells Challenges." In Treatment of Biogas for Feeding High Temperature Fuel Cells, 77–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03215-3_3.

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Merkisz, Jerzy, and Wojciech Gis. "Biogas as a Fuel for City Buses." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 179–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33777-2_14.

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Katiyo, Munashe, Loice Gudukeya, Mufaro Kanganga, and Nita Sukdeo. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Biogas to Liquid Fuel Conversion via Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis: A Case Study of Biogas Generated from Municipal Sewage." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 729–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28839-5_82.

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AbstractThis research looks at how biogas (a renewable energy resource) can be harnessed using municipal sewage waste, and the potential of biogas use for generating liquid fuels (diesel and petrol) using Fischer Tropsch synthesis. The research also looks at the economic implications of carrying out the venture, and also determines the viability and feasibility of developing such an initiative in Zimbabwe. The production of biofuel from biogas via Fischer Tropsch synthesis was successfully simulated using the Aspen Plus simulation software which enabled a techno‐economic assessment to be conducted based on these results. The minimum retail price of Fischer Tropsch diesel and petrol fuel was determined to be slightly under $1.10/litre for both fuels, with an annual total plant production capacity of 200 million litres per year. The plant was designed to produce around 270 000 L of petrol fuel per day that can be refined and further upgraded to premium quality grade petrol for export. The plant was also designed to produce nearly 320 000 L of diesel fuel per day for direct use as liquid transportation fuel. The total biogas input requirement for the plant is 700 tonnes/hour of biogas (2000 m3/hour) [1m3 = 0.353 tonnes]. The total sulphur production is 30 tonnes per day, and the total carbon dioxide extracted and captured is 1500 tonnes per day. The total plant cost was estimated at $200 million USD. The financial analysis for the plant operations shows positive financial performance with a nearly 20% return on investment. A payback period of 5 years is projected.
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Busch, Günter. "Biogas Technology." In Bioprocessing Technologies in Biorefinery for Sustainable Production of Fuels, Chemicals, and Polymers, 279–92. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118642047.ch15.

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Turco, Maria, Angelo Ausiello, and Luca Micoli. "The Effect of Biogas Impurities on SOFC." In Treatment of Biogas for Feeding High Temperature Fuel Cells, 137–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03215-3_6.

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Lindermeir, Andreas, Ralph-Uwe Dietrich, and Jana Oelze. "SOFC-System for Highly Efficient Power Generation from Biogas." In Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells IX, 11–21. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118807750.ch2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Biogas as a fuel"

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Kumar, R. Senthil, S. Joyal, and M. Kuzhali. "Implementation of biogas powered fuel cell." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Power, Control, Signals and Instrumentation Engineering (ICPCSI). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpcsi.2017.8392283.

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Bora, Bhaskor J., and Ujjwal K. Saha. "On the Attainment of Optimum Injection Timing of Pilot Fuel in a Dual Fuel Diesel Engine Run on Biogas." In ASME 2014 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2014-20162.

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The race among the different nations to attain supremacy has given rise to twin crisis: depletion of fossil fuel reserves and degradation of environment. Every nation wants to increase the per capita income by producing more power. In order to achieve this feat, each nation has to burn huge amounts of fossil fuels causing an increase in the emission of greenhouse gases. In this regard, renewable energy can be a panacea to the above mentioned problems. Biogas, one form of biomass energy, has an immense potential as a renewable fuel. This biogas can be used successfully in diesel engines for the generation of power. However, in order to achieve an optimum efficiency, the operating parameters of the biogas run dual fuel engine have to be standardized. In such an engine, injection timing of the pilot fuel is one of the important operational parameters that greatly affects the engine performance. In view of this, in the present paper, an attempt has been made to standardize the injection timing of pilot fuel a biogas run dual fuel diesel engine on the basis of its performance and emission characteristics of. Experimental investigation demonstrates an improvement in efficiency and a reduction in emissions at the injection timing of 29° before top dead centre.
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Xu, Chunchuan, John W. Zondlo, Mingyang Gong, Xingbo Liu, and I. B. Celik. "Tolerance Tests of Co-Feeding Cl2 and H2S Impurities in Biogas on a Ni-YSZ Anode-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2010-33100.

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Biogas is a renewable resource which comes from numerous sources, such as biomass, manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste and energy crops. It is a variable mixture of CH4, CO2, N2 and other gases. Ni-YSZ cermet is commonly used as the anode of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) because it has excellent electrochemical performance and is cost effective. It can utilize not only hydrogen fuel, but also a clean synthesized biogas mixture of varying CH4 and CO2 concentrations with steam (H2O) and air (O2). However, trace impurities, such as H2S, Cl2, and F2 in biogas may cause degradation of cell performance. In this work, Ni-CeO2 coated Ni-YSZ anode-supported cells were exposed to two different compositions of synthesized biogases (biogas) with 100 ppm Cl2 under a constant current load at 850°C. The electrochemical performance was evaluated periodically using standard electrochemical methods. 20 ppm H2S impurity was also added to the fuel stream during the Cl2 impurity testing and its effect was noted. Post-mortem analyses of the SOFC anode were performed using XRD, SEM and XPS. The results show that Cl2 did not cause any electrochemical degradation of the cell during the 200 h test. However, after adding 20 ppm H2S, the cell started to degrade and eventually lost all its performance. The experimental data showed that 100 ppm Cl2 impurity in the fuel gas can postpone the degradation caused by addition of the H2S impurity.
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Carl S Hansen, Conly L Hansen, and Greg Sullivan. "Using Biogas as a Fuel for Trucks." In International Symposium on Air Quality and Waste Management for Agriculture, 16-19 September 2007, Broomfield, Colorado. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.23897.

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Stafford, William, Max Mapako, Steve Szewczuk, Ryan Blanchard, and Wim Hugo. "Biogas for mobility: Feasibility of generating biogas to fuel City of Johannesburg buses." In 2017 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/icue.2017.8068018.

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Yadav, S. D., B. Kumar, and S. S. Thipse. "Biogas purification: Producing natural gas quality fuel from biomass for automotive applications." In 2013 International Conference on Energy Efficient Technologies for Sustainability (ICEETS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceets.2013.6533425.

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Kukoyi, T. O., E. Muzenda, E. T. Akinlabi, A. Mashamba, C. Mbohwa, and T. Mahlatsi. "Biogas use as fuel in spark ignition engines." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem.2016.7798041.

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Missaghian, Roya, Shouvik Dev, David Stevenson, and Hongsheng Guo. "Effects of Biogas Flow Rate and Composition on Combustion and Emissions of a Small Biogas-Diesel Dual-Fuel Generator." In ASME 2022 ICE Forward Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2022-90487.

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Abstract Diesel fueled generators are widely used to provide electricity in off-grid locations in Canada. Transporting diesel fuel to such generally remote locations is often an expensive endeavor and the cost of the electricity may swell to as much as three times the Canadian national average. This also makes it challenging to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in such locations. One solution is to convert the locally available waste biomass into biogas which can subsequently be used in these diesel generators to offset the diesel use. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the use of biogas-diesel dual-fuel combustion in a small diesel generator and study the effects of the biogas flow rate and composition on its operation. The study is unique in highlighting the challenges associated with the application of biogas-diesel dual-fuel combustion in such small generators which typically operate at high engine speeds. The study is conducted on a 4.0 kW diesel generator which is powered by a four-stroke, single-cylinder, direct injection diesel engine. The generator’s intake manifold is modified to introduce biogas, and the diesel supply and return lines are rerouted to a separate tank to measure fuel consumption. Tests are conducted at an electrical load of 3.3 kW with the engine running at 1800 rpm. Other measurements include in-cylinder pressure, exhaust temperature and exhaust emissions. Biogas is simulated by combining compressed natural gas (CNG – with ∼95% CH4) from pipeline supply and carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2) from high purity gas bottles. Three common biogas compositions are evaluated with the biogas flow rate progressively increased. Increasing the biogas flow rate leads to higher hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions in comparison to diesel-only operation, though emissions of nitrogen oxides are reduced. Distinct differences are observed in the performance of the engine when the composition of biogas is changed.
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Pramuanjaroenkij, Anchasa, Amarin Tongkratoke, Siriluk Phankhoksoong, and Sadık Kakaç. "The Development of a Simple Alternative Hybrid Engine for Gasoline, LPG and Biogas." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86552.

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This work was focused on the development of a hybrid engine which was fueled with three different fuels; gasoline as original fuel, Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) and biogas as two alternative fuels. The developed engine consisted of fuel storage tanks, a small gas reducer, a fuel premixer and the engine of a Suzuki Skydrive 125CC motorcycle. Performances of the prototype and developed engines were compared in terms of wheel speed. The developed engine could be started, idled and accelerated with the average maximum speed of 1276 revolutions per minute when it was connected directly with the biogas reservoir. Then, the biogas was compressed and stored in a standard gas tank which was connected with the developed engine, the average maximum speed of 1273.67 revolutions per minute was obtained from three experiments. This work emphasized not only biogas usage as the alternative fuel for the engine but also pointed out that biogas quality could affect the engine performance. The developed engine could be applied as vehicle engine or it could drive household self-power generators by using household biogas as fuel.
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Castell, Albert, Pere Margalef, Marc Medrano, Luisa F. Cabeza, and Scott G. Samuelsen. "Economic Viability of a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Working With Biogas." In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2008-65259.

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Catalonia (Spain) has a significant potential of biogas production from agricultural activities and municipal waste. In addition, there are plenty of industrial cogeneration plants, but most of them use conventional fuels such as natural gas, and conventional energy conversion devices, such as internal combustion engines. Molten carbonate fuel cells are ultra-clean and highly efficient power generator devices capable of converting biogas into electricity and heat. Located in Lleida (Catalonia), Nufri is a fruit processing company with a long tradition on biogas production and cogeneration, with an installed capacity bigger than 4.5 MW. This study analyzes the economic viability of a fuel cell operating on biogas in Spain, on a real case basis (Nufri). Different fuel cell capacities are analyzed (from 300 kW to 1200 kW). A parametric study of different fuel cell prices ($/kW installed) is performed. Additional biogas cleanup requirements are taken into account. The results are based on the Spanish legislation, which establishes a special legal framework that grants favorable, technology-dependent feed-in premiums for renewable energy and cogeneration. Results show that the payback period ranges from 5 to 8 years depending on the fuel cell capacity and installation price.
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Reports on the topic "Biogas as a fuel"

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Palmborg, Cecilia. Fertilization with digestate and digestate products – availability and demonstration experiments within the project Botnia nutrient recycling. Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.25rctaeopn.

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To increase our food security in Västerbotten we will need to become more self-sufficient of both energy, feed and nutrients that are now imported to the region. Biogas production from different waste streams is one solution to this. Biogas is produced using biowaste or sewage sludge as substrate in the major cities Umeå and Skellefteå. Biogas systems offer a range of benefits to society. Biogas production is currently prized for its climate benefits when replacing fossil fuels for the production of heat, electricity and vehicle gas, but at Bothnia Nutrient Recycling we have studied how to use the digestate, i.e. the residual product of production, as fertilizer in agriculture. We have been working to improve profitability for biogas producers and develop sustainable products from recycled nutrients, like phosphorus and nitrogen. Improving the uses for digestate increases self-sufficiency in agriculture and contributes to a circular economy. We conducted three agricultural demonstration experiments in collaboration with agricultural high schools in Finland and Sweden to introduce digestate and digestate products to the future farmers in the regions. We found that it may be possible to replace cattle slurry with compost when growing maize despite the low levels of nitrogen, N, available to plants in the compost. In barley, NPK fertilizers gave the highest yield. Digestate from HEMAB and sludge biochar supplemented with recycled ammonium sulphate gave a smaller yield but higher than unfertilized crop. Digestate from a dry digestion biogas plant in Härnösand was better suited to barley than to grass because in an experiment on grass ley the viscous fertilizer did not penetrate the grass and did not increase the growth of the grass. Fertilizer effects on crop quality were small. There was no increased uptake of heavy metals in barley after fertilization with digestate or digestate products compared to NPK fertilization. These demonstration experiments show that more thorough scientific experimentation is needed as a foundation for recommendations to farmers. The amounts of nitrogen and phosphorous in digestate from Västerbotten that could become used as fertilizer were modelled. It showed that if sewage sludge digestate is used to make sludge biochar and ammonium sulphate and the other available digestates are used directly in agriculture, the entire phosphorous demand but only a small part of the nitrogen demand in the county, could be covered. Thus, to achieve a true circular food production, development and increase of both the waste handling sector and agriculture is needed.
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Asvapathanagul, Pitiporn, Leanne Deocampo, and Nicholas Banuelos. Biological Hydrogen Gas Production from Food Waste as a Sustainable Fuel for Future Transportation. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2141.

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In the global search for the right alternative energy sources for a more sustainable future, hydrogen production has stood out as a strong contender. Hydrogen gas (H2) is well-known as one of the cleanest and most sustainable energy sources, one that mainly yields only water vapor as a byproduct. Additionally, H2 generates triple the amount of energy compared to hydrocarbon fuels. H2 can be synthesized from several technologies, but currently only 1% of H2 production is generated from biomass. Biological H2 production generated from anaerobic digestion is a fraction of the 1%. This study aims to enhance biological H2 production from anaerobic digesters by increasing H2 forming microbial abundance using batch experiments. Carbon substrate availability and conversion in the anaerobic processes were achieved by chemical oxygen demand and volatile fatty acids analysis. The capability of the matrix to neutralize acids in the reactors was assessed using alkalinity assay, and ammonium toxicity was monitored by ammonium measurements. H2 content was also investigated throughout the study. The study's results demonstrate two critical outcomes, (i) food waste as substrate yielded the highest H2 gas fraction in biogas compared to other substrates fed (primary sludge, waste activated sludge and mixed sludge with or without food waste), and (ii) under normal operating condition of anaerobic digesters, increasing hydrogen forming bacterial populations, including Clostridium spp., Lactococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. did not prolong biological H2 recovery due to H2 being taken up by other bacteria for methane (CH4) formation. Our experiment was operated under the most optimal condition for CH4 formation as suggested by wastewater operational manuals. Therefore, CH4-forming bacteria possessed more advantages than other microbial populations, including H2-forming groups, and rapidly utilized H2 prior to methane synthesis. This study demonstrates H2 energy renewed from food waste anaerobic digestion systems delivers opportunities to maximize California’s cap-and-trade program through zero carbon fuel production and utilization.
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Asvapathanagul, Pitiporn, Leanne Deocampo, and Nicholas Banuelos. Biological Hydrogen Gas Production from Food Waste as a Sustainable Fuel for Future Transportation. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2141.

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In the global search for the right alternative energy sources for a more sustainable future, hydrogen production has stood out as a strong contender. Hydrogen gas (H2) is well-known as one of the cleanest and most sustainable energy sources, one that mainly yields only water vapor as a byproduct. Additionally, H2 generates triple the amount of energy compared to hydrocarbon fuels. H2 can be synthesized from several technologies, but currently only 1% of H2 production is generated from biomass. Biological H2 production generated from anaerobic digestion is a fraction of the 1%. This study aims to enhance biological H2 production from anaerobic digesters by increasing H2 forming microbial abundance using batch experiments. Carbon substrate availability and conversion in the anaerobic processes were achieved by chemical oxygen demand and volatile fatty acids analysis. The capability of the matrix to neutralize acids in the reactors was assessed using alkalinity assay, and ammonium toxicity was monitored by ammonium measurements. H2 content was also investigated throughout the study. The study's results demonstrate two critical outcomes, (i) food waste as substrate yielded the highest H2 gas fraction in biogas compared to other substrates fed (primary sludge, waste activated sludge and mixed sludge with or without food waste), and (ii) under normal operating condition of anaerobic digesters, increasing hydrogen forming bacterial populations, including Clostridium spp., Lactococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. did not prolong biological H2 recovery due to H2 being taken up by other bacteria for methane (CH4) formation. Our experiment was operated under the most optimal condition for CH4 formation as suggested by wastewater operational manuals. Therefore, CH4-forming bacteria possessed more advantages than other microbial populations, including H2-forming groups, and rapidly utilized H2 prior to methane synthesis. This study demonstrates H2 energy renewed from food waste anaerobic digestion systems delivers opportunities to maximize California’s cap-and-trade program through zero carbon fuel production and utilization.
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Vijay K. Sethi. EVALUATION OF BIOMSS AND COAL SLURRIES AS FUEL-LEAN REBURN FUELS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/895538.

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Louvat, Amelie. PR306-20604-R01 Emerging Fuels - RNG SOTA Gap Analysis and Future Project Roadmap. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011994.

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The overall goal of the study is to develop a concrete path forward to define the necessary projects that need to be completed for companies to transport Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) into their pipelines at best cost while managing impacts. The study was broken down into four main tasks as follows: (1) Mapping of worldwide projects and references, (2) State-of-the-art analysis, (3) Gap analysis, and (4) Recommendations for R and D topics. The analysis focused around 10 technical subjects including: - RNG Composition, - Injection and dilution-related impacts on gas grids, - Safety, - Analyzers, - Odorization, - Metering, - Global Injection System, - Storage, - Reverse Flow Injection System, and - Gathering lines for biogas.
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Grimes, P. Decentralized conversion of biomass to energy, fuels and electricity with fuel cells. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/460268.

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Moser, M. A. Biogas utilization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/530636.

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Jeffrey J. Sweterlitsch and Robert C. Brown. FUEL LEAN BIOMASS REBURNING IN COAL-FIRED BOILERS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/810443.

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Barnthouse, L. W., G. F. Cada, M. D. Cheng, C. E. Easterly, R. L. Kroodsma, R. Lee, D. S. Shriner, V. R. Tolbert, and R. S. Turner. Estimating externalities of biomass fuel cycles, Report 7. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/757385.

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Blair, William Brian. Trenton Biogas LLC. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1362262.

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