Journal articles on the topic 'Biofuel (Biomass) Energy'
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1
Danso-Boateng, Eric, and Osei-Wusu Achaw. "Bioenergy and biofuel production from biomass using thermochemical conversions technologies—a review." AIMS Energy 10, no. 4 (2022): 585–647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2022030.
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<abstract> <p>Biofuel and bioenergy production from diverse biomass sources using thermochemical technologies over the last decades has been investigated. The thermochemical conversion pathways comprise dry processes (i.e., torrefaction, combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis), and wet processes (i.e., liquefaction, supercritical water gasification, and hydrothermal carbonisation). It has been found that the thermochemical processes can convert diverse biomass feedstocks to produce bioenergy sources such as direct heat energy, as well as solid, liquid and gaseous biofuels for instance biochar, bio-oil and syngas. However, some of these processes have limitations that impede their large-scale utilisation such low energy efficiency, high costs, and generation of harmful chemicals that cause environmental concerns. Efforts are being made extensively to improve the conversion technologies in order to reduce or solve these problems for energy efficiency improvement. In this review, the emerging developments in the thermochemical techniques for producing biofuel and bioenergy from biomass are presented and evaluated in terms of their technological concepts and projections for implementation. It is suggested that an integration of torrefaction or hydrothermal carbonisation with combustion and/or gasification may optimise biomass energy use efficiency, enhance product quality, and minimise the formation of noxious compounds.</p> </abstract>
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Oves, Mohammad, Huda A. Qari, and Iqbal MI Ismail. "Biofuel formation from microalgae: A renewable energy source for eco-sustainability." Current World Environment 17, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 04–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.17.1.2.
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In the current scenario, biofuel production from microalgae is beneficial to sustainability. Recently, one of the most pressing concerns has been finding cost-effective and environmentally friendly energy sources to meet rising energy demands without jeopardizing environmental integrity. Microalgae provide a viable biomass feedstock for biofuel production as the global market for biofuels rises. Biodiesel made from biomass is usually regarded as one of the best natural substitutes to fossil fuels and a sustainable means of achieving energy security and economic and environmental sustainability. Cultivating genetically modified algae has been followed in recent decades of biofuel research and has led to the commercialization of algal biofuel. If it is integrated with a favorable government policy on algal biofuels and other byproducts, it will benefit society. Biofuel technology is a troublesome but complementary technology that will provide long-term solutions to environmental problems. Microalgae have high lipid content oil, fast growth rates, the ability to use marginal and infertile land, grow in wastewater and salty water streams and use solar light and CO2 gas as nutrients for high biomass development. Recent findings suggest nano additives or nanocatalysts like nano-particles, nano-sheet, nano-droplets, and nanotubes. Some specific structures used at various stages during microalgae cultivation and harvesting of the final products can enhance the biofuel efficiency and applicability without any negative impact on the environment. It offers a fantastic opportunity to produce large amounts of biofuels in an eco-friendly and long-term manner.
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Wasiak, Andrzej, and Olga Orynycz. "Energy Efficiency of a Biofuel Production System." Management and Production Engineering Review 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mper-2017-0007.
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Abstract Manufacturing engineering is supposed to provide analyses related to various aspects of manufacturing and production in order to maximise technological, energy, and economic gains in relevant production processes. The present paper gives a recapitulation of several publications by present authors, presenting considerations of the energy efficiency of biofuel production. The energy efficiency is understood as the ratio of energy obtained from biofuels produced basing on crops from a particular area to the energy required to satisfy needs of all subsidiary processes assuring correct functioning of the production system, starting from operations aimed to obtain agricultural crops, and ending with the conversion of the crops onto biofuels. Derived by the present authors, the mathematical model of energy efficiency of biofuel production is extended to a more general form, and applied to the analysis of quantitative relations between energy efficiency of sc. “energy plantations”, and further elements of biofuel production system converting harvested biomass into biofuel. Investigations are aimed towards the determination of the role of biomass as a source of energy.
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Prananta, Wiraditma, and Ida Kubiszewski. "Assessment of Indonesia’s Future Renewable energy Plan: A Meta-Analysis of Biofuel Energy Return on Investment (EROI)." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 2803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102803.
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In early 2020, Indonesia implemented the biodiesel 30 (B30) program as an initiative to reduce Indonesia’s dependency on fossil fuels and to protect Indonesia’s palm oil market. However, palm oil has received international criticism due to its association with harmful environmental externalities. This paper analysed whether an investment in palm oil-based biofuel (POBB) provides Indonesia with the ability to achieve its environmental and financial goals. In this research, we performed a meta-analysis on biofuel energy return on investment (EROI) by examining 44 biofuel projects using ten types of biofuel feedstocks from 13 countries between 1995 and 2016. Results showed an average EROI of 3.92 and 3.22 for POBB and other biomass-based biofuels (OBBB), respectively. This shows that if only energy inputs and outputs are considered, biofuels provide a positive energy return. However, biofuels, including those from palm oil, produce externalities especially during land preparation and land restoration. We also compared these EROI biofuel results with other renewable energy sources and further analysed the implications for renewable energies to meet society’s energy demands in the future. Results showed that biofuel gives the lowest EROI compared to other renewable energy sources. Its EROI of 3.92, while positive, has been categorised as “not feasible for development”. If Indonesia plans to continue with its biofuel program, some major improvements will be necessary.
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KALETNIK, Hryhorii, Viktor PRYSHLIAK, and Natalia PRYSHLIAK. "Public Policy and Biofuels: Energy, Environment and Food Trilemma." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 10, no. 3 (July 15, 2019): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v10.3(35).01.
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Current policies in energy sector address issues including environmentally friendly technologies, clean and renewable energy supplies and encourage more efficient energy use. The biofuel policy aims to promote production and consumption of fuels made from biomass. Despite the presence of both positive and negative effects of biofuels the world production and consumption of biofuels have been increasing significantly. To a large extent, this is due to an active public policy in the field of stimulating the production and consumption of biofuels. The volume of biofuel production in the leading countries (USA, Brazil and the EU) has been analyzed. The influence of public policy in the sphere of biofuel production and consumption on energy, environment and food security of the state has been examined. Multivariable and paired correlation as well as regression analysis aimed to determine the price dependence of the main crops used as feedstock for biofuels production, the volume of their production or processing for biofuels and the volumes of biofuel production have been carried out. As a result of this analysis the impact of the public policies in biofuels on the еnergy, environment and food security has been identified.
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Kumar, Sumit, Dushyant Kumar, Prashant Sharma, and Anita Punia. "Challenges and Opportunities in Bioprospecting for Sustainable Biofuel Production: Current Status and Future Perspectives." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): 230–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1105.027.
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Increasing global energy demand and environmental concerns associated with petroleum have raised interest in biofuels to reduce dependency on crude oil and promote carbon-neutral energy generation. The information available suggests that biomass can become a sustainable and significant contributor to current energy demands if research and development in the field of thermochemical transformation for various biomass types are encouraged. The primary products of biofuel may be in a gas, liquid, or solid form. These products can be further converted by biochemical, physical, and thermochemical methods. The first generation of biofuels is ethanol derived from food crops rich in starch or biodiesel made from waste animal fats such as cooking grease. The second generation is bioethanol derived from non-food cellulosic biomass and biodiesel taken from oil-rich plant seeds, such as soybeans or jatropha. The third generation of biofuels is made from cyanobacteria, microalgae, and other microbes, and it is the most promising approach to meeting the world's energy demands. The era of biofuel production desires the ability to conclude formal incorporation of functional genomics metabolomics with transcriptomics will undoubtedly support the discovery. This review focuses on the production of biofuel through molecular marker technology, next-generation technology, and biochemical process.
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Ciolkosz, D. "Torrefied biomass in biofuel production system." Scientific Horizons 93, no. 8 (2020): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33249/2663-2144-2020-93-8-9-12.
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Ukraine produces large amounts of crop residues every year, much which could be utilized to produce biofuel. However, efficient supply chains and system configurations are needed to make such systems efficient and cost effective. One option is to integrate torrefaction, power production and biofuel production into a single, coordinated system. This approach allows for high value product (i.e. biofuel), greater utilization of the energy content of the feedstock, and supply chain efficiency. Initial analyses indicate that revenues can be enhanced through this approach, and further analyses and optimization efforts could identify a sustainable approach to renewable fuel and power production for Ukraine. The question of scale and layout remains of interest as well, and a thorough logistical study is needed to identify the most suitable configuration. Agricultural operations often benefit from smaller scales of operation, whereas fuel production processes tend to operate profitably only at very large scale. Thus, a balance must be struck between the needs of both ends of the supply chain. The processing center concept helps to balance those needs. A system such as this also has potential to synergize with other agricultural production systems, such as the production of animal feed, fertilizer, and other bio-based products. The complexities of the Ukrainian agricultural market will need to be reflected carefully in any model that seeks to assess the system's potential. Presents a concept for coupling thermal pretreatment (torrefaction with biofuel and power production for the transformation of wheat straw into a value added product for Ukraine. Torrefaction provides supply chain savings, while conversion provides added value to the product. This paradigm has potential to utilize a widely produced waste material into a valuable source of energy and possibly other products for the country.
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Santosh Narayan Chadar and Anil Kumar Ahirwar. "Biofuel from biomass as an alternative energy source for sustainable development." Open Access Research Journal of Science and Technology 6, no. 1 (October 30, 2022): 071–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjst.2022.6.1.0023.
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Energy is a critical input for economic growth and sustainable development in both developed and developing countries. The world’s energy requirement for transportation is met from non-renewable fossil fuels. Two hundred years ago, the world experienced an energy revolution that launched the industrial age .The industrialized world’s thirst for energy has increased tremendously which caused a serious energy crisis. Biodiesel production from different vegetable oils is a promising alternative fuel for the diesel engine and as a major step towards creating an environment friendly transportation fuel that is relatively clean on combustion. This paper deals with the biofuel as an alternative fuel derived from biomass, namely ethanol and biodiesel. The paper discusses how the potential of biofuel offsets the use of fossil fuels and reduces the emission of green house gases, it also lays emphasis on the environmental impact of Jatropha curcas a plant species which is used for biofuel production and how biofuels improves air quality.
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Chen, Minghao, Yixuan Chen, and Qingtao Zhang. "A Review of Energy Consumption in the Acquisition of Bio-Feedstock for Microalgae Biofuel Production." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 9, 2021): 8873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168873.
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Microalgae biofuel is expected to be an ideal alternative to fossil fuels to mitigate the effects of climate change and the energy crisis. However, the production process of microalgae biofuel is sometimes considered to be energy intensive and uneconomical, which limits its large-scale production. Several cultivation systems are used to acquire feedstock for microalgal biofuels production. The energy consumption of different cultivation systems is different, and the concentration of culture medium (microalgae cells contained in the unit volume of medium) and other properties of microalgae vary with the culture methods, which affects the energy consumption of subsequent processes. This review compared the energy consumption of different cultivation systems, including the open pond system, four types of closed photobioreactor (PBR) systems, and the hybrid cultivation system, and the energy consumption of the subsequent harvesting process. The biomass concentration and areal biomass production of every cultivation system were also analyzed. The results show that the flat-panel PBRs and the column PBRs are both preferred for large-scale biofuel production for high biomass productivity.
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Ketov, Aleksandr, Natalia Sliusar, Anna Tsybina, Iurii Ketov, Sergei Chudinov, Marina Krasnovskikh, and Vladimir Bosnic. "Plant Biomass Conversion to Vehicle Liquid Fuel as a Path to Sustainability." Resources 11, no. 8 (August 5, 2022): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources11080075.
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Biofuel such as linseed oil has an energy potential of 48.8 MJ/kg, which is much lower than fossil diesel fuel 57.14 MJ/kg. Existing biofuels need to increase the energy potential for use in traditional engines. Moreover, biofuel production demands cheap feedstock, for example, sawdust. The present paper shows that the technology to synthesize high-energy liquid vehicle fuels with a gross calorific value up to 53.6 MJ/kg from renewable sources of plant origin is possible. Slow pyrolysis was used to produce high-energy biofuel from sawdust and linseed oil. The proposed approach will allow not only to preserve the existing high-tech energy sources of high unit capacity based on the combustion of liquid fuels, but also to make the transition to reducing the carbon footprint and, in the future, to carbon neutrality by replacing fossil carbon of liquid hydrocarbon fuels with the carbon produced from biomass.
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Rai, Ashutosh Kumar, Naief Hamoud Al Makishah, Zhiqiang Wen, Govind Gupta, Soumya Pandit, and Ram Prasad. "Recent Developments in Lignocellulosic Biofuels, a Renewable Source of Bioenergy." Fermentation 8, no. 4 (April 3, 2022): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8040161.
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Biofuel consists of non-fossil fuel derived from the organic biomass of renewable resources, including plants, animals, microorganisms, and waste. Energy derived from biofuel is known as bioenergy. The reserve of fossil fuels is now limited and continuing to decrease, while at the same time demand for energy is increasing. In order to overcome this scarcity, it is vital for human beings to transfer their dependency on fossil fuels to alternative types of fuel, including biofuels, which are effective methods of fulfilling present and future demands. The current review therefore focusses on second-generation lignocellulosic biofuels obtained from non-edible plant biomass (i.e., cellulose, lignin, hemi-celluloses, non-food material) in a more sustainable manner. The conversion of lignocellulosic feedstock is an important step during biofuel production. It is, however, important to note that, as a result of various technical restrictions, biofuel production is not presently cost efficient, thus leading to the need for improvement in the methods employed. There remain a number of challenges for the process of biofuel production, including cost effectiveness and the limitations of various technologies employed. This leads to a vital need for ongoing and enhanced research and development, to ensure market level availability of lignocellulosic biofuel.
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Lynch, Jim, and Patricia J. Harvey. "Opportunities and problems of Bioenergy: The future." Biochemist 33, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03302039.
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Traditionally, biomass such as wood has been used for cooking and heating purposes. The oil crises of the 1970s, however, prompted interest in biomass to produce liquid biofuels and replace fossilbased transport fuels. Subsequent falls in oil prices evaporated much of the incentive and stalled the momentum to expand biofuel production in most countries, but recent years have seen a resurgence of interest, this time prompted by energy supply security, oil price volatility and the new driver: climate change mitigation. As a result, biofuel programmes have proliferated around the world, driven by mandates, targets and subsidies, whilst investment in the development of advanced biofuel technologies has racked up. And, as before, biofuels as an alternative to fossil-based transport fuel, gaseous or liquid, has been emphasized. The 2003 EU Biofuels Directive, for example, targets a 5.75% share of biofuels in transport energy by 2010 and 10% by 2020. However, biofuels can also be used to efficiently produce both heat and power in decentralized production systems based on combined heat and power (CHP) engines. Indeed, whereas transport accounted for nearly one-third of final energy consumption in the EU-27 countries in 2008, heat and electricity account for two-thirds of final consumption (Figure 1).
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Linnik, V., and Yu Linnik. "STATE AND PROSPECTS OF BIOENERGY DEVELOPMENT." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 10 (November 28, 2019): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2019-10-59-66.
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Biofuel is one of the world’s major alternative sources of energy derived from biomass which includes almost all organic substances. In this regard, the state and prospects of development of the world bioenergy have been considered. The positive and negative sides of increasing energy production from biomass have been revealed. The analysis of the countries with the greatest biological resources for the production of liquid and gaseous biofuels has been carried out. The leading countries in the production of various types of biofuels have been determined and the measures of state support, contributing to the development of this direction, have been analyzed. The state and prospects of bioenergy development in Russia have been considered. The export potential of the country in the field of biofuel production and its use in industry has been revealed. It has been established, that despite some successes in the use of biofuel, the development of bioenergy projects in Russia still leaves much to be desired. The reasons, hindering the development of bioenergy in Russia, and measures to stimulate the development of biofuel production have been identified. In this regard, a flexible policy of the state in terms of innovation and energy is necessary, while today the state is focused on traditional energy sources.
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Shojaeiarani, Jamileh, Dilpreet S. Bajwa, and Sreekala G. Bajwa. "Properties of densified solid biofuels in relation to chemical composition, moisture content, and bulk density of the biomass." BioResources 14, no. 2 (March 8, 2019): 4996–5015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.2.shojaeiarani.
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Global energy consumption is expected to grow by 56% between 2010 and 2040. Renewable energy is one of the fastest-growing energy resources, and biomass is a major feedstock for providing renewable energy. It constitutes up to 35% of the main energy consumption in developing countries. Densified solid biofuel with high density gets a lot of attention due to its uniform shape and low heating cost. When considering densified solid biofuels as a viable solution for energy production, its quality needs to be improved. Solid biofuel quality is a function of the chemical composition and physical properties of the raw materials. It is widely reported that the raw material chemical composition has a major effect on the final solid biofuel quality, as it influences the heating value, ash content, and mechanical durability. The moisture content influences the net heating value, combustion efficiency, and mechanical durability of solid biofuels. The bulk density influences the mechanical durability, thermal characteristics, as well as handling and storage costs of solid biofuels. This work reviewed the latest developments on the effects of the chemical composition, moisture content, and bulk density of raw materials on the thermal efficiency, emission, and mechanical durability of densified solid biofuels.
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Kumar, Suresh. "Algal Biomass to Bio-Energy: Recent Advances." Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health 19, no. 3&4 (December 26, 2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jeoh/2019/23376.
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The crops, grasses, trees, algae and cyano-bacteria in the presence of sun perform photosynthesis and store chemical energy in a wide range of feed stocks such as starch, sugars and lipids that can be used for the production of biofuels. The crop plants such as sugar cane, oil palm, sugar beet, rapeseed soyabeans, wheat and corn are extensively used for the production of biofuels such as ethanol, diesel and methane. Due to increasing world population and extensive droughts in major regions pressure on food supplies has resulted in growing concern and has led to a heated food versus fuel debate. Biofuel systems that do not require arable land is developed and these include lingo cellulosic processes which convert cellulose-based products from plants into liquid fuels. Myscanthus, Camelina, Switchgrass, Sorghum, and Poplar trees are some of good source of biofuel at present. The success of these systems is depend on research and development of energy-efficient manufacturing processes, typically enzymatic lignin digestion processes, although chemical digestion methods are also under investigation. Due to demand for large amounts of enzyme appears to be as mountable challenge, ultimately this technology might also contribute to food versus fuel concerns because of its dependence on forest. This in turn could lead to a forest versus fuel issue, unless waste products from agricultural and forestry systems are exclusively used, or feed stocks produced on non-arable land can be developed. Although these crops can be grown on non-arable land, their productivity remains linked to soil fertility and water supply, and the scale of cultivation required to make a meaningful contribution towards global energy consumption will inevitably require lands that are currently used for food production or forestry. Many micro algae can be grown in saline water and are able to produce a wide range of feed stocks for the production of biofuels, including biodiesel, methane, ethanol, butanol and hydrogen, based on their efficient production of starch, sugars and oils.
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Medipally, Srikanth Reddy, Fatimah Md Yusoff, Sanjoy Banerjee, and M. Shariff. "Microalgae as Sustainable Renewable Energy Feedstock for Biofuel Production." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/519513.
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The world energy crisis and increased greenhouse gas emissions have driven the search for alternative and environmentally friendly renewable energy sources. According to life cycle analysis, microalgae biofuel is identified as one of the major renewable energy sources for sustainable development, with potential to replace the fossil-based fuels. Microalgae biofuel was devoid of the major drawbacks associated with oil crops and lignocelluloses-based biofuels. Algae-based biofuels are technically and economically viable and cost competitive, require no additional lands, require minimal water use, and mitigate atmospheric CO2. However, commercial production of microalgae biodiesel is still not feasible due to the low biomass concentration and costly downstream processes. The viability of microalgae biodiesel production can be achieved by designing advanced photobioreactors, developing low cost technologies for biomass harvesting, drying, and oil extraction. Commercial production can also be accomplished by improving the genetic engineering strategies to control environmental stress conditions and by engineering metabolic pathways for high lipid production. In addition, new emerging technologies such as algal-bacterial interactions for enhancement of microalgae growth and lipid production are also explored. This review focuses mainly on the problems encountered in the commercial production of microalgae biofuels and the possible techniques to overcome these difficulties.
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FURMAN, IRINA, and Nataliia RATUSHNIAK. "PROSPECTS OF BIOLFUELS PRODUCTION IN THE CONDITIONS OF LAND RELATIONS REFORM." 3, no. 3(57) (September 28, 2021): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2021-3-4.
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The article examines the normative monetary valuation of agricultural land in the regions of Ukraine. The dynamics of change of sown areas of the main agricultural crops is analyzed. The directions of the development of agricultural production in the short term are determined. The main components of biomass energy potential in Ukraine are studied – agricultural residues (straw of cereals and rapeseed, by-products of corn and sunflower production) and energy crops (willow, poplar, miscanthus for solid biofuels and corn silage for production). It is determined that in the structure of energy production from biomass in Ukraine, agricultural residues and energy crops occupy the last places, as their potential is used by 0.1-3.0% depending on the type of biomass. The necessity of creating of energy cooperatives in rural areas focused on the production of solid biofuels from crop waste has been proved. The prospects for the development of bioenergy outlined in the «Roadmap for the development of bioenergy until 2050 and the Аction plan until 2025» are studied and the forecast of the development of the energy potential of biomass is made. It is determined that despite a significant number of existing regulations related to the development of biofuels, measures to support biofuel producers include only two instruments: a «green» tariff for electricity produced from renewable energy sources (including biomass / biogas), and stimulating tariff for thermal energy, produced from alternative energy sources (including biomass / biogas). Barriers to the development of biofuels production and possible ways to overcome them have been studied. The need to create bioenergy clusters to stimulate the production of biofuels has been identified. Measures to improve state regulation and support the production of biofuels are summarized. It is proved that at the state level it is necessary to constantly motivate agricultural producers to produce different types of biofuels. The main directions of the strategy of biofuel production development in the conditions of land relations reform are substantiated.
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Butlewski, Krystian. "Concept for Biomass and Organic Waste Refinery Plants Based on the Locally Available Organic Materials in Rural Areas of Poland." Energies 15, no. 9 (May 6, 2022): 3392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093392.
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The importance of developing efficient and environmentally friendly means of biomass conversion into bioenergy, biofuels, and valuable products is currently high in Poland. Accordingly, herein, two new energy and biofuel units are proposed, namely, POLpec and POLbp, which are used as reference sources for comparing energy consumption and biofuel production in other countries or regions in the world. One POLpec equals 4400 PJ (195.1 Mtoe), reflecting the annual primary energy consumption of Poland in 2020. Meanwhile, one POLbp equals 42 PJ (1.0 Mtoe), referring to the annual production of biofuels in Poland in 2020. Additionally, a new import–export coefficient β is proposed in the current study, which indicates the relationship between the import and export of an energy carrier. More specifically, the potential of biomass and organic waste to be converted into energy, biofuels, and valuable products has been analysed for the rural areas of Poland. Results show that the annual biomass and organic waste potential is approximately 245 PJ (5.9 Mtoe). Finally, the concept of a biomass and organic waste refinery plant is proposed based on the locally available organic materials in rural areas. In particular, two models of biomass refinery plants are defined, namely, the Input/Output and Modular models. A four-module model is presented as a concept for building a refinery plant at the Institute of Technology and Life Sciences—National Research Institute in Poznan, Poland. The four modules include anaerobic digestion, gasification, transesterification, and alcoholic fermentation. The primary reason for combining different biomass conversion technologies is to reduce the cost of biomass products, which, currently, are more expensive than those obtained from oil and natural gas.
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Khan, M. Anwar H., Sophia Bonifacio, Joanna Clowes, Amy Foulds, Rayne Holland, James C. Matthews, Carl J. Percival, and Dudley E. Shallcross. "Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source." Atmosphere 12, no. 10 (October 3, 2021): 1289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101289.
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An accelerating global energy demand, paired with the harmful environmental effects of fossil fuels, has triggered the search for alternative, renewable energy sources. Biofuels are arguably a potential renewable energy source in the transportation industry as they can be used within current infrastructures and require less technological advances than other renewable alternatives, such as electric vehicles and nuclear power. The literature suggests biofuels can negatively impact food security and production; however, this is dependent on the type of feedstock used in biofuel production. Advanced biofuels, derived from inedible biomass, are heavily favoured but require further research and development to reach their full commercial potential. Replacing fossil fuels by biofuels can substantially reduce particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, but simultaneously increase emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), resulting in debates concerning the way biofuels should be implemented. The potential biofuel blends (FT-SPK, HEFA-SPK, ATJ-SPK and HFS-SIP) and their use as an alternative to kerosene-type fuels in the aviation industry have also been assessed. Although these fuels are currently more costly than conventional aviation fuels, possible reduction in production costs has been reported as a potential solution. A preliminary study shows that i-butanol emissions (1.8 Tg/year) as a biofuel can increase ozone levels by up to 6% in the upper troposphere, highlighting a potential climate impact. However, a larger number of studies will be needed to assess the practicalities and associated cost of using the biofuel in existing vehicles, particularly in terms of identifying any modifications to existing engine infrastructure, the impact of biofuel emissions, and their chemistry on the climate and human health, to fully determine their suitability as a potential renewable energy source.
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Kshirsagar, Charudatta M., and R. Anand. "An Overview of Biodiesel Extraction from the Third Generation Biomass Feedstock: Prospects and Challenges." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 1881–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1881.
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Despite of the fact that the first and the second generation biomass feedstock are attractive options for the biofuel production, these production schemes are considered unsustainable. As the demand for renewable energy grows exponentially, the practicability of the production of these energy carriers becomes tentative and limited since large arable croplands in tropical and tempe-rate regions are required for their cultivation. Moreover, the conversion processes (i.e. thermo-chemical and bio-chemical) associated with the second generation biomass feedstock are far more complex and sophisticated because of the recalcitrant nature of cellulosic biomass. The biofuels, thus, derived are not cost-competitive with existing petroleum derived fuels. In future, the integra-tion of various biochemical and bioprocessing technologies will be supporting the establishment of biomass energy programs. This paper is an attempt to review the potential of microalgal biodiesel in comparison to the first and the second generation biomass feedstock and its global prospects. Keywords : microalgae biomass, pretreatment, biofuels, clean energy
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Ma, Shaochun, Manoj Karkee, Patrick A. Scharf, and Qin Zhang. "Adaptability of Chopper Harvester in Harvesting Sugarcane, Energy Cane, and Banagrass." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 1 (2018): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12038.
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Abstract. Energy crops are important sources of feedstock for biofuel production. Feedstock cost, which accounts for more than 50% of biofuel operating cost, plays a significant role in the commercialization of biofuels. Energy crop harvesting cost is the biggest single contributor of the total feedstock production cost. Thus, investigation of harvesters to improve productivity and efficiency, and hence reduce costs, is important for biofuel production. The performance of an existing sugarcane harvester was evaluated in terms of biomass recovery rate and field efficiency to assess its adaptability for energy crop harvesting. The harvester performance was evaluated in Hawaii fields with three different energy crops: energy cane, banagrass, and sugarcane. The biomass recovery rates achieved by the harvester were 83.0%, 86.6%, and 52.3%, respectively, for energy cane, banagrass, and sugarcane, whereas the field efficiencies were 86.2%, 80.6%, and 59.6%, respectively. In another similar experiment with banagrass, the harvesting rate and field efficiency were 89.8% and 88.7%, respectively. The recovery rates in harvesting energy cane and banagrass achieved in this work were higher than the recovery rate of ~73% found in the literature. Similarly, the nominal field efficiency found in the literature for a harvester is ~70%. The sugarcane harvester used in this work achieved higher field efficiency with energy cane and banagrass harvesting compared to the nominal field efficiency (70%). Additionally, the limitations of existing machines in harvesting energy crops were analyzed to identify the main factors limiting biomass recovery rate and field efficiency. It was found that stubble leaning angle and machine off-track errors have the greatest effect on the harvester’s ability to recover biomass, whereas plugging issues may have a substantial effect on the field efficiency. Keywords: Adaptability, Biomass recovery rate, Chopper harvester, Energy crop, Off-track error, Stubble leaning angle.
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Setyono, Gatot, Navik Kholili, and Dwi Khusna. "Implementasi Minyak Wijen Sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif Untuk Kendaraan Matic Terhadap Pelaku Bengkel Di Sambi Kerep Surabaya." Pengabdian Masyarakat dan Inovasi Teknologi (DIMASTEK) 1, no. 02 (October 10, 2022): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.38156/dimastek.v1i02.30.
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Biofuels include energy-enriched chemicals produced directly through biological processes or derived from the chemical conversion of the biomass of previously living organisms. Biofuels can be classified into two categories: primary and secondary biofuels. The main biofuels are produced directly from burning woody plant material or cellulose and dry animal dung. Secondary biofuels can be classified into three generations, and each is produced indirectly from plant and animal materials. The first-generation biofuel is ethanol derived from starch-rich food crops or biodiesel, extracted from animal fat wastes such as cooking oil. The second generation is bioethanol derived from non-food cellulosic biomass and biodiesel derived from oil-rich plant seeds such as soybean or jatropha. The third generation is a biofuel produced from cyanobacteria, microalgae, and other microbes, which is the most promising approach to meet global energy demand. This community service aims to explain innovation and provide knowledge to technology players, namely technicians, operators, supervisors, and workshop supervisors, about the use of alternative fuels of sesame oil for small-capacity automatic gasoline engines. The counseling results show that the performance and exhaust gas results are optimal so that the technology actors know the quality and quantity of the alternative energy.
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Olofsson, Johanna. "Time-Dependent Climate Impact of Utilizing Residual Biomass for Biofuels—The Combined Influence of Modelling Choices and Climate Impact Metrics." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 13, 2021): 4219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144219.
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Understanding the influence of method choices on results in life-cycle assessments is essential to draw informed conclusions. As the climate impact of bioenergy remains a debated topic, the focus of this study is how the chosen temporal framing influences a comparison of the climate impact of utilizing residual biomass for biofuel production to that of leaving the biomass to decay. In order to compare the biofuel scenario to its corresponding reference scenario where biomass is left to decay, a variety of analytical approaches were used: using time-aggregated and time-dependent life-cycle inventories and climate-impact assessment methods, assuming biogenic carbon to be climate neutral or not, using metrics for cumulative or instantaneous climate impact, and with different time horizons. Two cases of residual biofuel feedstocks were assessed: logging residues from Norway spruce forest, and straw from wheat cultivation. Consideration of the studied method choices appears to be especially relevant for forest residual biomass, as illustrated by the ranges of parity times for logging residues (25 to 95 years), and the results which vary with the chosen climate-impact metric, time-horizon, and approach for including biogenic carbon. Illustrating the time-dependence of results can, in general, provide a better understanding of the climate impact of utilizing residual biomass for biofuels.
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Kronbergs, Eriks, and Mareks Smits. "HERBACEOUS BIOMASS SHREDDING FOR BIOFUEL COMPOSITIONS." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 23, 2007): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2007vol1.1725.
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The 2003 reform o f the EU Common agricultural policy stimulates farmers to grow more energy crops, including short rotation coppice and other perennial crops. Peat can be used as additive for manufacturing o f solid biofuel, because it improves density, durability o f stalk material briquettes (pellets) and avoid corrosion o f boilers. For these reason herbaceous biomass compositions with peat fo r solid biofuel production is recommended. The main conditioning operation before biomass compacting is shredding. It was stated that common reed stalk material particle size reduction during cutting (shredding) process increased energy consumption very significantly. The calculation o f energy consumption fo r common reed cutting to sizes 0.6 and 0.5 mm was giving results 31.3 k J kg'1 and 43.5 k J kg'1. The shredder cutter bar has to be designed with friction energy losses decreased to minimum. This aim can to be realized by reducing o f area o f cutter bar knives moving into stalk biomass and minimizing biomass pressure (Patent LV13447) on cutter bar.
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Miloš Matúš, Peter Križan, Ľubomír Šooš, and Viliam Veteška. "Design of pressing tools for pelleting machines." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 4, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 052–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2021.4.1.0086.
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The growing global demand for energy, as well as the global demand for a higher share of the use of renewable energy sources, is leading to intensive development of the production of solid biofuels in the form of pellets. Biomass pelleting technology is successfully used to produce solid high-grade biofuel in the form of pellets. This biofuel is currently an important trade item in the energy markets. The development of pelleting technology also brings higher demands on pelleting machines and tools. Pressing tools are the powerful core of the entire technological line for the production of solid biofuels. The paper deals with biomass pelleting technology and describes the requirements and limits of this technology. It focuses in great detail on the pressing tools of pelleting machines. The work examines in detail the design of pressing dies and pressing rolls. The above knowledge are based on the personal experience of the authors as designers of pelleting machines and tools. The published information is of great practical importance for the development of pelleting technology and for moving forward in the design of pressing tools
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Mikulionok, I. O. "STATE AND PROSPECTS OF THE PRODUCTION OF COMPRESSED SOLID BIOFUELS." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 4 (December 20, 2022): 15–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.4.2022.02.
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Given the limited nature of natural resources and the global rise in prices for such traditional fossil fuels as oil, coal and natural gas, at the beginning of the third millennium, considerable attention began to be paid to the search for alternative fuels, one of the most popular and affordable among which is solid biofuel. The main types of pressed solid biofuel: biofuel briquettes and pellets are considered, and its classification is developed. An analysis of the origin and sources of biomass production, methods of processing biomass has been carried out, trade forms of solid biofuel, the geometric shape of solid biofuel, the nature of the change in the combustion surface of solid biofuel, the quality indicators (technical characteristics) of solid biofuel, as well as the design and technological design of its pressing was carried out. A critical analysis of innovative methods for obtaining biofuel briquettes and pellets, as well as the influence of their parameters, primarily qualitative and quantitative composition, on the quality indicators (technical characteristics) of solid biofuel was carried out. It is shown that the energy potential of biomass available for energy production in Ukraine can significantly improve its energy independence. Bibl. 76, Fig. 6.
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Siddique, Mohammad, Suhail Ahmed Soomro, Shaheen Aziz, Saadat Ullah Khan Suri, Faheem Akhter, and Zahid Naeem Qaisrani. "Potential Techniques for Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Biofuels." Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry 23, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2022.06.02.
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Lignin has been found as a naturally available aromatic resource for biofuel production. Reduced reliance on fossil fuels and replacement with a green and environmentally friendly strategy are currently one of the most pressing challenges. There has been significant growth in energy consumption, necessitating the transition to an alternative energy source. The current renewable energy source has significant biofuel production potential. It is critical to discuss the process parameters for pinpointing lignin content as part of the technology development process. Biofuel production possesses various challenges that need to be addressed. In this research, we precisely discussed the numerous lignin conversion mechanisms that can boost the biofuel output. Catalytic deoxygenation is a fuel promotion process that decreases the oxygen content, which causes instability and corrosion. SiO2, ZrO2, CeO2, TiO2, and Al2O3 are used in catalytic deoxygenation to produce biofuel. The use of chosen Al2O3-TiO2 metal oxide catalysts is critical in biofuel production. To obtain hemicellulose levels, two-step pretreatments with alkali and acids are used. The constraints, challenges, industrial perspectives, and future outlooks for developing cost-effective, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly procedures for the long-term valorization of lignocellulosic materials were examined in the conclusion.
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Zhang, Meng, Xiaoxu Song, T. W. Deines, Z. J. Pei, and Donghai Wang. "Biofuel Manufacturing from Woody Biomass: Effects of Sieve Size Used in Biomass Size Reduction." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/581039.
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Size reduction is the first step for manufacturing biofuels from woody biomass. It is usually performed using milling machines and the particle size is controlled by the size of the sieve installed on a milling machine. There are reported studies about the effects of sieve size on energy consumption in milling of woody biomass. These studies show that energy consumption increased dramatically as sieve size became smaller. However, in these studies, the sugar yield (proportional to biofuel yield) in hydrolysis of the milled woody biomass was not measured. The lack of comprehensive studies about the effects of sieve size on energy consumption in biomass milling and sugar yield in hydrolysis process makes it difficult to decide which sieve size should be selected in order to minimize the energy consumption in size reduction and maximize the sugar yield in hydrolysis. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap in the literature. In this paper, knife milling of poplar wood was conducted using sieves of three sizes (1, 2, and 4 mm). Results show that, as sieve size increased, energy consumption in knife milling decreased and sugar yield in hydrolysis increased in the tested range of particle sizes.
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Farrell, Alexander E., and Anand R. Gopal. "Bioenergy Research Needs for Heat, Electricity, and Liquid Fuels." MRS Bulletin 33, no. 4 (April 2008): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.76.
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AbstractBiomass remains a key energy source for several billion people living in developing countries, and the production of liquid biofuels for transportation is growing rapidly. However, both traditional biomass energy and crop-based biofuels technologies have negative environmental and social impacts. The overall research challenge for bioenergy is to develop the technologies to produce useful products at low costs while minimizing the use of scarce resources such as arable land and water. This requires substantial advancements in modern biomass power generation and the success of liquid biofuel technologies that permit the use of lignocellulosic feedstocks or possibly algae. With such technologies, biomass resources could meet a significant fraction (over 10%) of global energy demand. Both improved policies and technologies are needed to ensure that bioenergy contributes significantly to economic, social, and environmental goals.
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Ivanova, Tatiana, Alexandru Muntean, Bohumi lHavrland, and Petr Hutla. "Quality assessment of solid biofuel made of sweet sorghum biomass." BIO Web of Conferences 10 (2018): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20181002007.
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The present article relates to assessment of energy utilization of sweet sorghum waste biomass as solid biofuel (briquettes). The briquettes were produced from biomass of pure sweet sorghum after juice extraction, mixture of sorghum with wood sawdust (ratio 1:1) and mixture of sorghum with wood shavings (ratio 1:1). Chemical, physical and mechanical properties of produced briquettes were measured in accordance with appropriate standards. The research results showed that the mixed sorghum briquettes with wood shavings have the highest mechanical durability and the lowest ash content; on the other hand, briquettes made of sweet sorghum and wood sawdust havethe best values of all other parameters, including higher calorific values, density, etc. Although addition of residual wood biomass improved the general quality of sorghum based briquettes, it was stated that the briquettes made of pure processed sorghum stalks belong to the category of high quality agricultural solid biofuels. It can be concluded that sweet sorghum is of very good prospects and thus it is a promising biomass feedstock for solid biofuels production (not only for the production of liquid biofuel as it has been used by today and has been known before).
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Saad, Marwa G., Noura S. Dosoky, Mohamed S. Zoromba, and Hesham M. Shafik. "Algal Biofuels: Current Status and Key Challenges." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 20, 2019): 1920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101920.
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The current fossil fuel reserves are not sufficient to meet the increasing demand and very soon will become exhausted. Pollution, global warming, and inflated oil prices have led the quest for renewable energy sources. Algal biofuels represent a potential source of renewable energy. Algae, as the third generation feedstock, are suitable for biodiesel and bioethanol production due to their quick growth, excellent biomass yield, and high lipid and carbohydrate contents. With their huge potential, algae are expected to surpass the first and second generation feedstocks. Only a few thousand algal species have been investigated as possible biofuel sources, and none of them was ideal. This review summarizes the current status of algal biofuels, important steps of algal biofuel production, and the major commercial production challenges.
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Tian, Feiyu, Deliang Xu, and Xinwu Xu. "Extruded Solid Biofuels of Rice Straw Plus Oriented Strand Board Residues at Various Proportions." Energies 13, no. 13 (July 4, 2020): 3468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133468.
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Disposal of vast agricultural residues has been a nerve-wracking social problem in many agriculture-intensive regions. Open-field combustion both squanders those biomass resources and causes severe atmospheric pollution and hazards. In addition, wood industries yield residues such as sanding powders without value application. Production of biofuels out of these biomass provides a multiple beneficial solution. To that end, this work focused on fabrication of biomass fuels using rice straws (Calorific value: 14.7 MJ/Kg) and wood residues from OSB industries (Calorific value: 17.3 MJ/Kg). Biofuel sticks from various proportions of biomass residues were made using an 18.5 KW industrial biomass extruder without adding bonding agents, achieving densities of 1.0–1.6 g/cm3 and comparative calorific values. The biofuel sticks exhibit moisture sensitivity when subjected to a ten-day conditioning. Release of residual stresses that were created during the densification process led to structural destruction of the products under moisture aggression. It’s highlighted that combination of rice straw particles with OSB residues gives sound extrusion process ability and high combustibility. The blend of rice straws and OSB residues are proven practically feasible for making solid biofuels. It’s suggested to promote the waste-to-wealth technological scheme in addressing the energy crisis worldwide, especially in those regions rich in agricultural residues while poor in non-renewable energy sources.
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Saleh, Noah Mohammed, Ali Mohammed Saleh, and Hadi Hamdi Mahdi. "Production of Biofuels from Biomass as an Approach Towards Sustainable Development: A Short Review." NTU Journal of Renewable Energy 3, no. 1 (September 25, 2022): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.56286/ntujre.v3i1.346.
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Alternative fuels reduce the carbon footprint of internal combustion engines. Biofuels are the most important alternative fuels. Manufacturing processes for biofuels have made it possible to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from well to wheel. There are a number of popular alternative fuels for use in internal combustion (IC) engines, including biodiesel, bioethanol, and bio methanol. Biodiesel and petroleum diesel fuel blends in compression ignition (CI) engines have received a lot of attention. Biofuel is any liquid fuel derived from "biomass," such as plants and animal waste. Biofuels replace gasoline and diesel. Biofuels are promising because the carbon dioxide (CO2) they emit is recycled through the environment. Biofuel plants collect CO2 from the air and release it when burned. In principle, biofuels can be a "carbon neutral" or "carbon negative" means to power automobiles, trucks, and planes. Biofuels can reduce CO2 emissions without requiring many infrastructural changes. They can be used in existing cars and mass-produced from biomass like chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Future biofuels may be moved using current pipelines. Making carbon-neutral biofuels is difficult. Fermentation, processing energy, transportation, and even plant nutrients can produce CO2 and other greenhouse gases before biofuels are consumed. Biomass agriculture can have climate consequences if it replaces CO2-storing woods. How biofuels are generated and used affects their potential as a climate solution.
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Culaba, Alvin B., Aristotle T. Ubando, Phoebe Mae L. Ching, Wei-Hsin Chen, and Jo-Shu Chang. "Biofuel from Microalgae: Sustainable Pathways." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (September 28, 2020): 8009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198009.
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As the demand for biofuels increases globally, microalgae offer a viable biomass feedstock to produce biofuel. With abundant sources of biomass in rural communities, these materials could be converted to biodiesel. Efforts are being done in order to pursue commercialization. However, its main usage is for other applications such as pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and aquaculture, which has a high return of investment. In the last 5 decades of algal research, cultivation to genetically engineered algae have been pursued in order to push algal biofuel commercialization. This will be beneficial to society, especially if coupled with a good government policy of algal biofuels and other by-products. Algal technology is a disruptive but complementary technology that will provide sustainability with regard to the world’s current issues. Commercialization of algal fuel is still a bottleneck and a challenge. Having a large production is technical feasible, but it is not economical as of now. Efforts for the cultivation and production of bio-oil are still ongoing and will continue to develop over time. The life cycle assessment methodology allows for a sustainable evaluation of the production of microalgae biomass to biodiesel.
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Kronbergs, Andris, Elgars Širaks, Aleksandrs Adamovičs, and Ēriks Kronbergs. "Mechanical Properties of Hemp (Cannabis Sativa) Biomass." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (August 5, 2015): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2011vol1.901.
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In Latvia approximately of 14.6% of unfarmed agricultural land can be used for herbaceous energy crop growing. Herbaceous energy crops would be as the main basis for solid biofuel production in agricultural ecosystem in future. Herbaceous energy crops as hemp (Cannabis sativa) are grown in recent years and can be used for solid biofuel production. Experimentally stated hemp stalk material ultimate tensile strength the medium value is 85 ± 9 N mm-2. The main conditioning operation before preparation of herbaceous biomass compositions for solid biofuel production is shredding. Therefore hemp stalks were used for cutting experiments. Cutting using different types of knives mechanisms had been investigated. Specific shear cutting energy for hemp samples were within 0.02 – 0.04 J mm-2. Hemp stalk material density was determined using AutoCAD software for cross-section area calculation. Density values are 325 ± 18 kg m-3 for hemp stalks. Specific cutting energy per mass unit was calculated on basis of experimentally estimated values of cutting energy and density.
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Akhtari, Shaghaygh, Taraneh Sowlati, and Verena C. Griess. "Optimal Design of a Forest-Based Biomass Supply Chain Based on the Decision maker’s Viewpoint Towards Risk." Forest Science 66, no. 4 (May 4, 2019): 509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxz013.
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Abstract Economic viability is one of the main considerations in bioenergy and biofuel projects and is impacted by uncertainty in biomass availability, cost, and quality, and bioenergy and biofuel demand and prices. One important aspect of decisionmaking under uncertainty is the viewpoint of the decision maker towards risk, which is overlooked in the biomass supply chain management literature. In this paper, we address this gap by evaluating alternative supply chain designs taking into account uncertain future conditions resulting from changes in biomass availability and cost, and bioproduct and energy prices. Three decision rules, maximax, minimax regret, and maximin, representing, respectively, optimistic, opportunistic, and pessimistic perspectives, are used for evaluation. It is assumed that the decision maker has knowledge about the potential future events, but the likelihood of their occurrence is unknown. According to the results of the case study, investment in bioenergy and biofuel conversion facilities was recommended based on optimistic and opportunistic viewpoints. Production of both bienergy and biofuels would not be profitable under pessimistic conditions. Therefore, investment in only bienergy facilities was prescribed under pessimistic conditions.
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Kostenko, D. M. "A Substantiation of the Main Technical-Economic Characteristics of Energy Plantations and Production of Solid Fuel from Biomass of Energy Crops." Business Inform 11, no. 514 (2020): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-11-123-132.
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The article is aimed at substantiating the basic technical-economic characteristics of energy plantations of miscanthus and production of solid fuels from the obtained biomass on the example of a particular project. As a result of the study: the analysis of the production volume of solid biofuels on the basis of quantities from a given area of plantation was carried out; net income of the complex was determined, which was calculated on the basis of accepted production volumes and «reasonable» wholesale prices, which were determined in a costly manner and provided for the provision of a sufficient level of profitability of economic activity; the current (operational) costs of economic activity of the complex were determined, calculated according to the standards established by analogues of industrial production of biomass from energy crops and its processing into solid biofuels. Also the economic feasibility of implementing an investment project on laying the plantation of miscanthus and production of solid biofuels from the resulting biomass was assessed. In general, in the presence of adequate State-based stimulation of solid biofuel production from miscanthus biomass, the economic efficiency of the project will be high, and the project itself is commercially feasible. Prospects for further research in this direction are substantiation of the main technical-economic characteristics together with feasibility of creating complexes for the transformation of solid biofuels into commodity energy – both electric and thermal.
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Kostenko, D. M. "A Substantiation of the Main Technical-Economic Characteristics of Energy Plantations and Production of Solid Fuel from Biomass of Energy Crops." Business Inform 11, no. 514 (2020): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-11-123-132.
Full textAbstract:
The article is aimed at substantiating the basic technical-economic characteristics of energy plantations of miscanthus and production of solid fuels from the obtained biomass on the example of a particular project. As a result of the study: the analysis of the production volume of solid biofuels on the basis of quantities from a given area of plantation was carried out; net income of the complex was determined, which was calculated on the basis of accepted production volumes and «reasonable» wholesale prices, which were determined in a costly manner and provided for the provision of a sufficient level of profitability of economic activity; the current (operational) costs of economic activity of the complex were determined, calculated according to the standards established by analogues of industrial production of biomass from energy crops and its processing into solid biofuels. Also the economic feasibility of implementing an investment project on laying the plantation of miscanthus and production of solid biofuels from the resulting biomass was assessed. In general, in the presence of adequate State-based stimulation of solid biofuel production from miscanthus biomass, the economic efficiency of the project will be high, and the project itself is commercially feasible. Prospects for further research in this direction are substantiation of the main technical-economic characteristics together with feasibility of creating complexes for the transformation of solid biofuels into commodity energy – both electric and thermal.
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Ramírez-Romero, Adriana, Bruno Da Costa Magalhães, Alexandra Dimitriades-Lemaire, Jean-François Sassi, Florian Delrue, and Jean-Philippe Steyer. "Chlorellaceae Feedstock Selection under Balanced Nutrient Limitation." Fermentation 8, no. 10 (October 18, 2022): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8100554.
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Microalgae are an attractive source of biomass for fossil fuel alternatives and renewable energy sources. Regardless of their potential, the development of microalgal biofuels has been limited due to the associated economic and environmental costs. We followed and compared the biomass properties of six Chlorellaceae strains with a specific interest in lipid-based biofuels. The strains were cultivated under balanced nutrient limitation inducing a gradual limitation of nutrients that triggered reserve accumulation. The final biomass of each strain was characterized by its elemental and biochemical composition. Due to its high lipid content and overall composition, Chlorella vulgaris NIES 227 was identified as an ideal feedstock for biofuels with the best energy-content biomass. Its fatty acid profile also showed superior qualities for biodiesel production. Balanced nutrient limitation promoted not only the accumulation of storage compounds in all strains, but also resulted in a low content of heteroatom precursors and ashes for biofuel applications.
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Sartaj, Km, Alok Patel, Leonidas Matsakas, and Ramasare Prasad. "Unravelling Metagenomics Approach for Microbial Biofuel Production." Genes 13, no. 11 (October 25, 2022): 1942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13111942.
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Renewable biofuels, such as biodiesel, bioethanol, and biobutanol, serve as long-term solutions to fossil fuel depletion. A sustainable approach feedstock for their production is plant biomass, which is degraded to sugars with the aid of microbes-derived enzymes, followed by microbial conversion of those sugars to biofuels. Considering their global demand, additional efforts have been made for their large-scale production, which is ultimately leading breakthrough research in biomass energy. Metagenomics is a powerful tool allowing for functional gene analysis and new enzyme discovery. Thus, the present article summarizes the revolutionary advances of metagenomics in the biofuel industry and enlightens the importance of unexplored habitats for novel gene or enzyme mining. Moreover, it also accentuates metagenomics potentials to explore uncultivable microbiomes as well as enzymes associated with them.
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Ashok, K., M. Babu, S. Anandhi, G. Padmapriya, and V. Jula. "Microalgae as a renewable source of energy –processing and biofuel production a short review." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S1 (October 25, 2021): 1295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns1.1600.
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The large application potential of micro-algae in the clean energy, biopharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries have recently drawn a substantial world interest. Biofuels, bioactive pharmaceutical drugs and food additives are organic, natural and economical sources. As biofuels, they have a good cost, renewability or environmental replacement for liquid fossil fuels. Microalges provide productive biomass feedstock for biofuel as demand for biofuels rises worldwide. These resources may be processed into biodiesel with ample supplies of biomass in rural communities. The cultivation of genetically modified algae in recent years has been pursued to promote the marketing of algae. In particular, this would benefit society if linked with a successful policy on algal biofuels and other by-products in the government. In terms of survival of the world's current problems, Algal technologies are a transformative but complementary tool. Algal fuel marketing remains a bottleneck and a threat. It is technically possible to have a big output but it is not economic. This study therefore focuses principally on problems in commercial development of biological microalgae and potential strategies for overcoming this challenge.
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Ogner Jåstad, Eirik, Torjus Folsland Bolkesjø, Per Kristian Rørstad, Atle Midttun, Judit Sandquist, and Erik Trømborg. "The Future Role of Forest-Based Biofuels: Industrial Impacts in the Nordic Countries." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 2073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082073.
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This study applies a partial equilibrium forest sector model to analyse the impacts of biofuel deployment for road transport in the Nordic countries, when alternative use of the biomass resources and transport sector electrification are considered. We foresee a strong electrification of the transport sector, resulting in a demand for biofuels of approximately 2.5 billion L in 2035 and 1 billion L in 2050 in a 100% fossil-free base scenario. The simultaneous increase in demand from pulping industries and biofuel will cause an overall increase in wood use, of which the biofuels share will constitute approximately 20–25%. The utilization of harvest residues will increase more than 300% compared to the current level, since biofuel production will reallocate some of the current raw material used in district heating. Biofuel consumption in road transport will likely reduce after 2040 due to increasing electrification, but it is plausible that the declining domestic demand will be replaced by increasing demand from international biofuel markets in aviation and shipping. The main uncertainties in the scenarios are the future costs and profitability of forest-based biofuel technologies and the public acceptance of the close to 100 TWh of new renewable electricity production needed for the electrification of Nordic road transport.
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Barua, Visva Bharati, and Mariya Munir. "A Review on Synchronous Microalgal Lipid Enhancement and Wastewater Treatment." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 17, 2021): 7687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227687.
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Microalgae are unicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes that can treat wastewater and provide us with biofuel. Microalgae cultivation utilizing wastewater is a promising approach for synchronous wastewater treatment and biofuel production. However, previous studies suggest that high microalgae biomass production reduces lipid production and vice versa. For cost-effective biofuel production from microalgae, synchronous lipid and biomass enhancement utilizing wastewater is necessary. Therefore, this study brings forth a comprehensive review of synchronous microalgal lipid and biomass enhancement strategies for biofuel production and wastewater treatment. The review emphasizes the appropriate synergy of the microalgae species, culture media, and synchronous lipid and biomass enhancement conditions as a sustainable, efficient solution.
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Rawat, Jyoti, Piyush Kumar Gupta, Soumya Pandit, Kanu Priya, Daksh Agarwal, Manu Pant, Vijay Kumar Thakur, and Veena Pande. "Latest Expansions in Lipid Enhancement of Microalgae for Biodiesel Production: An Update." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 19, 2022): 1550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041550.
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Research progress on sustainable and renewable biofuel has gained motion over the years, not just due to the rapid reduction of dwindling fossil fuel supplies but also due to environmental and potential energy security issues as well. Intense interest in microalgae (photosynthetic microbes) as a promising feedstock for third-generation biofuels has grown over recent years. Fuels derived from algae are now considered sustainable biofuels that are promising, renewable, and clean. Therefore, selecting the robust species of microalgae with substantial features for quality biodiesel production is the first step in the way of biofuel production. A contemporary investigation is more focused on several strategies and techniques to achieve higher biomass and triglycerides in microalgae. The improvement in lipid enhancement in microalgae species by genetic manipulation approaches, such as metabolic or genetic alteration, and the use of nanotechnology are the most recent ways of improving the production of biomass and lipids. Hence, the current review collects up-to-date approaches for microalgae lipid increase and biodiesel generation. The strategies for high biomass and high lipid yield are discussed. Additionally, various pretreatment procedures that may aid in lipid harvesting efficiency and improve lipid recovery rate are described.
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Gao, Guang, James Grant Burgess, Min Wu, Shujun Wang, and Kunshan Gao. "Using macroalgae as biofuel: current opportunities and challenges." Botanica Marina 63, no. 4 (August 27, 2020): 355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2019-0065.
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AbstractThe rising global demand for energy and the decreasing stocks of fossil fuels, combined with environmental problems associated with greenhouse gas emissions, are driving research and development for alternative and renewable sources of energy. Algae have been gaining increasing attention as a potential source of bio-renewable energy because they grow rapidly, and farming them does not, generally, compete for agricultural land use. Previous studies of algal biofuels have focused on microalgae because of their fast growth rate and high lipid content. Here we analyze the multiple merits of biofuel production using macroalgae, with particular reference to their chemical composition, biomass and biofuel productivity, and cost-effectiveness. Compared to microalgae, macroalgae have lower growth rates and energy productivity but higher cost-effectiveness. A biomass productivity of over 73.5 t dry mass ha−1 year−1 with a methane yield of 285 m3 t−1 dry mass would make electricity production from macroalgae profitable, and this might be achieved using fast-growing macroalgae, such as Ulva. Taking into account the remediation of eutrophication and CO2, exploring macroalgae for a renewable bioenergy is of importance and feasible.
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Mahmood, Abdulrahman R., Mohamad R. Abdullah, and Husam S. Khalaf. "Biofuel Production and Its Impact on Global Food Security: A Review Article." Iraqi Journal of Industrial Research 9, no. 1 (June 14, 2022): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id149.
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The aim of this study is to shed light on the importance of biofuels as an alternative to conventional energy, in addition to the importance of preserving agricultural crops, which are the main source of this fuel, to maintain food security, especially in developing countries. The increase in global oil prices, in addition to the fear of global warming, are among the main factors that draw the world’s attention to searching for alternative sources of traditional energy, which are sustainable on the one hand, and on the other hand reduce carbon emissions. Therefore, the volume of global investment in renewable energy in general, and in liquid biofuels and biomass in particular, has increased. Global fears emerged that the excessive conversion of large farms suitable for growing food to energy production would threaten global food security. In the first ten years of the new millennium, biofuel production increased fivefold, and the largest increase in biofuel production was recorded in 2007-2008, coinciding with a sharp rise in food prices. Compared to the average food prices in the period 2002-2004, the average global prices of cereals, oils and fats traded were 2 to 2.5 times higher in 2008, this continuous increase in the use of food crops to produce biofuels has reflected on global food security. Accordingly, this review article will address previous studies on biofuel production; identify the theoretical framework for the concept of biofuels and its characteristics, and the relationship between biofuels and food security. In this study, we presented biofuels, which are considered one of the important categories in the field of renewable energy and its environmental and economic effects, as well as the experiences of some countries in its production, and the possibility of benefiting from the natural resources available for its production. We will discuss the scientific (chemical) principles of biofuel production.
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Oláh, Judit, and József Popp. "Sustainable Liquid Biofuels (Bioethanol, Biodiesel) Production and Their Multifunctional Impacts." Journal of Central European Green Innovation 10, no. 1 (August 18, 2022): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33038/jcegi.3276.
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The share of fossil energy (oil, coal, natural gas) in final energy consumption was 79.7% in 2019, renewable energy 18.1% and nuclear energy 2.2% worldwide. Renewable energy is the world's fourth largest source of energy after oil, coal and natural gas, of which "modern" renewables account for 10.6% (wind, solar, hydro, geothermal, biofuels, etc.); traditinal biomass represents 7.5%. Including traditional and modern renewable uses of biomass, bioenergy has contributed 12.7% to the global energy supply. The global spread of biofuel production has provoked serious debate, especially on environmental and social sustainability issues such as its impact on food production, land use change, biodiversity, energy efficiency and climate change. The complexity of economic, social and environmental problems asumes a holistic perspective to reap the benefits of the potential synergy effect. The sustainability of biofuels is, in fact, about optimization between the economic, social and environmental dimensions.
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Hochman, Gal, and Chrysostomos Tabakis. "Biofuels and Their Potential in South Korea." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (September 3, 2020): 7215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177215.
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We investigated the biofuel potential of South Korea and the implications of the introduction of biofuels for the Korean fuel market. We approximated the upper-bound biomass potential from forestry residues, livestock manure, and staple crops and calculated the amount of fuel that could be produced using these different biomass feedstocks. Our assessment suggests that biomass can be used to produce a significant portion of the fuel consumed annually in South Korea, with the most promising feedstock being forestry residues. Out of all the technologies considered, the production of cellulosic ethanol from forestry residues could potentially impact the fuel market the most. The key novelty of our study lies in that we considered a broad portfolio of biofuel technologies and carefully examined their potential economic and environmental implications for South Korea given its biomass availability (which we estimated).
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Kramar, V. G. "ANALYSIS OF ENERGY PRICES OF BIOMASS FUEL IN UKRAINE." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 42, no. 2 (April 25, 2020): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.2.2020.8.
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The purpose of this work is to analyze the energy price change for different kinds of biomass and for natural gas from 2016 to 2020 and to compare it with the relevant trends for countries with a longer experience and more developed market of fuel biomass. The study revealed that during the significant increase of natural gas price (from June 2016 to December 2018), the energy price of biomass increased at the same or even higher rate than the energy price of natural gas. During the declining natural gas prices (December 2018 to February 2020), when its price almost returned to the situation in mid-2016, the energy price of biomass decreased slightly, but still remains too high, and to date for pellets it is practically equal to the energy price of natural gas. This kind of energy price change for biomass compared to its change for fossil fuels in Ukraine differs significantly from the trends inherent to countries with longer experience of biomass energy use and developed market mechanisms for its pricing (in particular, Austria, Lithuania, Germany, Finland, Sweden). The imperfection of market pricing mechanisms for biomass fuel in Ukraine can be evidenced by the fact that most purchases of biomass in the Prozorro system involve only one supplier. Possible ways to improve the current situation are to promote the creation of more biofuel producers and to improve the conditions for access to raw materials for them, to create a biofuel exchange based on the organizational structure of the Lithuanian biofuel exchange Baltpool, taking into account local conditions.
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Carneiro-Junior, José Airton de Mattos, Giulyane Felix de de Oliveira, Carine Tondo Alves, Heloysa Martins Carvalho Andrade, Silvio Alexandre Beisl Vieira de Beisl Vieira de Melo, and Ednildo Andrade Torres. "Valorization of Prosopis juliflora Woody Biomass in Northeast Brazilian through Dry Torrefaction." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 3465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123465.
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Torrefaction has been investigated to improve the desirable properties of biomass as solid biofuel, usually used in natura as firewood in several countries. This paper has the main objective to present a broad characterization of the biomass Prosopis juliflora (P. juliflora), investigating its potential as a solid biofuel after its torrefaction process. The methodology was based on different procedures. The experimental runs were carried out at 230, 270, and 310 °C for 30 min, using a bench-scale torrefaction apparatus, with an inert atmosphere. In order to investigate the effect of temperature in constant time, torrefaction parameters were calculated, such as mass yield, energy yield, calorific value, base-to-acid ratio (B/A), and the alkaline index (AI). The physicochemical properties of the torrefied samples were determined and thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the kinetic parameters at four different heating rates of 5, 10, 20, and 30 °C/min. Pyrolysis kinetics was investigated using the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) isoconversional methods. Highly thermally stable biofuels were obtained due to the great degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose during torrefaction at higher temperatures. The highest heating value (HHV) of the samples varied between 18.3 and 23.1 MJ/kg, and the energy yield between 81.1 and 96.2%. The results indicate that P. juliflora torrefied becomes a more attractive and competitive solid biofuel alternative in the generation of heat and energy in northeast Brazil.