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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bioethics'
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Buttlar, Magdalena. "Dignity in bioethics." Thesis, Boston University, 2009. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/27611.
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Boston University. University Professors Program Senior theses.PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
2031-01-01
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Smith, Tonja. "Bioethics for the masses the negotiation of bioethics in film and fiction /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1798481011&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Jones, Henry Abel. "Bioethics : a public decision? /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arj761.pdf.
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Clados, Mirjam Sophia. "Bioethics in international law." Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-152470.
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Richie, Cristina. "Moving Environmental Bioethics into the 21st Century: Green Bioethics and the Common Good." Thesis, Boston College, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:106939.
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Thesis advisor: James KeenanEnvironmental conservation is a pressing issue for modern humans. Health care systems and the consumption of medical goods should therefore be assessed in light of environmental sustainability. While the primary focus of environmental bioethics has been hospitals and health care facilities, ethicists must also address the offerings of the medical industry going forward. My dissertation proposes four principles to assess the environmental sustainability of current and future medical developments, techniques, and procedures. The four principles of green bioethics are: 1. General allocation of resources should precede special interest access: distributive justice 2. Current human needs over current human wants: environmental conservation 3. Simplicity before complexity: reducing dependence on medical intervention 4. The common good should drive health care instead of financial profit: ethical economics. The four principles of green bioethics will move environmental bioethics into the 21st century in a responsible and sustainable manner
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Theology
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Durante, Christopher. "Public bioethics & the reality of religious pluralism: coping with moral diversity in bioethical methodology." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=114414.
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This dissertation examines the problems that religious and moral diversity raise in public bioethics, both in the historical development of the field and in our contemporary situation, and is an attempt to develop the foundations of a bioethical methodology that is able to adequately address the issues of pluralism without losing sight of the fact that bioethics emerged out of the need for shared moral guidelines and rigorous ethical analysis of novel medical technologies. It has been my intention to contribute new insights into the processes of bioethical inquiry, deliberation and policy formation through the development of a dialogical method of public ethics that is able to quest for consensus while simultaneously maintaining a respect for, and making possible the accommodation of, incommensurable moral and ontological differences amongst religious traditions and philosophical systems. The aim is to implement modes of deliberation that can adequately cope with the reality of pluralism and to help produce bioethical policies suited for our multicultural and religiously diverse society.Cette thèse examine les problèmes que la diversité religieuse et morale soulèvent dans la bioéthique publique, à la fois dans le développement historique de la discipline et dans la situation contemporaine; de plus, elle constitue une tentative pour développer les fondements d'une méthodologie bioéthique qui est en mesure d'aborder les enjeux du pluralisme sans perdre de vue le fait que la bioéthique a émergé du besoin de lignes directrices morales partagées et d'une analyse éthique rigoureuse des nouvelles technologies médicales. Il a été mon intention de jeter un nouveau regard sur les processus d'enquête et de délibération bioéthiques et d'élaboration de politiques bioéthiques par le développement d'une méthode dialogique d'éthique publique qui puisse permettre simultanément la recherche du consensus ainsi que le respect et l'accommodement des différences morales et ontologiques incommensurables entre traditions religieuses et systèmes philosophiques différents. L'objectif est d'implémenter des modes de délibération qui puissent faire face à la réalité du pluralisme et d'aider à développer des politiques bioéthiques adaptées à notre société multiculturelle et multiconfessionnelle.
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Pugh, Jonathan David. "Autonomy, rationality and contemporary bioethics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c9107058-df18-4ccb-91ae-aa51f0b25954.
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Personal autonomy is often lauded as a key value in contemporary bioethics. In this thesis, I aim to provide a rationalist account of personal autonomy that avoids the philosophical flaws present in theories of autonomy that are often invoked in bioethics, and that can be usefully applied to contemporary bioethical issues. I claim that we can understand the concept of autonomy to incorporate two dimensions, which I term the 'reflective' and 'practical' dimensions of autonomy. I suggest that the reflective dimension pertains to the critical reflection that agents must carry out on their motivating desires, in order to be autonomous with respect to them. I begin by rejecting prominent desire-based and historical accounts of this dimension of autonomy, before going on to defend an account based upon a Parfitian analysis of rational desires. Following this analysis of the reflective dimension of autonomy, I argue that autonomy can also be understood to incorporate a practical dimension, pertaining to the agent's ability to act effectively in pursuit of their ends. I claim that recognising this dimension of autonomy more comprehensively reflects the way in which we use the concept of autonomy in bioethics, and makes salient the fact that agents carry out their rational deliberations in the light of their beliefs about what they are able to do. I go on to argue that this latter point means that my account of autonomy can offer a deeper explanation of why coercion undermines autonomy than other prominent accounts. Having considered the prudential value of autonomy in the light of this theoretical analysis, in the latter half of the thesis I apply my rationalist account of autonomy to a number of contemporary bioethical issues, including the use of human enhancement technologies, the nature of informed consent, and the doctor-patient relationship.
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Onuoha, Chikezie. "Bioethics Across Borders : An African Perspective." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Universitetsbiblioteket [distributör], 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7844.
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Chan, See-ching, and 陳詩正. "Bioethics of living donor liver transplantation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B5070087X.
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Bioethics has been central to living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), which mandates a high recipient benefit and an acceptably low donor risk. The double equipoise imposes the contextual features of this already technically complex treatment. This research aimed at looking into key bioethical issues of LDLT in the light of the contemporary practice standards.
In adult LDLT, in order to provide a partial graft of adequate size, donor right hepatectomy is often required. This procedure pioneered by The University of Hong Kong is now being performed at many centers and by many surgeons. Through close guidance and gradual granting of surgical privilege, newer surgeons can now perform this operation safely with low blood loss (400 mL) and low complication rates ( 30%). Analysis of our series also showed that right liver donors with a smaller remnant left liver had higher peak bilirubin level and longer peak prothrombin time after the operation. Severe complications were associated with hyperbilirubinemia (p=0.031) while prolonged hospital stay was associated with prolonged prothrombin time (p=0.011) and smaller remnant left liver (p=0.036). Facts need to be known to potential right liver donors before operation.
Donor left hepatectomy, which carries a lower donor risk, is more feasible for donors with a larger left liver and recipients with a smaller body size. Lowering the graft size requirement also allows more LDLTs being done using left livers. The percentages of left liver LDLTs feasible with a graft to standard liver volume (G/SLV) ≥ 40%, ≥ 35%, ≥ 30%, and ≥ 25% were 5.8%, 12.5%, 29.1%, and 62.3% respectively. For every 5% decrease in G/SLV ratio, twice as many left liver LDLTs could be performed.
The 5-year survival rate was 85.7% for liver transplantation recipients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) within the Up-to-7 criteria, unaffected by the presence of microvascular invasion (88.2% vs. 85.1%, p=0.652). This is comparable with that of liver resection patients with HCC without microvascular invasion (81.2%, p=0.227) but far superior to that of liver resection patients with lesions with microvascular invasion (50.0%, p<0.0001). Primary liver transplantation for HCC with microvascular invasion and within the Up-to-7 criteria in fact doubled the chance of cure as compared with liver resection. LDLT has been criticized of fast-tracking patients with more aggressive HCC for transplant. Waiting does select out patients with better survival to undergo transplantation. With careful selection though without waiting, LDLT nevertheless does not confer poorer survival.
Progressive liver failure following a major hepatectomy for HCC is a known and uncommon cause of mortality. Proceeding to LDLT is an ethical challenge because of the possibility of coercion. Tumor status as confirmed by histopathological examination of resected specimens can demonstrate features of more aggressive cancer, which warns against a rescue transplantation for the increase in chance of tumor recurrence.
In order to overcome ABO blood group incompatibility, paired donor interchange (between two pairs: A to B and B to A) has been practiced for the liver. The extension to matching with one pair of universal donor (O) and universal recipient (AB) was also performed at our center. The obvious biological advantage of this treatment modality has to be weighed against the potential increase in risks to patients involved.
Media coverage of advances and successes in liver transplantation stimulates deceased donor organ donation (DDOD). The relation between widely reported key events and DDOD can be recognized as celebrity hero influence, medical success, or emotional response. An accountable liver transplant service answerable to the public is vital to a region where the DDOD rate is low. Selective disclosure of patient information to the media for public interest in promoting organ donation can be justified.
LDLT now has a two-decade history of clinical practice. Basic and clinical research has provided a clearer picture of the efficacy and fallibility of LDLT. We can now be more accurate in defining and interpreting the applicability of LDLT for a wider spectrum of disease indications.published_or_final_version
Medicine
Master
Doctor of Medicine
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Kottow, Lang Miguel. "Bioethics and right (s): some perspectives." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118570.
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Interrelations between bioethics and human rights have been debated ever since this applied ethics has developed over the last 50 years. Persistent controversies regarding the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the disciplinary status of bioethics, and their interaction as presented by the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, all require renewed reflection. Theoretical debates have had to face the reality of global social issues with their tendency to maintain, even naturalize, social, regional and transnational inequalities, in the weakened moral climate of late modernity’s individualism, the dominance of neoliberalism, and reduced social protection that neglects the common weal. The present article reinforces the need for reflexive bioethical discourse as a crucial element in social practices that tend to be legalized.La interrelación entre la bioética y los derechos humanos ha sido debatida desde que esta ética aplicada se desarrolla a lo largo de casi cinco decenios. Persistentes controversias sobre la Declaración Universal de Derecho Humanos, el carácter disciplinario de la bioética, y la interacción de ambas propuesta por la Declaración Universal de Bioética y Derechos Humanos, requieren nuevas reflexiones. Los debates teóricos enfrentan la realidad social global que mantiene, e incluso naturaliza, desigualdades sociales regionales y trasnacionales, en un clima moral resentido por el individualismo y la generalización del pensamiento neoliberal, que reduce la protección social y desatiende el bien común. El robustecimiento del discurso bioético reflexivo es planteado en este artículo como elemento primordial en prácticas sociales que tienden a la juridicidad.
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Dive, Lisa. "The Value of Autonomy in Bioethics." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/22289.
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The requirement to respect patients’ autonomy is widely accepted in bioethics. However, what this means and what implications it has for medicine are unclear. Indeed, the focus on autonomy is often held to require that respecting patients’ autonomy should always take priority over other moral considerations. In this thesis I argue that while autonomy is an important consideration, it should not by default be treated as the most important factor in medical decision making. To support this position, I present two papers that address the concept of autonomy and its role in bioethics. The first paper critically examines three conceptions of autonomy and argues that a substantive, perfectionist understanding of autonomy is the most appropriate for bioethics. Not only is such an account better at ensuring the best outcomes for patients, but this understanding of autonomy also lends itself to practical application. The second paper argues that a substantive, perfectionist conception of autonomy can be successfully applied to practical questions about the disclosure of genetic information. This paper builds on the account of autonomy as set out in the first paper, and applies it to the contested issue of whether we have a right not to know our genetic or genomic information. This purported right is enshrined in various policy instruments and is widely accepted, but becomes problematic when subjected to conceptual scrutiny. I argue that a patient’s preference not to know certain information should be treated as only one of several considerations relevant to decisions like disclosure of genomic information. These papers together set out a particular conception of autonomy, and demonstrate that this understanding of autonomy can effectively be used in medicine. Respecting patient autonomy is one among several relevant moral considerations, and we should not assume that respect for autonomy should automatically take priority.
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Durante, Christopher. "On the Viability of a Pluralistic Bioethics." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/rs_theses/10.
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In an attempt to promote in-depth dialogue amongst bioethicists coming from distinct disciplinary and religious backgrounds this thesis offers an overview of the current state of bioethics and a critical analysis of a number of the leading methods of addressing pluralism in bioethics. Exploring the critiques and methodological proposals coming from the social sciences, the contract theorists, and the pragmatists, this study describes the problems which arise when confronting moral and religious diversity in a bioethical context and examines the ability of these various methodologies to adequately resolve these matters. Finally, after a discussion of the benefits and the potential problems of each of the aforementioned schools, a methodological model labelled “Pragmatic Perspectivism” is set forth as a potential conceptual framework through which a bioethical theory for a secular yet religiously pluralistic society may be forged.
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Robert, Dominique 1950. "Humane bioethics : medicine, philosophy, religion and law." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31531.
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This thesis is about the content and concerns of each of four disciplines pertaining to the field of bioethics: medicine, philosophy, religion and law. Emphasis is put on the human values each reflects in patients' lives. A last chapter is dedicated to patients' narrative in order to bring a practical perspective to the discussions of the previous chapters. The four essential human values interconnecting among the four disciplines are: the patients' need for authority, the need for protection, the existential questioning about the meaning of life, and the fear of death.
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Shildrick, Margrit. "Leaky bodies and boundaries : feminism, deconstruction and bioethics." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1994. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/36102/.
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This thesis draws on poststructuralism/postmodernism to present a feminist investigation into the human body, its modes of (self)identification, and its insertion into systems of bioethics. I argue that, contrary to conventional paradigms, the boundaries not only of the subject, but of the body too, cannot be secured. In exploring and contesting the closure and disembodiment of the ethical subject, I propose instead an incalculable, but nonetheless fully embodied, diversity of provisional subject positions. My aim is to valorise women and situate them within a reconceived ethics which takes account of the embodied feminine. My project entails an analysis and deconstruction of the binaries of those dominant strands of postEnlightenment thought that shape epistemology, ontology, and ethics, which in turn set the parameters of modern bioethics. More importantly, it goes on to reclaim a radical sexual difference beyond the binary, in which the female is no longer the other of the male. My enquiry, then, is strongly influenced by the discursive approach offered by both Foucault and Derrida in differential ways, but I counter their indifference to feminist concerns by qualifying their insights in the light of strategies developed by Irigaray and Spivak, among others. The main method of investigation has been through library research of primary and secondary sources in mainstream and feminist philosophy, and in bioethics. In addition, archival work in both textual and iconographic collections was carried out at the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine. The contribution made by this thesis is to go beyond modernist feminisms - which would simply revise and add women into existing paradigms - to radically displace and overflow the mechanisms by which women are devalued. And in developing a postmodern critique around some issues in bioethics, I have suggested a new ethics of the body which precedes the operation of moral codes.
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Siverino, Bavio Paula. "Significance of bioethics to and from Latin America." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115328.
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Pritchard, Kathryn. "Bioethics, public policy and the Church of England." Thesis, University of Winchester, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.698197.
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Schiavone, G. "DEMOCRATIZING BIOETHICS. ONLINE PARTICIPATION AND THE LIFE SCIENCES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/257800.
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Bioethics has historically taken up the challenge of creating an arena for the adjudication of permissibility claims for practices in the broad field of the Life Sciences. Long-standing academic arguments have thus managed to percolate into proper political debates and actual policy-making. With the pressing urge to democratize politics overall, the ways in which bioethical issues have been and still are officially discussed have been thoroughly contested. A number of solutions to the alleged lack of transparency, inclusiveness and accountability in bioethical decision-making have been suggested. Some of these solutions resorted to ICTs for their implementation. However it is unclear, so far, exactly to what extent these initiatives have been able to recruit proper participation, foster reasoned deliberation, and, most importantly, cast politically legitimate decisions.
Democratizing Bioethics tackles the unresolved issues of political legitimacy that underlie the current approach to deliberative public engagement initiatives for science policy-making. In doing so, it provides a political framework in which to test political theories supposed to apply to the political management of moral disagreement. Furthermore, it articulates and defends an actual political theory—moderate epistocracy for online deliberation—as a proper political means to deal with disagreement that is essentially moral arising from scientific and technical progress. Finally, the theory is preliminarily empirically tested via a tool for online direct competent participation.
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Carry, Wendy M. "Public bioethics : an intermediary between public health and the media /." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1448328.
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Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2007."December, 2007." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-54). Online version available on the World Wide Web. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2007]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm.
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Björkman, Barbro. "Virtue Ethics, Bioethics, and the Ownership of Biological Material." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Filosofi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4814.
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The overall aim of this thesis is to show how some ideas in Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics can be interpreted and used as a productive way to approach a number of pressing issues in bioethics. Articles I-II introduce, and endorse, a social constructivist perspective on rights (as opposed to the more traditional natural rights idea). It is investigated if the existence of property-like rights to biological material would include the moral right to commodification and even commercialisation. Articles III-V discuss similar questions and more specifically champion the application of an Aristotelian virtue ethics perspective. The articles are preceded by an introductory essay on some of the central themes in the Nicomachean Ethics. This section also includes a very brief account of what the connection between virtue ethics and a theory of social construction, including rights, could look like. The thesis seeks to show that if read somewhat creatively many of the ideas in the Nicomachean Ethics make for a highly useful approach to modern moral problems. It should be noted, however, that this thesis in no way claims to be an exegetic, or a complete, study of the Nicomachean Ethics. Article I deals with ownership of biological material from a philosophical, as opposed to a legal, perspective. It is argued that a strand in liberal political theory that treats property relations as socially constructed bundles of rights, as developed by e.g. Felix Cohen and Tony Honoré, is well suited for discussions on ownership of biological material. Article II investigates which differences in biological material might motivate differences in treatment and ownership rights. The article draws on the social constructivist theory of ownership which was developed in Article I. Article III employs virtue ethics to explain why it is morally permissible to donate but not to sell organs such as kidneys. It is suggested that the former action will bring the agent closer to a state of human flourishing. Article IV argues that virtues like philia, justice, beneficence and generosity — traditionally all seen as other-regarding — contain strong self-regarding aspects. The central claim is that these self-regarding aspects of the other-regarding virtues are necessary components of complete virtue and thus that the fully virtuous agent has to act virtuously both in her dealings with herself and others. Article V applies the ideas that were developed in Article IV to the case of living organ donations to next of kin. It is proposed that such an act, although noble and fine, is supererogatory, rather than obligatory, as the donor is morally entitled to be partial to herself. This argument is made against the backdrop of a discussion on some Aristotelian ideas on philia and partiality.QC 20100709
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Rehel, Erin Marie. "Female genital cutting in the context of Islamic bioethics." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83201.
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Female genital cutting (FGC) has received much attention since the early 1980s. Decried as both a human rights violation and a barbaric example of the patriarchal subjugation of women and girls in developing nations, FGC has only recently been examined within the cultural framework in which it takes place. This thesis will focus on the Muslim communities in Egypt and Sudan who continue to engage in FGC as a required Muslim practice. Starting from the notion that FGC has a limiting effect on a woman's overall health, this thesis will use three foundational notions from Islamic medical ethics to argue against the continuation of FGC. Specifically, it will elaborate and draw on the Islamic position in favor of organ transplantation, thus further illustrating the argument against FGC. By using principles and notions from Islamic medical ethics, this thesis will argue against FGC from within Islam.
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O’Neill, Fiona Katherine. "Uncanny belongings : bioethics & the technologies of fashioning flesh." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445485.
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Greco, Alesandra. "Pediatric Bioethics: The Complexities of Contextualizing Seriously Ill Newborns." Thesis, Boston College, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107416.
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Thesis advisor: Cherie McGillThesis advisor: Marius Stan
Seriously ill newborns are a part of a recent bioethical phenomenon that emerged during the late 1970s. With the rise of new, innovative medical technology, doctors can keep these seriously ill newborns alive, but at monumental financial and psychological costs. This thesis utilizes several economic and ethical frameworks to contextualize these newborns within our healthcare system. After all, our healthcare resources are limited. We must therefore discern between the continuation of an infant’s treatment and conversely, the withdrawal of treatment
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2017
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Departmental Honors
Discipline: Philosophy
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Freitas, Drumond José Geraldo de. "Ethics and bioethics concerning challenges in the 21st Century." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116198.
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The contemporary world is characterized by a formidable accumulation of scientific knowledge, which is responsible for developing the technology that permeates all latitudes of the planet and is incorporated, so virtually irreplaceably, to the daily life of human beings. However, the world is in a borderline: serious responsibilities determined by the process of increasingly aggressive human intervention in the biosphere (accelerating its deterioration) and the very human biology, reaching its genetic identity. Humanity is wrapped in a moral dilemma, since it is found that most of the benefits offered by human knowledge —the whole set of scientific and technological progress of humanity— remains inaccessible to most of the universal family. A recurring issue in today’s society is to establish the boundaries between normal and abnormal, between natural and artificial. Is the human being willing, once again, to transgress the parameters established by her concerning what is normal, anatomically and physiologically? Will she not be satisfied by merely making her biological structure sufficiently adapted to the current practices of the species? Will she want more? In the singular historical transition experienced by contemporary society, the emergence of a new ethical reflection to modulate human behavior has become imperative, so that the actions of men and women can converge to the achievement of universal benefits, so as not to endanger the very survival of human beings on the planet.El mundo contemporáneo se caracteriza por un magnífico conjunto de conocimientos científicos que son responsables por el desarrollo de la tecnología que se disemina en todas las latitudes del planeta y se incorpora, de modo prácticamente permanente, en la cotidianidad del ser humano. Sin embargo, el mundo se encuentra en una frontera de graves responsabilidades determinadas por el proceso de intervención humana cada vez más agresiva en la biósfera (acelerando su deterioro) y en la propia biología humana, alcanzando su identidad genética. La humanidad se encuentra ante una encrucijada moral, al constatarse que la mayoría de las conquistas propiciadas por el conocimiento humano —todo el conjunto del progreso científico y tecnológico de la humanidad— permanece inaccesible para la mayoría de la familia universal. La cuestión recurrente en la sociedad actual es establecer los límites entre lo normal y lo anormal, entre lo natural y lo artificial. ¿Estará el hombre dispuesto, una vez más, a transgredir los parámetros de normalidad anatómica y fisiológica establecidos por él mismo? ¿No le bastará para estar satisfecho el tener su estructura biológica suficientemente adaptada a las prácticas corrientes de la especie? ¿Habrá de querer más? En la singular transición histórica vivida por la sociedad contemporánea se hizo imperativo el surgimiento de una nueva reflexión ética para modular el comportamiento humano, de modo que las acciones de los hombres y las mujeres puedan converger para la consecución de beneficios universales, sin poner en riesgo la propia supervivencia de los seres humanos en este planeta.
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McLaurin, Jennie Anderson. "To what end medicine? an examination of Christian bioethics and the nature of medicine /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2007. http://www.tren.com.
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Lucas, James R. "Designing and implementing a Bible college course that introduces the study of biological life used as a foundation to discuss both biologically and biblically current bioethical issues facing the church." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1997. http://www.tren.com.
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Clados, Mirjam Sophia [Verfasser], and Julian [Akademischer Betreuer] Nida-Rümelin. "Bioethics in international law : an analysis of the intertwining of bioethical and legal discourses / Mirjam Sophia Clados. Betreuer: Julian Nida-Rümelin." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1031380159/34.
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Pawliuk, George Kevin. "Ethics by the people." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31290.
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The Problem I will be addressing is, quite simply, "What role, if any, can philosophers legitimately play in biomedical ethics?" When one considers the recent backlash against ethical theory; philosophers' own dissatisfaction with their relationship with biomedicine; and the depth and urgency of the pertinent moral issues, it is nearly impossible to be unmoved by the enormity of the challenge. But will philosophy
meet the challenge? Many of those who are familiar with the current state of biomedical ethics are inclined to be doubtful.
The thesis I shall advance and defend is that this doubt is well-founded if we suppose that philosophers continue to apply their theoretical resources in biomedicine in the same manner as has usually been done. Unless philosophers dramatically
change the nature of their approach in biomedical ethics, they will continue to face frustration and to be regarded as ineffectual. The role they must adopt requires them to work with many others (nurses, patients, doctors, lawyers, etc.) as equals, bringing their skills and talents to bear along with the skills and talents of non-philosophers. Without a strong inter-dependence between philosophers and non-philosophers, biomedical ethics will not prosper, nor evolve into the kind of tool that is direly needed in the health sciences.
In order to defend the thesis I am advancing, I will survey some of the literature that has dealt with the problems facing philosophers in the clinic in recent years. The case against biomedical ethics (and, in particular, normative ethical theory) will be explored to reveal the content of the criticisms and their force. Following some discussion of these criticisms, pursued in order to discover elements of a new approach to the role philosophers can legitimately play in biomedical ethics, I will attempt to build a constructive alternative from these positive fragments.
My conclusion, very generally, is that philosophers' skills and resources permit them to function best in close cooperation with others. I will rely on an account of a public forum (comprised of doctors, patients, theologians, nurses, etc.) to illustrate the kind of role philosophers could most effectively and legitimately pursue. Because of the nature of their activities, philosophers would, for example, often play an important role in isolating and defending significant value questions. A strong sense of inter-dependence would develop as physicians and the forum interacted. Physicians, who must be active in their roles as moral agents, would primarily be concerned with developing rules, guidelines, etc. for practical cases. Physicans would be assisted by a small group of non-physicians to ensure that important social goals are taken into account. The forum would act as an external critic of these rules, both prospectively and retro-actively. The success of the forum would provide biomedical ethics
with important practical input that should be used for its growth and development.Arts, Faculty of
Philosophy, Department of
Graduate
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Andrews, Steven. "Privacy, secrecy and confidentiality : changing paradigms in the face of the HIV pandemic." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8621.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-97).This paper stems from discussion of real life problems experienced at a local state hospital, and that have been presented to the University of Cape Town Bioethics Centre. These problems will be outlined from their social, medical and ethical perspectives. The dilemmas relating to confidentiality and disclosure of HIV status will be illustrated by empirical research data conducted in an HIV treatment unit, and with reference to the broad literature on this subject. It will be argued that confidentiality issues are poorly understood by healthcare professionals and their patients. In addition, and related to this lack of understanding, is a failure to construct and implement policies to protect specific confidentiality needs in the healthcare environment The practical problem of patient disclosure of HIV status will be explored using data generated from the author’s own practice. A review of the debate regarding confidentiality in the healthcare context will be provided, with reference to the literature on the subject. Guidelines for drafting a facility specific confidentiality policy will be provided, along with a draft policy for use as a template in this situation.
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Roux, Paul. "Informed consent for voluntary counselling and testing for HIV infection in South African mothers and children: An assessment of burdens and consequences and an argument for a modification in the process of informed consent." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18412.
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The HIV / AIDS epidemic is devastating Africa. The continent lacks the material resources to treat infected persons or to support those affected by the epidemic. One great resource in Africa is the cohesive strength of families. Because of a fear of stigma, HIV infected persons tend not to disclose their diagnosis to their families. This non-disclosure perpetuates stigma, because ordinary people do not discover that their own family may be affected by the epidemic. Non-disclosure also results in the loss of specific family support to infected individuals and the loss of general family support as a national resource. The standard method of taking informed consent prior to HIV testing of pregnant mothers has the effect of enhancing non-disclosure, because of its inherent focus on the patient as an isolated, autonomous decision maker. This dissertation advances the thesis that an alteration in the process of informed consent, to involve the family in deliberation prior to consent, will facilitate disclosure of an HIV-positive diagnosis to the family. Disclosure will have the positive effects firstly of giving the mother access to the emotional support of her family and secondly of serving to educate the family, and through the family society as a whole, that ordinary, virtuous women can be infected with HIV.
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Frank, Denise M. "Reporting of ethical requirements in published physiotherapy research." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2688.
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Masiye, Francis. "Ethical challenges in obtaining informed consent for the genomic study of rheumatic heart disease: a qualitative study." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20915.
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INTRODUCTION: Advances in genetic and genomic research have introduced new challenges in obtaining informed consent for research in low and middle-income settings. However, there are only few studies that have explored challenges in obtaining informed consent in genetic and genomic research in Africa and none in South Africa. To start filling this gap, we conducted an empirical study to investigate the efficacy of informed consent procedures for a genomic study on Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHDGen) at the University of Cape Town in South Africa. The main aim of the study was to understand the ethical challenges in obtaining informed consent in the RHDGen study. METHODS: We used a qualitative study methodology involving in-depth interviews and participant observations. Our research participants were RHDGen cases and controls as well as research staff involved in the recruitment of RHDGen research participants. In total, we conducted 32 in-depth interviews with RHDGen research participants, 2 in-depth interviews with research staff and 57 direct observations of the consent procedures of RHDGen research participants. The in-depth interviews were conducted in English, audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. All the data were analysed using thematic content analysis. The study was conducted in 3 sites within Cape Town, South Africa, and these sites were the Groote Schuur Hospital in Observatory, the Vanguard Community Health Centre in Bonteheuwel and the Heideveld Community in the Cape Flats.
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Munung, Nchangwi Syntia. "African researchers' perceptions and expectations of the benefits of genomics research in Africa : a qualitative study." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20960.
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Introduction: Genomics research raises a number of ethical, legal and social issues (ELSI), one of which is the concept of benefit sharing. While benefits and benefit sharing are difficult to discuss because of questions on what needs to be shared, with whom and by whom, it cannot be pushed to the side-lines especially as it is a way of promoting justice in health research and of ensuring that research is of social value to study communities. In this study, we explored the perceptions and expectations of African genomics scientists on the benefits of genomics research to Africa. Method: This was a qualitative study and we adopted a grounded theory approach. I conducted 17 in-depth interviews with genomics researchers in Africa to explore their perceptions of benefits and benefit sharing in genomics research in Africa. Transcripts of interviews were imported into QSR-NVivo 10 for thematic analysis. A thematic analysis of informed consent documents used in 13 genomics studies in Africa was also done to explore how research benefits are documented. Results: Research collaboration, research capacity building and access to genomics medicine were perceived to be the main benefits of African genomics science (AGS). In terms of research collaboration, there were perceived fears of exploitation of African researchers and research participants, and the non-sustainability of AGS. To address the problem of exploitation, African researchers expressed the need for fairness in AGS through transparency and equity in research collaborations, enhancing research oversight, African ownership and leadership of AGS, community engagement and research capacity building. In terms of genomics medicine, African genomics researchers perceived that AGS would have an impact on healthcare in Africa in the area of diagnosis, pharmacogenomics and public health. However, there were concerns around access to genomics medicine by African populations, lack of capacity for genomics medicine in Africa and the need for AGS to focus on Africa's healthcare priorities. There was however limited awareness of the concept of benefit sharing among African genomics researchers though they perceived it is as an important concept for AGS. Interviewees suggested that benefit sharing could be in the form of research capacity building, feedback of study findings, science education, community projects and the sharing of profits.
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Langlois, Adèle Fiona. "The UNESCO genetics and bioethics declarations : implications for global governance." Thesis, Open University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446120.
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Rowell, Mary. "Toward a new paradigm for bioethics : ecological and theological contributions." Thesis, Durham University, 2005. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2279/.
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In this thesis it is argued that current conceptions of bioethics are inadequate in the light of today's global ecological and societal circumstances. An examination of the dominant contemporary model of bioethics as it is known and practiced in North America shows it to be entrenched and entrapped in a medical context and an ethos of liberal individualism. The model does not have the scope or flexibility to address critical issues of environmental destruction and its social causes and consequences, both of which impact the integrity of the biosphere and human health. Thus, bioethics fails to fulfill its purported role with respect to life, health, and the service of medicine and those receiving care within the medical system. The claim is made that a new paradigm for bioethics is needed, one modeled on ecological principles. It is argued moreover that theology can be a valuable contributor to the development of an ecological bioethics. Traditional contributions of theology to bioethics are not, however, adequate for the task of reformulating the discipline to meet today's urgencies and needs. What is needed is a retrieval of the rich Christian tradition of creation theology and the insights of contemporary eco-theology. A detailed account of these theological perspectives is provided together with an exploration of recent ecclesial statements and documents which articulate them in a vital manner and in terms of a call for Christian moral commitment. Theology is thus shown to have a potentially powerful and imaginative gift, to be joined with others, in the evolution of bioethics. Finally, this thesis presents a model for the expression and practical development of an ecological bioethics - a bioethics for life and healing - for today and for our future.
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GOMES, JORGE LUIZ GRAY. "BIOETHICS AND VULNERABILITY: FOR A PRE-OCCUPATION WITH LIFE QUALITY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2003. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=4129@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORA vulnerabilidade é de grande relevância para a Bioética, para a Ética Teológica e demais Ciências, tendo em vista as preocupações mundiais com a questão da sobrevivência do Planeta. O ser humano é o centro e necessita de maiores cuidados enquanto sujeito da história, da memória cultural e da vida prática. Nesta dissertação propomos uma interdisciplinaridade entre a vulnerabilidade e a qualidade de vida com o aporte da reflexão ético-teológica, num diálogo com a bioética, fazendo a inclusão e a valorização da diferença, das desigualdades e da contextualização, não perdendo de vista a paixão pela vida. Fazer uma ligação entre as vulnerabilidades, a qualidade de vida e a esperança por dias melhores se faz importante para sustentabilidade da Terra. As Declarações Internacionais, os Códigos Éticos, os Documentos da Igreja Católica e demais manifestações demonstram as preocupações por um desenvolvimento eqüitativo e controlado para que as gerações presente e futura tenham espaço e vida digna. O diálogo com a Bioética se torna fundamental entre as ciências; e a Ética Teológica se faz participante deste, através de estudos e de práticas pastorais que redimensionem o valor da vida em parceria com a qualidade de vida. Essa busca por relações mais qualitativas e com mais intensidade, também é fundamental para a Ética Teológica, pois a própria prática de Jesus refletia a clareza com que a Boa Nova era anunciada a todos os seres, principalmente aos mais vulneráveis e sofridos.
Vulnerability is a highly relevant topic for Bioethics, as well as for Theological Ethics and the other Sciences once one realizes how much worry about survival issues in our planet has been expressed worldwide. The core of these issues is Man, the one who plays the most important part in History, in the global cultural memory and in every-day life, and consequently the one who needs to be taken care of. In this dissertation, the question of vulnerability and that of the quality of life are brought close together so as to show how one relates to the other, with the contribution of the Ethic-theological reasoning, establishing a dialog with the Bioethics, including and highlighting the importance of difference, social and economical injustices, and of contextualization, without neglecting the passion for life. Seeing the connection between the vulnerabilities, the quality of life and the hope for better days is important to the sustainability of the human progress on Earth. The international declarations, the ethical codes and the Catholic Church documents together with various other manifestations show the urge for balanced, controlled development so that the present and the next generations can hope for a decent and sound life. This dialog with the Bioethics is mandatory in the sciences. In this aspect, the Theological Ethics comes into scene through studies and religious practice that claim that life quality and life itself have to go hand in hand. This search for more qualitative and intense relations is fundamental to the Theological Ethics, since what Jesus practiced himself reflected how clearly the Good News was announced to all living creatures, especially the most vulnerable and miserable.
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Loonam, Thomas Austin. "The challenge of cognitive disability in bioethics and political philosophy." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.707819.
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This thesis explores the topic of serious human cognitive disability in the context of bioethics and political philosophy. The argument in this thesis works on two levels; first as an argument about normative moral and political theory and, second, as an applied enquiry into the ethics of severe cognitive disability. This thesis employs some intuitions and considered judgements about those with serious disabilities, to question the assumptions and implications in some of the dominant Western moral and political theories. This thesis also puts forward some subsequent claims about how we need to address issues related to disability in two particular contexts: abortion and education.
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Carnevale, Franco A. "Ethics and pediatric critical care : a conception of a 'thick' bioethics." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37101.pdf.
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Briggle, Adam. "The President's Council on Bioethics: Science, democracy, and the good life." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3239376.
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Ballesteros, Gallego Fabian Andres. "Sanctity of life : exploring its significance in modern medicine and bioethics." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31187.
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This thesis explores the concept of "Sanctity of Life" from the perspective of what "life," in particular human life, means today. With the rapid advances in science and modern medical practice, the concept of life has undergone many changes, shaking the foundations of what before made us view life as sacred. Modern thought has brought new forms of understanding to the concept of life.I question the goals of modern medicine and biotechnology, and criticize the reductionist view of life. And finally, I highlight a new ethical approach that could bridge science and moral convictions about the concept of life. This approach explores the argument of sanctity of life and its utility in approaching assisted medical techniques and genetic intervention. It is my opinion that this ethical principle has not lost importance and could be reshaped and adapted to a contemporary understanding of life in the light of our democratic and pluralistic society.
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Pleasants, Gabriel J. "Bioethics and Human Rights: A Problem, a Proposal, and an Achievement." Thesis, Boston College, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/508.
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Thesis advisor: James F. KeenanThis study investigates the recent paradigm shift in bioethics to an approach that uses the language of human rights to work towards social justice and health equity. It follows the three stages of Kuhn's "paradigm shift": recognizing the fallibility of the first paradigm and proving its destructiveness, presenting the theoretical particulars of a new paradigm, and demonstrating how the new paradigm becomes operational. The case study of the organ trade shows the failure of the first model of bioethics, based on autonomy and non-maleficence. This model falsely depicts the true ethical challenges while shadowing the enormous harms it causes. An emerging bioethical model centered on human rights is presented as the best theoretical option to remedy the ills of the first paradigm and make sense of bioethical dilemmas across the globe. But the second paradigm cannot simply look better, it must be operational. Applying the human rights model, the Treatment Action Campaign in South Africa achieved universal access to antiretroviral treatment, thus confirming the theory of the new paradigm in action. The study concludes with a call for an ethics of implementation within the new paradigm that balances the radical ideal of health as a human right with concrete and pragmatic improvements in healthcare; an ethics of "being on the way" to the ultimate goal of justice and equity in health
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2007
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: International Studies
Discipline: College Honors Program
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Krauss, Edward L. "A study of bioethics for Christian students at a secular university." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1995. http://www.tren.com.
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MacFarlane, Matthew Phillip. "Proposal for a Gender, Sex, and Sexuality Curriculum in Undergraduate Medical Education at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/502268.
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Urban BioethicsM.A.
Understanding gender, sex, and sexuality is required in order to be a competent, patient-centered physician, and, therefore, inclusion of these topics in undergraduate medical education is essential. Current medical education is not producing physicians equipped to manage the complaints and issues that face their patients in these areas. LGBTQ populations are most affected by the inadequacy of training related to these topics. LGBTQ patients face unique issues in healthcare in terms of their normal development, pathology, social determinants of health, and healthcare system practices. Additionally, LGBTQ people and those who engage in behaviors that parallel these identities are prevalent in the general population. The addition of a gender, sex, and sexuality curriculum would simultaneously address LGBTQ disparities as well as the need for improved sexual health education that would benefit all patients. Currently, undergraduate medical curricula have limited, non-standardized education on gender, sex, and sexuality. A few American institutions have published both qualitative and quantitative studies that indicate medical students’ attitudes are malleable and their clinical skills can be improved in these areas. Further, numerous national medical societies have created curriculum guidelines and recommendations in order to aid medical schools looking to bolster their gender, sex, and sexuality related curricula. This paper will synthesize research and these guidelines to propose a robust gender, sex, and sexuality curriculum that is tailored to the environment found at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University.
Temple University--Theses
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Torres, Marta de Oliveira. "Uma reflexão sobre o direito à vida para além dos seres humanos." Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2012. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/11328.
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Na avaliação ética e jurídica de uma conduta, parte-se de um paradigma dominante antropocêntrico cujos critérios valorativos não incluem o valor da vida dos seres não-humanos. Para sustentar esse valor, há vários discursos repetidos ao longo da história, seja desprovendo os demais seres vivos de alma ou racionalidade, seja colocando o ser humano no topo de uma progressiva evolução, ou até mesmo combatendo filosofias ou religiões que pugnam uma maior aproximação com a natureza. A “coisificação” da vida está levando a uma devastação da natureza de tamanha monta que está a comprometer a vida atual e de futuras gerações. Na história brasileira, estamos presenciando o fim de florestas conservadas pelos índios, os quais estão sendo desapropriados de suas terras, com o aniquilamento de árvores e plantas da região. Somente uma mudança para um paradigma centrado na vida humana e não-humana viabilizará a permanência digna dos seres vivos das futuras gerações. No presente trabalho, analisaremos como o ser humano se relaciona com os animais e plantas na religião e alimentação ao longo da história e as respectivas explicações para essa diversidade de tratamento. Apontaremos a necessidade de mudança do paradigma antropocêntrico e a opção de uma ética biocêntrica, aplicando o “princípio responsabilidade” proposto por Hans Jonas. Veremos a utilização do Direito para a manutenção do valor antropocêntrico, cuja intolerância remonta aos registros de Zaratustra; perceberemos que a banalização da vida dos seres vivos não-humanos atravessa todo o registro histórico da humanidade. Ao analisarmos as decisões judiciais e a legislação produzida nas últimas décadas, verificaremos que o Direito brasileiro é um discurso utilizado para disfarçar a atrocidade que está sendo cometida contra a natureza em nome de um progresso acessível por uma minoria.
Salvador
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Ebbesen, Mette. "The Golden Rule and Bioethics. A Reflection upon the Foundation of Ethics." Thesis, Linköping University, Centre for Applied Ethics, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1474.
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The object of this thesis is the foundation of ethics. The question is whether there exists a universal core to ethics consisting of a fundamental ethical principle across cultures. This principle could for example be the so-called Golden Rule, which goes as follows: ‘You should do to others what you want them to do to you’. The Golden Rule is to be found in many of the world’s religions and is also reflected in secular society. The rule can for example be found in a political version in legal declarations e.g. the Humans Rights Declaration of 1948. There are philosophersand scientists who interpret the Golden Rule secularly. If one looks at the Golden Rule from a non-religious point of view, it can be understood for instance in the following ways: 1) As a rule which is followed to fulfil self-interest and 2) As a rule concerning role reversal. In this thesis we will go into detail on these two interpretations of the Golden Rule, because as we will see, they can be seen as two very different views of human nature. We will discuss which of the two interpretations of the Golden Rule is most adequate in connection with the description of human beings as moral agents having reason, motives, freedom and responsibility. Furthermore we will focus on the Golden Rule in a Nordic context, in this connection we will look at whether the Golden Rule corresponds to the four bioethical principles presented by the two American philosophers Tom L. Beauchamp and James F. Childress. These principles are the principle of respect for autonomy, the principle of nonmaleficence, the principle of beneficence and the principle of justice. According to the Danish physician Henrik R. Wulff one cannot use Beauchamp and Childress’ bioethical principles as a tool for solving ethical problems in the North, because they do not correspond to the Golden Rule. Wulff argues that the Golden Rule is a moral ideal within the health services in the Nordic countries. The purpose of the thesis is, among others, to analyse and discuss whether the four bioethical principles are implicitly contained within the Golden Rule and whether Beauchamp and Childress’ method can be used to analyse bioethical problems in a Nordic context. Finally, we will set forth an ethical assessment of a treatment within biomedicine. As an example of the application of the four bioethical principles, we will look at whether human somatic gene therapy is an ethical acceptable treatment. Thus my thesis is that the Golden Rule can be viewed as a fundamental ethical principle across cultures and that Beauchamp and Childress’ four bioethical principles correspond to the Golden Rule. That is, I think there is a reason to maintain, that the bioethical principles can be of use for solving bioethical problems across cultures.
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April, Carolyn W. "From biology to bioethics : can the science of emotion help moral philosophy?" Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496822.
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Dyer, Sarah Elizabeth. "Applying bioethics : local research ethics committees and their regulation of medical research." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2006. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/applying-bioethics--local-research-ethics-committees-and-their-regulation-of-medical-research(c0840da4-23fb-49a1-a712-eb2a0d5a08ac).html.
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Novossiolova, Tatyana Andreeva. "Dual-Use Science and Bioethics: Governance of Biotechnology in Post-Soviet Russia." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14464.
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Throughout the world, systems of life science governance carry historical, cultural, and political legacies, which now confront the revolutionary and pervasive advances of twenty-first century biotechnology. Nations' adaptability to the twin challenges of attempting to secure the benefits while reducing the risks and threats is a large and still burgeoning governance challenge. The legacy of the Soviet Union is particularly important in this regard, since its history of prolonged authoritarian rule and intense development of biological weapons in combination with the continuing scientific and technological prowess of Russia is a governance challenge, unprecedented in its nature and scale. The aim of the dissertation therefore is to examine to what extent and by what means it is possible for Russia to reconcile its on-going expansion in biotechnology with the institutional and normative inertia arising from its Soviet past. The first part of the dissertation (Chapters 1-4) seeks to uncover and analyse both the growth and consolidation of the governance of biotechnology and the multifaceted governance challenges brought about by the rapid advancement of the life sciences in the twenty-first century. The second part (Chapters 5-8) examines the extent to which the Soviet institutional and infrastructural legacies in the culture of life science research still persist in Russia and impact the governance of biotechnology in that country. The concluding chapter offers an assessment of the current state of the governance of biotechnology in Russia and outlines a scope for further research.
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Murano, Maria Cristina. "Critical Paediatric Bioethics and the Treatment of Short Stature : An Interdisciplinary Study." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0043.
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Plusieurs études soutiennent qu'il existe une corrélation entre la petite taille et des expériences de vie négatives, telles que la discrimination sociale et des désavantages économiques (en particulier chez les hommes). Il est aujourd’hui possible de traiter par l’hormone de croissance (GH) les enfants petits par rapport à la taille moyenne, sans cause médicale identifiée, notamment les enfants de petite taille idiopathique (PTI). Les critiques de ce traitement soutiennent qu’il n’existe pas suffisamment de preuves pour parler d’une détresse psychosociale causée par la petite taille et de l’efficacité du traitement par GH pour améliorer le bien-être des enfants. Cette controverse est reproduite dans les évaluations internationales du médicament: alors qu’en 2003 l’agence américaine des produits alimentaires et médicamenteux (FDA) a autorisé la mise sur le marché de la GH pour les enfants de PTI, en 2007 l’agence européenne du médicament (AEM) l’a refusé. Ce travail a deux objectifs : premièrement, il vise à identifier et à analyser les normes, les valeurs et les croyances relatives à la petite taille et à l’utilisation du traitement par la GH chez les enfants de PTI, telles qu’elles ressortent des discussions socioculturelles, philosophiques et réglementaires, aussi bien que des récits d’expériences vécues. Deuxièmement, ce travail se propose d’aborder de manière critique et réfléchie la façon dont ces analyses contribuent aux débats de bioéthique sur l’utilisation du traitement par la GH chez les enfants de PTI. Cette thèse utilise ce qu’on appelle une approche critique en bioéthique pédiatrique, qui combine des analyses philosophiques avec des méthodes empiriques. Ce travail est composé de trois articles. Le premier article propose une compréhension critique de la médicalisation en tant que concept et phénomène, et explore ce que cette compréhension critique apporte aux discussions éthiques sur le traitement par GH des enfants de PTI. Le deuxième article examine les arguments en faveur et contre l’octroi d’une autorisation de mise sur le marché du traitement par GH pour l’indication de PTI, présentés dans des documents sélectionnés de la FDA et de la AEM. Le troisième article examine comment et pourquoi il est nécessaire de tenir compte des expériences vécues dans les discussions bioéthiques et biomédicales sur le traitement par GH des enfants de PTI. Cette recherche contribue ainsi au débat éthique sur le traitement par GH des enfants de PTI, en portant un regard critique sur la perception sociale de la petite taille, en soulignant certains défis éthiques rencontrés par les parties prenantes impliquées à différents niveaux et en abordant des nouvelles perspectives sur la manière de traiter ces problèmes éthiquesSeveral studies argue that there is a correlation between short stature and negative experiences, such as social discrimination, and economic disadvantage (especially for men). It is now possible to use recombinant human growth hormone (hGH) to treat children with idiopathic short stature (ISS), namely children who are shorter than average for unknown medical reasons. Critics argue that there is a lack of evidence of both psychological distress caused by short stature and the efficacy of the treatment in increasing children’s well-being. This controversy is reflected in international drug evaluations: while the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the US granted marketing authorisation for hGH for children with ISS in 2003, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) refused it in 2007. The research presented here had two aims: first, to identify and analyse the norms, values and assumptions about short stature and the use of hGH treatment for children with ISS, found within sociocultural, philosophical and regulatory discussions of these, and within narrated lived experiences of short stature. Second, to critically and reflectively discuss how these analyses contribute to bioethical debates on the use of hGH treatment for children with ISS. It employs what it calls a critical paediatric bioethics approach, which combines philosophical analyses with empirical methods. The first article proposes a critical understanding of medicalisation as both a concept and a phenomenon, and explores what insights such critical understanding brings to ethical discussions about hGH for children with ISS. The second article examines the arguments for and against granting marketing authorisation of hGH treatment for the indication of ISS presented in selected documents of the FDA and the EMA. The third article examines how and why attendance to lived experiences of height is needed in bioethical and biomedical discussions of hGH treatment for children with ISS. This research contributes to the ethical debate about using hGH for children with ISS, setting a critical gaze onto the social perception of short stature, highlighting some ethical challenges met by stakeholders involved at different levels, and providing new insights into how to address these ethical issues
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Flanagan, Ellen Cecelia. "AN URBAN BIOETHICS APPROACH TO PARENTAL INFORMED CONSENT FOR PEDIATRIC CLINICAL RESEARCH." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/537038.
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Urban BioethicsM.A.
In the current healthcare landscape, parents generally make decisions regarding whether or not their children are allowed to take part in clinical research, with the general assumption being that parents know what is best for children. Investigations have been conducted regarding what is likely to lead parents to consent or not consent to their child’s participation in a trial, but research plans seldom incorporate the consideration that not all parents come into the consent process with equal social, academic, and economic footing. Since the burden of the ultimate decision lies primarily on the parents, it is supremely important that they are capable of making a well-informed and thoughtful choice. Bioethical understanding of the influence of parental decisions in clinical research must consider demographic variables and how they may affect parents’ decisions to allow or disallow their child to participate in a clinical trial. Those differences could affect the consent process and have ramifications for the research findings, as research results are affected in numerous ways by which children do, and do not, participate in studies. This paper looks specifically at parents in the process of informed consent for pediatric research, taking into account several social determinants of health and how they affect who participates in research and how that affects research as a whole.
Temple University--Theses
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McGrath, Pamela. "Chemotherapy : Treatment Experimentation or Illusion? : a Study into the Bioethics of Chemotherapy." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1993.
Find full textAbstract:
The use of cytotoxic drugs, Chemotherapy, is considered by many a valid modality in the treatment of cancer. The use of this modality in the 1950's and 1960's led to considerable success in the treatment of a number of incurable and quickly lethal rare cancers. This gave rise in the 1970's to a high expectation that Chemotherapy would provide a much needed breakthrough in the search for a cure
for cancer. This optimism has led to a significant extension of the modality beyond the above known limits of successful use and created a climate which strongly supports this experimental application, although a small but increasing number of voices now challenge the legitimacy of this belief.
This research explores a number of ethical issues which now arise from the continued use of this treatment modality. The discussion will center on three issues. These will be, firstly, the integrity of the treatment modality, secondly,
the concerns about the experience of Chemotherapy on the individual and their family, and thirdly, the concerns involved in the public presentation of Chemotherapy and the lack of public debate. As a basis for understanding the ethical concepts used in this study into the Bioethics of Chemotherapy, a broad background of information on the relevant aspects of Normative Ethics is provided, at the beginning of this discussion. A study of the newspaper reporting of Chemotherapy is included to extend the
discussion of the third issue, that of the public presentation of Chemotherapy.In conclusion, an open ended, four step plan for action is recommended.