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Estes, Michelle E. "Economic feasibility of growing sorghum as a bioenergy crop." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18722.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Aleksan Shanoyan
The purpose of this research is to evaluate and gain a better understanding of the economic feasibility of Kansas farmers growing energy sorghum for biofuel production. The net returns for 11 crop systems that included a no-till or reduced-till option and the rotations involved wheat, grain sorghum, dual-purpose sorghum, and photoperiod sensitive sorghum were simulated in SIMETAR© developed by Richardson, Shumann, and Feldman (2004) using historical data on yields and prices. The price and yield data originates from an agronomic study conducted in Hesston, KS. The biomass yields for the 3 varieties of sorghum are based on experimental work performed in Manhattan, KS. The sorghum biomass prices were obtained from the United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Marketing Service. Costs for the crop systems are based on the 2014 Kansas State University Herbicide handbook (Thompson et al. 2014), Dhuyvetter, O’Brien, and Tonsor (2014), and Dhuyvetter (2014). The net returns were simulated under five contract scenarios including: a Spot Market contract, a Minimum Price contract, a BCAP Price contract, and 2 levels of the Gross Revenue Guarantee contracts – 60% and 100%. Risk analysis was performed on the simulated net returns through use of the Excel add-in SIMETAR©. Stochastic efficiency analysis was used to evaluate the systems based on the distribution of net returns and risk preferences. The findings are summarized around three important factors influencing farmers’ economic feasibility of growing sorghum for biofuel use: crop systems, risk preferences, and contract specification. Results indicate that the no-till wheat and dual-purpose sorghum crop system without biomass production has the lowest costs and the no-till wheat and photoperiod sensitive sorghum system has the highest production cost. The crop systems that have a no-till option allow for the highest grain and biomass yields. Also, crop systems rotated with wheat are more preferred among producers due to higher net returns. The NTWDPS With system under the BCAP Price contract has the highest net returns and is highest in preference. The findings indicate that the risk aversion does affect the decision to produce sorghum for biofuel, but the effect is not very significant. In terms of contract specification, the results indicate that for Kansas producers, the BCAP Price contract will offer the highest net returns. These findings contribute additional insight on factors affecting Kansas farmers’ economic feasibility of producing sorghum for biofuel and can have important implications for biofuel industry actors and policy makers.
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Porter, William Christian. "Air-quality and Climatic Consequences of Bioenergy Crop Cultivation." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1042.
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Bioenergy is expected to play an increasingly significant role in the global energy budget. In addition to the use of liquid energy forms such as ethanol and biodiesel, electricity generation using processed energy crops as a partial or full coal alternative is expected to increase, requiring large-scale conversions of land for the cultivation of bioenergy feedstocks such as cane, grasses, or short rotation coppice. With land-use change identified as a major contributor to changes in the emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), many of which are known contributors to the pollutants ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), careful review of crop emission profiles and local atmospheric chemistry will be necessary to mitigate any unintended air-quality consequences. In this work, the atmospheric consequences of bioenergy crop replacement are examined using both the high-resolution regional chemical transport model WRF/Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry) and the global climate model CESM (Community Earth System Model). Regional sensitivities to several representative crop types are analyzed, and the impacts of each crop on air quality and climate are compared. Overall, the high emitting crops (eucalyptus and giant reed) were found to produce climate and human health costs totaling up to 40% of the value of CO2 emissions prevented, while the related costs of the lowest-emitting crop (switchgrass) were negligible.
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Deal, Michael William. "Net Primary Production in Three Bioenergy Crop Systems Following Land Conversion." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1309362383.
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Gagné-Bourque, François. "The isolation, identification and characterization of endophytes of the bioenergy crop switchgrass." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=106473.
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It has been established that perennial grasses harbour different types of endophytic bacteria and fungi. Switchgrass (Panicum vergatum L.) is identified as a model perennial energy crop. This study was conducted to explore fungal and bacterial endophyte communities inhabiting switchgrass cultivars of Quebec. The primary focus of this study was to isolate the endophytes, and provide taxonomic identifications based on comparative analysis of ITS rDNA gene sequences. A total of 145 endophytes isolates were recovered (52 bacteria and 93 fungi) from whole plant samples collected at early vegetative, and full reproductive stages. Five and nine different taxa of bacteria and fungi were identified, respectively. We evaluated the antagonistic activity of some endophytes against several fungal pathogens and selected candidate endophytes for future introduction into commercial switchgrass cultivars for biomass enhancement. We demonstrate the vertical transmission ability of some endophyte from one switchgrass generation to the next using species-specific primers. Artificial inoculation of young switchgrass seedlings with selected bacterial endophytes hold promise as a method of reinfection switchgrass seedlings.Le panic érigé (Panicum vergatum L.) est reconnu comme une des plantes modèles pour la production de biomasse végétale. Il est connu que la plupart des plantes vasculaires étudiées à ce jour sont colonisées par des champignons et bactéries endophyte. Cette étude avait pour but d'explorer les communautés d'endophytes présentes dans différents cultivars de panic érigé au Québec, pour ensuite isoler les endophytes et effectuer leur identification taxonomique en comparant leur séquence ITS rADN. Nous avons obtenu un total de 145 isolats (52 bactéries et 93 champignons) venant de feuille de plante au stade végétative et au stade reproductive. Une fois les isolats identifiés, nous avons obtenu cinq différents groupes taxonomiques pour les bactéries et neuf pour les champignons. Nous avons évalué le potentiel antifongique des différents endophytes bactériens, avec pour objectif d'identifier les candidats potentiels à la ré-inoculation de cultivar de panic érigé commercial afin augmenter leur production de biomasse. À l'aide de séquences d'amorces spécifiques, nous avons pu démontrer la transmission verticale des endophytes.
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Awty-Carroll, Danny. "Understanding germination for improved propagation and field establishment of the bioenergy crop Miscanthus." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/46a3a058-806f-4bab-8f93-a091467e1b5d.
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Miscanthus is an important source of biomass and can be grown on marginal sites so as not to compete with food crops. The crop requires few inputs, is perennial, and yield increases to economic levels over around three years, so Miscanthus must be cost effective to establish. Establishment by seed is more cost effective than by rhizome; therefore, improving seed agronomy is vital for the success of the crop. This study contributes an assessment of many previously unknown factors on Miscanthus germination. Hormone treatments and cluster sowings are tested, predominantly for direct sowing but also for plug-based establishment. Cluster sowings improved the chance of establishing a plot, some first year competition effects were identified; however, the number of seeds required may not be economic without additional treatments. An optimal set of treatments for successful germination was identified using a Taguchi design experiment. Complex hormone interactions were tested plus effects of light and seed priming. Methodologies and automation of seed germination assessment were developed. The unreliability of manual seed germination scoring with highlighted and germination scoring was only assisted by imaging due to low throughput. A selection of Miscanthus genotypes were characterised, for base temperatures of germination and elongation. From this information, a model was parameterised for Miscanthus seed germination; this was tested against different sowing methods in field and laboratory conditions and against real data collected from experiments that tested first year agronomic methods, such as sowing time, film, and seed priming. Film was found to have positive temperature effect but mixed effects on germination due to soil water, while priming had little benefit. This model can be used and refined further to test and develop hypotheses for future improvements in seed agronomy.
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Maxfield, Jason Charles. "Agricultural Management Decisions Impact Isoprene Emission and Physiology of Arundo donax, an Emerging Bioenergy Crop." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1642.
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Arundo donax (Giant Reed) is quickly being developed as a rapidly-growing, robust, and highly productive bioenergy crop, with large scale cultivation of this species planned for the Columbia River basin of the Pacific Northwest (USA). Despite its potential as a next generation biomass crop, relatively few studies have examined the physiological performance of A. donax under agricultural conditions. Unlike traditional crops, A. donax is known to be a high-emitter of the volatile compound isoprene, which may significantly impact regional air quality, but it has not been widely cultivated in North America and little is known about how this species will perform in the Pacific Northwest. Over two field seasons, we measured isoprene fluxes from A. donax plants in both greenhouse conditions and in an agricultural field setting under a variety of conditions and fertilizer treatments. We also measured several other attributes of A. donax productivity and leaf physiology including chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, specific leaf mass, water use efficiency and gas exchange. We found that A. donax physiologically performs well under cultivation in the Columbia River basin, but that it also emits isoprene at significantly higher rates than previous reports indicate. We also found that both isoprene emission and leaf physiology were highly affected by agricultural management decisions, including nitrogen and irrigation management. Our findings indicate that crop management strategies can be developed that simultaneously seek to minimize isoprene emission while maximizing biomass production in this newly emerging bioenergy crop.
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Cogdill, Todd Joseph. "Investigation of management strategies for the production of sweet sorghum as a bioenergy crop and preservation of crop residue by the ensiling process." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
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Shortall, Orla. "Rethinking bioenergy from an agricultural perspective : ethical issues raised by perennial energy crop and crop residue production for energy in the UK and Denmark." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28756/.
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The aim of this project is to explore the social and ethical dimensions of the agricultural production of perennial energy crop and crop residues for energy. Biomass – any living or recently living matter – is being promoted in industrialised countries as part of the transition from fossil fuels to an economy based on renewable energy. Various challenges face the use of bioenergy however. One particularly controversial and high profile example has been the use of food crop biofuels in transport which are seen to conflict with food production and to cause significant environmental damage. Suggested ways around these controversies is the production of perennial energy crops such as grasses and trees and crop residues such as straw, which are seen to require fewer inputs and less prime land. Some have analysed the controversies raised by biofuels in terms of controversies around industrial agriculture more broadly: biofuels are perceived to be large scale, monocultural, environmentally damaging and pushed by agri-business and energy interests. This project asks what type of agriculture system perennial energy crops and crop residues are seen as developing within, if at all. This was considered worth exploring because the type of system will have a large bearing on how they are received in future. To this end a theoretical framework of different paradigms of agriculture ranging from industrial agriculture at one end to alternative agriculture at the other was developed and applied to the data. Interviews with key stakeholders and analysis of key documents in the UK and Denmark were carried out to address the question of how perennial energy crops and crop residues are seen as overcoming previous controversies raised by food crop biofuels, in terms of their place in agricultural systems. The thesis argues that stakeholder’s visions of perennial energy crops and crop residues can be understood in terms of four models of agriculture: two industrial and two alternative. These are called “industrialism lite” that involves producing perennial energy crops on marginal land; life sciences integrated agriculture including the biorefinery strategy; multifunctional perennial energy crop production on environmentally marginal land; and ecologically integrated multipurpose biomass production through agroforestry production. There is also an argument which cuts across the paradigms and maintains that regardless of the type of agricultural system used very little or no biomass should be produced for the energy sector because of the scale of resources it requires and the scale of society’s energy use. These positions can be summarised as three different ways to overcome challenges raised by food crop biofuels: further industrialise agriculture; de-industrialise agriculture; and de-industrialise agriculture and reduce society’s energy use, though biomass could still only be used to a very limited extent, if at all, in energy production.
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Brown, Christopher. "A socio-economic study of bioenergy crop adoption in North East Scotland : an agent-based modelling approach." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=186856.
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Climate change has become the most important global environmental problem we face today. Agriculture, forestry and the land use sector not only contribute to national economies but also provide a source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as well as a carbon store, contributing approximately 20% but removing about 16%. Energy crops and associated increases in soil carbon sequestration from different ground covers through various land management strategies are examples of approaches that could be adopted to reduce GHG emissions. A number of these options have an associated economic cost to the land manager and it is important to understand what is economically and socially viable by understanding the link between energy crop adoption and a range of socio-economic factors. Agent-based modelling (ABMs) has been identified as providing a promising approach to integrate social, economic and biophysical processes. In the past these areas of research have been mainly studied separately but now there is an urgent need to address these areas in a combined way. Economic rationalisation is fundamental to farmers’ decision-making, although not wholly representative and non-economic factors were identified. The estimated GHG mitigation potential of bioenergy crops at current adoption levels is modest when taking Scotland’s national GHG emissions into account, however, more significant when considering the agricultural sector in isolation. This contribution can only increase with improved management practices and policy designed to encourage adoption and improve energy security. This work will contribute to a greater understanding of bioenergy land use strategies. This project used North East Scotland as the case study, with raw data collated by questionnaire, however, conclusions drawn add to the broader understanding of the link between socio-economic activity, bioenergy adoption and GHG emissions.
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Corno, L. "ARUNDO DONAX L. (GIANT CANE) AS A FEEDSTOCK FOR BIOENERGY AND GREEN CHEMISTRY." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/347217.
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Arundo donax L. or giant cane is a second-generation energy crop that could be used as a feedstock for bioenergy, i.e. biogas, bioethanol, combustion, and in green chemistry as raw material for several industrial sectors. The genetic characterization of A. donax plants revealed that, because of its asexual reproduction, low genetic variability could be detected between plants; the studies on the inflorescences also confirmed the agamic reproduction of the plant. Nevertheless, it could be speculated that some genetic characteristics could be hereditable and a selection of clones could be carried out. The clonal selection showed to be a crucial factor also for the choice of the propagation techniques and their final costs.
A. donax biomass conservation by ensilage was possible without using inoculum. The preservation of giant cane could be performed by the two most used silage techniques, trench and silo-bag; the silo-bag technique was more efficient in preserving the biogas potential than trench one. The potential biogas production of A. donax silage in comparison to corn silage was tested by simulation of real-scale anaerobic digestion plant with lab-scale trials. The A. donax biogas production was lower than the one obtained with corn due to the chemical characteristics of biomass and the absence of starch but, thanks to the higher biomass yields, achievable biomethane and electric energy referred to the cultivated surface area were much higher than corn and other traditional energy crops.
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Johansson, Martin, and Philip Martell. "Gröna utsikter : En analys av hampas (Cannabis sativa L.) förutsättningar som energigröda i Sverige." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Miljövetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-28830.
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Hemp is a versatile plant with many uses that has been around for thousands of years. The plant is highly adaptable andwill cultivate in almost any soil. It has excellent remediation properties and has shown to be relatively consistent when itcomes to crop yields. The aim of this literature survey is to examine how hemp can be used to be considered asustainable energy crop in Sweden through database searches and interviews. Hemps characteristics as an energy cropand its remediation properties is evaluated and compared with other plants that are used in Sweden. The result showsthat hemp is a competitive crop when used for solid fuel and that a closed-loop solution is achievable. Further studiesare needed for a closed-loop solution to be possible when using hemp as a biogas crop, mainly for establishing asustainable waste treatment.
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Kenney, Ian T. "Regional assessment of short-term impacts of corn stover removal for bioenergy on soil quality and crop production." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13186.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Agronomy
Humberto Blanco
DeAnn Presley
The U.S. agricultural sector is in a prime position to provide crop residues such as corn (Zea mays L.) stover as feedstock for large-scale bioenergy production. While producing renewable energy from biomass resources is a worthy initiative, excessive removal of corn stover from agricultural fields has the potential to increase soil erosion, degrade soil properties, and reduce corn yields. A need exists to objectively assess stover removal impacts on agriculture and the environment on regional scales. This project assessed the effects of removing various rates of corn stover on runoff and erosion and changes in soil physical properties and corn yields on a regional scale across three soils at Colby, Hugoton, and Ottawa in Kansas, USA. The soils were Ulysses silt loam (Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Aridic Haplustolls) at Colby, Hugoton loam (Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Aridic Argiustolls) at Hugoton, and Woodson silt loam (Fine, smectitic, thermic Abruptic Argiaquolls) at Ottawa, all with slopes [less than or equal to] 1%. Five stover treatments were studied that consisted of removing 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of stover after harvest from no-till and strip-till continuous corn plots. Simulated rainfall was applied in spring 2010 at rates representing 5 yr return intervals at each site and included a dry and wet run. Runoff increased with an increase in stover removal at Colby and Hugoton, but not at Ottawa. At Colby, stover removal rates as low as 25% caused runoff to occur 16 min sooner and increased sediment loss. At this site, runoff and sediment-carbon (C) loss increased as removal rates exceeded 25%. At Hugoton, complete stover removal increased loss by total N by 0.34, total P loss by 0.07, PO[subscript]4-P by 0.003 and NO[subscript]3-N by 0.007 kg ha-[superscript]1. At Ottawa, PO[subscript]4-P loss decreased by 0.001 kg ha-[superscript]1 with 25% removal and by 0.003 kg ha-[superscript]1 with 50% removal. Mean weight diameter (MWD) of wet aggregates decreased with an increase in stover removal on all soils. At Ottawa, stover removal at 75% reduced soil C in the top 5 cm by 1.57 Mg ha-[superscript]1. Soil volumetric water content decreased with stover removal at Colby and Ottawa, but was variable at Hugoton. Soil temperature tended to increase with stover removal during summer months and decrease during winter months. Soil temperature also fluctuated much more widely with stover removal, resulting in more freeze-thaw events compared to no stover removal. No effect of stover removal on soil water retention was observed on any of the soils. In 2009, removal rates [greater than or equal to]50% resulted in greater grain yield at Colby, while removal rates [greater than or equal to]75% resulted in greater grain yields at Ottawa in 2009 and 2010. Results from the first two years of stover management suggest that stover removal at rates above 25% for bioenergy production increased water erosion, degraded soil structural properties, and altered soil water and temperature regimes. Higher rates of removal ([greater than or equal to]75%) can also reduce soil C concentration in the short-term in rainfed regions. However, grain yields may be enhanced by stover removal from irrigated soils and from rainfed soils with adequate moisture. Overall, the increase in water erosion and alteration in soil properties in the short-term suggest that stover removal can detrimentally affect water quality and soil productivity in Kansas. Further long-term monitoring is warranted to conclusively discern stover removal implications.
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Ehret, Miriam Nadin [Verfasser]. "Alley cropping of willows and grassland for bioenergy provision: productivity, tree-crop interactions and energy balance / Miriam Nadin Ehret." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1075468043/34.
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Kilpatrick, Lindsay Anne. "Impacts of Biosolids and FGD Gypsum Application on Marginal Soil Quality and Production of Miscanthus as a Bioenergy Crop." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1339744690.
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Rodjom, Abbey M. "Greenhouse Gas Fluxes of Soil in a Miscanthus x giganteus Crop Grown for Cellulosic Bioenergy on Abandoned Agricultural Land." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1524837572902621.
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Herman, Tess P. "Optimizing Feedstock Mixtures for Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste, Brewery Waste, and Crop Residues." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1564764496107388.
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Morais, Maristela Calvente. "Efeito da remoção de quantidades de palha de cana-de-açúcar na biomassa e na comunidade microbiana do solo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-15122016-105828/.
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O esforço global em diversificar a matriz mundial de combustíveis líquidos, busca substituir as fontes fósseis por renováveis. A produção de bioenergia derivada da biomassa assume importante papel neste cenário. A biomassa gerada após a colheita da cana-de-açúcar ganha destaque como matéria prima pela grande quantidade de material que pode ser usado para geração direta (queima) e indireta (biocombustíveis) de bioenergia. No entanto, ainda pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos da remoção de quantidades de palha de cana-de-açúcar voltado à produção de bioenergia sobre os atributos biológicos do solo. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da remoção da palha de cana-de-açúcar no carbono e nitrogênio microbiano e na comunidade microbiana do solo. O estudo foi conduzido em duas áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp. L.) nos municípios de Capivari, SP (Usina Bom Retiro) e Valparaíso, SP (Usina Univalem). Em Bom Retiro o experimento foi instalado em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico de textura franco-argilo-arenosa e, em Univalem foi um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico de textura arenosa. Em ambos locais, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos testados corresponderam a diferentes intensidades de remoção de palha de cana-de-açúcar (i.e., 100%; 75%; 50%; 0 de remoção; e aleiramento da quantidade remanescente na área após colheita), sendo 0; 3,4; 7,8; 16,6; 15,6 Mg ha-1 de palha em massa de matéria seca na Usina Bom Retiro e 0; 4,2; 8,7; 18,9; 23,3 Mg ha-1 na Usina Univalem. Um ano após a instalação do experimento, foram coletadas amostras de palha e de solo na camada 0-10 cm e, passados quatro meses após o segundo manejo de remoção da palha nos tratamentos foram coletadas amostras de palha e de solo nas camadas 0-5 e 5-10 cm. Os atributos avaliados foram: carbono e nitrogênio total da palha e do solo, fração mais oxidável do carbono do solo, carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana da palha e do solo e, quantificação de genes microbianos no solo. Os resultados mostraram que as quantidades de C e N totais no solo não apresentaram resposta em função das quantidades de palha, no entanto, a fração de C mais facilmente oxidável e o C e N microbiano apresentaram tendência de redução em função de maiores níveis de remoções de palha, sendo a resposta da biomassa microbiana mais expressiva no solo de textura arenosa (i.e., Univalem). Da mesma forma, as comunidades microbianas foram mais sensíveis às diferentes remoções de palha, apresentando maior abundância com menor remoção de palha. Desta forma, a remoção de elevadas quantidades da palha de cana-de-açúcar do campo, ao alterar a microbiologia do solo, pode ter consequências nas específicas funções exercidas por este compartimento, que garantem o bom funcionamento do solo e podem prevenir contra a degradação. Estes resultados podem servir de base para avaliações mais amplas que buscam uma estratégia sustentável de manejo da palha de cana-de-açúcar que garanta o bom funcionamento do soloThe global effort to diversify the global matrix of liquid fuels seeks to replace fossil sources by renewable ones. Bioenergy production derived from biomass plays an important role in this scenario. The biomass generated after the harvest of sugarcane stands out by the large amounts of straw that can be used for direct generation (burning) and indirect (biofuels) of bioenergy. However, little is know about the effects of sugarcane straw removal to bioenergy production on biological soil properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the straw removal on soil microbial carbon and nitrogen as well as on soil microbial community. The experiments were conducted in two areas cultivated with sugarcane (Saccharum spp. L.) in Capivari, SP (Bom Retiro) and Valparaíso, SP (Univalem). The soils studied were an Oxisoil with clay texture in Bom Retiro and an Ultisoil with sandy texture in Univalem. In both sites, the experimental designer was a randomized blocks with five treatments and four replications. The treatments tested were decreasing intensities of sugarcane straw harvest (i.e., 100%; 75%; 50%; 0 removing of the original straw deposition) : i) Bom Retiro: 0; 3,4; 7,8; 16,6; 15,6 Mg ha-1 of dry matter of straw kept on soil surface; ii) Univalem: 0; 4,2; 8,7; 18,9; 23,3 Mg ha-1 of dry matter of straw kept on the soil surface. One year after experiment installation, straw and soil (0-10 cm layer) samples were collected. A new sugarcane straw and soil (0-5 and 5-10 cm) sampling was performed four months from the second deposition of sugarcane straw on the field. The attributes evaluated were: total and microbial C and N of straw and soil, soil easily-oxidizable C, straw and soil microbial genes quantification using qPCR method. Our results showed that soil C and N contents were not impacted by sugarcane straw removal. However, the fraction of easily-oxidizable C and microbial C and N tended to decrease due to increased straw removal, with a more significant microbial biomass response for the sandy soil site (Univalem). Likewise, microbial communities were also sensitive to straw management, resulting in a significant decrease in the number of gene copies with increasing intensities of sugarcane straw harvest. Therefore, we can concluded that the large amounts of sugarcane straw removal from field as affects soil microbiology, may have consequences in specific functions performed by microorganisms, which ensure the soil functioning and can prevent soil degradation. These results can serve as a basis for more comprehensive assessments that seek a sustainable crop residue management strategy for sugarcane, to ensure the proper functioning of the soil
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Pimentel, Laisa Gouveia. "Decomposition dynamics of sugarcane straw in the central-southern Brazil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-21032018-124822/.
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The adoption of mechanical unburned sugarcane harvesting increases the quantity of straw left on the soil. This material has a high potential for 2G ethanol and bioelectricity production. Although the straw maintenance has an essential role in the soil properties and crop performance. The straw decomposition is a key process to investigate and to inform the correct removal management decisions. Diverse factors affect the decomposition rate, such as: quality and quantity of straw; edaphoclimatic conditions; and management practices. Therefore, we conducted a field study at two sites within central-southern Brazil, the largest sugarcane-producing region in the world, encompassing two harvesting seasons (rainy and dry) over two years to evaluate the sugarcane straw decomposition dynamics under different removal rates. The main hypothesis is that the high removal unbalances the soil environment and reduce de C supply for the microorganisms, decreasing the microbial activity and consequently the straw decomposition rate. The straw removal management affected the decomposition rate, which the lowest decomposition was associated with high removal. The C and N loss was two- and threefold greater in the second year than in the first year of experimentation, respectively. Overall, the straw cellulose decreased by 13%, the hemicellulose 7%, and the lignin proportionally enriched by 92% after two years. Throughout the decomposition process, the straw chemical changes were detected using the traditional method, wet chemical extractions, and using the spectroscopy technique, Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform DRIFT. In this sense, in order to trace straw cellulose and hemicellulose changes we suggested the use of 896, 987, 1173, and 1447 cm-1 peaks, whereas to trace lignin changes, the absorbance at 1510 cm-1 seems to be an efficient predictor. The soil bacterial community was most affected by the time of decomposition. The straw quality explained 23.2% of the total bacterial variation, in which hemicellulose accounting for 17.2% of this variation. Moreover, the bacterial structure was subtle affected by the sugarcane straw removal. Overall, our study showed that the straw removal for 2G ethanol and bioelectricity production affect the straw decomposition dynamics in commercial sugarcane areas in Brazil. The time was the main regulator of changes in straw chemical contents and in the soil bacterial structure. The use of crop residues for energy purposes is one of the principal alternatives to increase bioenergy production in the next few years. However, the sugarcane straw removal should be done with prudence, since the straw removal rate affected the straw decomposition dynamics and consequently it should affect the nutrient recycling and C cycle.A adoção da colheita mecanizada sem queima prévia da cana-de-açúcar aumenta a quantidade de palha sobre o solo. Essa palha tem um alto potencial para produção de etanol 2G e bioeletricidade. No entanto, a manutenção da palha tem papel essencial nas propriedades do solo e no desempenho das culturas. A decomposição da palha é um processo chave para investigar e informar sobre corretas decisões acerca do manejo da remoção. Diversos fatores afetam a taxa de decomposição, tais como: qualidade e quantidade da palha; condições edafoclimáticas; e práticas de manejo. Portanto, realizamos um estudo de campo em dois locais no centro-sul do Brasil, maior região produtora de cana-de-açúcar no mundo, abrangendo duas épocas de colheita (chuvosa e seca) ao longo de dois anos para avaliar a dinâmica de decomposição da palha da cana-de-açúcar sob diferentes taxas de remoção. A principal hipótese é de que a alta remoção de palha desequilibre o ambiente edáfico e reduza o fornecimento de C para os microrganismos, diminuindo a atividade microbiana e consequentemente a taxa de decomposição da palha. O manejo de remoção afetou a taxa de decomposição da palha, a menor taxa de decomposição foi associada a maiores remoções. A perda de C e N foi duas e três vezes maior no segundo ano do que no primeiro ano de condução do experimento, respectivamente. Em geral, a celulose da palha diminuiu em 13%, a hemicelulose em 7% e a lignina proporcionalmente enriqueceu em 92% após dois anos. Mundancas na composição química da palha ao longo do processo de decomposição foram detectadas tanto utilizando o método tradicional, via extrações químicas sequenciais, quanto atravéz de técnica espectroscópica, como o Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform DRIFT. Assim, para verificar alterações da celulose e da hemicelulose da palha suger-se o uso das picos espectrais de 896, 987, 1173 e 1447 cm-1, enquanto que para verificar mudanças na lignina os valores de 1510 cm-1 mostrou-se um eficiente preditor. A comunidade bacteriana do solo foi afetada pelo tempo de decomposição. A qualidade da palha explicou 23,2% da variação bacteriana total, onde a hemicelulose representou 17,2% dessa variação. Além disso, a estrutura bacteriana foi sutilmente afetada pelo manejo de remoção da palha da cana-de-açúcar. No geral, nosso estudo mostrou que a remoção de palha para a produção de etanol 2G e bioeletricidade afetará a dinâmica da decomposição da palha nas áreas comerciais de cana-de-açúcar do Brasil. O tempo foi o principal regulador das mudanças nos conteúdos bioquímicos da palha e na estrutura bacteriana do solo. O uso de resíduos de culturas para fins energéticos é uma das principais alternativas para aumentar a produção de bioenergia nos próximos anos. No entanto, a remoção da palha de cana-de-açúcar deve ser feita com prudência, uma vez que a taxa de remoção afetou a dinâmica da decomposição e conseqüentemente deverá afetar a ciclagem de nutrientes e o ciclo do C.
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Hewage, Renuka Priyadarshani Suddapuli [Verfasser], and Eva-Maria [Akademischer Betreuer] Pfeiffer. "Effect of charred digestate (biochar) and digestate on soil organic carbon and nutrients in temperate bioenergy crop production systems / Renuka Priyadarshani Suddapuli Hewage. Betreuer: Eva-Maria Pfeiffer." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1095766589/34.
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Carlos, Roberta Souto. "Crambe cultivado em sucessão ao milho fertilizado com lodo de esgoto por dezoito anos consecutivos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152186.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O crambe tem se destacado no cenário bioenergético como uma opção na rotação de culturas para a safrinha, visando à produção de óleo e posteriormente de biodiesel. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre suas necessidades nutricionais. Objetivou-se avaliar a resposta das plantas de crambe ao efeito residual da adubação orgânica com lodo de esgoto (LE) na produtividade agrícola, conteúdo de macro e micronutrientes nos grãos e na planta inteira, além do teor de óleo. O experimento foi instalado em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico (LVef), que recebeu 18 aplicações anuais de lodo de esgoto, no município de Jaboticabal-SP. Os tratamentos foram: 0 (controle, sem aplicação de LE e com fertilização mineral); 5 Mg ha-1 LE; 10,0 Mg ha-1 LE; e 20,0 Mg ha-1 LE base seca. O crambe foi semeado em sucessão ao milho, cultura utilizada no ciclo 2014/2015, sem nova adubação. O acúmulo de nutrientes na planta inteira e a massa seca foram analisados em três épocas de amostragem (50, 64 e 78 dias após a semeadura - DAS), além da produtividade, porcentagem de óleo e concentração de nutrientes nos grãos. O acúmulo de N, P, B e Zn na planta inteira e a massa seca de crambe apresentaram diferença significativa entre os tratamentos somente aos 50 DAS, com valores maiores no tratamento de 10 Mg ha-1 quando comparado ao tratamento controle. Para as demais variáveis analisadas, não houve diferença significativa em nenhuma época de coleta. A maior produção de massa seca ocorreu aos 78 DAS, atingindo 23,22 g kg-1 na dose de 20 Mg ha-1 LE. A porcentagem de óleo, que variou de 18,69 a 19,53%, e a produtividade de grãos, também não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos. O estudo possibilitou verificar que a resposta à adubação com LE ou mineral, não influenciou em incremento no acúmulo dos nutrientes avaliados nas plantas e nos grãos do crambe. A qualidade de grãos de crambe quanto ao teor de óleo e a produtividade também não sofreram interferência das doses de LE utilizadas. Este trabalho mostrou que crambe é uma planta que pode ser aproveita na rotação de culturas adubadas com LE.
Crambe has stood out in the bioenergetic scenario as an option in the rotation of crops for the safrinha, aiming at the production of oil and later of biodiesel. However, little is known about their nutritional needs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of crambe plants to the residual effect of organic fertilization with sewage sludge (SS) on agricultural productivity, macro and micronutrient content in grains and whole plant, as well as oil content. The experiment was carried out in Eutroferric Red Latosol (LVef), which received 18 annual applications of sewage sludge, in the municipality of Jaboticabal-SP. The treatments were: 0 (control, without application of SS and with mineral fertilization); 5 Mg ha-1 SS; 10.0 Mg ha-1 SS; and 20.0 Mg ha-1 SS dry basis. The crambe was sown in succession to corn, a crop used in the 2014/2015 cycle, with no new fertilization. The accumulation of nutrients in the whole plant and the dry mass were analyzed in three sampling times (50, 64 and 78 days after sowing - DAS), besides the productivity, percentage of oil and concentration of nutrients in the grains. The accumulation of N, P, B and Zn in the whole plant and the dry mass of crambe showed a significant difference between the treatments only at 50 DAS, with higher values in the treatment of 10 Mg ha-1 when compared to the control treatment. For the other variables analyzed, there was no significant difference in any collection season. The highest dry mass production occurred at 78 DAS, reaching 23.22 g kg-1 at the dose of 20 Mg ha-1 SS. The percentage of oil, which varied from 18.69 to 19.53%, and grain yield, were also not influenced by the treatments. The study made it possible to verify that the response to SS or mineral fertilization did not influence the accumulation of nutrients evaluated in plants and crambe grains. The quality of crambe grains for oil content and yield also did not suffer interference from the doses of SS used. This work showed that crambe is a plant that can be harvested in the rotation of cultures fertilized with SS.
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Vasconcelos, Ana Luisa Soares de. "Emissão de gases de efeito estufa do solo devido à remoção de quantidades de palha de cana-de-açúcar e à adubação nitrogenada." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-19122016-163327/.
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A palha de cana-de-açúcar tem sido uma importante matéria prima para aumentar a produção de bioenergia no Brasil. Porém a dinâmica das emissões de gases de efeito estufa no campo devido à prática de remoção de palha ainda não é totalmente compreendida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar as emissões de GEE do solo devido à remoção da palha de cana-de-açúcar com e sem adição de nitrogênio. Foram realizados dois experimentos com câmaras amostrais de gás mantidas em condições naturais com quatro tratamentos: sem palha, 3, 6 e 12 Mg ha-1, os quais equivalem as intensidades de 100, 75, 50 e 0% de remoção. O primeiro foi conduzido por 180 dias sem adição de N e o segundo experimento conduzido por 100 dias, foi adicionado 80 kg ha-1 de N no sulfato de amônio e 32 kg ha-1 de N na vinhaça. Conjuntamente ao experimento 1, foi conduzido um ensaio de decomposição com as mesmas quantidades de palha limitadas por caixas plásticas sem fundo (0,3 x 0,5 m). No Experimento 1 a presença de palha aumentou 35 - 45% os fluxos acumulados N2O e CO2 em relação ao solo descoberto. O influxo de CH4 aumentou 40% na presença total de palha (12 Mg ha-1) em relação ao sem palha. O fator de emissão de N2O encontrado para a palha em decomposição foi de 0,02%. No Experimento 2 ocorreu uma intensificação das emissões devido à adubação nitrogenada, com isso as emissões em razão das quantidades de palhas não foram significantes. O fator de emissão médio foi de 0,42%. Os resultados indicam que a palha, sem N, possui um efeito na emissão de GEE e, que para manter o estoque de C do solo, é necessário a manutenção de pelo menos 6 Mg ha-1 para compensar as perdas de CO2 por respiração. Este trabalho contribuirá para os cálculos de pegada de carbono do bioetanol e na decisão da usina sobre a intensidade de remoção de palha de cana-de-açúcar para a produção de energia e etanol 2GSugarcane straw has been point out as an important feedstock to increase bioenergy production in Brazil However, the field greenhouse gas (GHG) emission dynamic due straw removing management is not completely understood yet. Two experiments were conducted with gas sampling chambers that was kept under natural conditions with four treatments: bare soil, 3, 6 and 12 Mg ha-1, which is approximately the equivalent of the 100, 75, 50 and 0 % intensities of removing. The first was conducted for 180 days without the N addition and the second experiment was conducted for 100 day and its was added 80 kg ha-1 N in ammonium sulfate and 32 kg ha-1 N in the vinasse. Parallely to the experiment 1, a decomposing trial was conducted with the same straw amounts in a side limited bottomless plastic boxes (0.3 x 0.5 m). In Experiment 1, the presence of straw increased 35-45% the N2O and CO2 accumulated flux compared to the bare soil. While the influx of CH4 increased by 40% in the maximum straw amount (12 Mg ha-1) compared to zero. The N2O emission factor found for the straw decomposition was 0.02%. In Experiment 2 occurred an intensification of emissions due to nitrogen fertilization which raised the average emission factor for 0.42%. Thus emission due straw quantities were not significant. The results indicate that the straw without N has an effect of GHG emissions, and in order to maintain the C stock in soil is need keep at least 6 Mg ha-1 of straw to compensate for the loss of CO2 thru respiration. This work will contribute to the bioethanol carbon footprint calculation and in the grower decision taking of straw removing intensity for energy and 2G ethanol
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Maaß, Oliver. "Analyzing Transactions in Linked Value Chains of Wastewater Treatment and Crop Production." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/20128.
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In dieser Dissertation wird der Einfluss von Transaktionen zur Wiederverwendung von Nährstoffen und gereinigtem kommunalen Abwasser auf die Wertschöpfungsketten der Abwasserbehandlung und Pflanzenproduktion untersucht. Ziel ist es, Kosten und Nutzen sowie die Wertschöpfung von Transaktionen in verknüpften Wertschöpfungsketten der Abwasserbehandlung und Pflanzenproduktion zu analysieren. Darüber hinaus wird untersucht, wie Transaktionen und Interdependenzen zwischen Akteuren in verknüpften Wertschöpfungsketten die lokalen Governance-Strukturen für die Wiederverwendung von Abwasser beeinflussen. Die Analyse wird hauptsächlich durch das Wertschöpfungskettenkonzept, das Konzept der Kreislaufwirtschaft und die Theorie der Transaktionskostenökonomie geleitet. Mit verschiedenen Methoden, wie der Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse, der Wertschöpfungskettenanalyse und der Transaktionskostenanalyse, werden zwei Fallstudien in Deutschland untersucht: (1) die Fällung von Struvit (Magnesium-Ammonium-Phosphat) und dessen Verwendung als Dünger in Berlin-Brandenburg und (2) das Modell der landwirtschaftlichen Abwasserwiederverwendung in Braunschweig. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Wiederverwendung von Nährstoffen und Abwasser zu geringeren Kosten für die Abwasserbehandlung, höherer Rentabilität und Wertschöpfung in der Pflanzenproduktion und zu einem hohen Anteil an regionaler Wertschöpfung führen. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen aber auch, dass die Wiederverwendung von Abwasser zu Einschränkungen, Verdrängungseffekten und Veränderungen in der Verteilung der Wertschöpfung führen kann. Des Weiteren zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass differenzierte Governance-Strukturen erforderlich sind, um den unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften der Transaktionen zwischen Abwasserbehandlung und der Pflanzenproduktion gerecht zu werden. Interdependenzen zwischen Abwasseranbietern und Landwirten erhöhen den Bedarf an hybriden und hierarchischen Elementen in den Governance-Strukuren für die Wiederverwendung von Abwasser.This dissertation explores the impact of transactions for reusing nutrients and treated municipal wastewater on the value chains of wastewater treatment and crop production. It aims to analyze what costs and benefits and what added-value can result from transactions in linked value chains of wastewater treatment and crop production. Furthermore, it aims to analyze how transactions and interdependences between actors in linked value chains shape the governance structures for reusing wastewater at the local level. The analysis is mainly guided by the value chain concept, the concept of the circular economy and the theory of transaction costs economics. Different methods including cost-benefit analysis, value chain analysis and transaction cost analysis are used to investigate two case studies located in Germany: (1) the precipitation of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) in the wastewater treatment plant in Waßmannsdorf and its application as fertilizer in Berlin-Brandenburg, and (2) the agricultural wastewater reuse scheme of the Wastewater Association Braunschweig. The results show that transactions for reusing nutrients and wastewater result in the development of linked regional value chains with lower costs of wastewater treatment, higher profitability and added-value in crop production, and a high share of regional added-value. However, the results also highlight that the reuse of wastewater can lead to restrictions (e.g., cultivation bans on certain crops), crowding out effects and changes in the distribution of the added-value. Furthermore, the findings suggest that different governance structures are needed to match the different properties of the transactions between wastewater treatment and crop production. Interdependences resulting from transactions between wastewater providers and farmers increase the need for hybrid and hierarchical elements in the governance structures for reusing wastewater.
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Ljungberg, Stina. "Drivkrafter och hinder ur ett multifunktionellt perspektiv : Förutsättningar och utvecklingsområden för produktion av biobränsle från våtmarker." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Miljövetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-31057.
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Då Sverige redan nått flera av de energi- och klimatpolitiska målen kan målet om att skapa ett fossilfritt samhälle stå som ytterligare drivkraft för att fortsätta utvecklingen av de hållbara bränslena. Bidrag finns att få för att anlägga våtmarker, minska klimatpåverkan, förbättra naturmiljön och för utvecklandet av ny teknik samt bygga upp anläggningar för biobränsleproduktion. Trots detta har odling av våtmarksgrödor för energiutvinning ännu inte etablerats på energimarknaden. Denna studie är en del i kartläggningen av vad som kan komma att driva utvecklingen av våtmarker som källa till bioenergi framåt, och vilka delar som saknas i det arbetet. Efter intervjuer med intresserade och kunniga aktörer inom ämnet presenteras här de drivkrafter och hinder som påverkar denna utveckling. Drivkrafterna grundar sig i viljan att komma bort från fossila bränslen, att minska utsläppen av näringsämnen samt ge utrymme för biologisk mångfald, samtidigt som åtgärderna kan göra nytta för samhället och hjälpa till att nå klimat- och miljömålen. De största hindren utgörs av att speciella maskiner kan behövas för behandling av våtmarksgrödorna där terrängen är känslig och att mycket stora ytor skulle behövas för att öka lönsamheten. De ekonomiska stöd som finns att tillgå täcker inte heller alla nödvändiga steg i produktionsledet. Eftersom priserna på el och fossila bränslen är låga finns ännu ingen etablerad marknad för denna typ av energikälla och produktionen leder därför inte till någon större förtjänst. Biobränsleproducenter har även svårt att på ett tillräckligt effektivt sätt utvinna energin från grödorna. Detta gör att efterfrågan på energigrödor från våtmarker idag är mycket låg. Trots detta kan våtmarker bidra med en rad viktiga ekosystemtjänster i samband med produktion av energigrödor. Det rekommenderas därför att ett sådant system präglas av förvaltningsfilosofin mångbruk, där en naturresurs syfte är att nyttjas för flera ändamål samtidigt. Detta multifunktionella synsätt kan hjälpa till att öka våtmarkernas roll i uppfyllandet av flera av de nationella klimat- och miljömålen, om dess ekosystemtjänster vägs in tydligare i kalkylerna vid energiproduktion.Sweden have already reached several of their goals for energy consumption, but the overall goal to become a fossil free society can still be seen as a driving force to keep developing renewable fuels. There is financial support for wetland construction, reduce impact on the climate, improve the natural environment, for developing new techniques and for biomass fuel plants. Still, cultivation of wetland crops for energy extraction are not yet well established on the energy market. After interviews with actors interested and knowledgeable in this field, this study presents driving forces and barriers affecting the development of this energy source. Driving forces comes from the ambition to move away from fossil fuels, decrease emissions of nutrients, make room for biodiversity, and provide services for the society while helping to reach climate and environmental goals. The barriers affecting this development is that special machines might be needed for handling of the crops and also to harvest the sensitive wetlands while large areas would be needed to increase profitability. The financial support available is not enough to cover the costs for production. Also, the prices on electricity and fossil fuels are low, which lowers the profitability for this type of energy source. Bioenergy producers have not yet found an effective way to extract energy from the crops. All of this makes the demand for energy crops from wetlands small. Despite this, wetlands provide several important ecosystem services and it is therefore recommended to use the management philosophy of multiple-use. With a multifunctional view of wetlands, the value of its ecosystem services can be added to the calculations of energy production and increase its role in reaching several national climate and environmental goals.
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Harris, Zoe-Margaret. "GHG balance and carbon mitigation potential of bioenergy crops." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/390656/.
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SRC willow for bioenergy is a promising source of renewable energy for temperate climates such as the UK. Mass deployment of this technology will require substantial land use change, which will have consequential effects on ecosystem services. In order to avoid competition with food, bioenergy production has been proposed for cultivation on degraded or marginal land. In the UK, this land will likely come in the form of ex set-aside grasslands. The aim of this work was to quantify the greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of land use change (LUC) to 2G bioenergy, with a particular focus on SRC willow. A systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that a conversion from arable cropping to second generation bioenergy results in an increase in soil carbon, whereas a conversion from forest results in a loss of soil carbon. Transitions from grasslands to SRC were shown to be broadly neutral, whereas a transition to perennial grasses such as Miscanthus there was a loss in soil carbon. This work highlighted the limited long-term empirical data available surrounding the effects of LUC to bioenergy, with particular uncertainty surrounding grasslands. A field site was established at commercial scale in the south of England to conduct a side-by-side comparison of the net ecosystem exchange (NEE), soil GHG fluxes and soil properties of an ex-set aside grassland and SRC willow plantation. There was also the opportunity to capture the effects of a commercial harvest of SRC willow on net gas exchange. After three years of measurements, net ecosystem exchange (NEE) indicated that SRC willow was a net sink for carbon and grassland was a net source. Soil respiration was lower in SRC willow than in grassland. Soil fluxes of nitrous oxide and methane were low at both sites and did not contribute a significant portion of the GHG balance of these land uses. However, there was net emission of methane from grassland and a net uptake from the SRC willow over the measurement period. Soil carbon in the upper 30 cm portion was higher in grassland than in SRC willow, however for the whole 100 cm profile there was no significant difference between land uses. The effects of a commercial harvest were detected in the SRC willow where there was an increase in NEE and ecosystem respiration (Reco). Despite these increases in NEE and Reco, the site became a net sink of carbon again as soon as 3 weeks post-disturbance. Soil chemistry analysis revealed that a conversion from grassland to SRC willow results in increased bulk density and a lower soil moisture. Overall, these results suggest that a transition from grassland to SRC willow could result in GHG savings, though this is likely to be highly site and management specific. SRC willow is able to act as a sink for carbon which could have positive implications for climate change mitigation. Soil carbon differences between sites indicate that the SRC willow is still in the recovery phase for soil carbon, and these differences are likely due to the larger input of organic material in the grassland where it is mowed and left on site. Management plays a large part in determining the whole GHG balance of the grassland ecosystem and this will need to be considered for future land use change scenarios. Grasslands remain one of the most viable options for land use change to bioenergy to avoid large loss of soil carbon (such as those observed from forest transitions) and competition with food crops, though decisions to convert land will require a site by site evaluation.
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Haney, Paul E. "Corn stalk as a bioenergy resource /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3115551.
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Defilippi, Filho Luiz Cunali. "Estudo de viabilidade do uso do palhiço para geração de energia na entressafra de uma usina sucroenergética." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/10958.
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O setor sucroenergético brasileiro vem se destacando como uma nova opção para a geração de energia elétrica do país de forma renovável e sustentável. Torna-se cada vez mais frequente o uso do palhiço da cana-de-açúcar como fonte adicional de biomassa combustível além do uso tradicional do bagaço. As usinas com centrais termelétricas que comercializam os excedentes de bioeletricidade normalmente operam durante a safra da cana-de-açúcar e ficam paradas durante a entressafra. Este estudo analisa a viabilidade econômica de aproveitar a capacidade ociosa de uma unidade de geração de energia elétrica durante a entressafra, através do estudo de caso de uma usina de cana-de-açúcar na cidade de Iacanga no interior do estado de São Paulo. O trabalho tem como premissa utilizar o palhiço como combustível na safra adicional ao bagaço e armazenar o bagaço para a geração de bioeletricidade na entressafra. Os investimentos necessários para o processamento do palhiço na safra, armazenagem e movimentação do bagaço e custos de operação e manutenção do sistema de geração de energia são apresentados. As análises econômicas do estudo são feitas utilizando os métodos do Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) e da Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR). São feitas também análises de sensibilidade com os dois principais fatores de impacto à rentabilidade, que são o custo do palhiço posto na usina e o valor da energia elétrica vendida. As análises são apresentadas em três cenários variando o total de dias efetivos de geração na entressafra, sendo de 30, 60 e 90 dias. Os resultados indicam que a geração adicional de energia na entressafra, aproveitando a capacidade ociosa da planta na entressafra, tem um VPL de R$-1,136 milhão, R$ 0,698 milhão e R$ 2,511 milhões e uma TIR de 5,47% a.a., 16,98% a.a. e 25,88% a.a., respectivamente. Esses resultados consideraram o custo do palhiço a R$ 70,00.t-1 e a venda da energia a R$170,00.MWh-1. Conclui-se, assim, que o aproveitamento da capacidade ociosa do parque de geração de energia a partir da biomassa da cana-de-açúcar na entressafra tem potencial e viabilidade econômica conforme: o aumento do seu uso; a disponibilidade de biomassa residual (palhiço) a custos competitivos; e preço de venda da bioeletricidade.
The sugar ethanol industry has emerged as a renewable and sustainable option for electricity generation in Brazil. Besides the more traditional use of bagasse, sugarcane trash has become increasingly frequent as an additional source of biomass fuel. The mills with power plants, which sell surplus bioelectricity, normally operate during harvest season and are idle during the off crop. This study examines the economic feasibility of using the idle capacity of electricity generation units during the off crop, through the case study of a sugarcane mill in Iacanga, São Paulo. The analysis assumes the use of sugarcane trash as additional fuel to bagasse and the storage of the excess of bagasse to generate bioelectriciy in the off crop season. The study presents the necessary investments for processing the trash during the harvest season, for storage and handling of bagasse, and the operation and maintenance costs of the power generation system. The economic analysis are performed using the methods of Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Also, sensitivity analysis is made using the two main factors that impact the profitability: the cost of trash at the plant and the amount of electricity sold. The analysis considers three scenarios varying the total days of effective bioelectricity generation during off crop: 30, 60 and 90 days. The results indicate that the additional power generation during the off crop, taking advantage of the mill’s idle capacity, provide a NPV of R$ -1.14 million, R$ 0.70 million and R$ 2.51 million, respectively, and an IRR of 5.5%, 17.0% and 25.9% per year, considering the cost of trash as R$ 70,00 / ton and the sale of energy as R$ 170.00 MW/h. As conclusion, the study shows thatthe use of the mill’s idle capacity for power generation from the biomass of sugarcane in the off crop season has a good potential and presents economic viability, as its increased use generates competitive biomass waste (trash) and if there is competitive prices in the sale of bioelectricity.
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Morrison, Eilidh Christina. "Methyl halide and biogenic volatile organic compound fluxes from perennial bioenergy crops and annual arable crops." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8279.
Full textAbstract:
The depletion of fossil fuel resources, pollution concerns and the challenge of energy security are driving the search for renewable energy sources. The use of lignocellulosic plant biomass as an energy source is increasing in the United Kingdom and worldwide. In the UK, up to 0.35MHa (6% of total arable land) may be planted with perennial bioenergy crops by 2020 in order to meet renewable energy and CO2 reduction targets. Several plant species that produce high biomass from low inputs have been identified. The most promising for the UK climate are the genus Miscanthus, a perennial rhizomatous grass which can grow up to 3.5m in a year, and short rotation coppice (SRC) willow (Salix spp.), plantations of which can remain viable for up to 30 years. Although bioenergy crops are perceived as “carbon neutral”, changes in land use can have a wider impact on atmospheric composition than through CO2 alone. This study compares vegetation fluxes of methyl halides (CH3Br and CH3Cl) and biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from perennial bioenergy crops and annual arable crops at three sites in the UK. Methyl halides are the most abundant natural vectors of bromine and chlorine into the stratosphere and play an important role in stratospheric ozone destruction. BVOCs affect atmospheric oxidising capacity and are a major precursor to the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols in the troposphere. Although terrestrial vegetation is an important source of these trace gases there are very few previous measurements of these reactive gases from bioenergy crops. This study describes measurements conducted at two SRC willow sites in Scotland, and one site in England planted with adjacent perennial bioenergy crops and annual arable crops, to quantify and characterise natural methyl halide and BVOC fluxes from vegetation. Measurements were conducted with branch chambers, using static enclosure techniques to measure methyl halide fluxes and dynamic enclosures to measure BVOCs such as isoprene and -pinene. Fluxes were calculated from the concentration difference between background/inlet samples and after enclosure/outlet samples. Methyl halide concentrations were determined by sampling gas from static enclosures followed by analysis using an oxygen-doped GC-ECD with a custom-built pre-concentration unit. Samples for BVOC analysis were collected onto adsorbent tubes and a thermal desorption GC-MS was used to determine BVOC concentrations. Potentially influential environmental variables such as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), total solar radiation, air temperature, soil temperature, internal chamber temperature and soil moisture were recorded in parallel to the enclosures to determine their potential relationships to fluxes. Long-term environmental data was also available from on-site or nearby weather stations. Long-term measurements were carried out for 2 1 2 years at a site in Lincolnshire, England where adjacent fields are planted with Miscanthus, SRC willow and annual arable crops (wheat and oilseed rape crop rotation). Vegetation measurements were made almost every month throughout the period, with more intensive measurements such as full diurnal cycle carried out during the summer. Ten sampling points are sampled in each field and semi-diurnal measurements are taken regularly. Long-term measurements were also carried out at two sites in Scotland planted with SRC willow, one in Arnot, Perth & Kinross which was sampled for a year and one in East Grange, Fife which was sampled for half a year. Up to 30 sampling points were employed in Arnot and another 10 in East Grange. The bioenergy crops and wheat emitted low fluxes of methyl halides in comparison to the oilseed rape. Mean annual net fluxes of CH3Br and CH3Cl from Miscanthus were 1.8 ng g (dry weight)-1 h-1 and 11 ng g-1 h-1, respectively. At the three willow sites, mean annual net fluxes of CH3Br and CH3Cl ranged between 0.6 - 1.7 ng g-1 h-1, and 1.7 - 12 ng g-1 h-1, respectively. Negligible fluxes of methyl halides were measured from wheat but oilseed rape was found to emit large fluxes of methyl halides with mean annual net fluxes of CH3Br and CH3Cl of 20 ng g-1 h-1and 144 ng g-1 h-1, respectively. The largest BVOC fluxes were measured from SRC willow at the Brattleby site, with high mean annual net fluxes of isoprene (77 μ g g-1 h-1), α -pinene (46 g μg-1 h-1), β -pinene (5.5 μ g g-1 h-1), limonene (3.7 μ g g-1 h-1) and δ -3-carene (11 μ g g-1 h-1). However, mean annual net BVOC fluxes measured at Arnot and East Grange were much lower. High fluxes of - pinene were measured from Miscanthus in 2010 (giving a mean annual net flux of 65 μ g g-1 h-1) but no other significant BVOC fluxes were distinguished. Negligible fluxes of isoprene were measured from wheat but fluxes of monoterpenes were high with mean annual net fluxes of 65 μ g g-1 h-1 and 25 μg g-1 h-1 for α -pinene and limonene, respectively. No significant fluxes of BVOCs were measured from the oilseed rape. All fluxes demonstrated a strong seasonal trend with higher emissions during the summer growing season and low to zero emissions over winter. The high spatial variability was captured by sampling from many points in each field. Some diurnal measurements exhibited a clear pattern of higher emissions during the day and low to zero emissions at night. Some positive correlations between fluxes and environmental variables such as PAR and air temperature were observed. An experiment carried out on willow cuttings in the greenhouse found no clear increase or decrease in fluxes of BVOCs in response to N fertiliser treatment, instead fluxes were found to vary significantly with some of the observed environmental variables. UK estimates were derived by extrapolating measured fluxes using the current respective land cover areas for Miscanthus and SRC willow. Estimated UK annual fluxes of CH3Br and CH3Cl from Miscanthus were 0.01Mgy-1 and 0.05Mgy-1, respectively and from SRC willow were 0.06Mgy-1 and 0.4Mgy-1, respectively, accounting for a very small percentage of total global annual turnover of CH3Br and CH3Cl. Estimated UK annual fluxes of the BVOCs isoprene and α -pinene from Miscanthus were 0.01Mgy-1 and 0.4Mgy-1, respectively and from SRC willow were 3Mgy-1 and 1Mgy-1, respectively. Future planting of SRC willow to meet the UKs energy needs could lead to a potential annual isoprene flux of 150 MgMgy-1.
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Bottoms, Emily L. "Soil greenhouse gas emissions and soil C dynamics in bioenergy crops." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=194783.
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The second generation bioenergy crops Miscanthus x giganteus and short rotation coppice (SRC) willow are the two main bioenergy crops in the UK and have become an integral part of legislation to provide an alternative to fossil fuels and to reduce national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To reach emission targets, it is estimated that approximately 350,000 ha of land could be made available for bioenergy crops by 2020. Despite the promise of these crops, there have been very few field-studies regarding soil GHG (CO2, CH4 and N2O) emissions and many of the published studies are life cycle analyses or modelled fluxes from soils using default values from the IPCC. The first aim of this research was to quantify the in situ soil GHG budget and to establish the drivers of these GHG fluxes for Miscanthus and SRC willow. The second aim of this research was to provide a more in-depth understanding of C cycling under Miscanthus i.e. litter and roots through two field experiments. Overall, the results from this work confirm minimal emissions of CH4 and N2O from soil under Miscanthus and SRC willow. CO2 flux was found to be the major efflux from soils and it was found in Miscanthus, that the majority of this flux was derived from below ground respiration. Litter played an important part in providing nutrients to the soil, which is vital in systems that are not fertilised. Litter also contributed to SOM accumulation on the soil surface and may promote long-term C sequestration. The results from this work combined with other literature would suggest that these second generation crops offer advantages to first generation crops, but more field-based studies are required to say if they can offer the large-scale GHG savings needed to be a viable alternative to fossil fuels.
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Ismayilova, Rubaba Mammad. "An analysis of producing ethanol and electric power from woody residues and agricultural crops in East Texas." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/5773.
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The increasing U.S. dependence on imported oil; the contribution of fossil fuels to the
greenhouse gas emissions and the climate change issue; the current level of energy
prices and other environmental concerns have increased world interest in renewable
energy sources. Biomass is a large, diverse, readily exploitable resource. This
dissertation examines the biomass potential in Eastern Texas by examining a 44 county
region. This examination considers the potential establishment of a 100-megawatt (MW)
power plant and a 20 million gallon per year (MMGY) ethanol plant using
lignocellulosic biomass. The biomass sources considered are switchgrass, sugarcane
bagasse, and logging residues. In the case of electricity generation, co-firing scenarios
are also investigated. The research analyzes the key indicators involved with economic
costs and benefits, environmental and social impacts. The bioenergy production
possibilities considered here were biofeedstock supported electric power and cellulosic
ethanol production. The results were integrated into a comprehensive set of information
that addresses the effects of biomass energy development in the region. The analysis indicates that none of the counties in East Texas have sufficient
biomass to individually sustain either a 100% biomass fired power plant or the cellulosic
ethanol plant. Such plants would only be feasible at the regional level. Co-firing
biomass with coal, however, does provide a most attractive alternative for the study
region. The results indicate further that basing the decision solely on economics of
feedstock availability and costs would suggest that bioenergy, as a renewable energy, is
not a viable energy alternative. Accounting for some environmental and social benefits
accruing to the region from bioenergy production together with the feedstock economics,
however, suggests that government subsidies, up to the amount of accruing benefits,
could make the bioenergies an attractive business opportunity for local farmers and
investors.
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Martinez-Kawas, Adrian. "A feasibility study of postharvest handling, storage and logistics of bioenergy crops." Diss., Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16304.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Grain Science & Industry
Dirk E. Maier
The feasibility of utilizing cellulosic biomass as an energy feedstock is dominated by factors such as facility location, feedstock availability, and transportation cost. The main goal of this research was to develop a GIS-based method that will generate more accurate biomass residue availability data as input data to biomass supply chain logistics models. This research was carried out in four objectives to ensure that, as improvement parameters were implemented, the methodology remained valid and became more accurate. The first objective compared an existing method to a proposed method to quantify feedstock availability given a facility’s location using a geographical information system. The proposed method proved to be more robust (by a factor of 1.45) than the existing method because it calculates the distance from the facility to farm fields using a real road network, and the acreage of crop-specific fields in a given service area based on crop season specific satellite images. The second objective implemented two improvement parameters to the previously proposed constant removal rate (CRR) method. It examined the effect of field-level yield variance and variable removal rates (VRR) on quantification of the feedstock availability supply for a biorefinery. The new VRR method predicted on average 113,384 ± 38,770 dry tons (DT) of additional residue per service area compared to the CRR method. The third objective further improved the VRR method by utilizing multiple crops as biomass sources and estimating VRR based on crop rotation. On average a 3,793 ± 5,733 DT per service area difference resulted when increasing the number of crop-specific VRR rates used to estimate feedstock quantification. The supplementary use of crop-specific VRR rates affected residue availability given a crop’s residue removal rate is influenced by crop yield, crop rotation, soil characteristics, as well as field location and management. The fourth objective assessed the suitability of potential feedstock storage locations (FSL) to store multi-crop biomass remotely based on a spatial and location-allocation analysis. The sensitivity analysis showed that scenario 2 (16-km; 10-mile service area) appeared to be the more cost-effective option given fewer FSLs (35) were needed and more demand points could be serviced (98.1%) compared to scenario 1 (8-km; 5-mile service area; 62.1% demand points; 50 FSLs), despite presumably higher transportation costs.
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Nocentini, Andrea <1986>. "Measured and Modeled C Flows after Land Use Change to Perennial Bioenergy Crops." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7801/1/Measured%20and%20modeled%20C%20flows%20after%20land%20use%20change%20to%20perennial%20bioenergy%20crops_Andrea%20Nocentini.pdf.
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In the first part of this Thesis the general concepts and state of art of the research subjects are introduced, then focusing on the impact of the land use change to perennial bioenergy crops on agricultural systems’ carbon stocks. Then, the specific objectives of the research that has been carried out are stated.
In the second part, the detailed methods and results of the four experiments performed are described one by one. All four papers constitute original research. The first and second papers originate from direct field measurements investigating the carbon flows subsequent to the establishment of perennial grasses for bioenergy on, respectively, a fertile agricultural land and a marginal land resembling, since it had been cultivated with poplar for the previous thirty years, the conditions of a biomass supply district. The third and fourth papers originate from model simulations investigating the potential of perennial biomass crops to produce energy and second-generation biofuels at the regional scale and their impact on soil carbon stocks and, more generally, on greenhouse gases emissions. Finally, by converging the findings of all the four experiments, general conclusions are drawn, also underlying future perspectives, current gaps and further research needed in order to fill these gaps.
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Smith, Larissa Lynn. "The Thin Green Line: A Framework for Evaluating the Invasive Potential of Bioenergy Crops." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/47680.
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The 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act mandates the production of 135 billion liters of transportation fuel achieved through the use of alternative energy sources. The most economically and sustainably competitive bioenergy crops will need to be high yielding, perennial species which require minimal inputs coupled with the ability to grow on marginal land. Grower adoption will be imperative to the success of this industry. Our results indicate that after three years of growth, several species including Arundo donax and Miscanthus × giganteus are able to produce up to 48.2 and 61.4 Mg ha⁻¹ dry weight of feedstock respectively. We also found that weed management may not be necessary under ideal growing conditions, but a group of herbicides appear promising for preemergence and postemergence application timings, tested under greenhouse conditions. The herbicides pyroxasulfone, sethoxydim and nicosulfuron may prove to be useful tools for the control of bioenergy crops if they escape cultivation.
The potential for many of these exotic and highly competitive species to become invasive has hindered advancement of this industry. We develop a beginning framework to evaluate the potential for seeded Miscanthus × giganteus to become invasive, as no proven formula currently exists. We developed a novel methodology to assess the invasive potential of bioenergy crops across a continuum of invasiveness, which proved to be critical to the interpretation of our results. This methodology allows us to make relative comparisons of risk, evaluating our otherwise isolated results in broader context. We chose to evaluate M. × giganteus in a direct comparison with known exotic invasives, as well as with species that are known not to be invasive. We use a tiered approach, combining qualitative risk assessment models with quantitative field trials. Results from two weed risk assessment models indicate that many bioenergy feedstocks are of high risk, but agronomic crops such as Oryza sativa were also found to be high risk. Subsequent field trials indicate that seedling establishment for M. × giganteus in perennial systems may be low as only 0.1% of emerged seedlings survived after six months, while up to 10% of the invasive Microstegium vimineum survived. Spread of fertile M. × giganteus seedlings into annual systems with low competition had greater success; we observed 316 culms m⁻², at a distance of 1.5 m from the planted plot, after three years of growth. The observed spread of fertile M. × giganteus, in the low competition environment, did not differ from that of our positive control species; however, spread of fertile M. × giganteus seedlings into areas of high competition was significantly lower than our positive controls, up to 3 m from the cultivated plot. Importantly, A. donax and sterile M. × giganteus never spread from the cultivated plot. Results from our study and application of this novel methodology will help to prepare for the expansion of this burgeoning industry while providing useful information for the implementation of best management practices and improved stewardship.Ph. D.
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Panoutsou, Calliope. "Economic and socio-economic evaluation of bioenergy schemes fueled with energy crops in Greece." Thesis, Aston University, 2002. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/10748/.
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The main aim of this thesis is to evaluate the economic and socio-economic viability of energy crops as raw material for bioenergy schemes at the local level. The case examined is Greece, a southern Mediterranean country. Based on the current state, on foreseen trends and on the information presented in the literature review (conducted at the beginning of the study), the main goal was defined as follows: To examine the evidence supporting a strong role for dedicated energy crops local bioenergy developments in Greece, a sector that is forecasted to be increasingly important in the short to medium term.' Two perennial energy crops, cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) and giant reed (Arundo donax L.) were evaluated. The thesis analysed their possible introduction in the agricultural system of Rhodope, northern Greece, as alternative land use, through comparative financial appraisal with the main conventional crops. Based on the output of this comparative analysis, the breakeven for the two selected energy crops was defined along with a sensitivity analysis for the risk of the potential implementation. Following, the author performed an economic and socio-economic evaluation of a district heating system fuelled with energy crops in the selected region. Finally, the author, acknowledging that bioenergy deployment should be studied in the context of innovations proceeded in examining the different perceptions of the key groups involved, farmers and potential end users. Results indicated that biomass exploitation for energy purposes is more likely to be accepted when it is seen clearly as one strand in a national energy, environmental and agricultural policy which embraces several sources of renewable energy, and which also encourages energy efficiency and conservation.
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Rodjom, Abbey Michaella. "Coproduction of Biomass Crops and Anaerobic Digestion: Effects on the Life Cycle Emissions of Bioenergy and Bioproducts." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1610664975665256.
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Lunn, Daniel. "Role of Rab GTPase proteins in cell wall deposition and potential use of RabA mutants in bioenergy crops." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14560/.
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It has long been known that fossil fuels are a finite source of energy. With this in mind research has turned to the development of renewable energy sources. One solution is the conversion of biomass to useable energy sources. These resources are located in the cell walls of currently available agronomic crops in the form of complex biopolymers, lignocelluloses, which are highly recalcitrant. In the following thesis I explore the novel mechanism of Impacting cell wall composition using mutants involved in trafficking to the cell wall. The following work shows that Rab GTPasemutants impact on cell wall deposition, with specific sub-clades impacting particular cell wall polymers. I then go on to show these mutants have significant effect on recalcitrance and thus increase saccharification of the biomass, without impacting on agronomic properties. Finally I go on to show the same impact on cell wall composition in a presumed orthogolous Rab in tomato. These findings all have significant Implications in the fields of Intracellular trafficking, cell wall biology and bioenergy.
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Chang, Hsiaochi. "Assessing Gene Flow in Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and Miscanthus spp.:Implications for Bioenergy Crops." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437570556.
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Thomas, Amy R. C. "Modelling spatial variation and environmental impacts of land use change in the exploitation of land-based renewable bioenergy crops." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2014. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/52148/.
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Spatial factors are of particular importance to the sustainability of land based energy crops, due both to the need to minimise feedstock transport, and to the importance of cultivation site attributes in determining key environmental impacts. This study uses geographical information system (GIS) mapping to identify sites suitable for the cultivation of Miscanthus or short rotation coppiced (SRC) SRC willow for co-firing with coal or generation of combined heat and power (CHP). Modelling using an adapted version of DayCent was performed for typical sites to assess variation in yield, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, evapotranspiration (ET) and change in soil organic carbon (SOC) according to soil properties, hydrologic regime and previous land use. Development of the DayCent model as part of this research gave improved simulation of the impacts of tillage on soil porosity, and resultant N2O emissions from soil, and improved simulation of growth of SRC willow following coppicing management, leading to improved yield predictions. For land use change from arable to perennial cultivation, increased SOC was simulated, along with reduced N2O emissions, particularly on soils prone to anoxia. However, in general, benefits of cultivation of Miscanthus and SRC willow for energy are maximised when the crops are grown at sites where high yields are achieved, and used to generate CHP, since this minimises the land area required per unit energy generated. Further model development work and additional field data for model verification are necessary for firmer conclusions on the change in net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions following land use change. Additionally, indirect land use change may negate perceived benefits, and locations are difficult to predict or identify in a complex global system. Given the magnitude of identified variations in yields and changes in N2O emissions, spatial variation in benefits of bioenergy cultivation should be a factor in decisions to provide economic support for cultivation. However, calculations suggest that emissions offset by replacing energy generation from fossil fuels may have greater impact on GHG savings per gigajoule (GJ) than cultivation site attributes. Since total energy conversion efficiency may be in the region of 30% for electricity-only generation and up to 90% for CHP generation, planning feedstock supply chains to maximise efficiency of feedstock end use is therefore beneficial.
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Von, Doderer Clemens Cornelius Christian. "Viability of producing lignocellulosic biomass in the Cape Winelands District Municipality for bioenergy generation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1646.
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Thesis (MScAgric (Agricultural Economics)--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.The growing scarcity of fossil energy, expressed by rising real prices, justifies an investigation into the viability of utilising alternative, sustainable energy sources. Another motivation is to mitigate CO2 pollution resulting from using fossil fuels, causing climate change. Biomass has the potential to become a major global primary energy source during the next century. In South Africa, a limited amount of land is suitable for high‐potential biomass energy sources like sugar cane or grain. Large areas of South Africa are, however, dry and more suitable for woody biomass production. Cultivating trees in short‐rotation‐system plantations provides a sustainable and effective way of producing biomass. The first part of this study investigated the physical capacity of the Cape Winelands District Municipality (CWDM) for woody biomass production in short‐rotation systems, based on a land availability assessment using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The CWDM comprises about 2.3 million hectares, of which about 175 000 ha with a slope of less than 35% have been identified as suitable for woody biomass production. Within the CWDM, the following land use classes were excluded: nonagricultural land, such as urban areas, bare rock and mines; ecologically sensitive areas; as well as areas with slope gradients that are too steep for biomass production, due to limited accessibility and trafficability. This was followed by an assessment of suitable tree species and their productivity rates – also using GIS with climate data (i.e. temperature extremes, frost and mean annual precipitation) and terrain data. By combining the identified biomass production sites with the productivity rates of the identified species, an annual supply of woody biomass for energy generation at a medium productivity of about 1 412 000 tonnes of fresh biomass is expected, using exotic species like Eucalyptus claducalyx ( and about 1 306 000 tonnes, using indigenous species like Acacia karoo).
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Nepal, Sandhya. "MODELING SITE SUITABILITY FOR ESTABLISHING DEDICATED ENERGY CROPS IN NORTHERN KENTUCKY." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/forestry_etds/17.
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Dedicated energy crops have the potential to supply a sustainable biomass feedstock to support the bioenergy industry. However, a major constraint for promoting energy crops has been the availability of land for establishing energy crops. In this study, we developed a spatially-explicit model to identify suitable and economically feasible sites for establishing energy crops based on biomass price, production costs and site-specific biomass productivity. Results from our study provided an objective evaluation of factors that influence the amount and spatial distribution of land suitable for establishing energy crops. In addition, our model had the ability to capture variation across the feasible areas because of changing biomass market and policy conditions. By performing a sensitivity analysis with different market and policy scenarios, we were able to identify the most effective and favorable scenarios that could maximize the available land for producing energy crops.
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Barnes, Christopher James. "Characterizing environmental, temporal and spatial scaling of Rhizosphere fungi in bioenergy crops : and their role in below-ground carbon cycling." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/72734/.
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The rhizosphere consists of plant roots and the adjoining soil, which contains a functionally and genetically rich fungal community. The obligate plant symbionts, the mycorrhizal fungi, have been shown to receive substantial quantities of plant-derived C and play an important role in belowground C dynamics. The flux and residence time of C is however likely to be highly species-specific for rhizosphere fungi, and therefore their abundance and composition will likely have important implications on C storage belowground. Rhizosphere fungal community formation is extremely complex and despite being an area of intense research, current understanding is limited. The composition and abundance of rhizosphere fungi have been shown to vary with temporal and environmental parameters, and potentially geographical separation. However, no studies to date have analysed these parameters simultaneously to isolate the independent effects of each. Clone libraries in conjunction with TRFLP were performed before progressing to 454-pyrosequencing to profile the rhizosphere fungal community of a short rotation coppice (SRC) willow filed site. In this work, distinct seasonal fungal assemblages were shown, with N availability having a large effect in summer and geographical distance effects in autumn sampling points. Additionally, a rare large transition in the composition of the rhizosphere fungi was also demonstrated, which was most likely driven by extreme rainfall earlier in the growing season of the year of transition. Finally, using ₁₃C-labelled-CO₂ the belowground movement of recently derived photo-assimilates was shown to differ between Miscanthus x giganteus and SRC willow, however no significant fluxes were associated with rhizosphere fungal pathways in either crop. Results from this work demonstrate that some of the considerable complexity of microbial communities could have between overlooked in previous community analyses, whilst the flow of C within through mycorrhizal pathways maybe less important in bioenergy cropping systems compared to other ecosystems.
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Von, Doderer Clemens Cornelius Christian. "Determining sustainable lignocellulosic bioenergy systems in the Cape Winelands District Municipality, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71838.
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Thesis (PhD(Agric))--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The energy paradigm shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources is driven, among others, by a growing sustainability awareness, necessitating more sophisticated measurements in terms of a wider range of criteria. Technical efficiency, financial profitability, environmental friendliness and social acceptance are some of the factors determining the sustainability of renewable energy systems. The resulting complexity and conflicting decision criteria, however, constitute major barriers to processing the information and decision-making based on the information. Seeking to implement local bioenergy systems, policymakers of the Cape Winelands District Municipality (CWDM), South Africa, are confronted with such a problem. Following a case study approach, this study illustrates how life-cycle assessment (LCA), multi-period budgeting (MPB) and geographic information systems (GIS) can aid the decision-making process by providing financial-economic, socio-economic and environmental friendliness performance data in a structured and transparent manner, allowing for a comparison of the magnitude of each considered criterion along the life-cycle. However, as the environmental impacts cannot readily be expressed in monetary terms on a cardinal scale, these considerations are given less attention or are omitted completely in a market economy. By measuring the various considerations on an ordinal scale and by attaching weights to them using the multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) approach, this study, illustrates how to internalise externalities as typical market failures, aiding policymakers of the CWDM to choose the most sustainable bioenergy system. Following the LCA approach, 37 lignocellulosic bioenergy systems, encompassing different combinations of type of harvesting and primary transport, type of pretreatment (comminution, drying, and fast pyrolysis) and location thereof (roadside or landing of the central conversion plant), type of secondary transport from the roadside to the central conversion plant, and type of biomass upgrading and conversion into electricity, were assessed against five financial-economic viability criteria, three socio-economic potential criteria and five environmental impact criteria. The quantitative performance data were then, as part of the MCDA process, translated into a standardised ‘common language’ of relative performance. An expert group attached weights to the considered criteria using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The ‘financial-economic viability’ main criterion received a weight of almost 60%, ‘socio-economic potential’, nearly 25% and ‘lowest environmental impact’, the remainder of around 16%. Taking the prerequisite of financial-economic viability into consideration, the preferred option across all areas of the CWDM (despite various levels of productivity) comprises a feller-buncher for harvesting, a forwarder for primary transportation, mobile comminution at the roadside, secondary transport in truck-container-trailer combinations and an integrated gasification system for the conversion into electricity.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die energie paradigma verandering van fossielbrandstowwe na hernubare energiebronne word gedryf deur ‘n groeiende klem op volhoubaarheid, wat ook meer gesofistikeerde meting in terme van ‘n wyer verskeidenheid maatstawwe vereis. Tegniese doeltreffendheid, finansiële winsgewendheid, omgewingsvriendelikheid en sosiale aanvaarbaarheid is sommige van die faktore wat die volhoubaarheid van hernubare energie stelsels bepaal. Die verskeidenheid oorwegings bring egter kompleksiteit en konflik mee by die verwerking van inligting en die besluitneming wat daarop berus. Beleidmakers van die Kaapse Wynland Distriksmunisipaliteit wat ten doel het om plaaslik bio-energie stelsels te implementeer, word met hierdie probleem gekonfronteer. Hierdie ondersoek illustreer aan die hand van ‘n gevallestudie benadering hoe lewensiklus analise, multiperiode begroting en geografiese inligtingstelsels besluitneming kan ondersteun deur die voorsiening van finansieel-ekonomiese, sosio-ekonomiese (indiensneming) en omgewingsvriendelikheid prestasie data op ‘n gestruktureerde en deursigtige wyse. Dit maak die vergelyking van die waardes van al die kriteria by elke fase van die lewensiklus moontlik. Aangesien die omgewingseffekte nie geredelik in monetêre terme op ‘n kardinale skaal gemeet kan word nie, kry hulle binne die markekonomie minder aandag of word selfs buite rekening gelaat. Deur hierdie verskeidenheid kriteria op ‘n ordinale skaal te meet en gewigte met behulp van multikriteria besluitneming aan hulle toe te ken, toon hierdie ondersoek hoe om eksternaliteite as tipiese markmislukkings te internaliseer om beleidmakers van die Kaapse Wynland Distriksmunisipaliteit in staat te stel om die mees volhoubare bio-energie stelsel te kies. Met behulp van lewensiklus analise is 37 lignosellulose bio-energie stelsels geïdentifiseer as verskillende kombinasies van oes van die bome, primêre vervoer van houtstompe, vooraf verwerking (verspaandering, droging, vinnige pirolise), die ligging van hierdie aktiwiteite (langs ‘n plantasie of by ‘n sentrale omsettingsaanleg), tipe sekondêre vervoer van houtspaanders vanaf die plantasie na die sentrale omsettingsaanleg en tipe biomassa opgradering en omsetting van die houtspaanders na elektrisiteit. Die verskillende stelsels is gemeet aan die hand van vyf finansieel-ekonomiese kriteria, drie indiensneming potensiaal kriteria en vyf omgewingsimpak kriteria. Die kwantitatiewe metings is deur middel van multikriteria besluitneming omgeskakel na ’n gestandaardiseerde “gemeenskaplike taal” van relatiewe prestasie. Lede van ‘n ekspertgroep het gewigte is aan die onderskeie kriteria met behulp van die analitiese hierargie proses toegeken. Aan die finansieel-ekonomiese lewensvatbaarheid hoof kriterium is ‘n gewig van by die 60% toegeken, aan die indiensnemingspotensiaal bykans 25% en aan omgewingsvriendelikheid sowat 16%. Die voorkeur kombinasie vir al die areas van die Kaapse Wynland Distriksmunisipaliteit sluit in ‘n saag-bondelaar vir die oesproses, ‘n plantasie-vragmotor vir primêre vervoer, mobiele verspaandering langs die plantasie, ‘n vragmotor-skeepshouer-treiler kombinasies vir die sekondêre vervoer van houtspaanders en ‘n geïntegreerde vergassingstelsel vir die omsetting van houtspaanders na elektrisiteit.
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Kostyanovskiy, Kirill Igorevich. "Transformation of Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Deep Row Biosolids Incorporation-Hybrid Poplar Plantation in Coastal Plain Mined Land Reclamation Sites." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39473.
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Deep row incorporation (DRI) is a biosolids recycling method that is especially appropriate for reclaiming disturbed land because of the extremely high application rates used. Nutrient additions in excess of the vegetation requirements, especially in coarse-textured soils, can potentially impair water quality. Increasing C and N additions with biosolids DRI can also generate emissions of greenhouse gases N2O and CH4 and decrease the value of C sequestration. Objectives of this research were: (i) compare the effects of DRI biosolids type and rate and annual conventional fertilizer application on N and P leaching losses; (ii) determine the effects of aging on the N, C and P dynamics in the DRI biosolids seams; (iii) compare the effects of biosolids type and conventional N fertilization on N2O, CH4 and CO2 emissions; and (iv) compare the effects of DRI biosolids and conventional N fertilization on hybrid poplar biomass dynamics, C, N and P sequestration. The following eight treatments were established to achieve objectives (i) and (iv): 0 (control), 167, 337, 504 kg N ha-1 yr-1 as conventional fertilizer; 213 and 426 Mg ha-1 anaerobically digested (AD) and 328 and 656 Mg ha-1 lime stabilized (LS) biosolids applied in trenches. The amount of N lost from the DRI biosolids was 261â 803 kg N ha-1, while the fertilizer treatments were not different from 0 kg N ha-1 yr-1 control. Orthophosphate and TKP leached in negligible amounts. Deep row biosolids incorporation did not pose P leaching risks but did result in high N leaching below the biosolids seams. Aboveground biomass production in the biosolids treatments was not different from the control treatment and ranged from 2.1±0.3 to 4.0±0.5 kg tree-1. The fertilizer treatments produced significantly less biomass than the control and the biosolids treatments. Hybrid poplars sequestered up to 3.20±0.54 Mg C ha-1, 71±12 kg N ha-1, and 11.0±1.8 kg P ha-1. The planting density capable of the N uptake in order to avoid N leaching was estimated at 3912 to 11363 trees ha-1. Our results suggest increased hybrid poplar planting density and decreased application rates of DRI biosolids may decrease the risk of groundwater contamination with N. Three treatments were compared to address objective (ii): 426 Mg ha-1 AD and 656 Mg ha-1 LS biosolids. Organic C losses were 81 Mg ha-1 and 33 Mg ha-1 for LS and AD biosolids, respectively. Total N lost over the course of two years was 15.2 Mg ha-1 and 10.9 Mg ha-1 for LS and AD biosolids, respectively, which was roughly 50% of the N applied. No significant losses of P were detected. Most of the P was Al- and Fe-bound in the AD biosolids and Ca-bound in the LS biosolids. Our results indicated that recommended rates of DRI biosolids in coarse textured soils should be based on crop N requirements and N mineralization considerations, and P mobility from biosolids of the type used should not pose a water quality risk. Four treatments were compared to address objective (iii): 426 Mg ha-1 AD and 656 Mg ha-1 LS biosolids; 0 (control) and 504 kg N ha-1 yr-1 as conventional fertilizer. Contributions from CH4 and CO2 emissions to the radiative forcing were very small compared to N2O. More N2O was produced in the DRI biosolids treatments than in the conventional fertilizer treatments, and N2O production was higher in AD than in LS. Expressed as global warming potentials, N2O emissions from AD (101.5 Mg C ha-1) were 4.6 times higher than from LS and 14.5-16.1 times higher than from the fertilizer treatments. High N2O emissions from deep row incorporated biosolids reduce the C sequestration benefits of the DRI method.Ph. D.
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Monona, Ewumbua Menyoli. "Evaluating Standard Wet Chemistry Techniques and NIR Spectroscopic Models for Determining Composition and Potential Ethanol Yields of Multi-Species Herbaceous Bioenergy Crops." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29855.
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Herbaceous perennials represent a considerable portion of potential biomass feedstocks available for the growing bioenergy industry. Their chemical composition and biomass yields, which are important in determining ethanol potential on an area and mass basis, vary with plant variety and type, environment, and management practices. Therefore, a study was conducted to assess the variability of lignin and carbohydrate content, biomass yields, and theoretical ethanol yields on an area basis among different herbaceous perennial species combinations grown in Minot (2008) and Williston (2008, 2009, and 2010), North Dakota (ND). After wet chemistry compositional analysis was done, the carbohydrate contents
were used to determine theoretical ethanol potential on a mass basis. Using the dry-matter yield, the theoretical ethanol yield on an area basis was also calculated for these biomass species. Total carbohydrate content for the biomass samples in Williston and Minot varied from 45 to 61% dry basis. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a= 0.05 showed that carbohydrate content varied between years and environments. Also an interaction plot shows that no biomass species had consistently higher or lower carbohydrate content in the different environments. Switchgrass (Panicum vigatum L.) grown as single species or together with other perennial grasses had higher dry-matter yield and theoretical ethanol
yield potential in Williston irrigated plots while mixtures containing intermediate or tall wheatgrass species (Thinopyrum spp.) produced better yields in Minot non-irrigated plots. Variability in theoretical ethanol yield on a mass basis (3.7% coefficient of variation (CV) in Williston and 9.7% CV in Minot) was much less than the variability in dry-matter yields (27.5% CV in Williston and 14.8% CV Minot). Therefore, biomass production is much more important than composition in choosing species to grow for ethanol production.
Recently, many studies have focused on developing faster methods to determine biomass composition using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Other NIR models have been developed on single biomass feedstocks but a broad-based model for mixed herbaceous perennials is yet to be developed. Therefore, NIR calibration models for lignin, glucan, and xylan were developed with 65 mixed herbaceous perennial species using a DA 7200 NIR spectrometer (950 - 1,650 nm) and GRAMS statistical software. The models for lignin and xylan had R(2) values of 0.844 and 0.872, respectively, upon validation and are classified as
good for quality assurance purposes while glucan model had an R(2) of 0.81 which is considered sufficient for screening. The R(2) and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) results showed that it is possible to develop calibration models to predict chemical composition for mixed perennial biomass when compared with results for models developed for single feedstock by Wolfrum and Sluiter (2009) and Liu et al. (2010). Studying the variability in predicting constituents using NIR spectroscopy over time (hours and days), it was observed that the average CV was between 1.4 to 1.6%. The average CV
due to repacking (presentation) alone was 1.3%. The CVs for NIR predictions ranged between 1.4 to 5.7% while for wet chemistry ranged between 3.8 to 13.5%; hence, NIR predictions were more precise than wet chemistry analysis.
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Skarka, Johannes. "Ökobilanzielle Abschätzung der Bereitstellung von Bioenergie : Strom und Wärme aus Gras-, Maissilage, Heu und Pappelhackschnitzeln /." Karlsruhe : Institut für Geographie und Geoökologie, 2008. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016530889&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Raut, Yogendra Y. "Sustainable Bioenergy Feedstock Production Using Long-Term (1999-2014) Conservation Reserve Program Land." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148344789416295.
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Adamovska, Jana. "A larger laboratory scale investigation into the thermal liquefaction of high potential 2nd and 3rd generation biofuel feedstocks." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/95783/1/Jana_Adamovska_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis contributes to the development of thermochemical liquefaction as a process for biofuel production. This study investigated residues from sugarcane, energy crops and algae. The potential amount of energy from biomass resources were investigated for each region in Australia. The work was at a larger laboratory scale than other workers which allowed more detailed characterisation of each sample and more thorough investigation of the fuels. Importantly, various bio-crude oils were successfully generated which were comparable with heavy fossil fuel based oils by changing only the processing conditions and without catalytic upgrading.
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Erlwein-Vicuna, Alfredo Nicolas Verfasser], Hans [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] [Ruppert, Martin [Gutachter] Kappas, Renate [Gutachter] Bürger-Arndt, Christoph [Gutachter] Dittrich, Christian [Gutachter] Ahl, and Peter [Gutachter] Schmuck. "Bioenergy resources from waste, energy crops and forest in Los Ríos Region (southern Chile) - A systemic approach based on sustainability on designing a bioenergy area / Alfredo Nicolas Erlwein-Vicuna. Betreuer: Hans Ruppert. Gutachter: Hans Ruppert ; Martin Kappas ; Renate Bürger-Arndt ; Christoph Dittrich ; Christian Ahl ; Peter Schmuck." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1105760111/34.
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Fontanela, Eracilda. "Preparos e propriedades físicas de um solo arenoso para cana-de-acúcar e mandioca no Rio Grande do Sul." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3343.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThe growing demand for biofuels as alternative to petroleum-based fuels has instigated increased production of bioenergy crops. The southern half of Rio Grande do Sul, by having limited water resources for the production of soy, has received government incentives for the production of these crops, especially crops of sugar cane and cassava. However, there is need for more precise information regarding the proper management of these crops, and the influences of physical and hydraulic properties and mechanical soil on the growth and development of plants. Accordingly, this study aimed to determine the effect of different tillage systems on soil physical attributes, water and soil mechanics and its effects on the productivity of sugar cane and cassava. The study was conducted in the experimental area of the Soils Department, Federal University of Santa Maria in a Hapludalf. In two experiments were planted crops of sugar cane and cassava, in randomized blocks with three replications under different management systems and levels of compression: conventional tillage (CT) no tillage chiseled (NTC) no tillage (NT) and no tillage compacted (NTComp). Soil samples with preserved structure were collected for determination of physico-hydric soil density, pore size distribution curve of water retention, air and water flows, optimal water and compressive parameters: preconsolidation pressure (PP), compression index (CI) and elasticity of the soil. In addition, we calculated the indicators of soil quality: S ratio and relative density (RD) or degree of compression (GC). Soil preparation with mobilization (CT and NTC) alters the compacted soil, reducing soil bulk density and increased macroporosity and total porosity, but these effects are temporary and soil back to become thickened compromising the functionality of soil structure and plant development. A further compaction by traffic loader modifies the structure of Hapludalf, due to the increase in density and changes in distribution of soil pores, reducing macroporosity and total porosity, affecting the conductivity to water and air in the soil. The deeper layers were responsible for increased water storage in the soil. In the culture of cane sugar, NTC and NTComp retains higher water content, while the cassava crop, is the NT and NTC. Yield of both crops in association with the studied parameters, no-till soil management is offering the best physical condition and is indicated for production of sugar cane and cassava.
A crescente demanda de biocombustíveis como alternativa em substituição aos combustíveis derivados de petróleo tem instigado aumento da produção das culturas bioenergéticas. A metade sul do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, por apresentar limitações hídricas para a produção da soja, tem recebido incentivos governamentais para a produção dessas culturas, em especial às culturas da cana-de-açúcar e da mandioca. No entanto, há necessidade de informações mais precisas quanto ao manejo adequado a essas culturas, e as influências das propriedades físico-hídricas e mecânicas do solo sobre o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo objetivou determinar o efeito de diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo nos seus atributos físicos, hídricos e mecânicos e na produtividade da cana-de-açúcar e da mandioca. O estudo foi realizado na área experimental do Departamento de Solos da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico. Em dois experimentos foram plantadas as culturas da cana-de-açúcar e da mandioca, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com três repetições, sob diferentes sistemas de manejo e níveis de compactação: plantio convencional (PC), escarificado (ESC), plantio direto (PD) e plantio direto compactado (PDC). Amostras de solo com estrutura preservada foram coletadas para determinação dos parâmetros físico-hídricos do solo: densidade, distribuição do tamanho de poros, curva de retenção de água, fluxos de ar e água, intervalo hídrico ótimo e os parâmetros compressivos: pressão de preconsolidação (σp), índice de compressão (IC) e elasticidade do solo. Além disso, foram calculados os indicadores de qualidade do solo: índice S e densidade relativa (DR) ou grau de compactação (GC). O preparo do solo com mobilização (PC e ESC) altera a camada compactada do solo, pela diminuição da sua densidade e aumentando a macroporosidade e a porosidade total, mas esses efeitos são temporários e o solo volta a se tornar adensado comprometendo a funcionalidade da estrutura do solo e o desenvolvimento das plantas. A compactação adicional pelo tráfego da carregadora modifica a estrutura do Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, em função do aumento da densidade e alterações na distribuição dos poros do solo, com redução da macroporosidade e porosidade total, comprometendo a condutividade à água e ao ar no solo. As camadas mais profundas foram responsáveis pelo maior armazenamento de água no solo. Na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, o PDC e o ESC retém maior conteúdo de água, enquanto na cultura da mandioca, é o PD e o ESC. Pelo rendimento de ambas as culturas em associação com os parâmetros estudados, o plantio direto é o manejo do solo que oferece as melhores condições físicas, sendo indicado para produção de cana-de-açúcar e mandioca.
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Ferreira, Raimundo Nonato Costa. "MicroartrÃpodes do solo em um agroecossistema irrigado com Ãgua da exploraÃÃo de petrÃleo no semiÃrido." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15426.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa AgropecuÃria
Em regiÃes Ãridas e semiÃridas com campos de exploraÃÃo petrolÃfera, a Ãgua obtida junto com petrÃleo, conhecida como âÃgua produzidaâ (AP), vem sendo considerada para irrigaÃÃo. Devido a importÃncia dos microartrÃpodes para o funcionamento do solo, foram avaliadas as perturbaÃÃes promovidas pela AP sobre esses organismos. No capÃtulo I, foi avaliado se irrigaÃÃo com AP filtrada e AP tratada por osmose reversa, comparado com Ãgua do subsolo captada, altera a estrutura da assembleia de microartrÃpodes do solo em culturas de mamona e girassol em perÃodo seco e chuvoso. A abundÃncia e a riqueza de tÃxons de microartrÃpodes foram afetadas pela irrigaÃÃo e a sazonalidade na mamona. A estrutura da assembleia foi alterada durante a estaÃÃo chuvosa no girassol, e nas duas estaÃÃes na mamona. As perturbaÃÃes promovidas pela AP indicam que a mesofauna do solo pode ser utilizada no monitoramento ambiental da irrigaÃÃo. No capÃtulo II, foi avaliado o efeito da irrigaÃÃo com AP, da AP tratada por osmose reversa e do glutaraldeÃdo, utilizado no tratamento de osmose reversa, sobre os tÃxons da mesofauna na cultura de abacaxi ornamental. Avaliou-se, atravÃs de testes ecotoxicolÃgicos, a reproduÃÃo de Folsomia candida e Enchytraeus crypticus em solo coletado nos tratamentos apÃs um ano de irrigaÃÃo e em solo contaminado com glutaraldeÃdo. A AP influenciou Hymenoptera, Cosmochthonius sp, e Entomobryomorpha. A AP tratada por osmose reversa reduziu a reproduÃÃo de F. candida e E. crypticus e a AP filtrada afetou a reproduÃÃo de E. crypticus. O glutaraldeÃdo reduziu a reproduÃÃo de F. candida. Este estudo revela que a AP e o glutaraldeÃdo afetam os tÃxons da mesofauna reduzindo sua reproduÃÃo no solo. No capÃtulo III as respostas ambientais de Ãcaros Mesostigmata e do restante dos microartrÃpodes foram comparadas. MicroartrÃpodes foram coletados em parcelas irrigadas com as trÃs Ãguas e cultivadas com girassol e mamona e na vegetaÃÃo nativa durante a estaÃÃo seca e chuvosa. As respostas da abundÃncia e riqueza das duas assembleias em relaÃÃo a irrigaÃÃo e sazonalidade foram similares. Os Ãcaros foram afetados pela sazonalidade no girassol e pela irrigaÃÃo na mamona e o resto dos microartrÃpodes por ambos os fatores. Essas assembleias podem ser acessadas para monitorar sazonalidade uso do solo.
In arid and semiarid lands with continental oil fields, the water obtained with oil, known as "produced water" (PW), has been suggested as an alternative source for irrigation. Because the relevance of microarthropods assemblage for the soil, in this study was evaluated the disturbances promoted by the PW on those edaphic organisms. In Chapter I, was assessed whether the irrigation with PW filtered and PW filtered and then treated by reverse osmosis, comparing with groundwater from AÃu aquifer, changes the mesofauna in sunflower and castor bean crops during dry and rainy seasons. PW and seasonality changed the abundance and richness in castor bean. In the sunflower crop, the assemblage structure was different from the aquifer in PW treated by reverse osmosis during the rainy season, while in castor bean that difference occurred in both seasons. Disturbances promoted by PW on mesofauna can be used for environmental monitoring of irrigation. In Chapter II the effects of PW filtered, PW filtered and then treated by reverse osmosis and the glutaraldehyde, commonly used in treatment of PW by reverse osmosis, on microarthropods taxa was assessed in an ornamental pineapple crop. Ecotoxicological tests evaluated the survival and reproduction of Folsomia candida and Enchytraeus crypticus on soil samples collected in the treatments after a year of irrigation and in soil contaminated with glutaraldehyde. PW influenced Hymenoptera, Cosmochthonius sp. and Entomobryomorpha. The PW treated by reverse osmosis reduced reproduction of F. candida and E. crypticus and the PW filtered affected the reproduction of E. crypticus. Glutaraldehyde reduced the reproduction of F. candida. Our study reveals that AP and glutaraldehyde affect the mesofauna taxa reducing their reproduction. In chapter III the environmental responses of total microarthropod and Mesostigmata mites were compared. Microarthropods were assessed in irrigated plots under castor bean and sunflower cultivation, and native vegetation during the dry and rainy seasons. The response of the two assemblages to irrigation and seasonality was similar. Mites were affected by seasonality in the sunflower and by irrigation in castor bean crops, while the total microarthropod have been affected by both factors. Mesostigmata mites or total microarthropd assemblages can be assessed to monitor seasonality and land use.
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Ferchaud, Fabien. "Etude des bilans d’eau, d’azote et de carbone dans des agrosystèmes dédiés à la production de biomasse en fonction des espèces et des pratiques culturales." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0037.
Full textAbstract:
Les biocarburants de 2ème génération pourraient fournir une énergie renouvelable au secteur des transports et ainsi permettre de lutter contre le changement climatique. Toutefois, leurs bilans gaz à effet de serre, énergétiques et environnementaux seront probablement très dépendants des ressources utilisées. Les cultures lignocellulosiques candidates à la production de biocarburant 2G devront ainsi concilier forte productivité, faibles besoins en intrants et faibles impacts environnementaux. L’objectif de la thèse a été de quantifier les bilans d’eau, d’azote et de carbone à l’échelle de la parcelle, pour différentes cultures candidates et différentes pratiques culturales. Nous nous sommes appuyés sur le dispositif expérimental de long terme « Biomasse & Environnement », mis en place en 2006 à Estrées-Mons, en Picardie. Il compare deux cultures pérennes en C4 (Miscanthus × giganteus et switchgrass), deux cultures pluriannuelles fourragères en C3 (fétuque et luzerne) et deux cultures annuelles récoltées en plante entière (sorgho fibre et triticale). Il inclut deux niveaux de fertilisation et deux dates de récolte pour les cultures pérennes : récolte précoce (octobre) ou récolte tardive (février). Les mesures effectuées ont porté sur : i) la production de biomasse, ii) l’évolution des stocks d’eau du sol en continu pendant 7 ans, iii) la profondeur et la densité des systèmes racinaires, iv) le drainage et la concentration en nitrate de l’eau drainée, évalués avec le modèle STICS à partir des stocks d’eau et d’azote minéral du sol mesurés en milieu d’automne et fin d’hiver, v) les stocks de carbone organique du sol en 2006 et 2011-2012, vi) le devenir de l’engrais azoté, suivi par marquage isotopique 15N de l'engrais pendant 4 ou 5 années successives.Grâce à leur enracinement profond, les cultures pérennes et pluriannuelles ont prélevé davantage d’eau que les cultures annuelles, notamment en profondeur. Le drainage sous les cultures pluriannuelles a été plus faible que sous les cultures annuelles (64 contre 133 mm an-1 en moyenne sur 7 ans), malgré une production de biomasse équivalente. Il a été intermédiaire pour les cultures pérennes (56-137 mm an-1) et très fortement lié à la production (elle-même fonction de l’espèce et de la fertilisation azotée). La concentration en nitrate a varié de 2 à 23 mg l-1. Elle a été en général plus faible sous les cultures pérennes, sauf pour le miscanthus lors de la première année de mesure. Les stocks de carbone du sol ont augmenté fortement sous les cultures pluriannuelles (+0.93 t C ha-1 an-1) mais n'ont pas varié significativement pour les autres cultures. Le 15N retrouvé dans la biomasse récoltée a été plus faible pour les cultures pérennes, particulièrement lorsqu’elles sont récoltées tardivement, mais cela est compensé par une plus forte proportion de 15N dans leurs organes souterrains et dans le sol. Le 15N retrouvé dans le système sol-plante a été de 69% de l’azote apporté pour les cultures pérennes, 61% pour les cultures pluriannuelles et 56% pour les cultures annuelles, ce qui suggère que des pertes importantes ont eu lieu par volatilisation et dénitrification. Dans nos conditions pédoclimatiques, les cultures pérennes en C4 sont les plus intéressantes pour concilier forte production de biomasse, forte efficience d’utilisation de l’eau et de l’azote et faibles pertes d’azote vers l’hydrosphère et l’atmosphère. En revanche, seules les cultures pluriannuelles permettent de stocker du carbone à court termeSecond generation biofuels could provide renewable energy to the transportation sector while mitigating climate change. However, their greenhouse gas, energy and environmental balances will probably depend on the feedstock used for their production. Bioenergy crops that could be used for second generation biofuels will have to fulfil several requirements, including high productivity, low input requirements, and low environmental impacts. The objective of this work was to assess the water, N and C balances at the plot scale for various bioenergy crops with different management. The study is based on a long term field experiment, called “Biomass & Environment”, established at the INRA experimental station in Estrées-Mons, northern France. This experiment includes two perennial C4 crops (Miscanthus × giganteus and switchgrass), two semi-perennial forage C3 crops (fescue and alfalfa) and two annual C4/C3 crops (fibre sorghum and triticale). It compares two nitrogen treatments and two dates of harvest of perennial crops: early (October) or late harvest (February). Measurements have been carried out on: i) biomass production; ii) soil water stocks, monitored continuously during 7 years; iii) root depth and density; iv) drainage and nitrate concentration in drained water, assessed from soil water and mineral N content measurements (in mid-autumn and late winter) and using the STICS model; v) soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in 2006 and 2011-2012; vi) the fate of 15N-labelled fertiliser applied during 4 or 5 successive years.Thanks to their deep rooting system, perennial and semi-perennial crops consumed more water than annual crops. The amount of drained water was lower under semi-perennial than annual crops (64 vs. 133 mm yr-1 average over 7 years), despite an equivalent biomass production. It was intermediate under perennial crops (56-137 mm yr-1) and negatively correlated to biomass production, itself depending on crop species and N rate. Nitrate concentration in drained water varied between 2 and 23 mg l-1. It was generally lower under perennial than other crops, except for miscanthus on the first year of measurement. SOC stocks increased markedly over time under semi-perennial crops (+0.93 t C ha-1 yr-1), whereas no significant change occurred under perennial and annual crops. The 15N recovery in the harvested biomass was lower for perennial than other crops, particularly when harvested late, but compensated by a higher 15N recovery in belowground organs and soil. The overall 15N recovery in the soil-plant system was 69% in perennials, 61% in semi-perennials and 56% in annual crops, suggesting that important fertiliser losses occurred through volatilisation and denitrification. In our pedo-climatic conditions, the C4 perennial crops performed best in terms of production, water and nitrogen use efficiency, and nitrogen losses towards the groundwater and the atmosphere. However, only semi-perennial crops yielded in SOC sequestration