Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bioeconomics'

Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Fraser River are immensely important to British Columbia's culture and economy. Despite centuries of exploitation and decades of intensive study there remain several key uncertainties about the biological system, including those around dramatic four-year cycles of abundance and pre-season projections of how many fish will return in a given year. Recent years have seen declines in the productivity of some stocks as well as broader conservation concerns, leading to closure of some commercial fisheries, and it appears that greater economic benefits may only be obtained if greater conservation risks are incurred. However, the existing literature contains no analysis focused on bioeconomic analysis of trade-offs between economic and conservation objectives in such complex multi-stock, multi-fleet fisheries. This dissertation develops a bioeconomic simulation model to examine these trade-offs. The model is applied to the Fraser River sockeye salmon fishery and parameterized using historical biological, fishery and economic data. In the first set of analyses, the fishery is simulated retrospectively from 1952 through 1998 and the economic outcomes of several management strategies are examined. In the remaining analyses the fishery is simulated 24 years into the future in a prospective analysis, assuming either that the long-term average productivity regime is still valid, or that recently observed changes in productivity are permanent. Given the outcomes of these simulations the trade-offs between economic benefits and conservation risk are described. The retrospective analysis showed that if relatively simple harvest rules had been implemented historically, the fishery could have been 20-200% more profitable, depending on the particular harvest rule applied and the mechanism underlying stock dynamics. The prospective analysis under the long-term average productivity regime found that there is a policy region that would yield significantly greater economic benefits than the currently applied policy while only minimally increasing conservation risk. Under the modified productivity regime, however, conservation risk is uniformly and unavoidably higher, and the trade-offs become more difficult in the sense that relatively more conservation risk must be incurred to obtain greater economic benefit.

The management of fisheries has progressed over the past century in an attempt to solve the problem of open access. A range of controls, both economic and non-economic in nature, have been used to ration the use of marine resources. Unfortunately, many controls have failed to correct open access problems. Whilst a recent development in fishery control, protected areas defined as an area with a fishery free of extractive pressure, have been put forward as an arrangement which may, in conjunction with other controls, be used to overcome the over-exploitation of marine resources. Marine protected areas have been advocated in areas where other forms of fishery management are impractical or unsuccessful (Sumaila 1998). Arguments for protected area use are based around the heterogeneous nature of fisheries, uncertainties in marine populations and as a hedge strategy to reduce risks of over-exploitation (Conrad 1999a). Through the protection of biodiversity, improving the resilience of the ecosystem, protected areas may mitigate the effects of negative shocks (Ludwig et al. 1993 and Bostford et al. 1997). Further, protected areas have been suggested as a means to manage uncertainty and environmental stochasticity (Grafton and Kompas 2005 and Grafton et al. 2005). The protection of biomass and habitat has the potential to improve fishery returns even when stocks are not overly exploited, with the benefits accruing even from small-sized protected areas (Grafton et al. 2005). The use of marine protected areas as a management tool has resulted from a recognition that it is important to preserve biological habitats as well as stocks. From a societal point of view, the use of protected areas should be evaluated in the context of changes in resource rent and improvements in welfare. As fishery resources are often owned by a common group, usually society, management objectives should be to maximise the return from use of the resources, whether for extractive or non-extractive purposes. Given this decision criterion, protected areas can be evaluated in the sense of opportunity costs and benefits. Protected areas will influence the return from fishery resources through changes in access to fishing grounds, and thus harvest, effort and resource rent. Once a protected area is established, the flow of biomass from the protected area to the remaining fishing ground, may increase biomass, influence the effects of uncertainty and stochasticity, thus effecting mean harvests, effort and resource rent may increase. Changes in resource rent are dependent on other controls. Protected areas are a ‘blunt’ policy instrument, in the sense that they are not an instrument to capture resource rent or change the incentives of fishers. Models of marine protected areas in fisheries vary in complexity, however, a few key elements are necessary in analysing the effects of protected area creation. First, multi-species interactions have the potential to be significant in determining the outcome from a protected area; second, effort expended in the fishery must be dynamic, that is, it must be endogenously determined by the model as fishers will respond to changes in rent brought about through the establishment of a protected area; third, institutional structures that govern the expenditure of effort within a fishery will play an important role in the effectiveness of protected areas in increasing the resource rent of a fishery; and fourth, environmental stochasticity and uncertainty need to be included in the analysis. A stochastic and deterministic model of a predator-prey meta-population fishery was developed to analyse the effects of protected area creation within a fishery. Such a model has not previously been used to analyse protected area creation. The model was analytically solved to find the optimal biomass of each species in an individual patch. This allowed for a comparison of protected areas under a range of management controls ranging from those which led to open access fishing to those which led to an optimal steady-state biomass. The model allowed for linkages between sub-populations based on differing density related flows. Further, due to the linkages between species on both environmental and economic grounds, the effect of protected areas on different groups which target different species could be analysed. The benefits from protected area creation were classified into unique and non-unique benefits. Unique benefits were defined as those which solely flow from the use of a protected area as a tool in fisheries management. Two unique benefits were defined: • Improvements in the resilience of the fishery; and • Reductions in environmental stochasticity. The ability of a protected area to both improve the resilience of the fishery, and smooth fluctuations in environmental stochasticity have been shown to lead to increases in mean resource rent. Thus, protected areas were shown to form part of an optimal fisheries management structure. Generally, the resilience benefits were maximised for small-sized protected areas, whereas the reduced environmental stochasticity benefits were maximised for larger protected areas. The dispersal system between the protected area and the fishing ground affected the unique benefits from protected area creation. Sink-source dispersal increased the unique benefits from protected area creation, as stock movements occurred independently of relative population densities. The independent flow improved the ability of the protected area to hasten the return of the fishery to a steady-state and lessened the variation of harvests in the open fishing grounds. However, in the case where the protected area led to large differences in population densities, and if the area formed a sub-population that was linked to the surrounding fishing ground by density-dependent dispersal, the unique benefits are likely to be greater than under sink-source dispersal. The non-unique benefits were defined as those which could be obtained from other control mechanisms. These benefits were non-unique as they could be achieved from more stringent controls on fisher behaviour. The determinants of the non-unique benefit in terms of dispersal were the same as for the unique benefits. However, the economic conditions of the fishery determined the magnitude of the non-unique benefits. For fisheries with sub-optimal biomass, the unique benefits were greater than those with optimal steady-state biomass. The non-unique benefits identified from protected area creation were: • Changes in biomass towards optimal levels; • Changes in species biomass ratios towards optimal levels; and • Changes in effort towards optimal levels. Protected areas in fisheries may be an optimal policy choice to achieve the non-unique benefits of protected area creation. Protected areas, it has been argued, are a relatively low cost management tool, due to the lower monitoring and enforcement costs. Thus, the use of protected areas offer a solution to the problems of over extraction of fishery resources for lower transaction costs, which may erode the non-unique benefits under different policy instruments. If this is the case, then a protected area larger than is required to maximise the unique benefits of protected area creation could form part of an optimal fisheries management strategy. Whether the protected area is larger or smaller than the size that maximises both the unique and non-unique benefits of protected area creation would depend on the level of transaction costs involved in using alternative policy instruments. Protected areas were found to have distributional effects on the fishery due to changes in the species biomass ratio towards the predator species post protected area creation. The creation of a protected area will have distributional effects on the fishing industry if different fisheries target the different species separately. Fishers targeting predator species are likely to gain from the establishment of a protected area, as now the aggregate level of stocks of this species is greater, leading to both greater unique and non-unique benefits. For fisheries that target prey species, the benefits of protected area creation are lessened. The increased predation within protected area boundaries limited the unique benefits of the protected area. The low cost nature of a protected area will influence the portion of the fishery used for this type of control given an optimal policy programme. If protected areas are relatively low cost in comparison with other controls they should be used relatively more intensely. Further, the use of protected areas may hasten the evolution of fisheries away from open access exploitation towards controls which maximise the value of the fishery. With lower transaction costs, the ability to adopt protected areas over other forms of management is greater, and by doing so, the movement towards optimal exploitation will improve the discounted value of the fishery. The analysis presented in this thesis examined the benefits of protected areas to fisheries. The focus of the study was placed on the benefits to flow to a fishery if a protected area was used as a tool for wild-harvest fisheries management. Marine protected areas also have the potential to generate a range of other benefits, such as recreational values, non-use values, and potential improvements in consumer surplus from fish caught within fisheries that use protected areas. These other benefits would need to be considered when determining whether or not a protected area should be created in a fishery.

AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF COASTAL \VETLANDS IN KOREA BY IIEE-DONG PYO The thesis undertakes a detailed economic analysis of the coastal wetlands of Korea and applies the double-bounded dichotomous choice model and spike model of the contingent valuation method to systematically evaluate their conservation value. Further analysis including an extension of the original spike model using only singlcbounded data (Kristrom, I ()(n) to modelling double-bounded data for more statistical efficiency to deal with /.ero observations was made. As a result, the estimated willingness-to-pay for conserving the coastal wetlands under the study is S3.9 per month per household, and the annual aggregated conservation value for the entire nation is about 175 million dollars in a conservative scenario. The study then applies a benefit-cost analysis (8C';\) to coastal wetlands around the Youngsan River, an area of dispute between development and preservation in Korea, with a synthesised estimation of the ecosystcm functional values for coastal wetlands and rice paddies developed by reclamation. The results show wetland development would be preferred to its preservation in an optimistic seenano and conventional BC A, yielding NPV of $49million at the discount rate of 8(Yo, IRR of 8.28%, and B/C ratio of 1.03. By contrast, a normal scenario rejects economic feasibility for the development project at the discount rate of 8°/c), yielding a NPV of -$271 million, IRR of 6.5% and B/C ratio of 0.84. With an extended Be A including conservation values for I-year, 5-year and 1 O-year payment, the estimates of IRR are 7.42%, 5.42%, and 4.06%, respectively under the optimistic scenario. Meanwhile, under the nOnllal Scenario the estimates of IRR arc 5.85%, 4.25%, and 3.09%, respectively. In addition, this study includes a discussion of a comprehensiYe review of conjoint analysis and the integrated environmental management of coastal wetlands developing sustainability indicators for coastal lisheries using bio-economic models in Appendix.

Esse trabalho objetivou investigar o potencial dos extratos aquosos das cascas de barbatimão (Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville) e sangra dágua (Croton urucurana Baill.) como corante natural têxtil. Os extratos foram caracterizados quanto ao pH, o teor de sólidos totais e a estabilidade no armazenamento. Os extratos foram liofilizados e avaliados por espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), termogravimetria (TG) e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC). Foram realizados experimentos preliminares de tingimento em tecidos multifibra e em diferentes concentrações dos extratos. A partir desses experimentos, foram definidas as variáveis temperatura, tempo e concentração do extrato para o estudo do tingimento por planejamento experimental 2³, em tecidos 100 % algodão e 100 % lã. Os tecidos tingidos em condição otimizada, sem e com mordentes metálicos, foram avaliados quanto à cor, a solidez de cor à luz, à lavagem, à fricção e ao suor. Os efluentes foram coletados e caracterizados quanto ao pH, turbidez, sólidos totais dissolvidos (STD), oxigênio dissolvido, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e teores de ferro e alumínio dissolvidos. Foram conduzidos ensaios bacteriológicos nos extratos aquosos, etanólicos e liofilizados e nos tecidos tingidos. Os resultados das análises por FTIR indicaram a presença de taninos, lignina e celulose nos extratos. Pelo estudo de estabilidade os extratos possuem duração de 42 dias. Nas análises por TG, os extratos obtiveram perda de massa total similares e não geraram alteração na degradação dos tecidos tingidos. Na análise por DSC os extratos obtiveram picos endotérmico e exotérmixo em temperaturas próximas. As melhores condições para o tingimento dos tecidos avaliados é em 98 °C, por 60 min e na concentração de 100 % do extrato. A solidez de cor dos tecidos tingidos variou de baixa a excelente. Os extratos liofilizados apresentaram propriedades antibacterianas. Os efluentes apresentaram valores de STD, DBO, DQO e alumínio e ferro dissolvidos acima dos limites determinados pela legislação nacional. De modo geral, os resultados obtidos indicam que os extratos das cascas de barbatimão e sangra dágua são promissores para serem utilizados como corantes naturais têxteis
This research aimed to investigate the potential of aqueous extracts of barbatimão (Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville) and sangra dágua (Croton urucurana Baill.) bark as natural textile dyes. The extracts were characterized for pH, total solids content and storage stability. The extracts were lyophilized and evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Preliminary dyeing experiments were carried out on multifiber fabrics and at different extracts concentrations. From these experiments, the variables temperature, time and concentration of the extract for the study of dyeing by experimental design 2³ in 100 % cotton and 100 % wool fabrics were defined. Fabrics dyed in optimized condition, using metal mordants and with no mordents, were evaluated by colorimetry, color fastness to light, wash, rubbing and perspiration. The effluents were collected and characterized by pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and dissolved iron and aluminum contents. Bacteriological tests were conducted on aqueous, ethanolic and lyophilized extracts and on dyed fabrics. The results of the FTIR analysis indicated the presence of tannins, lignin and cellulose in the extracts. By the stability study were found that the extracts have a duration of 42 days. In the TG analyzes, the extracts obtained similar total mass loss and did not generate alteration in the degradation of the dyed fabrics. In the DSC analysis the extracts obtained endothermic and exotherm peaks at near temperatures. The optimized dyeing for the evaluated fabrics is at 98 °C for 60 min and at the concentration of 100 % of the extract. The color fastness of the dyed fabrics ranged from low to excellent. Lyophilized extracts showed antibacterial properties. The wastewater showed values of TDS, BOD, COD and aluminum and iron dissolved above the limits determined by national legislation. In general, the results indicate that barbatimão and sangra dágua extracts are promising for use as natural textile dyes

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Há pelo menos três décadas a esfera pública vem sendo banhada pela figuração do humano como um ser de natureza igual – nem mais nem menos – a todos os outros seres viventes sob a rubrica da biologia molecular, mais precisamente da genômica. Do DNA como representação da “essência do nosso ser” aos “homens geneticamente criminosos”, vemos inúmeros enunciados serem vocalizados em livros, em reportagens e mídias em geral – especializados ou não – que, como diria Gyorgy Lukács, derivam ontologicamente as características do ser social daquelas constitutivas do ser natural. Desde a inauguração, na década de 1970 com a sociobiologia de Edward Wilson e Richard Dawkins, até os dias de hoje, a figuração do humano baseado na Teoria Sintética da Evolução vem se aperfeiçoando e se propagando nas distintas áreas do saber e da cultura. De forma geral, parte dominante desse pensamento interpreta as qualidades ontológicas dos humanos e, por consequência, suas características como resultados adaptacionista da evolução da nossa espécie com base na fitness genética. Sendo assim, no sentido de contribuir na compreensão do cenário no qual subiu ao palco tal figuração, este trabalho assume a tarefa de capturar alguns de seus significados históricosociais contemporâneos. Por consistir numa figuração com suportes teórico-científicos, a intenção, num primeiro momento, é identificar alguns dos seus fundamentos epistemológicos e ontológicos através da construção do que denominamos de grade de inteligibilidade genômico derivacionista, cuja característica central consiste na “dedução ontológica” das esferas menos complexas do ser em geral as mais complexas. Posteriormente, para levarmos a cabo o nosso objetivo, explicaremos o que consideramos efetivamente novo em seu significado histórico-social mediante as suas manifestações ideológicas – pelas quais práticas políticas e econômicas se operacionalizam. A nossa tese é de que, sob a crise estrutura do capital e seus aportes financeiros, emergiram tanto uma bioeconomia quanto uma biopolítica que imprimiram significados radicalmente novos ao modo com que tal figuração do humano se transmuta de discurso científico ao ideológico.
For at least three decades the public sphere has been bathed by the figuration of the human as a being of an equal nature – no more and no less – to all other living beings under the rubric of molecular biology, more precisely genomics. From DNA as a representation of the “essence of our being” to "genetically criminal men," we see innumerable utterances being spoken of in books, in reports, in advertisements and media in general – specialized or not – which, as Gyorgy Lukacs would say, derive ontologically the characteristics of the social being of those constitutive of the natural being. Since the inauguration in the 1970s with the sociobiology of Edward Wilson and Richard Dawkins, to this day, the human figure based on the Synthetic Theory of Evolution has been improving and spreading in the different areas of knowledge and culture. In general, a dominant part of this thought interprets the ontological qualities of humans and, consequently, their characteristics as an adaptational result of the evolution of our species based on genetic fitness. Thus, in order to contribute to the understanding of the scenario in which such figuration came to the stage, this work assumes the task of capturing some of its contemporary social-historical meanings. In the first place, the intention is to identify some of its epistemological and ontological foundations through the construction of what we call a “reductionist genomic intelligibility grid”, whose central characteristic consists of the "ontological deduction" of the less complex spheres of “being in general” the more complex. Subsequently, to accomplish our goal, we will explain what we consider to be effectively new in its historical-social meaning through its ideological manifestations – by which political and economic practices become operational. Our thesis is that, under the crisis of capital structure and its financial devices, both a bioeconomy and a biopolitics have emerged that have given radically new meanings to the way in which such figuration of the human transmutes from scientific to ideological discourse
2014/27003-2

Nonpoint source nitrogen runoff from agriculture is a significant contributor to eutrophication in the Chesapeake Bay. The state of Virginia has developed several market and incentive-based water quality credit trading programs to meet federal water quality objectives. In theory, these programs offer a mechanism to achieve environmental goals at least cost. However, in practice these programs face ongoing challenges arising from limited participation by farmers who supply water quality credits and, as a result, often fail to achieve cost efficiency. We build a flexible, accessible, and modular bioeconomic modeling system as a proof-of-concept to evaluate economic-environmental tradeoffs farmers face in an effort to support program participation and achieve environmental goals. We couple a biophysical nitrogen mass-balance model with an agricultural production model and apply the tool to study diverse agroforestry practices. We evaluate the relative efficiency of these practices by empirically estimating a production possibility frontier. We then use our bioeconomic modeling results to define the minimum willingness to accept of farmers, in terms of water quality credit prices, to adopt agroforestry practices that deliver water quality improvements. We extend our model results to estimate water quality credit premiums to compensate risk-averse farmers for undertaking production practices subject to relatively volatile prices in niche fruit markets. We demonstrate that the model generally simulates real-world credit prices, and highlight potential improvements in design for Virginia's trading program. In particular, quality credit trading programs could be more effective and efficient if credits awards reflect heterogeneity in the environmental benefits associated with nuanced land-use alternatives. Our modeling tool offers a framework to support incentive programs that are both economically sound and biophysically grounded.
Master of Science
High levels of nitrogen in the Chesapeake Bay have become an environmental concern for regulatory agencies. A significant portion of nitrogen pollution in the Chesapeake Bay comes from agricultural activities in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Agricultural nitrogen pollution is not directly regulated at the federal level, so some states have adopted market-based mechanisms to curb emissions. However, some of these programs are seeing less farmer participation than expected. We suggest that part of the low participation rates may be due to program design, and the impact risk plays in farmer decision-making. In an effort to better understand participation in the programs, we develop a method to model these programs’ environmental and economic outcomes. Our method couples a mechanistic model of nitrogen pollution with an agricultural production model and evaluates tradeoffs between economic and environmental values. We find that the modeling method shows promise as a tool for policymakers, researchers, and farmers interested in pollution abatement programs. As a proof-of-concept, we apply the model to a Virginia market-based program and test our low-participation hypotheses. We find that the programs may be more effective if they recognize a greater diversity of farming practices. Our modeling tool offers a framework to support pollution abatement programs that are both economically feasible and environmentally effective.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The goal of this study is to develop Density Management Diagrams for Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill, which will serve as auxiliary models to establish the variation of appropriate density, and the management group, to conduct settlements with the economic evaluation of management employees schemes. To study area were used stands in full density in reduced spacing, located in Rio-grandense Eastern center and Porto Alegre metropolitan in Rio Grande do Su states mesoregions. Of the density models tested, Tang showed good accuracy, with adjusted coefficient of determination of 0,74 and 3,17% coefficient of variation, which served as the base model for determining the population density rates, competition areas, construction of Management Density Diagrams and the size of the average diameter at the time that starts self-thinning for trees planted per hectare density. It was shown that the value of the slope calculated for the model of Tang, was different from that proposed by the author, worth -3/2 of self-thinning law. It was observed that the average diameter size at the time of the start self-thinning occurs with the removal of the population individuals varies considerably with the tree planting density. Preferably, you should lead the development trajectory of the density of trees per hectare below the line of maximum density, where the line of imminent mortality occurs. With reference to the standard diameter of 25 cm was obtained 5 Settlement density index curves describing curves between them proportional exponentially decreasing trends of frequency individuals per hectare with the diameter increment. Management density diagrams with the variables mean diameter, basal area, volume stand density index provided good volumetric estimates per hectare in relation to actual volumes with efficiency of 0,95, indicating good precision. The tested probability distributions, the Weibull function 2 parameters described accurately the frequency of diameters in time, and the re-estimation of its parameters, allowed frequency distributions by diameter class and therefore real development of the stand. The selected trunk shape function was to Hradetzky with determination coefficient of 0,98 and 8.43% coefficient of variation, generating through its integration the estimated volume of the whole stem and parts of it. The Net Present Value of R$ 12.372,35 ha-1 was determined for the management regime with three thinning, at 52,8; 85,4; 121,8 months and last cut at 185,1, higher than the other simulated systems. The Equivalent Annual Value was good and viable economically for all tested systems, the most attractive was the regime where there were two thinnings to 52,8; 85,4 months and last cut at 121,8 months with Equivalent Annual Value of R$1.550,78 ha-1. The internal rate of return was attractive in any of the simulated management regimes, ranging from 6,48% by year in stands without thinning and final cut at 52,8 months at 25,31% by year in stands managed with thinnings at 52,8; 85,4 months and last cut at 121,8 months. The biggest reason benefit on costs was 3.15, obtained in the management regime with two thinning, at 52,8; 85,4 months and last cut at 121,8 confirming the Equivalent Annual Value and Internal rate or return criteria.
O objetivo do presente estudo é elaborar Diagramas de Manejo da Densidade para Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill, que servirão de modelos auxiliares para estabelecer a variação de densidade adequada, e a faixa de manejo, para condução de povoamentos juntamente com a avaliação econômica dos regimes de manejo empregados. Para área de estudo foram utilizados povoamentos em densidade completa em espaçamentos reduzidos, localizados nas mesorregiões Centro Oriental Rio-grandense e Metropolitana de Porto Alegre do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Dos modelos de densidade testados, o de Tang apresentou boa precisão, com coeficiente de determinação ajustado de 0,74 e coeficiente de variação de 3,17%, que serviu de modelo base para determinação dos índices de densidade do povoamento, zonas de concorrência, construção dos Diagramas de Manejo da Densidade e a dimensão do diâmetro médio no momento que inicia o autodesbaste para uma densidade de árvores implantadas por hectare. Comprovou-se que o valor do coeficiente angular calculado para o modelo de Tang, foi diferente do proposto por este autor, com valor de -3/2 da lei de autodesbaste. Observou-se que a dimensão de diâmetro médio no momento em que ocorre o início do autodesbaste, com a supressão de indivíduos da população, varia, consideravelmente com a densidade de árvores de plantio. Preferencialmente, deve-se conduzir a trajetória de desenvolvimento da densidade de árvores por hectare logo abaixo a linha de máxima densidade, onde ocorre a linha de iminente mortalidade. Tendo como referência o diâmetro padrão de 25 cm obtiveram-se 5 curvas de Índices de Densidade do Povoamento que descreveram curvas proporcionais entre si com tendências de decréscimo exponencial das frequências de indivíduos por hectare com o incremento diamétrico. Os diagramas de manejo da densidade com as variáveis diâmetro médio, área basal, volume por índice de densidade do povoamento permitiram boas estimativas volumétricas por hectare em relação aos volumes reais com eficiência de 0,95, indicando boa precisão. Das distribuições de probabilidade testadas, a função de Weibull 2 parâmetros descreveu com acurácia a frequência dos diâmetros no tempo, e a reestimativa dos seus parâmetros, permitiu as distribuições de frequência por classe diamétrica e por conseguinte desenvolvimento real do povoamento. A função de forma de tronco selecionada foi a de Hradetzky com coeficiente de determinação ajustado de 0,98 e coeficiente de variação de 8,43%, gerando por meio de sua integração os volume estimados de todo o fuste e de partes dele. O Valor Presente Líquido de R$ 12.372,35 ha-1 foi determinado para o regime de manejo com três desbastes, aos 52,8; 85,4 e 121,8 meses e corte raso aos 185,1 meses, superior aos demais regimes simulados. O Valor Anual Equivalente foi positivo e viável economicamente para todos os regimes testados, o mais atrativo foi o regime onde ocorreram dois desbastes aos 52,8; 85,4 meses e corte raso aos 121,8 meses com Valor Anual Equivalente de R$1.550,78 ha-1. A taxa interna de retorno foi atrativa em qualquer dos regimes de manejo simulados, variando de 6,48 % a.a. em povoamentos sem desbaste e corte raso aos 52,8 meses a 25,31 % a.a. em povoamentos manejados com desbastes aos 52,8; 85,4 meses e corte raso aos 121,8 meses. A maior razão benefício sobre os custos foi de 3,15, obtida no regime de manejo com dois desbastes, aos 52,8; 85,4 meses e corte final aos 121,8 corroborando com os critérios Valor Anual Equivalente e Taxa Interna de Retorno.

Doutoramento em Economia
A investigação desenvolvida nesta dissertação centra-se no binómio Direitos de Propriedade / Política de Pescas. A transição de um regime de livre acesso para políticas de limitação à entrada e atribuição de quotas (mais ou menos transferíveis) significou uma alteração sensível na forma de entender os problemas das pescarias e de as ordenar de forma eficiente.A criação do regime das 200 milhas, ao atribuir aos países costeiros, direitos de propriedade e novas prerrogativas na gestão dos seus recursos, representou um imenso potencial para uma gestão sustentável das pescas, uma "Promessa de Abundância". A prática demonstrou que, sem uma política de redução da sobrecapacidade, e em presença de restrições de ordem social e política , estas conclusões devem ser relativizadas. Por outro lado, os problemas derivados da imprecisa definição de direitos nas zonas de Alto-Mar adjacentes às ZEEs, na Lei do Mar ( 1982), nomeadamente os relativos aos straddling stocks, implicam uma revisitação da "Tragédia dos Comums" e da relação entre regras de acesso e sobrepesca. Isto podemos comprovar pela análise do caso: A pesca do bacalhau na Terra Nova. Simultaniamente, avaliamos os efeitos da criação do regime das 200 milhas sobre a frota de pesca longínqua portuguesa que, tradicionalmente, pratica aquela pescaria.
In this dissertation we investigate Rights Based Management. The transition from free access to regulated fisheries with tools like limited entry and quotas (of different degrees of transferability) meant an important evolution in the way of understanding fisheries problems and managing them efficiently. Extended Fisheries Jurisdiction gave the coastal states property-rigths and the potential of a sustainable management of their fisheries resources. For many fisheries economists it was a "promise of abundance". In practice, without a policy of overcapacity reduction, and in the presence of multiple social and political constraints, these conclusions were reversed. Also, the problems of "unfinished business" in the Law of the Sea ( 1 982), namely the imprecise definition of rights in the areas of High-Seas adjacent to the EEZs and the consequent difficulties in the management of straddling stocks, makes it necessary to revisit the "Tragedy of the Commons" and the oldest issue: free access/ excess of effort/ overfishing. We could corraborate this by the analysis of cod fisheries in Newfoundland/Canada. We also avaliate the consequences of Extended Fisheries Jurisdiction and European Community integration on the Portuguese long-distance cod fisheries.

O aumento do consumo mundial de carnes, em função do crescimento da renda, principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento, alerta para o crescente uso de recursos naturais e geração de resíduos resultante destes processos. A carne de frango surge como a principal opção para suprir esta demanda, e o Brasil apresenta-se como um dos maiores players mundiais deste mercado. O Sul do Brasil, principal região produtora de frangos, enfrenta hoje questões ambientais relacionadas ao tratamento e destinação dos dejetos e a consequente contaminação do solo e dos lençóis freáticos, o que vem limitando a expansão do setor. Atualmente, a principal fonte proteica para nutrição animal é o farelo de soja, que por ser uma fonte nobre de alimento e energia (biocombustíveis), tem apresentado preços elevados no mercado mundial. O uso de insetos como fonte proteica alternativa à dieta de frangos de corte vem sendo estudado, a fim de suprir, pelo menos em parte, esta demanda. As larvas da mosca Black Soldier Fly (BSF) possuem capacidade para digerir grandes quantidades de matéria orgânica, tanto de substratos com origem vegetal como animal. Deste bioprocessamento resulta o farelo de insetos, rico em proteína e lipídios; a quitina, composto para uso farmacêutico; e o composto orgânico, com potencial para ser utilizado como biofertilizante. Apesar das limitações de ordem cultural, sanitárias e de escala de produção, para implantação desta tecnologia no curto prazo, seu potencial vem sendo confirmado Visando aproximar o uso de insetos à realidade brasileira, primeiramente, identificaram-se as espécies que mais se adaptam as condições edafoclimáticas, e aquelas com maior potencial para processar substratos menos nobres como resíduos de grãos e dejeto animal. De acordo com as 5 características desejáveis na escolha das espécies de insetos, proposta pela Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), identificaram-se as larvas de BSF e de mosca doméstica, conforme discutido no Capítulo 3 da presente tese. A fim de identificar o status quo da avicultura brasileira do Sul do país, realizou-se a análise emergética de uma típica propriedade em sistema convencional de produção, com alto nível tecnológico. A discussão dos índices emergéticos e possibilidades de incremento em sustentabilidade foi apresentada no quarto capítulo da tese. Já o Capítulo 5, apresenta os resultados da análise emergética realizada num projeto piloto de criação e processamento de larvas de BSF no Brasil. A partir da análise bromatológica do substrato (resíduo de grãos), farelo de insetos e composto orgânico, provenientes deste projeto, determinou-se a transformidade do farelo de insetos. Esta contribuição inédita alimentará o banco de dados do International Society for the Advancement of Emergy Research (ISAER) Os demais índices emergéticos do processo foram calculados e, por meio de uma análise comparativa com o farelo de soja, também foram discutidos no terceiro artigo. Demonstrou-se os ganhos em sustentabilidade que esta inovação tecnológica pode provocar, tendo o farelo de insetos apresentado os melhores índices. Visando responder ao problema de pesquisa da presente tese: o uso de farelo de inseto pode aumentar a sustentabilidade da avicultura brasileira?; realizou-se a análise emergética comparativa de uma típica propriedade avícola em Chapecó, Santa Catarina, no ano de 2015, modificando somente a fonte proteica da dieta das aves. Foram identificados ganhos em transformidade (emergia por joule do produto), renovabilidade e nos demais índices emergéticos, demonstrando, que a inserção desta tecnologia, mesmo que no longo prazo, tem potencial para melhorar a sustentabilidade da produção de carne de frango. O apelo mundial por sustentabilidade na produção de carne é um constante desafio para os agronegócios. Mesmo com as limitações identificadas, que ainda requerem investigações e regulamentações, a tecnologia de produção de farelo de insetos apresenta-se como uma oportunidade para melhorar aspectos sociais e ambientais, além dos econômicos, voltados à sustentabilidade.
The worldwide increase of meat consumption due to growing income, especially in developing countries, alerts us to the escalating use of natural resources and waste generation from these processes. Poultry meat appears as the main option to meet this demand and Brazil represents the biggest world player in this market. The main Brazilian poultry production region, in the South, faces environmental concerns related to destination and treatment of this organic waste which is contaminating soil and groundwater. These issues are limiting the expansion of the poultry sector. Currently, soybean meal, the main protein source for animal nutrition and a noble source of energy (biofuels), is facing increasing prices in the world market. The use of insects as an alternative protein source for poultry diet has being studied, aiming to supply, at least in part, this demand. Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae have the capacity to digest huge volumes of organic material from both animal and vegetal origin. The products from this bioprocessing are insect meal, rich in protein and lipids; chitin, a pharmaceutical compound; and the organic compound that can be used as biofertilizer. Despite cultural, sanitary and scale production limitations to insert this technology in the short term, its potential is already confirmed. In Brazil, the species most adaptable to edaphoclimatic conditions and those with the greatest potential to bioprocess ‘poorer’ substrates such as grain residues and animal waste were identified as BSF and domestic fly larvae These species show the five desirable characteristics proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) as discussed in Chapter Three of the thesis. An emergetic analysis of a typical farm in a conventional production system with an advanced technological level was conducted to identify the status quo of Brazilian poultry production in the Southern region. Emergetic index and the possibilities to increase sustainability of the sector are presented in Chapter Four. Chapter Five presents results from an emergy assessment of a pilot project of rearing and processing BSF larvae in Brazil. Through bromatological analysis of the substrate (grain residue), insect meal and organic compound from this project, the transformity of insect meal was determined. This unpublished contribution can feed into the database of the International Society for the Advancement of Emergy Research (ISAER). Remaining emergetic index from the process was calculated and discussed in the third article. Gains in sustainability and better index was demonstrated in favor of insect meal The research study was designed to answer the question: Can use of insect meal increase sustainability in Brazilian poultry production? A comparative emergy assessment was carried out on a typical poultry farm in Chapecó, Santa Catarina, in 2015, in which only the protein source of the poultry diet was modified. Transformity (emergy per joule of product), renewability and remaining index was calculated. It demonstrated that, even over a longer period of time, this technology has the potential to improve sustainability in poultry production. The worldwide appeal for sustainability in meat production is a constant challenge to agribusiness. Even with some limitations that still require research, the technology of insect meal is an opportunity to improve social and environmental aspects, as well as economic, while directed at sustainability.

A produção de alimentos no mundo está condicionada à oferta e ao consumo de fertilizantes inorgânicos, obtidos de fontes naturais não renováveis. Existe um limite entrópico para o atendimento das necessidades crescentes de alimentos. A sustentabilidade da dinâmica dos sistemas agrícolas dependerá da adequação da produção de alimentos à quantidade de recursos naturais disponíveis. No presente trabalho nós testamos essa sustentabilidade, procurando analisar a eficiência do uso de fertilizantes inorgânicos na produção de soja, um dos alimentos básicos nas cadeias alimentares globais, segundo uma abordagem da bioeconomia fundamentada na termodinâmica. Com base nos dados de produção e área cultivada de soja no Brasil, como disponibilizados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), desenvolveu-se um modelo analítico baseado em programação matemática e no princípio de máxima entropia para estimar o uso de fertilizantes por extrato de área cultivada, bem como os respectivos custos totais de produção. Neste trabalho estimou-se a eficiência termodinâmica do uso de fertilizantes e a eficiência econômica da produção de soja nos diferentes extratos de área de produção. Para avaliar essas eficiências utilizou-se um conceito de retorno constante de produtividade da terra (RCP). Esse indicador define o rendimento relativo por hectare da produção de soja nos diferentes extratos de área. Assim, analisando o caso da produção de soja brasileira, verificou-se que no ano de 2008 o aumento de preços das matérias-primas para produzir fertilizantes levou a uma queda no seu respectivo consumo global. A partir dessa observação, procurou-se identificar os fundamentos da tomada de decisão do produtor de soja relativa ao emprego dos fertilizantes no Brasil. Verificou-se que o produtor de soja brasileiro decide as quantidades de fertilizantes que vai empregar, baseando-se na expectativa do lucro da respectiva safra. Os resultados apontam que essa decisão leva a um emprego ineficiente de fertilizantes inorgânicos entre os diferentes extratos de área, principalmente nos extratos inferiores a 20 hectares, em relação a produtores com área superior a 2500 hectares. Essa ineficiência relativa se dá devido ao fato de que, embora a taxa de aplicação de fertilizantes por hectare apresente diferenças pouco significativas entre os extratos de área, as respectivas produtividades são evidentemente distintas. A produtividade da terra em soja é menor nos extratos até 20 hectares, quando comparada à produtividade nos extratos superiores, ocorrendo casos em que essa diferença venha a ser até de duas toneladas de soja por hectare. No período de 1975 a 2011, anos selecionados para este estudo, outros extratos menores, mas superiores a 20 hectares, também apresentaram menor eficiência em relação ao uso de fertilizantes em comparação aos extratos superiores a 2500 hectares. Em relação à respectiva eficiência econômica, verificou-se que os custos de fertilizantes por tonelada de soja são similares entre os extratos, sugerindo-se uma homogeneidade em termos de estrutura de comercialização dos fertilizantes, o que acaba por impactar na lucratividade relativa da produção de soja. Os custos totais de produção refletem também a estrutura tecnológica adotada em cada extrato de área. Ao utilizar-se o conceito de RCP, verifica-se que extratos abaixo de 500 hectares possuem uma menor eficiência econômica quando comparadas com os extratos acima de 2500 hectares. Esses resultados indicam a necessidade de uma escala mínima de produção para o produtor manter-se competitivo do ponto de vista econômico. Desses resultados, e aproveitando-se a modelagem desenvolvida por este estudo, foram derivados alguns cenários pertinentes ao cultivo de soja no Brasil, relativos à produção, área, produtividade e uso de fertilizantes, bem como os custos de produção associados. O modelo desenvolvido para estimar as quantidades de fertilizantes inorgânicos utilizados pelos diferentes extratos de área, relativos à produção de soja, tem como principal característica oferecer a possibilidade de testar-se hipóteses sobre produção, área, produtividade e uso de fertilizantes. Esse modelo pode ser uma ferramenta de apoio à decisão, tanto para gestores de investimentos públicos na agricultura, quanto para a gestão nas unidades de produção agrícola. Os resultados deste presente trabalho sugerem que na produção de soja brasileira o uso de fertilizantes inorgânicos está desconectado de determinantes tecnológicos agronômicos, assim como está dissociado de questões relativas à segurança alimentar ou da sustentabilidade ambiental. Isso porque a tomada de decisão sobre o uso de fertilizantes inorgânicos na agricultura ignora a termodinâmica do processo produtivo como um todo. Para que a produção de soja no Brasil seja efetivamente eficiente e sustentável, do ponto de vista bioeconômico, ou seja, integrador das dimensões econômica, agronômica e termodinâmica, é necessário levar-se em consideração de que são imprescindíveis extratos de produção agrícola de áreas superiores, que contenham uma certa área mínima para a produção de soja, e que se redesenhe com propriedade as tecnologias empregadas nos seus respectivos sistemas de produção, levando-se em conta o limite entrópico da disponibilidade de fertilizantes inorgânicos no mundo.
Food production worldwide is conditioned to supply and consumption of inorganic fertilizers that are obtained from nonrenewable natural sources. The satisfaction of the increasing food needs is limited by an entropic threshold. Therefore, sustainability of the agricultural systems’ dynamics will depend on the adequacy of food production to the amount of available natural resources. In this paper, we examine such sustainability, seeking to analyze the efficiency of the inorganic fertilizers’ use in the production of soybean, one of the basic foods from the global food chain, according to a bioeconomic approach grounded on thermodynamics. Based on data on the soybean production and cultivated areas in Brazil, made available by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IGBE, from the Brazilian Portuguese: “Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística”), we have developed an analytical model, which is based on mathematical programing and on the generalized maximum entropy principle, to estimate the use of fertilizers per level of cultivated land, as well as its full production costs. In this paper, we have estimated the efficiency of thermodynamics regarding the use of fertilizers and the economical efficiency of soybean production in different levels of cultivated land. To evaluate such efficiencies, a concept of constant return on land productivity (RCP, from the Brazilian Portuguese: “Retorno Constante de Produtividade”) has been used. This indicator defines the yield per hectare of soybean production in different levels of cultivated land. Thus, analyzing the case of Brazilian soybean production, it’s been asserted that during 2008 the increased price of raw materials used to produce fertilizers lead to a decline in its global consumption. From that observation, we have sought to identify the reasons behind soybean producers’ decision-making regarding the use of fertilizers in Brazil. We’ve discovered that Brazilian soybean producers decide on the amount of fertilizers they will use based on the expectations of profit regarding that particular crop. Results indicate that such decision leads to an inefficient use of inorganic fertilizers per different levels of cultivated land, mainly on portions lower than 20 hectares, from producers holding a field over 2500 hectares. Such relative inefficiency occurs due to the fact that, although the fertilizer’s usage rate per hectare shows little significant differences between producers, their yields are clearly distinct. The soil productivity of soybean is lower in portions up to 20 hectares in comparison to productivity on higher levels of cultivated land and there are instances where such difference is up to two tons of soybean per hectare. From 1975 to 2011, the period selected for this particular study, other smaller levels of cultivated land which were higher than 20 hectares, also evidenced a lower efficiency with regard to the use of fertilizers in comparison to levels higher than 2500 hectares. Regarding their economic efficiency, evidence showed that the costs of fertilizers per ton are similar between levels of cultivated land, suggesting homogeneity in terms of the fertilizers trading structure, resulting in an impact on the relative yielding of soybean production. Total production costs also reflect the technological structure adopted in each level of cultivated land. By applying the concept of RCP, it’s been ascertained that levels lower than 500 hectares have a lower economic efficiency when compared to levels higher than 2500 hectares. Such results indicate the need for a minimal production scale in order for the producer to keep their competitiveness, from an economic perspective. From these results, and taking advantage of the modeling developed for this study, some sceneries pertaining the soybean culture in Brazil have been derived that relate to production, area, yield, and use of fertilizers, as well as related production costs. The model developed to estimate the amounts of inorganic fertilizers used in soybean production, in different levels of cultivated land, holds as its main feature the fact that it allows for the testing of hypothesis on production, area, yield, and use of fertilizers. Such a model can be used as a decision-making supporting tool, both for public agricultural investment managers and for managing the agricultural production units (farms). This paper’s results suggest that, in Brazilian soybean production, the use of inorganic fertilizers is disconnected from agronomic technological determiners and dissociated from food safety and environmental sustainability issues. That happens because decision-making on agricultural use of fertilizers overlooks the thermodynamics of the productive process as a whole. In order for the soybean production in Brazil to be effectively efficient and sustainable, from the bioeconomic point of view, i.e., integrating the economic, agricultural, and thermodynamic dimensions, it is necessary to consider that they are fundamental portions of agricultural production in bigger areas, which contain a minimal area for the production of soybean, and to properly redesign the technologies applied in their production systems, taking into account the entropic threshold of availability of inorganic fertilizers in the world.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects on the Swedish moose populationof a new moose management system introduced in 2012. To this end, the size of thepopulation had to be measured. The methodology used was an empirical version of theGordon–Schaefer bioeconomic model previously employed to estimate Sweden’s wildboar population. The Effort variable for the model was modified in that traffic accidentsrelative to traffic density served as a proxy for it. The study investigated years for whichdata was available, namely 2004–2017. Nineteen out of Sweden’s 21 Counties wereincluded in the study. The result produced extremely high population estimates,suggesting that the model could not be directly transferred from wild boar to moose.Nonetheless, although the study’s population estimates in absolute terms are unrealistic,their relative sizes indicate that moose populations were somewhat smaller in 2017 thanin 2012 – the latter year being when the new management system was introduced.However, the trend line shows that, over a longer period, the moose population hasincreased in Sweden, and 2017 may just be a temporary deviation from that trend. Itappears, therefore, that Sweden’s latest moose management system does not have thedesired effect on its moose population.

Orientador: Guilherme Wolff Bueno
Resumo: O aumento exponencial da população em nível mundial tem crescido a demanda por proteínas de qualidade. Com isto, muitos produtores rurais têm migrado da atividade agrícola para a aquicultura, surgindo propriedades com diferentes níveis de produção de pescado. No entanto, com o desconhecimento das especificidades econômicas e zootécnicas, vários empreendimentos se tornaram insustentáveis economicamente, gerando endividamentos e falência dos negócios. Neste contexto, o objetivo desta pesquisa consistiu em realizar uma modelagem financeira e avaliar o risco econômico da produção comercial de tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) em sistema de tanques-rede instalados em um reservatório tropical. O estudo é apresentado em dois capítulos, no primeiro avaliamos o risco financeiro e cenários econômicos de fazendas com grandes volumes de produção (VP), áreas aquícolas de 10 a 600 mil m³. No segundo capitulo, a partir das informações obtidas inicialmente desenvolvemos um modelo matemático de predição financeira (MMPF) integrado com o modelo matemático do coeficiente de crescimento térmico (TGC) o qual considerou variáveis de desempenho dos peixes e fatores econômicos da produção. Verificamos que os tanques-rede com volumes superiores a 51 mil m³ apresentam 38,67% de probabilidade de risco financeiro e econômico, com um Payback acima de 10 anos e podem atingir um Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) maior que zero com uma taxa interna de retorno (TIR) menor que 8,67%. Enquanto, fazendas com área infe... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The exponential increase in population worldwide has been growing the demand for quality proteins. As a result, many farmers have migrated their agricultural to aquaculture, in this scenario the fish farms have different levels of scale production. However, the lack of knowledge of fish production and economic conditions, was promoted enterprises economically unsustainable, generating indebtedness and business failure. In this context, the objective of research was to perform a financial modeling and evaluate the economic risk of commercial production Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the cages installed in a tropical reservoir. The study is presented in two chapters. In the first chapter we assess the financial risk and economic scenarios of fish farms with large production volumes (VP), aquaculture areas from 10 to 600 thousand m³. In a second chapter, we used the information obtained from 1th chapter for developed a mathematical model for financial prediction (MMPF) integrated with the thermal growth coefficient mathematical model (TGC) considered fish performance variables and economic factors to tilapia production. We verified that cages with volumes over 51,000 m³ have a 38.67% probability to lower financial and economic risk, obtain a payback over 10 years and result a net present value (NPV) greater than zero with an internal rate of return (IRR) of less than 8.67%. Likewise, fish farms with area of less 50,000 m³ have a 51.17% the probability of financial failu... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Master of Science
Entomology
Brian McCornack
Several lepidopteran species infest developing panicles. Larval identification is challenging and time intensive, so current recommendations are often simplified by treating all larvae equally across species. Consequently, the yield-loss model developed for corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) by Buckley and Burkhardt (1962) has been the foundation for management recommendations in modern sorghum Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs for the last 49 years. Additionally, although pest populations primarily include both fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and corn earworm, only a single species damage estimate is used in economic threshold (ET) and economic injury level (EIL) calculations despite multi-species infestations. This research demonstrates both the validation of current management recommendations for corn earworm and the verification of previously assumed damage potentials for fall armyworm feeding in developing sorghum panicles. These results have important implications for sorghum producers faced with making a management decision for multi-species infestations.

O objetivo do trabalho foi desenvolver uma proposta para avaliar a eficiência bioeconômica dos sistemas de produção de bovinos de corte na Fronteira Oeste do RS (capítulo II) e avaliar direcionadores de eficiência em sistemas de produção de bovinos de corte (capítulo III). Foram entrevistados 46 pecuaristas no período entre julho a dezembro de 2013, cujo sistema de produção está baseado em ciclo completo e com área maior ou igual a 900 ha. No tratamento dos dados e análises estatísticas foi utilizado o software Stastitical Analysis System 9.0 (SAS, 1999). Realizou-se a Análise de Correspondência Múltipla (ACM) para identificar a relação entre os pecuaristas e as variáveis analisadas (direcionadores e subfatores).Foram identificados três clusters, sendo estes nomeados em baixo (BNE), médio (MNE) e alto nível de eficiência (ANE).No capítulo II os subfatores resultantes de cada comparação (BNE x MNE; BNE x ANE e MNE x ANE) foram diferentes em função da comparação e da metodologia utilizada. Os pecuaristas BNE necessitam melhorar os processos básicos de produção como a gestão de tecnologias e o manejo sanitário em conjunto com a gestão financeira do sistema de produção. Os pecuaristas MNE necessitam otimizar o manejo de rotina com os animais, o manejo de pastagens e o cálculo de indicadores financeiros para tornarem-se altamente eficientes. No Capítulo III a realização da tipologia dos pecuaristas permitiu avaliar a eficiência bioeconômica dos sistemas de produção de bovinos de corte da Fronteira Oeste do RS. Os pecuaristas MNE foram mais eficientes bioeconomicamente em relação aos pecuaristas ANE em função do menor custo por hectare apresentado. A eficiência bioeconômica foi determinada pelo menor custo por hectare, pois a utilização das tecnologias não está sendo realizada da melhor forma tecnicamente.
The work's goal was to develop a proposal to evaluate the bioeconomic efficiency of beef cattle production systems in West Frontier RS (Chapter II) and evaluate drivers of efficiency in beef cattle production systems (Chapter III). We interviewed 46 ranchers in the period from July to December 2013, whose production system is based on full cycle and with an area greater than or equal to 900 ha. However, the statistical analysis considered 33 ranchers, because the other did not have the possibility to account for the productive and economic indicators for failure to record the data and were excluded from statistical analysis. In data processing and statistical analysis was used Stastitical Analysis System 9.0 (SAS, 1999) software. We performed multiple correspondence analysis (ACM) to identify the relationship between the farmers and the variables analyzed (drivers and sub-factors). Through cluster analysis, we identified the random formation of three clusters, which are named in low efficiency (LEL), average level of efficiency (MLE) and high efficiency (HLE) .In Chapter II sub-factors resulting from each comparison (LEL x MLE; LLE x HLE and MLE x HLE) were different depending on the comparison and the methodology used. Ranchers LLE need to improve the basic processes of production and management technologies and the sanitary management in conjunction with the financial management of the production system. Ranchers MLE need to optimize the routine handling with the animals, pasture management and the calculation of financial indicators to become highly efficient. In Chapter III the completion of the typology of ranchers allowed to evaluate the bioeconomic efficiency of beef cattle RS West Frontier production systems. Ranchers MLE were more efficient bioeconomically in relation to ranchers HLE due to the lower cost per hectare presented.

Whale-watching provides economic opportunities worldwide and particularly proliferates in developing countries, such as the Philippines. The sustainability of whale-watching is increasingly debated as these activities also negatively impact cetaceans through changes in behavior, communication, habitat use, morbidity, mortality, and life-history parameters. This study evaluated the total annual cost, revenue, and profit of whale-watching operators in Bais, Philippines, and predicted the changes in the population for spinner dolphin Stenella longirostris with varying levels of whale-watching effort. Total revenue was 3,805,077 PHP ($92,478 USD) while total cost was 5,649,094 PHP ($137,294 USD) with a discount rate of ten percent. The total annual profit of whale-watching in Bais was – 1,844,017 PHP (– $44,817 USD). On average, each operator in Bais lost 160,350 PHP ($3,897 USD) per year from whale-watching. Through time, the spinner dolphin population decreased as it was exposed to more vessels, causing effort to increase, and thus decreased profit for operators. Under current whale-watching effort, the spinner dolphin population was predicted to decrease by 94 percent in 25 years. If Bais reduced effort in their operations to only three vessels whale-watching per day, the spinner dolphin population increased to 80 percent of its initial population size. This was the first study to predict the spinner dolphin population and estimate the total annual profit from whale-watching in Bais, Philippines. It provided data to locals for efficient, profitable, and sustainable decisions in whale-watching operations.

Mestrado em economia e gestão do território
O presente estudo tem como objecto a política de gestão dos recursos da pesca e os seus instrumentos de análise e de apoio à decisão, considerando a sua dimensão espacial. Refere os principais modelos biológicos subjacentes a qualquer modelo bio-económico, explanando a análise estática e dinâmica da exploração óptima de stocks de acordo com o modelo tradicional de Gordon e Schaefer. São explicitados os principais objectivos de uma política de gestão dos recursos da pesca e os instrumentos que podem contribuir para a prossecução dos mesmos. É efectuada uma revisão bibliográfica da aplicação dos modelos de programação multi- objectivo à gestão dos recursos da pesca e explicitada a sua contribuição no contexto do processo de decisão do sector. Realiza-se uma aplicação à gestão de um recurso utilizando um modelo bio-económico e explicita-se uma forma de este instrumento reflectir as diferenças territoriais. Efectua-se ainda uma aplicação da programação por metas para a distribuição da quota nacional do recurso pelas organizações de produtores.
This study aims analysing fishery resources management policies. It also studies its instruments of analyse for supporting decision process within a spatial perspective. It reviews the main stock assessment methodologies which are used in every bioeconomic model. Optimal exploitation of fisheries resources is analysed according to Static and dynamic perspective assuming traditional Gordon and Schaefer hypotheses. The main objectives and instruments of fisheries management policies is presented. A bibliographic review of lhe multiobjective programing applied to fisheries management is made as wcll as its contribution to the decision process within the economic activity. A bioeconomic modellíng is applied to lhe management of a resource, and a form of reflecting the variable spacc to the modelling is referred. An application of goal programming for the distribution of national quota amongst producers organization is carried out in this study.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This thesis presents a bioeconomic model of a commercial fishery. Emphasis is on the decision making processes of the harvesting sector. A model of dynamic decision making by fishermen is developed to study the biological and economic impact of the commercial exploitation of the Georges Bank scallops fishery (Placopecten Magellanicus). Stock biomass abundance dynamics are modelled using Deriso's age structured population model. Growth rate, mortality rates and recruitment are included as part of the biological component of the model. Decision making by fishermen is modelled using two discrete decision algorithms, myopic and adaptive. The myopic model provides the fisherman with the area yielding the highest immediate expected return on the basis of cost, expected catch and the current measure of biomass abundance. A computer model simulates the application of both the myopic and adaptive algorithms by a single fisherman as well as by a fleet of fishermen. In the later case, each fisherman is assumed to be initially identical and independent of the others in the fleet with respect to landings and catch information compiled. Vessel performance is measured in terms of total catch, total costs, landed values and net incomes. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

本文データは平成22年度国立国会図書館の学位論文(博士)のデジタル化実施により作成された画像ファイルを基にpdf変換したものである
Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・論文博士
博士(経済学)
乙第10457号
論経博第255号
新制||経||152(附属図書館)
UT51-2000-M40
(主査)教授 植田 和弘, 教授 吉田 和男, 教授 瀬地 山敏
学位規則第4条第2項該当

Este trabalho aborda um método de otimização dinâmica baseado em modelos bioeconômicos estabelecidos na teoria do controle ótimo, que visa modelar o resultado econômico-financeiro relacionado à atividade de extração dos recursos naturais, de modo que a otimização do resultado financeiro seja controlada por uma extração sustentável desse recurso. Mais especificamente, consideramos a exploração de madeira florestal restrita a uma série de vínculos econômicos e operacionais, bem como à dinâmica de crescimento natural da floresta. Avaliando o uso efetivo dessa metodologia aplicada ao planejamento das concessões florestais e procurando contribuir com o debate a respeito da viabilidade da forma de gestão florestal baseada em concessões florestais no Brasil.
This work addresses a dynamic optimization method based on bioeconomics models established in optimal control theory, which aims to model the economic-financial result related to the activity of extraction of natural resources, so that the optimization of the financial result is controlled by a sustainable extraction of this resources. More specifically, we consider the exploration of forest wood restricted to a series of economic and operational linkages, as well as the dynamics of natural forest growth. Assessing the effective use of this methodology applied to the planning of forest concessions and seeking to contribute to the debate about the viability of forest management form based on forest concessions in Brazil.

The thesis describes various modifications of the predator-prey model. The modifications are considering several harvesting methods. At the beginning a solution and a sensitivity analysis of the basic model are provided. The first modification is the percentage harvesting model, which could be easily converted to the basic model. Secondly a constant harvesting including a linearization is derived. A significant part is devoted to regulation models with special a focus on environmental applications and the stability of the system. Optimization algorithms for one and both species harvesting are derived and back-tested. One species harvesting is based on econometrical tools; the core of two species harvesting is the modified Newton's method. The economic applications of the model in macroeconomics and oligopoly theory are expanded using the methods derived in the thesis.

Thesis: Ph. D., Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Marine populations are increasingly subjected to changing conditions whether through harvest or through broad-scale habitat change. Historically, few models have accounted for such trends over time, and even fewer have been used to study how trends affect optimal harvests. I developed and analyzed several models that explore, first, endogenous change caused by harvest and, second, exogenous change from factors (such as rising ocean temperatures) outside harvesters' control. In these models, I characterized the profit-or yield-maximizing strategy when harvesting damages habitat in a multispecies fishery, when harvest creates a selective pressure on dispersal, and when rising temperatures cause changes in vital rates. I explore this last case in both deterministic and stochastic environments, and also allow the harvester to learn about unknown parameters of the stock recruitment model while harvesting. I also develop an unambiguous definition of and describe a statistical test for a shift in a species' spatial distribution. My results demonstrate that optimal harvesting strategies in a changing environment differ in important ways from optimal strategies in a constant environment.
by Emily Alison Moberg.
Ph. D.

Les biomasses résiduaires (BR) (ex. effluents d’élevage, résidus de cultures, déchets verts et urbains) jouent un rôle clé en agriculture. La modernisation de l’agriculture depuis le XIXe siècle a profondément transformé leur métabolisme, entraînant appauvrissement des sols, pollutions, perte d’autonomie des exploitations agricoles et des territoires en matière de fertilisation.Aujourd’hui, des faits scientifiques solides démontrent la nécessité d’une écologisation de la gestion des BR, mais la nature de cette écologisation fait débat. Des visions radicalement différentes de ce que devraient être les bases biophysiques du fonctionnement de nos sociétés coexistent et mettent en tension nos communautés humaines et scientifiques. Cette thèse vise à apporter un cadre analytique pour une mise en dialogue des multiples voies d’écologisation : les réseaux métaboliques. L’étude a été conduite dans la vallée de la Drôme, terrain emblématique du développement de l’agriculture biologique. Les productions diversifiées, les flux de BR ainsi que les multiples valeurs accordées au métabolisme par les agriculteurs offrent un terrain d’exploration permettant de penser les contradictions, les tensions mais aussi les complémentarités pour l’action entre deux voies d’écologisation contrastées : d’une part la voie ingénieuriale de l’optimisation et du “bouclage des flux” (l’écologie industrielle) et d’autre part, le fait de cultiver des attachements avec le reste du vivant au travers de multiples valeurs, au delà du seul utilitarisme économique (l’écologie des terrestres). Cette étude dresse les perspectives d’une écologisation plus pragmatique, qui ne ferait pas l’économie du pluralisme des savoirs
Abstract: Residual biomass (RB) (e.g. livestock effluents, crop residues, green and urban waste) plays a key role in agriculture. The modernization of agriculture since the 19th century has profoundly transformed their metabolism, leading to soil impoverishment, pollution and loss of autonomy of farms and territories in terms of fertilization.Today, solid scientific facts prove the need for an ecologization of RB management, but the nature of this ecologization is debated. Radically different visions of what should be the biophysical basis of the functioning of our societies coexist and put our human and scientific communities in tension. This thesis aims to provide an analytical framework for a dialogue between the multiple pathways of ecologization: the metabolic networks. The study was conducted in the Drôme valley, a region well knowned for the development of organic agriculture. The cartography of production and flows of RB as well as the description of the multiple values given by farmers to the metabolism of RB allow us to think the tensions and complementarities between two contrasting paths of ecologization: the engineering path of optimization and "closing the loop" (industrial ecology) and cultivating bounds with the rest of the living through multiple values, beyond economic utilitarianism (the earthbound).This thesis draws up the perspectives of a more pragmatic path towards ecologization

Bioeconomy is an emerging term defined by the European Commission as ‘an economy based on biological,renewable resources to produce bioenergy, biobased products, services and food’. Unlike neighbouring countries Germany and Finland, Sweden lacks an official national bioeconomy strategy and the Swedish bioeconomical development is not mapped. Previous literature has not addressed the topic specifically and to do so, it was believed necessary to address relevant actors currently undergoing the bioeconomical development. It is investigated if the Swedish bioeconomical development is too slow and inefficiently regulated and if so, what measure can be taken. A literature study and 13 interviews with actors relevant to the bioeconomical transition were used to achieve the objective of the study. Concluded, the field of bioeconomy severely needs parameters to make its definition and quantification possible. Despite lacking a national bioeconomy strategy, Sweden’s bioeconomical development is not stalled. The government pursues the transition through specifically created institutions and big investments. Compared to Finland, Sweden performs well within the current bioeconomical sectors (biomass production and biobased sectors were assessed). Parameters must be established to enable a better mapping of the process and to complete the bioeconomical transition within Sweden.
Bioekonomi är ett nyligen etablerat begrepp som fick fäste genom att Europeiska kommissionen publicerade sin strategi for bioekonomi år 2012. Där definieras en bioekonomi som ’en ekonomi baserad på biologiska, förnybara resurser för att producera bioenergi, biobaserade produkter, tjänster och livsmedel’. Sverige visar på ambitioner att övergå från fossilbaserad till en bio-baserad ekonomi bland annat genom den ’Forsknings-och innovations strategi for en biobaserad samhällsekonomi’ som utkom från Formas 2012. Vidare har Sveriges regering initierat projektet ”Fossilfritt Sverige” med ambitionen att bli en av värdens första fossilfria nationer. Dessa ambitioner tar sig vidare uttryck i det strategiska innovationsprogrammet BioInnovation som utreds i denna studie och vars vision är att Sverige skall ha ställt om till en bioekonomi år 2050. Grannländer såsom Tyskland och Finland föregår dock Sverige i den bioekonomiska utvecklingen genom att nationella bioekonomiska strategier publicerats. Sverige saknar ännu en generell definition for begreppet ’bioekonomi’ samt en nationell bioekonomisk strategi. Branschorganisationen IKEM (Innovations och Kemiindustrierna i Sverige) hävdar att detta indikerar en omotiverat långsam och ineffektiv reglerad bioekonomisk utveckling, speciellt då Sverige innehar ett försprång form av sin skogstillgång. Vidare har inte den svenska bioekonomiska omställningen utvärderats, till stor del som följd av dess ännu korta existens och dess ännu odefinierade karaktär. För att åstadkomma en sådan utvärdering ansågs det nödvändigt att rikta frågan till aktörer som är del av organisationer som för närvarande genomlever den bioekonomiska övergången. En litteraturstudie samt 13 intervjuer med aktörer från departement, myndigheter och industriella sektorer som anses relevanta för den svenska bioekonomiska övergången har använts för att uppnå studiens syfte. Det kan konkluderas att ett starkt behov av parametrar genom vilka en bioekonomi kan definieras och dess utveckling mätas finns. Att sådana etableras är en förutsättning för att kunna mäta den svenska bioekonomiska utvecklingen samt hur väl denna förhåller sig till andra länders utveckling i Europa. Trots att det finns lång väg att gå innan Sverige ställt om till en bioekonomi, visar studien att Sverige inte ligger nämnvärt bakom Finland i den bioekonomiska utvecklingen trots att en svensk nationell bioekonomisk strategi saknas. Satsningar i rätt riktning görs och med termens fyraåriga existens i åtanke bedöms utvecklingen inte vara nämnvärt hindrad.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciencias Agrarias
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Estudo quantitativo e econômico da produção de peixes em policultivo em viveiros de terra de 230m2. Analisa o crescimento individual, a produção e a produtividade de 7 combinações diferentes de policultivo em 3 regimes de suplementação alimentar de baixa qualidade comumente empregadas nas pequenas e médias propriedades rurais do estado (mistura de cereais, capim e estercos animais). Propõe densidades de estocagem para cultivos conduzidos nas condições estudadas objetivando a despesca de peixes de tamanho comercial. A partir da análise econômica foram evidenciados e analisados os principais componentes do custo de produção nos sistemas educados. Através da programação linear foi avaliado o impacto da combinação de espécies e o tamanho dos peixes na despesca sobre o rendimento econômico do policultivo. Finalmente, a partir da análise dos preços de comercialização da carpa comum são apresentadas algumas tendências da comercialização de pescado de água doce em Santa Catarina.

It has been several decades that groundfish stocks have decreased around the UK. Meanwhile, grey seal population has increased. This has created a controversy between fishers and conservationists as regards to the role grey seals have played in the stock depletion. Currently, opinions are still divided, and further studies need to be done to mitigate these conflicts. A bioeconomic model able to quantify the economic impact of grey seal predation on West of Scotland demersal fisheries for cod, haddock and whiting was developed. The biological part of the model accounts for seal predation and fishing catches and is linked to an economic model accounting for fleet revenues and costs. Three scenarios are tested. The "€status quo F"€ model assesses seal predation impacts on fleet revenues at the biological equilibrium. Two dynamic models are also studied to determine seal impacts when fleet behaviour is considered: the maximum economic yield scenario (MEY) where the fishery net profit is maximised and the bioeconomic equilibrium (BE) model where the profits are dissipated in the long-run. Cod is the fish the most impacted by grey seal predation so is the key stock in evaluating fishery effects. While the biological impacts can be important, seal predation is not economically important at the fishery level but some fleets are more sensitive than others. The large whitefish trawlers are likely to be the only fleet that could benefit from a reduction in grey seal predation. The following increase in its revenues would be certainly improved by fishery regulations.

Stocks’ overexploitation and socio-economic sustainability are two major issues currently at stake in European fisheries. In this view the European Commission is considering the implementation of management plans as a means to move towards a longer-term perspective on fisheries management, to consider regional differences and to increase stakeholder involvement. Adriatic small pelagic species (anchovies and sardines) are some of the most studied species in the world from a biologic perspective; several economic analysis have also been realised on Italian pelagic fishery; despite that, no complete bioeconomic modelization has been carried out yet considering all biologic, technical and economic issues. Bioeconomic models cannot be considered foolproof tools but are important implements to help decision makers and can supply a fundamental scientific basis for management plans. This research gathers all available information (from biologic, technologic and economic perspectives) in order to carry out a bioeconomic model of the Adriatic pelagic fishery. Different approaches are analyzed and some of them developed to highlight potential divergences in results, characteristics and implications. Growth, production and demand functions are estimated. A formal analysis about interaction and competition between Italian and Croatian fleet is examined proposing different equilibriums for open access, duopoly and a form of cooperative solution. Anyway normative judgments are limited because of poor knowledge of population dynamics and data related to the Croatian fleet.

Au cours des dernières décennies, la détérioration de la santé des forêts a entraîné des épidémies fréquentes des ravageurs et pathogènes. Ces phénomènes menacent la capacité des forêts à fournir des biens et services écosystémiques à la société. Il est donc nécessaire de maintenir la santé des arbres et de réduire les effets des parasites et des agents pathogènes. Cette thèse considère trois problèmes de gestion du point de vue économique : l'invasion actuelle, l'invasion attendue d'un agent pathogène, et les attaques d'un parasite endémique. À partir de ces trois problèmes de gestion, la thèse vise à évaluer les impacts des ravageurs et des pathogènes forestiers et à informer sur la manière dont les ressources peuvent être réparties de façon optimale pour assurer la fourniture de biens et de services par la forêt à long terme.Les invasions biotiques ont un impact sur les prix des produits du bois du fait des chocs d'approvisionnement qui, à leur tour, influencent les choix de gestion forestière. Ceci permet d'introduire des effets de réaction entre les dynamiques écologiques et de marché. Le premier article vise à évaluer ces impacts en combinant un modèle d’équilibre partiel avec des modèles de diffusion spatiale et de mortalité, calibrés pour représenter le dépérissement du Frêne en France (causé par le pathogène Hymenoscyphus fraxineus). Les résultats montrent que les impacts dépendent généralement de la distribution des ressources, de la propagation du pathogène et de la structure du marché. On observe que les choix d’adaptation des gestionnaires forestiers (c'est-à-dire les choix de régénération et de récolte) sont une composante non négligeable de la perte de volume totale.Le deuxième article est axé sur la surveillance et le contrôle d’une invasion attendue. La surveillance et la détection précoce des espèces envahissantes sont importantes pour atténuer les dommages et réduire les coûts de contrôle. Dans le cas où plusieurs propriétaires sont concernés, l’effort de surveillance des propriétaires plus proches du point d'introduction n’est pas optimal, car il ne prend pas en compte les effets négatifs de l'invasion dans les propriétés voisines. Grâce à un jeu différentiel, combiné à un modèle épidémiologique, nous avons calculé la solution non coopérative et coopérative. Nous avons conçu un paiement monétaire pour soutenir la coopération en fonction d'une décomposition intertemporelle du système de négociation de Nash. Les résultats nous montrent que ce paiement garantit que l’accord entre les deux propriétaires est crédible et incitatif. Le modèle est calibré pour l’éventuelle invasion du nématode du pin (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) dans le Massif Landais.L'objectif principal du troisième article est d'adapter la gestion forestière aux perturbations biotiques et abiotiques. On combine le modèle classique de Faustmann avec un modèle dynamique de population de ravageurs et un modèle de tempête pour calculer l'âge de coupe optimale et le bénéfice actualisé en séquence infinie (BASI) pour différents scénarios de perturbations. Le modèle est appliqué aux dégâts de la chenille processionnaire du pin (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) dans les Landes. Nos résultats ont montré que les tempêtes ont tendance à réduire l'âge optimal de la récolte, alors que le parasite tend à l'augmenter. Les éclaircies augmentent la rentabilité et constituent une stratégie de couverture efficace contre les deux risques. Dans le troisième article, nous avons introduit une règle de décision cut-or-keep pour modéliser le problème du propriétaire forestier après une tempête. Ces implications en termes de gestion sont étudiées plus en détail dans le quatrième article. Notre règle de décision conduit à des gains plus élevés (dans environ 75% des cas) qu’en suivant la règle, généralement utilisée en économie, qui consiste à couper et à replanter les arbres survivants indépendamment du niveau de dégâts
In recent decades, the deterioration of forest health resulted in frequent pests’ outbreaks and the diffuse pathogens’ presence. These phenomena threaten forests’ ability to supply ecosystem goods and services to the society. It is therefore necessary to maintain tree health and reduce pest’s and pathogen’s impacts. This thesis approaches three management problems from an economic perspective such as the current invasion and the incumbent invasion of a forest pathogen as well as the outbreaks of a native pest. Starting from these three pest and pathogen management problems, the thesis aims at assessing the impacts of forest pests and pathogens and, secondly, informing how resources can be optimally allocated for assuring the long-term provision of good and services.Pest and pathogens invasions have an impact on the prices of wood products via supply shocks, which, in turn, influence forest management choices, thus introducing feedback effects between market and ecological dynamics at a large scale. The first paper aims at evaluating these impacts by combining a recursive partial equilibrium model with spatial-explicit pathogen-spread and pathogen-induced mortality models calibrated to represent the ash dieback in France (caused by the pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus). Results showed that impacts are not homogeneous across regions and generally depend on the resource distribution, pathogen spread and market structure. We observed that the behavioural adaptation of forest managers (i.e., regeneration and harvesting choices) is a non-negligible component of the total standing volume loss.The second paper focusses on monitoring and control of an incumbent invasion. Monitoring and early detection of invasive species is important to mitigate the damages and reduce the control costs. However, when multiple decision-makers are involved, the monitoring effort of frontier landowners (landowners closer to the introduction point) is suboptimal because it does not consider the negative impacts of the invasion spreading to neighbouring properties. Through a two-player differential game combined with an epidemiological compartmental model, we computed the non-cooperative and the cooperative solution. We designed a monetary payment to sustain cooperation based on an intertemporal decomposition of the Nash bargaining scheme. We showed that this payment assured time-consistent outcomes, meaning that the ex-ante agreement between the two landowners was credible and self-enforcing. The model was calibrated for the possible invasion of the pine wilt nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) in south-western France.In the last two papers, the analysis is downscaled from the landscape level to the stand level and concentrates on a native defoliator pest. The main objective of the third paper is to adapt forest management to biotic and abiotic disturbances. The classic Faustmann model was combined with a pest population model and a windstorm model to compute the optimal rotation age and the land expectation value (LEV) for different disturbances scenarios. The model was calibrated for maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) plantations in south-western France and Pine Processionary Moth (PPM, Thaumetopoea pityocampa) cyclical outbreaks. Our results showed that storms tend to reduce the optimal harvest age, whereas PPM tends to increase it. Overall, the impact of PPM on the rotation length prevails and, here, risks increase rather than decrease the optimal rotation length. Thinnings increased profitability and constitute an effective hedging strategy against both risks. In the third paper, we introduced a cut-or-keep decision rule to model the forest owner problem after a storm event. Its economic and management implications are further investigated in the fourth paper. Unlike previous economic studies which assumed clearing and replanting regardless of the level of damages, the cut-or-keep condition led to higher payoffs in roughly 75% of the cases

The objective of this thesis is to explore the relationship between moralities and bioeconomies in post-apocalyptic dystopias from the Victorian era to contemporary Young Adult Fiction. In defining the terms bioeconomy and biopolitics, this works examines the ways in which literature uses food and energy systems to explore morality and immorality in social orders and systems, including capitalism and our modern techno-industrial landscapes. This work examines science fiction portrayals of apocalypses and dystopias, including After London: Or, Wild England and The Hunger Games, as well as their medieval and contextual influences. These works are analyzed in light of genre and contemporary influences, including the development of ecology and environmentalism. Ultimately, this thesis argues that authors are building a link between the types of behavior which are sustainable and morally acceptable and a person’s role in a bioeconomy; specifically, those who are moral in post-apocalyptic dystopias are providers of food and care, and do not seek to profit from aiding others. This work contends that the connection between morality and sustainable food and social systems are evidence of authorial belief that our current ways of life are damaging, and they must change in order to preserve our humanity and our world.

The purpose in this thesis was to undertake a bioeconomic analysis of the fisheries of the English Channel. An economic survey of the fishery was undertaken to establish the economic and financial performance of the various fleet segments in the fishery in 1994-95. It was found that the fishery as a whole was producing negligible levels of resource rent, although some boat owners were receiving intra-marginal rents. Long run equilibrium models of sole and plaice were developed and the optimal (profit maximising) level of effort (in beam trawl hours equivalent) was estimated. It was found that the optimal level of effort was substantially lower than the current level of effort expended on these two species. A method for estimating surplus production models which incorporate decreasing returns to effort was also developed and applied to the fishery. A linear programming (LP) model was also developed which incorporate the multi-species and multi-gear features of the fishery. The model was used to estimate the maximum level of profits that could be achieved in the fishery given existing stock conditions. It was found that profits could be increased substantially, but at the cost of a large reduction in fishing employment. A compromise `optimal' was estimate using multi-objective (goal programming) techniques. The LP model was also used to estimate the effects of a restriction on days at sea and reduced total allowable catches of sole and plaice. It was estimated that these policies would impose additional costs on various segments of the fishery, particularly the trawl segments to which they are targeted. Benefits, if any, were likely to be negligible as the policies were estimated to result in increased discarding rather than decreased catch. The model results suggest that the long term level of effort may be more effectively reduced through implementing a charge on access to, or use of, the resource.

The aim of this study was to evaluate some of the physical and bioeconomic potentials of a silvopastoral agroforestry system with focus on the Henfaes Silvopastoral Systems Experimental Farm (SSEF) of Bangor University, North Wales. The study reviewed research studies written on the SSEF from 1992 to 2012; assessed changes in pasture species composition and abundance since establishment; developed allometric equations for the estimation of aboveground biomass (AGB), carbon (C) stock and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission potentials of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong); studied the effect of tree/solar radiation on pasture productivity and quality; and conducted bioeconomic analysis to compare treeless pasture/livestock, forestry, and agroforestry scenarios. Review of the research studies show that as far as can be determined 66 research studies were conducted on ecosystem services of the UK’s Silvopastoral National Network Experiment (SNNE) and temperate Europe during the period 1992 - 2012. These papers were sourced mainly from the Henfaes SSEF, the UK’s SNNE, other UK and, other European research sites. The studied ecosystem services dealt with provisioning services (40%), regulating services (13%), and supporting services (47%). The scientific domains addressed include timber or wood-fuel potential (20%), pasture/livestock management (20%), biodiversity (20%), carbon sequestration (13%), water management (15%), and soils (12%). The response of pasture species to thinning varied. The percentage composition by weight of the sown species declined, while that of the grass weeds and the forb weeds increased slightly one year after thinning (2013 – 2014) compared to the adjacent open pastures. The change was not statistically significant. The understory pasture species composition, abundance and diversity changed significantly 20 years (1992 – 2012) after the establishment of the Silvopastoral National Network Experiment at Henfaes. Generally, pasture on the three red alder blocks was found to be largely grass weeds (46-48%) followed by forbs or broadleaf weeds while the sown species declined significantly. In 2012, 20 years after field planting, the mean AGB were found to vary from 130 kg tree-1 (26 Mg ha-1) to 246 kg tree-1 (49 Mg ha-1) in poor form and good form red alder trees, respectively, based on a stocking density of 200 stems ha-1. Mean C stock was 65 kg C tree-1 (13 Mg C ha-1) in poor form trees and 123 kg C tree-1 (25 Mg C ha-1) in good form trees. Mean CO2 potential was 237 kg CO2 tree-1 (48 Mg CO2 ha-1) in poor form trees and 450 kg CO2 tree-1 (90 Mg CO2 ha-1) in good form trees. Pasture productivity increased significantly with increasing solar transmission, and with increasing distance from each grazing exclusion cage to the nearest alder tree. Concentration and availability of CP, ADF, NDF and ME were greater in the with-leaves than in the without-leaves growing seasons in response to variation of photoperiod (the duration of sunshine/day length) in the United Kingdom. The bioeconomic analysis considered three land-use plausible scenarios (‘forestry’, ‘pasture / livestock’ and ‘agroforestry’) and found that, in the absence of grants/subsidies, none were viable. However, application of grants/subsidies, at the baseline assumptions, revealed that forestry was the most viable option with the highest net present value and annual equivalent value, followed by pasture/livestock and agroforestry options.

A bioeconomic simulation model of the middle Atlantic surf clam (Spisula solidissima) fishery has been developed from a survey of biological and econometric relationships. While identifying the biological input parameters available in the literature, the economic submodel of the fishery has been developed with price and landings time series data, and with data obtained through the use of survey questionnaires and interviews with surf clam fishermen and processors. Alternative management scenarios in the fishery have been evaluated from industry costs in both the harvesting and processing sectors and analysis of the demand for raw product confronting surf clam fishermen. Multiple regression analysis of time series data indicates that surf clam ex-vessel prices may be negatively related to surf clam landings whereas hard clam prices are positively related to ex-vessel ocean quahog prices and ex-vessel oyster prices. The strength of this relationship confirms the status of ocean quahogs as very close substitutes for surf clams. The results of case studies using the model suggest that the Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council has followed a prudent course of action in managing the surf clam fishery. The model also projects that, (1) larger yield quotas may be possible in the immediate future without jeopardizing surf clam population stability, (2) overcapitalization in the fishery appears to remain a problem, and (3) the economic outlook for the operators of small vessels remains relatively bleak.

The paper is focused on the Predator-Prey model modified in the case of harvesting one or both populations. Firstly there is given a short description of the basic model and the sensitivity analysis. The first essential modification is percentage harvesting. This model could be easily converted to the basic one using a substitution. The next modification is constant harvesting. Solving this system requires linearization, which was properly done and brought valuable results applicable even for the basic or the percentage harvesting model. The next chapter describes regulation models, which could be used especially in applying environmental policies. All reasonable regulation models are shown after distinguishing between discrete and continuous harvesting. The last chapter contains an algorithm for maximizing the profit of a harvester using econometrical modelling tools.

Los conceptos bioeconómicos modernos invocan la importancia de definir los derechos de propiedad posibles de ser llevados a cabo dentro del contexto de gestión. La investigación pesquera debe considerar las expectativas locales, en cuanto a los investigadores, administradores, mayoristas, las industrias, el público en general, y necesita volver al nivel de comunidades o pescadores. Partiendo de ese supuesto, realizase un análisis bioeconómico de la pesquería costera de Pernambuco, Nordeste de Brasil, dirigido a las pesquerías costeras de línea y redes de fondo. Se puede considerar como parte de un proyecto de planificación regional, en virtud de las peculiaridades sociales, económicas y culturales encontradas, el bajo Índice de Desarrollo de Humano (HDI) existente en esta Región, y la importancia de inserción social de las comunidades pesqueras menos favorecidas. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue aplicar un modelo bioeconómico pesquero desarrollado para las pesquerías del Mar Mediterráneo Norte-occidental, denominado MEditerranean FIsheries Simulation TOols - MEFISTO (Herramientas de Simulación de Pesquerías Mediterráneas), justificado por algunas similitudes existentes entre las pesquerías costeras de esa Región y del Estado de Pernambuco, entre las cuales la diversidad de especies y de los artes de pesca, las variaciones estacionales de las capturas, la comercialización, la dinámica de las flotas, etc. El modelo permitió extraer importantes contribuciones para la comprensión de la dinámica de la pesca costera, haciendo posible reproducirse las condiciones generales de como ocurre la actividad, así como simular las estrategias alternativas de gestión. Fue posible también observar y analizar las condiciones económicas, que pueden contribuir para que los tomadores de decisión logren un desarrollo sostenible de la actividad, de forma que las generaciones futuras también puedan beneficiarse del recurso. Para lograr los objetivos definidos, se plantearon cuestiones que involucran estos aspectos: ¿La planificación actual y las medidas de gestión para la pesca costera son adecuadas a la realidad local?; ¿Hay necesidad de quitar la presión/esfuerzo de las pesquerías tradicionales y diversificar la actividad para otros recursos y/o áreas de pesca?; y ¿Hay alguna viabilidad para invertir en la pesca costera? Así, las hipótesis levantadas, considerando las estrategias para llevar a cabo las medidas de gestión, son: La importancia de aplicar y adecuar modelos bioeconómicos para la gestión de la actividad pesquera de pequeña escala existente; Los niveles de biomasa actual de los estocs de peces de importancia económica son preocupantes y hay una necesidad para diversificar las pesquerías existentes; y La actividad de pesca de pequeña escala debe ser una prioridad de las políticas gubernamentales para el desarrollo sostenible del sector pesquero. El estudio propuesto fue desarrollado para apoyar los procedimientos de valoración y puede ser considerado como un factor determinante en la capacidad para el desarrollo de sistemas de valoración a ser aplicados para establecer los límites potenciales en el desarrollo de la investigación científica. Ciertamente, aun se necesita mucho trabajo para perfeccionar un modelo bioeconómico de gestión para la pesquería costera de Pernambuco, pero con ajustes y un análisis cuidadoso fue posible obtener resultados importantes e informaciones para la gestión de las pesquerías. De las hipótesis levantadas se puede concluir que el uso de modelos bioeconómicos para la valoración de estas pesquerías mostró ser una herramienta muy importante para la administración, que puede tener las informaciones basadas en los conceptos científicos para la definición y aplicación de estrategias de gestión para el desarrollo de las pesquerías; para la comunidad científica, que puede mejorar el conocimiento de la dinámica poblacional de los estocs pesqueros de Pernambuco y la dinámica de las flotas; y para los pescadores, que pueden conjugar sus conocimientos empíricos con las informaciones de rendimientos del modelo para mejorar sus estrategias de pesca. De un punto de vista biológico y económico parece que las pesquerías costeras de línea y red de fondo de Pernambuco han alcanzado un equilibrio. Pero, la susceptibilidad de los estocs y la fragilidad institucional y productiva pueden indicar, que un estado crítico es evidente, llevando a la ineficacia económica, puesto que no es el resultado de una acción planeada. De los resultados obtenidos no hay evidencia del agotamiento de los estocs de peces comerciales, considerando las especies blancos de las pesquerías de línea y red, pero hay la necesidad de diversificar esas pesquería, porque cualquier aumento en el esfuerzo de pesca colapsaría esos estocs. Ese equilibrio biológico y económico debe mantenerse, con la aplicación de medidas de gestión para la reducción del nivel actual de esfuerzo, juntamente con medidas que pueden atender las demandas de los pescadores. Sin embargo, la actividad pesquera de pequeña escala debe ser una prioridad de las políticas gubernamentales para el desarrollo sostenible del sector, mostrando ser económicamente viable, deseable del punto de vista social y ecológicamente adecuada
Os conceitos bioeconômicos modernos invocam a importância para definir os direitos de propriedade possíveis de serem implementados dentro do contexto de gestão. A pesquisa pesqueira deve considerar as expectativas locais, para os pesquisadores, administradores, atacadistas, as indústrias, o público em geral, e precisa ser devolvido ao nível de comunidades ou pescadores. Seguindo este conceito, realizou-se uma análise bioeconômica da pesca costeira do Estado de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil, dirigida à pesca de linha-de-mão e à de rede-de-espera. Pode-se entendê-la como parte de um projeto de planejamento regional, em virtude das peculiaridades sociais, econômicas e culturais, o baixo Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (HDI) existente nesta Região, e a importância da inserção social das comunidades menos favorecidas. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi aplicar um modelo bioeconômico pesqueiro desenvolvido para as pescarias da região Noroeste do Mar Mediterrâneo, denominado MEditerranean FIsheries Simulation TOols - MEFISTO (Ferramentas de Simulação de Pescarias Mediterrâneas), o qual justifica-se por algumas semelhanças existentes entre as pescarias costeiras do Mediterrâneo e do Estado de Pernambuco, tais como diversidade de espécies e petrechos de pesca, variações sazonais das capturas, o processo de comercialização, a dinâmica de frotas, etc. O modelo permitiu extrair contribuições significantes para a compreensão da dinâmica de pesca litorânea, tornando possível reproduzir as condições gerais de como a atividade ocorre e simular estratégias alternativas de gestão. Também foi possível observar e analisar as condições econômicas que podem contribuir para que os tomadores de decisão alcancem um desenvolvimento sustentável da atividade, de forma que gerações futuras também possam beneficiar-se do recurso. Para alcançar os objetivos definidos, algumas perguntas considerando esses aspectos foram levantadas: O planejamento atual e as medidas de gestão para a pesca litoral são adequadas à realidade local?; Há alguma necessidade em remover a pressão/esforço sobre os estoques tradicionais e diversificar a atividade de pesca costeira para outros recursos e/ou áreas de pesca?; e Há alguma viabilidade em investir na pesca litoral? Assim, as hipóteses levantadas, considerando as estratégias para implementar medidas de gestão, foram: A importância em aplicar e adequar modelos bioeconômicos para a gestão da atividade de pesca de pequena escala existente; Os níveis de biomassa atual dos estoques de peixe de importância comercial são preocupantes e há uma necessidade em diversificar as pescarias existentes; e A atividade de pesca de pequena escala deve ser uma prioridade das políticas governamentais para o desenvolvimento sustentável do setor pesqueiro. O estudo proposto foi desenvolvido para apoiar os procedimentos de avaliação, e pode ser considerado como um fator determinante na capacidade para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de avaliação a serem aplicados para estabelecer os limites potenciais no desenvolvimento da pesquisa científica. Certamente muito trabalho ainda é necessário antes que um modelo bioeconômico para a pesca costeira do Estado de Pernambuco seja aperfeiçoado, mas com alguns ajustes e análise criteriosa foi possível obter resultados importantes e informações para a gestão da pesca. Das hipóteses levantadas pode-se concluir que o uso de modelos bioeconômicos para a avaliação dessas pescarias mostrou ser uma ferramenta importante para a administração, que pode ter informações fundamentadas em evidências científicas para a definição e implementação de estratégias de gestão para o desenvolvimento de pescarias; para a comunidade científica, que pode enriquecer conhecimentos sobre a dinâmica de populações pesqueiras da costa pernambucana e a dinâmica de frotas; e para os pescadores, que podem igualmente enriquecer seus conhecimentos empíricos com os resultados do modelo e melhorar suas estratégias de pesca. De um ponto de vista biológico e econômico parece que as pescarias de linha-de-mão e de rede-de-espera alcançaram um equilíbrio. A suscetibilidade dos estoques pesqueiros e a fragilidade institucional e produtiva podem indicar, entretanto, que um estado crítico é evidente, conduzindo a ineficiência econômica, posto que não é o resultado de uma ação planejada. Dos resultados obtidos não há nenhuma evidência de que os estoques de peixes comercialmente importantes estejam esgotados, considerando as espécies alvo das pescarias de linha-de-mão e de rede-de-espera, mas há a necessidade de diversificar a pesca existente, porque qualquer aumento do esforço de pesca se colapsariam esses estoques. Esse equilíbrio biológico e econômico deve ser mantido, no entanto com a implementação de medida de conservação que encoraja a redução do nível atual de esforço, juntamente com medidas que possam atender as reinvidicações dos pescadores. Evidenciou-ser que a atividade de pesca em pequena escala deve ser uma prioridade de políticas governamentais para desenvolvimento sustentável do setor pesqueiro, mostrando ser economicamente viável, desejável no ponto de vista social e ecologicamente adequado.
Modern bioeconomic concepts invoke the importance to define the property rights possible to be implemented within a management context. In conducting a fishery research, local expectancies must be achieved, as for fisheries researchers, managers, stakeholders, industries, the concerned public at large, and it need to be devolved down to the level of communities or fishermen. Following this concept, a bioeconomic analysis of the coastal fishery of Pernambuco State, North-eastern Brazil, was conducted, directed to the hand-line and gillnet coastal fisheries management, as part of a regional planning project, in virtue of the found social, economic and cultural peculiarities, the existing low Human Development Index (HDI) of this Region, and the importance of social insertion of the less favoured fishing communities. The main objective of this study was to apply a bioeconomic fishing model developed for the North-western Mediterranean Sea fisheries, named MEditerranean FIsheries Simulation TOols - MEFISTO, justified by some existing similarities among Mediterranean and Pernambuco State coastal fisheries, such as diversity of species and fishing gears, seasonal variations of the captures, commercialisation process, fishing fleet dynamics, etc. The model allowed significant contributions for the understanding of the coastal fishing dynamics, making possible to reproduce the general conditions on how the activity occurs and to simulate alternatives management strategies. Also, it was possible to observe and analyse its economic conditions, helping decision-makers to achieve a sustainable development of the activity, so that future generations can also benefit from the resource. To achieve the defined objectives, questions concerning these aspects were raised: Current planning and management measures for the coastal fishery are adequate to the local and actual reality?; Is there a necessity to remove the pressure/effort on the traditional fishing stocks and to diversify the coastal fishery activity for other resources and/or fishing areas?; and Is there any feasibility to invest in the coastal fishery? Thus, the hypotheses raised considering the strategies to implement management measures were: The importance to apply and adequate bioeconomic model for the management of the small-scale existing fishing activity; Most important commercial fish stocks are depleted, with low biomass levels, and there is a necessity to diversify the existing fishery; and The small-scale fishing activity must be a priority of governmental policies for the sustainable development of the fishery sector. The proposed study was thus developed to support assessment procedures, and may be considered as a determining factor in the capacity for the development of assessment systems to be applied to establish the potential limits in the development of scientific research. Certainly much more work is needed before a bioeconomic model of the Pernambuco coastal fishery can be perfected, but with some adjustment and careful analysis it was possible to obtain important results and informations for fisheries management. From the raised hypotheses can be concluded that the use of bioeconomic models for the assessment of these fisheries showed to be a very important tool for the administration, which may have informations based on scientific advise for the definition and implementation of management strategies for fisheries development; for the scientific community, which may improve knowledge on the population dynamics of the fishing stocks off Pernambuco and the dynamics of fishing fleets; and for the fishermen, which can join their empirical knowledge with the model outputs informations to improve their fishing strategies. From a biological and economic point of view it seems that Pernambuco State handline and gillnet coastal fisheries has reached an equilibrium. The stock susceptibility and the institutional and productive fragility may indicate that a critical state is evident, leading to economic inefficiency, since it is not the result of a planned action. From the results obtained there is no evidence of commercial fish stocks depletion, inasmuch the target hand-liners and gill-netters species are considered, but that there is a necessity to diversify these fisheries, because any increase in fishing effort would collapse these commercial stocks. Such a biological and economic equilibrium should be maintained, nonetheless with the implementation of management conservation measures that encourage the reduction of the current level of effort, jointly with measures that can bring about fishermen claim. It became clear that the small-scale fishery activity must be a priority of governmental policies for the sustainable development of the fishery sector, showing to be economic viable, desirable on the social point of view and ecologically adequate.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologias Química e Biológica, 2017.
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O Brasil apresenta-se como um lugar favorável para a implementação de uma economia onde as principais fontes de energia e matérias-primas sejam de origem de processos renováveis. Para isso é necessário o melhor aproveitamento do chamado material lignocelulósico, que consiste na maior parte do material das plantas e que não é utilizado para a produção de alimento. A produção industrial de combustíveis vindo desse material tem se demonstrado um desafio por conta da estrutura complexa do material lignocelulósico. Nesse contexto as enzimas acessórias, como as expansinas, tem demonstrado grande potencial por apresentarem sinergismo com as enzimas celulases usadas na conversão da celulose e hemicelulose em açúcares simples. Este trabalho tem como intuito o estudo da produção da proteína expansina de origem bacteriana BsEXLX1 usando o organismo hospedeiro Komagataella pastoris em biorreator de bancada. Inicialmente foram realizados experimentos com a Pichia para estudar o comportamento da levedura em um sistema fechado de biorreator, e observou-se os efeitos que a agitação, quantidade de inóculo e pH têm sobre o consumo de glicose e produção de biomassa e etanol. Com esse estudo ficou claro a relação do pH mais ácido com a alta produção de etanol e alto consumo de glicose, a relação entre a quantidade de inóculo e a produção de etanol mostrou-se diretamente proporcional. Com base nesses resultados foram elaborados dois planejamentos fatoriais completos 25 em Erlenmeyers com Komagataella pastoris para a produção da proteína expansina BsEXLX1. Mediu-se as quantidades de proteínas solúveis produzidas, assim como as taxas de crescimento em variadas concentrações de glicose, glicerol e metanol.Concluiu-se que a condição que promove a maior areação em glicerol, com baixas concentrações de inoculo e metanol foram as ideais para a maior produção da proteína, chegando a 36% acima da média da produção.
Brazil is a favorable place for the implementation of an economy where its main energy and feedstock source originates from renewable sources. For this to be accomplished it needs to make better use of lignocellulosic materials that makes up most of plant matter and it is not used as food production. The industrial production of fuel that comes from this feedstock has been a challenge due to the complex structure of the lignocellulosic material. In this scenario, the accessory enzymes, such as expansins, have shown great potential for having synergism with cellulase enzymes used for the conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose into simple sugars. The goal of this dissertation in to study the production of the bacterial expansin protein BsEXLX1 using as host organism Komagataella pastoris in a benchtop bioreactor. Initially it was performed experiments with Pichia to study the behavior of the yeast in a closed bioreactor system, and it was monitored the effects of agitation, inoculum concentration and pH in the consumption of glucose, and production of biomass and ethanol. This study shows a connection between the higher acidic conditions and higher ethanol production. It also shows the connection between the amount of inoculum and the production of ethanol, which demonstrated to be directly proportional. From this data, two 25 complete factorial analysis were performed in Erlenmeyers with K. pastoris for the production of expansin protein BsEXLX1. The soluble proteins concentrations were measured alongside with yeast growth in various concentrations of glucose, glycerol and methanol. It was concluded that the condition with most aeration in glycerol, with low methanol and inoculum concentrations were the ideal for greater protein productions, reaching up to 36% higher production than the average.

This dissertation links human and ecological systems research to analyze resource management decisions for elodea, Alaska’s first submerged aquatic invasive plant. The plant likely made it to Alaska through the aquarium trade. It was first discovered in urban parts of the state but is being introduced to remote water bodies by floatplanes and other pathways. Once introduced, elodea changes freshwater systems in ways that can threaten salmon and make floatplane destinations inaccessible. The analysis integrates multiple social and ecological data to estimate the potential future economic loss associated with its introduction to salmon fisheries and floatplane pilots. For estimating the effects on commercial sockeye fisheries, multiple methods of expert elicitation are used to quantify and validate expert opinion about elodea’s ecological effects on salmon. These effects are believed to most likely be negative, but can in some instances be positive. Combined with market-based economic valuation, the approach accounts for the full range of potential ecological and economic effects. For analyzing the lost trip values to floatplane pilots, the analysis uses contingent valuation to estimate recreation demand for landing spots. A spatially-explicit model consisting of seven regions simulates elodea’s spread across Alaska and its erratic population dynamics. This simulation model accounts for the change in region-specific colonization rates as elodea populations are eradicated. The most probable economic loss to commercial fisheries and recreational floatplane pilots is $97 million per year, with a 5% chance that combined losses exceed $456 million annually. The analysis describes how loss varies among stakeholders and regions, with more than half of statewide loss accruing to commercial sockeye salmon fisheries in Bristol Bay. Upfront management of all existing invasions is found to be the optimal management strategy for minimizing long-term loss. Even though the range of future economic loss is large, the certainty of long-term damage favors investments to eradicate current invasions and prevent new arrivals. The study serves as a step toward risk management aimed at protecting productive ecosystems of national and global significance.

An approach known as management strategy evaluation (MSE) provides a framework for identifying robust management strategies in the presence of multiple management objectives and system uncertainties, and has been increasingly used as a practical fisheries management framework in recent years. However, few examples exist that incorporate economics in MSEs. Meanwhile, there has been increased attention given to economic instruments for sustainable management of fishery resources, including the use of bioeconomic target reference points (RPs). However, investigation of the causes of errors and bias in the estimates of bioeconomic parameters is scarcely documented compared to their biological counterparts, and the implications of simplified assumptions concerning both the biological and economic parts of the bioeconomic models have not been adequately investigated. In this thesis, I used three case study fisheries to illustrate how economics can be explicitly integrated within the MSE framework, and demonstrated the usefulness of this flexible approach as a rigorous tool for the evaluation of the effect of uncertainties in key parameter estimates from bioeconomic fisheries models, as well as highlighting the merits of including economics in MSE in general. The interaction between life history characteristics, fisheries variables and economic systems strongly affect the behaviour and robustness of the bioeconomic target RPs for the case studies fisheries. It was clear from these examples that the MSE approach has the potential to radically improve the robust estimation of bioeconomic RPs as well as the construction, evaluation, and implementation of economically-oriented harvest strategies.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
This work was developed with the aim of studying the efficiency of the models that express the relationship of density and diameter in evenaged stands of Pinus taeda L., managed in full density and highly stocked for a bioeconomic model of production. For this, were tested density and diameter models, using data derived from 50 permanent plots, measured annually until 18 age, allocated to settlements established in the spacing of 1.5x1.0 m, 2.5x 1.0 m, 1.5x2.0 m, 2.0x2.0 m, 1.5x3.0 m, 2.5x2.0 m, 2.0x3.0 m and 2.5x3.0 m, kept at full density, in Otacílio Costa, physiographic region of Santa Catarina State plateau.The results of the bioeconomic modeling of production, based on the density management diagram system for tall trees, we concluded that the models proposed by Reineke, Yoda, Zeide and Tang showed a good statistical precision, with a determination coefficient higher than 0,88 and coefficient of variation less than 1.25 % but the model of Tang was more accurate and efficient. The size of the diameter at the point where you start self-thinning in the population varies considerably with the density of trees established per hectare. For all plant spacings analyzed did not prove the value of the slope of -3/2 law of self-thinning proposed by Tang and is a result of the initial spacing. The limit of self-thinning in less dense populations, occurs with a diameter slightly less than in maximum density, which is directly proportional to the density of trees when the implementation of the forest. The model of self-thinning described the management zones of great individuals in the population, between 0.45 and 0.55 limits the maximum density of the forest. The annual increment in diameter between 6 and 7 years, when related to relative density (G/d0,5622) identified five areas of growth, defined by: excessive space - trees grow free of competition;free growth - where growth in diameter is maximum; increased competition- when the diameter increment begins to decrease; full density - when productivity of the stand is maximum; and imminent death - begins when individuals have died by excessive density and high competition. The Diagrams Density Management of the variables mean diameter, basal area, volume by the Population Density Index was efficient and to estimate thisis values with accuracy, showed an efficiency of 0.99. The lines demarcating the areas of competition allow us to project the trajectory of the diameter and density, with the definition of the clearcutting. The Normal, Lnnormal, Weibull and Gamma probability distributions, described accurately the variation of the density of the stands, but the Weibull function with two parameters was comparable to the adjustment by the simplicity and efficiency in the prognosis of frequencies for diameter in time. The shape of the trunk was adjusted by the polynomial of five degree, allowed the best estimates than other models. The net present value of R$ 15587.60 ha-1 was given to the management regime with three thinnings at 9, 13 and 18 years and cut at 22 years, higher than the other schemes simulated. A comparison of management regimes for the equivalence of planning horizons for 28 years, determined by the equivalent annual value, said the management regime with three thinned and cut at 22 years, such as greater economic efficiency, with a value of R$ 1380.10 ha-1. The internal rate of return in any simulated management regimes was highly attractive, with varying from 14.83 % per year in managed regimes stands with three thinning and cut to 22 years to 14.25 % per year in managed regimes stands with threethinning and cut to 18 years. The biggest benefit/costs ratio was 2.81, obtained in the management regime with three thinnings, at 9, 13 and 18 years and final cutting at 22 years.
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de estudar a eficiência dos modelos que expressam a relação de densidade e diâmetro em povoamentos equiâneos de Pinus taeda L., manejados em densidade completa e altamente estocados, para obtenção de um modelo bioeconômico da produção. Para isso, foram testados modelos de densidadee diâmetro, através de dados originados de 50 parcelas permanentes, medidas anualmente até os 18 anos, alocados em povoamentos implantados em espaçamentos de 1,5x1,0 m, 2,5x1,0 m, 1,5x2,0 m, 2,0x2,0 m, 1,5x3,0 m, 2,5x2,0 m, 2,0x3,0 m e 2,5x3,0 m, mantidos em densidade completa, em Otacílio Costa, região fisiográfica do planalto do estado de Santa Catarina. Os resultados obtidos da modelagem bioeconômica da produção, baseada no Diagrama de Manejo da Densidade para sistema de alto fuste, permitiram concluir que os modelos propostos por Reineke, Yoda, Zeide e Tang apresentaram uma boa precisão estatística, com um coeficiente de determinação superior a 0,88 e um coeficiente de variação inferior a 1,25%, porém o modelo de Tang mostrou-se mais preciso e eficiente. A dimensão do diâmetro médio no ponto em que inicia o autodesbaste na população varia consideravelmente com a densidade de árvores implantadas por hectare. Para todos os espaçamentos de plantio analisados, não se comprovou o valor do coeficiente angular de -3/2 da lei de autodesbaste proposto por Tang, sendo uma decorrência do espaçamento inicial. O limite de autodesbaste de populações menos densas ocorre com um diâmetro médio pouco inferior ao obtido em máxima densidade, sendo este diretamente proporcional à densidade de árvores quando da implantação da floresta. O modelo de autodesbaste descreveu as zonas de manejo ótimo dos indivíduos na população entre limites de 0,45 e 0,55 da densidade máxima da floresta. O incremento corrente anual em diâmetro entre o 6º e o 7º ano, quando relacionado com a densidade relativa (G/d0,5622), permitiu identificar cinco zonas de crescimento, definidas por: espaço excessivo as árvores crescem livre de concorrência; crescimento livre o incremento em diâmetro é máximo; aumento da competição o incremento em diâmetro começa a diminuir; estoque completo a produtividade do povoamento é máxima; e iminente mortalidade começa a haver morte de indivíduos por densidade excessiva e alta concorrência. Os Diagramas de Manejo da Densidade com as variáveis diâmetro médio, área basal e volume por Índice de Densidade do Povoamento foram eficientes e permitiram estimar estes valores com acurácia, para uma eficiência igual a 0,99. As linhas que delimitam as zonas de concorrência permitem projetar a trajetória do diâmetro por densidade populacional, com definição da idade de corte final. As distribuições de probabilidade Normal, Ln-normal, Weibull e Gama descreveram com acurácia a variação da densidade dos povoamentos, masa função de Weibull, com dois parâmetros, foi compatível pela simplicidade ao ajuste e à eficiência na prognose das frequências por diâmetro no tempo. A forma de tronco ajustada pelo polinômio do 5º grau apresentou melhores estimativas que outros modelos. O Valor Presente Líquido de R$ 15.587,60 ha-1 foi determinado para o regime de manejo com três desbastes, aos 9, 13 e 18 anos e corte final aos 22, superior aos demais regimes simulados. A comparação dos regimes de manejo pela equivalência dos horizontes de planejamento em 28 anos, determinado pelo Valor Anual Equivalente, indicou o regime de manejo com três desbastes e corte final aos 22 anos como o de maior eficiência econômica, com um valor de R$ 1.380,10 ha-1. A taxa interna de retorno em qualquer dos regimes de manejo simulados foi altamente atrativa, tendo variado de 14,83 % a.a. em povoamentos manejados com três desbastes e corte final aos 22 anos a 14,25 % a.a. em povoamentos manejadoscom dois desbastes e corte final aos 18 anos. A maior razão benefício sobre os custos foi de 2,81, obtida no regime de manejo com três desbastes, aos 9, 13 e 18 anos e corte final aos 22.