Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Biodiversity indicator'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Biodiversity indicator.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Biodiversity indicator.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Uliczka, Helen. "Forest biodiversity maintenance : instruments and indicators in the policy implementation /." Uppsala : Dept. of Conservation Biology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/s291.pdf.
Full text
2
Paillet, Yoan. "Les microhabitats des arbres : facteurs d'influence, lien avec la biodiversité et potentiel indicateur." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MNHN0028/document.
Full textAbstract:
Un indicateur permet de mesurer des grandeurs ou des phénomènes trop compliqués ou trop coûteux à mesurer de manière directe. Lorsqu’il s’agit de biodiversité, les indicateurs sont indispensables au regard de la complexité à avoir une image précise de l’état et de la dynamique des espèces. En forêt, les microhabitats des arbres (e.g.cavités, fentes du bois, carpophores de champignons lignicoles) sont considérés comme des indicateurs potentiels de biodiversité, plus spécifiques que des structures telles que le volume de bois mort total. Cependant, les références scientifiques établissant le lien entre métriques de microhabitats et mesures de biodiversité restent rares, et ne concernent la plupart du temps qu’un seul groupe taxonomique. Plus largement, et à l’instar d’autres indicateurs, les microhabitats ne bénéficient pas d’une démarche standardisée permettant de les valider en tant qu’indicateurs de biodiversité forestière. Ce travail de thèse contribue à cette validation. Il s’articule autour de trois aspects entrant en compte dans la validation d’un indicateur, il s’est agi : (i) De quantifier et réduire les incertitudes sur les inventaires de microhabitats. A cette fin, une première typologie de référence a été établie, avec pour but de standardiser et d’homogénéiser les relevés de microhabitats. Cette typologie adopte une structure hiérarchique et évolutive, ce qui permet de l’utiliser dans différents contextes. Le biais potentiel lié aux observateurs a également été quantifié, de manière à pouvoir mieux le prendre en compte dans les futurs inventaires ;(ii) De mieux comprendre les facteurs d’influence des microhabitats aux deux échelles. A l’échelle de l’arbre, l’analyse d’un jeu de données national a permis de généraliser la relation entre caractéristiques individuelles des arbres (espèce, diamètre, vitalité) et le nombre et l’occurrence des microhabitats. A l’échelle de la parcelle forestière, une analyse des densités et des types d’arbres porteurs de microhabitats sur un gradient élargi d’exploitation forestière, comparant zones exploitées et non exploitées, a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle crucial des gros arbres et des arbres morts ; (iii) D’établir le lien entre microhabitats et la diversité de trois groupes taxonomiques au travers d’une approche mobilisant le cadre analytique des modèles d’équations structurelles. Les microhabitats sont médiateurs de l’arrêt de l’exploitation et de structures typiques des vieilles forêts (gros arbres vivants et morts) sur la biodiversité des chauves-souris et des oiseaux, et dans une moindre mesure des coléoptères saproxyliques. Au final, les microhabitats ne constituent pas un indicateur universel de biodiversité mais ont un rôle complémentaire des autres structures forestières traditionnellement utilisées pour décrire la biodiversité. Ce travail de thèse contribue à préciser leur potentiel indicateur et envisage des pistes de recherche permettant de continuer à valider leur rôleAn indicator is a tool to measure metrics or phenomenons too complex or costly to measure directly. In the case of biodiversity, indicators are essential regarding the complexity to assess species state and dynamics. In forest, tree microhabitats (e.g.cavities, cracks in the wood, conks of lignicolous fungi) have been recently considered as a potential biodiversity indicator, with a more specific focus than other structures like deadwood volume. However, scientific references linking tree microhabitat metrics and biodiversity measures are still rare, and limited to a few taxonomic groups. More generally, like other indicators, the validation process of microhabitats as biodiversity indicators is not standardized. This ph-d thesis contributes to this validation and adresses three aspects included in an indicator validation process. The main aims were to: (i) Quantify and reduce incertitudes on tree microhabitat inventories. We thus proposed a first reference typology to standardize and homogenize microhabitats inventories. This typology has a hierarchical and evolutive structure, which allows its use in different contexts and for different purposes. We also quantified the potential bias linked to observer effects, in order to better take it into account in future inventories ; (ii) Better understand the influence of different factors on tree microhabitats at two different scales. At the tree scale, through the analysis of a national database, we generalized the relationships between tree characteristics (species, diameter, vitality) and number and occurrence of tree microhabitats. At the stand scale, we analysed the densities and types of microhabitat-bearing trees on an enlarged forest management gradient, comparing strict reserves and managed forests. These two studies evidenced the crucial role of large trees and snags in the provision of tree microhabitats ; (iii) Link tree microhabitats with the biodiversity of three taxonomic groups through the framework of structural equation models. We showed that microhabitats mediate the effects of management abandonment and old-growth forest features (large living and dead trees) on the biodiversity of birds and bats, and to a lesser extent on saproxylic beetles. In the end, tree microhabitat are not a universal biodiversity indicator but have a complementary role compared to other forest structures traditionally used to assess biodiversity. This ph-d thesis specifies the role of tree microhabitats as biodiversity indicators and proposes further research to continue validating them as such
3
Clergué, Boris. "Évaluation de l'impact des pratiques agricoles sur les fonctions de la biodiversité à l'aide d'indicateurs agri-environnementaux : approche globale et développement d'un indicateur de "résistance aux stress biotiques"." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL048N/document.
Full textAbstract:
Des outils d’évaluation pertinents sont nécessaires pour évaluer l’impact des pratiques agricoles sur les fonctions assurées par la biodiversité de l’échelle de la parcelle à l’échelle du territoire. L’objectif et l’innovation du présent travail a été d’explorer une nouvelle méthode de création d’un outil d’évaluation des fonctions de la biodiversité. Nous avons choisi comme méthode d’évaluation les indicateurs agri-environnementaux, qui permettent d’évaluer l’impact des pratiques agricoles sur les compartiments de l’environnement (eau, sol, air, faune et flore) et aident à la prise de décisions. Nous proposons donc une architecture générale d’un indicateur de biodiversité fonctionnelle et le détail d’un indicateur de fonction agronomique d’importance: la résistance aux stress biotiques. Au sein de cet indicateur se trouve un sous-indicateur : le « rôle des auxiliaires terrestre ». Les carabes seront utilisés comme auxiliaire modèle pour la construction de ce sous-indicateur. Deux méthodes de construction d’indicateurs sont comparées: une méthode à dire d’expert et une méthode par fouille de données, cette deuxième méthode représentant une innovation de la thèse. Les résultats de ces méthodes sont ensuite comparés à des mesures de terrain conduit sur le territoire de Vittel. Les mesures de terrain ont concerné le suivi des populations de carabes, et l’organisation du territoire agricole. Un traitement par un système d’information géographique a permis la validation des indicateurs obtenusRelevant tools for assessment are necessary to evaluate the impact of agricultural pratices on the functions provided by biodiversity at the plot scale to the landscape scale. The goal and the innovation of this work has been to explore a new method of creation of an assessment tool of the biodiversity functions. We have chosen like assessment method the agri-environmental indicators, which make it possible to evaluate the impact of agricultural practices on environment compartments (water, soil, air, fauna and flora) and help to decision-making. We thus propose a general architecture of an indicator of functional biodiversity and the detail of an agronomic function indicator of importance: resistance to the biotic stresses. Within this indicator, an under-indicator is: the « role of the terrestrial auxiliaries ». Carabids will be used as model auxiliary for the construction of this under-indicator. Two building methods of indicators are compared: a method with expert saying and a method with data mining, this second method representing an innovation of the thesis. The results of these methods are then compared with field datas leads on the Vittel territory. Field datas related to the follow-up of the carabid populations and the organization of the agricultural landscape. A treatment by a geographical information system allowed the validation of the indicators obtained
4
Roberge, Jean-Michel. "Umbrella species as a conservation planning tool : an assessment using resident birds in hemiboreal and boreal forests /." Uppsala : Dept. of Conservation Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/200684.pdf.
Full text
5
Haneji, Choshin, Van Tu Do, Duc Loi Vu, and Tuan Hung Duong. "Composing biodiversity indicators for the conservation of mangrove ecosystem in Xuan Thuy National Park, Vietnam." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-190317.
Full textAbstract:
Biodiversity indicators for the conservation of mangrove ecosystems of Xuan Thuy National Park were composed, taking into account the environmental, biotic, and anthropological factors, based on suggested indicators provided by the Convention on Biological Diversity. Relevant environmental, biotic, and anthropological factors, identified by bibliographic and field surveys, were ordered by Pressures, State, Benefits, and Responses categories following the guidance of the Biodiversity Indicators Partnership. Furthermore, the linked relationships among the indicators were identified for effective monitoring of biodiversity in Xuan Thuy National ParkDựa trên các chỉ thị được gợi ý từ Công ước về Đa dạng sinh học, các chỉ thị đa dạng sinh học phục vụ công tác bảo tồn các hệ sinh thái rừng ngập mặn của Vườn Quốc gia Xuân Thủy đã được xây dựng, có tính đến các yếu tố môi trường, sinh học và con người. Các yếu tố môi trường, sinh học và con người có liên quan, được xác định bằng việc tổng hợp và đánh giá các tài liệu và các đợt điều tra ngoài thực địa, dưới trật tự các nhóm Áp lực, Tình trạng, Lợi ích và Đáp ứng theo hướng dẫn của Đối tác chỉ thị đa dạng sinh học. Hơn thế nữa, các mối quan hệ liên kết giữa các chỉ thị đã được xác định nhằm quan trắc hiệu quả đa dạng sinh học ở Vườn Quốc gia Xuân Thủy
6
Sevin, Jennifer Ann. "Protecting biodiversity through monitoring of management indicator species questioning designations of Ursus americanus (black bear) and Plethodon jordani (Jordan's salamander) /." Connect to this title online, 2003. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11062003-155421/unrestricted/etd.pdf.
Full text
7
Van, Frank Gaëlle. "Gestion participative de la diversité cultivée et création de mélanges diversifiés de blé tendre à la ferme." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS525/document.
Full textAbstract:
La transition d'une agriculture diversifiée à un système productiviste a entraîné une perte de diversité cultivée et pose de nombreux enjeux environnementaux, sociétaux et de santé. Des alternatives telles que l'agro-écologie ont émergé, reposant sur la valorisation de l'agro-biodiversité, notamment de la diversité génétique au sein des agroécosystèmes. Constatant qu'aucune des variétés du catalogue n'est adaptée à leurs besoins, des paysan.ne.s et animateur.trice.s du Réseau Semences Paysannes (RSP) mènent depuis 2006, en collaboration avec l'équipe DEAP (Diversité, Évolution et Adaptation des Populations) de l'UMR GQE Le Moulon, un projet de sélection participative (SP) du blé tendre. Ces paysan.ne.s mobilisent la diversité pour sélectionner des populations adaptées à leurs pratiques, terroirs et débouchés, dans le but de retrouver une autonomie semencière et une cohérence de leur système. Ma thèse porte sur l'étude des impacts des pratiques de gestion collective et de sélection paysanne sur la diversité cultivée du blé et l'adaptation des populations. Elle vise à proposer des adaptations éventuelles des pratiques de SP existantes et d'appuyer la mise en place de nouveaux projets. Les impacts de pratiques de création et sélection à la ferme de mélanges de populations sur leur comportement agronomique et morphologique ont été évalués par une expérimentation en collaboration avec une quinzaine de paysan.ne.s et animateur.trice.s du RSP. Dans une deuxième partie nous avons étudié les impacts de la sélection naturelle et la sélection paysanne sur l'évolution des populations, leur stabilité et leur adaptation aux environnements au cours du projet de SP blé. Ensuite une étude prospective a porté sur les impacts de l'adoption de peuplements hétérogènes sur la diversité cultivée à l'échelle du paysage, par l'évaluation de la diversité des populations issues de SP, la simulation de scénarii d'adoption des peuplements hétérogènes et l'utilisation d'indicateurs de la diversité cultivée. Enfin, je me suis intéressée aux impacts qu'ont les paramètres du dispositif expérimental mis en place sur les fermes sur l'ajustement et la précision des estimations par les modèles Bayésiens utilisés, afin d'améliorer notre capacité à détecter des différences significatives entre populations et de donner des recommandations pour d'autres projets d'évaluation décentralisée de variétés utilisant les dispositifs et modèles développés dans projet SP blé françaisThe transition from a diversified agriculture to a productivist system has led to a decline in cultivated diversity and raises many environmental, societal and health issues. Alternatives such as agro-ecology have emerged, based in particular on the enhancement of agro-biodiversity and genetic diversity within agro-ecosystems. Considering that there are no varieties adapted to their needs in the catalogue, farmers and facilitators from the Réseau Semences Paysannes (RSP) have been conducting a participatory breeding project (PPB) for bread wheat since 2006, in collaboration with the DEAP (Diversity, Evolution and Adaptation of Populations) team at UMR GQE Le Moulon. These farmers are mobilizing diversity to select populations adapted to their practices, terroir and outlets, with the aim of regaining their seed autonomy and a coherence of their system. My thesis focuses on the study of the impacts of collective management and peasant selection practices on wheat crop diversity and population adaptation. It aims to propose possible adaptation of existing PPB practices and to support the implementation of new projects. The impacts of on-farm creation and selection practices of population mixtures on their agronomic and morphological behaviour were evaluated through an experiment in collaboration with about fifteen farmers and facilitators from the RSP. In a second part we studied the impacts of natural selection and peasant selection on the evolution of populations, their stability and adaptation to environments during the wheat PPB project. Then a prospective study on the impacts of the adoption of heterogeneous varieties on cultivated diversity at the landscape level was conducted, by assessing the diversity of populations from PPB, simulating adoption of heterogeneous varieties scenarii and using cultivated diversity indicators. Finally, the impacts of the on-farm experimental design parameters on the adjustment and accuracy of estimates from Bayesian models were assessed, to improve our ability to detect significant differences between populations and to provide recommendations for other decentralized variety evaluation projects using the designs and models developed in the French wheat PPB project
8
Pettersson, Kristin. "Naturvärdesbedömning av naturreservatet Blänkabacken, i Örebro kommun : Inventering av signalarter med fokus på mossor och lavar som indikerar höga naturvärden i skogsmiljöer." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för vård och natur, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-5380.
Full text
9
Haneji, Choshin, Van Tu Do, Duc Loi Vu, and Tuan Hung Duong. "Composing biodiversity indicators for the conservation of mangrove ecosystem in Xuan Thuy National Park, Vietnam: Research article." Technische Universität Dresden, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A29077.
Full textAbstract:
Biodiversity indicators for the conservation of mangrove ecosystems of Xuan Thuy National Park were composed, taking into account the environmental, biotic, and anthropological factors, based on suggested indicators provided by the Convention on Biological Diversity. Relevant environmental, biotic, and anthropological factors, identified by bibliographic and field surveys, were ordered by Pressures, State, Benefits, and Responses categories following the guidance of the Biodiversity Indicators Partnership. Furthermore, the linked relationships among the indicators were identified for effective monitoring of biodiversity in Xuan Thuy National Park.Dựa trên các chỉ thị được gợi ý từ Công ước về Đa dạng sinh học, các chỉ thị đa dạng sinh học phục vụ công tác bảo tồn các hệ sinh thái rừng ngập mặn của Vườn Quốc gia Xuân Thủy đã được xây dựng, có tính đến các yếu tố môi trường, sinh học và con người. Các yếu tố môi trường, sinh học và con người có liên quan, được xác định bằng việc tổng hợp và đánh giá các tài liệu và các đợt điều tra ngoài thực địa, dưới trật tự các nhóm Áp lực, Tình trạng, Lợi ích và Đáp ứng theo hướng dẫn của Đối tác chỉ thị đa dạng sinh học. Hơn thế nữa, các mối quan hệ liên kết giữa các chỉ thị đã được xác định nhằm quan trắc hiệu quả đa dạng sinh học ở Vườn Quốc gia Xuân Thủy.
10
Teillard, d'Eyry Félix. "Reconciling food production and biodiversity in farmlands : the role of agricultural intensity and its spatial allocation." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00766882.
Full textAbstract:
During the past several decades, agricultural intensification has been crucial to increase the food supply. Several processes related to intensification are very detrimental to the environment, particularly biodiversity. Today, agriculture is facing the challenge of satisfying its demand for food while improving its environmental sustainability. Knowledge of the shape of the relationship between biodiversity and intensity is necessary to determine both where conservation policies will be most effective and how to allocate intensity to reconcile production and biodiversity. Few empirical studies on this relationship exist, and the influence of the spatial arrangement of intensity on biodiversity remains untested. This Ph.D. thesis determined how to target both agricultural intensity and its spatial allocation for meeting production and conservation objectives of farmlands. To answer this research question, we used a country-scaled approach that combined two France-scaled databases that describe agriculture and farmland birds. We characterized a nationwide gradient of agricultural intensity and studied a farmland bird community along this gradient, using several trait-based descriptors (specialization, trophic level, and species main habitat). Agricultural intensity and bird communities were described at the Small Agricultural Region (SAR; mean width = 22.4 km) level. As a first step, we developed a novel method to estimate an intensity indicator that was based on Input Costs/ha, with SAR resolution. This indicator provides a continuous intensity measure that is relevant across different types of agricultural systems. Secondly, we investigated the effects of a gradient of land uses (grassland to arable land) and its heterogeneity on the bird community. We found habitat specialists suffered from habitat loss, while generalists benefited from heterogeneity. Thirdly, we showed that the community responded significantly to intensity, with winner species replacing loser species along the gradient. The shift between losers and winners was sharper at low intensities. Interestingly, spatial aggregation of intensity had a strengthening effect on the bird community. Finally, the relationships linking intensity to the bird community, food production, and economic performance were integrated into a model aimed at optimizing intensity allocation. Optimal allocations reached win-no-lose solutions with the three criteria. They corresponded to targeted intensity modifications: many small changed, favoring homogeneous, extensive clusters, were optimal within an extensification scenario; while a few large changes, favoring heterogeneity, were optimal within an intensification scenario. We provide one of the first studies demonstrating that spatial aggregation of intensity can influence the biodiversity/intensity relationship. Our results also provide an opportunity to improve the effectiveness of conservation policies, at national scales, with spatial targeting: opposite targeting should be performed either to maximize biodiversity benefits or to increase production, while mitigating biodiversity impacts. Our results highlight the importance of mixed allocation strategies between land sparing/sharing extremes. In order to put these opportunities into effect, further research should address the technical solutions that achieve intensity modification at the farm level and design targeted policies that benefit biodiversity and other environmental criteria
11
Berglund, Håkan. "Biodiversity in fragmented boreal forests : assessing the past, the present and the future." Doctoral thesis, Umeå University, Ecology and Environmental Science, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-220.
Full textAbstract:
The aims of this thesis are to (1) analyze the predictability (indicators) of plant and fungal species diversity in old-growth forests, and (2) assess the history and biodiversity of woodland key habitats (WKHs) and their potential to maintain species diversity in fragmented boreal forest landscapes.
Predictability was explored in Granlandet nature reserve, an unexploited landscape composed of discrete old-growth Picea forest patches of varying size isolated by wetland, reflecting conditions of insular biota at stochastic equilibrium. Data from 46 patches (0.2-12 ha) showed that most species were rare. However, species richness and composition patterns exhibited a high degree of predictability, which strengthen the possibility to apply biodiversity indicators in old-growth forest stands. Area was a key factor. The increase in species richness starts to level out at 2-3 ha. Large patches host more Red-list species in their interiors than do small ones, i.e. stand size is an important qualitative aspect of old-growth habitat. Nestedness emerged in relation to area but also in equal-sized plots. Structural complexity and habitat quality were important for species richness and compositional patterns, and small habitats of high quality could harbor many rare species. Monitoring of wood-fungi on downed logs showed that species diversity on downed logs changed over periods of 5-10 years and that the occurrences of annual species were unpredictable. It is suggested that monitoring of species with durable fruit bodies (mainly polypores) is likely to be a feasible approach to obtain comparable data over time.
Assessments of biodiversity of WKHs were performed in two areas with contrasting histories of forest exploitation, namely in south boreal and north boreal Sweden. Analyses of the history of 15 south boreal WKHs showed that fire-suppression, selective logging until mid-20th century and abandonment by modern forestry has shaped their forest structure. These WKHs are not untouched forests, they lack key structural components and harbor few Red-list species. Artificial interventions to restore natural processes and patterns are needed to further increase their suitability for threatned species. Modeling analyses of species richness in 32 WKHs in north boreal Sweden, some of which have not been isolated by modern forestry until recently, indicated an excess of crustose lichen species, i.e. WKHs may face delayed species extinctions. By contrast, the results indicate that wood-fungi have tracked the environmental changes. Differences in substrate dynamics between epiphytes on living trees and species growing on decaying logs may explain the diffeence between species groups. The results indicate that population densities of Red-list species were low, which may result in further depletion of species diversity.
Continuing species declines and extinctions are likely if not conservation of WKHs are combined with other considerations in th managed forest landscape. Both WKHs and their surroundings must be managed and designed to maintain biodiversity over time. For a successful future conservation of boreal forest biodiversity monitoring of WKHs must be combined with monitoring of refeence areas.
12
Törnblom, Johan. "A landscape approach towards ecological integrity of catchments and streams /." UUppsala : Dept. of Forest Products, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/200870.pdf.
Full text
13
Sánchez, Fernández David. "Uso de los coleópteros acuáticos ibéricos en la conservación de la biodiversidad." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10774.
Full textAbstract:
La tesis aborda el problema de la conservación de la biodiversidad acuática en la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares desde una doble perspectiva, estableciendo prioridades de conservación para espacios y especies utilizando inventarios de coleópteros acuáticos. En primer lugar, se evalúa si los coleópteros acuáticos pueden ser utilizados como buenos indicadores de biodiversidad en ecosistemas acuáticos mediterráneos. Posteriormente, se seleccionan áreas prioritarias para la conservación de la biodiversidad acuática usando coleópteros como indicadores. Se crea una base de datos de coleópteros acuáticos ibéricos y se evalúa tanto el esfuerzo de muestreo, como la cantidad y naturaleza de los posibles sesgos de los datos. Se ha obtenido una función basada en variables ambientales y espaciales capaz de predecir la distribución de la riqueza de especies en la Península Ibérica. Por último se identifican las especies endémicas mas amenazadas, y se evalúa la efectividad de la Red Natura 2000 en su protección.This thesis comprises the problem of freshwater biodiversity conservation in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands using inventories of water beetles as surrogates of biodiversity. The thesis involves different approaches and methods from the double perspective of setting conservation priorities for species and areas. Firstly, the use of water beetles as reliable biodiversity indicators in Maditerranean aquatic ecosystems was assessed. Then, areas for freshwater biodiversity conservation at regional scale were selected using water beetles as biodiversity surrogates. Afterwards, a database of Iberian water beetles was compiled. The survey effort, the degree of geographical coverage and the amount and nature of bias in this database were assessed. Subsequently, a function based on environmental and spatial variables able to predict species richness distribution in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands were obtained. Lastly, the most threatened endemic water beetles were identified and the effectiveness of existing reserve network (Natura 2000) in protecting them was evaluated.
14
Sor, Ratha. "Modélisation des changements spatio-temporels des communautés de macroinvertébrés benthiques dans les rivières d'Asie et d'Europe." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30148/document.
Full textAbstract:
Objectifs généraux: les systèmes fluviaux tropicaux et tempérés d'eau douce sont connus pour soutenir différentes communautés biotiques. Dans cette étude, menée dans une région d'Asie tropicale et dans une région d'Europe tempérée, j'ai étudié la composition et la diversité de la communauté des macro-invertébrés benthiques ainsi que leurs variations spatiales et temporelles. J'ai également examiné les influences des variables physico-chimiques de la qualité de l'eau sur les variations et la diversité de la composition de la communauté et j'ai modélisé l'occurrence d'espèces sélectionnées. Localisation géographique: Asie tropicale: le bassin aval du Mékong (LMB), couvrant une superficie de 609 000 km2; Europe tempérée: Europe occidentale, fleuves flamands (Belgique), couvrant une superficie de 13 787 km2. Matériel et méthodes: Pour le LMB, les données recueillies de 2004 à 2008 ont été utilisées et les valeurs médianes de cette période ont été analysées. Pour les rivières flamandes, les données collectées de 1991 à 2010 ont été utilisées. Les données ont été divisées en 4 périodes: D1: 1991-1995, D2: 1996-2000, D3: 2001-2005 et D4: 2006-2010. Les médianes de chaque période ont été utilisées pour des analyses spatiales détaillées. Des analyses multivariées ont été appliquées pour relier la composition et la diversité de la communauté aux variables physico-chimiques. Cinq techniques de modélisation, à savoir la régression logistique (LR), les Random Forest (RF), le Support Vector Machine (SVM), les réseaux de neurones artificiels (ANN) et les arbres de classification (CT) ont été utilisées pour modéliser l'occurrence desespèces sélectionnées. Principaux résultats: Variations de la composition des communautés, diversité et relation avec les variables environnementales Dans le cours aval du Mékong LMB, 299 taxons de macro-invertébrés distribués dans 196 genres et 90 familles ont été identifiées; dont 131 insectes, 98 mollusques, 38 crustacés et 32 annélidesOverall aims: Freshwater tropical and temperate river systems are known to support different biotic communities. In this study, I investigated benthic macroinvertebrate community composition and diversity and its spatial and temporal variation both in tropical Asian and temperate European regions. I also examined the influences of physical-chemical water quality variables on community composition, variations and diversity, and modelled the occurrence of selected species. Locations: Tropical Asia: the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB), covering an area of 609,000 km2; Temperate Europe: Western Europe, Flemish rivers (Belgium), covering an area of 13,787 km2. Materials and Methods: For the LMB, data collected from 2004 to 2008 were used, and median values of this period were analysed. For Flemish rivers, data collected from 1991 to 2010 were used. The data were divided into 4 periods: D1: 1991-1995, D2: 1996-2000, D3: 2001-2005 and D4: 2006-2010. The medians of each period were used for detailed spatial analyses. Multivariate analyses were applied to relate community composition and diversity to physical-chemical variables. Five modelling techniques namely Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Classification Tree (CT) were used to model the occurrence of selected species. Main results: Community composition variations, diversity and relationship with environmental variables From the LMB, 299 macroinvertebrate taxa belonging to 196 genera and 90 families were identified: 131 insects, 98 molluscs, 38 crustaceans, and 32 annelids
15
Edlund, Nathalie, and Maria Gaspar. "Jordbruksfåglarnas minskning i Stockholms län : En kvantitativ studie av fåglarna i jordbrukslandskapet." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Miljövetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-32676.
Full textAbstract:
In the 1970s, a breeding bird survey was conducted to see how many birds are breeding in Sweden. This was done because the research at the time pointed out that there was a decrease in the number of bird species. This inventory became known as atlas inventory 1, and an additional inventory was done in the 2000s, which was called atlas inventory 2. The second inventory was carried out in order to see trends in bird population distribution and to be compared with atlas inventory 1. The purpose of this study was to examine if it is possible to compare the inventories with each other to see if there are any changes in the number of breeding birds in Sweden. The study was limited to the Stockholm report area, which includes all municipalities in Stockholm County except for Norrtälje. A limitation was also made to only examine agricultural birds, where six species were selected. The results show that the number of atlas squares with data for breeding birds within the Stockholm report area have decreased between atlas inventory 1 and atlas inventory 2. To obtain these results, information was retrieved from the website Artportalen, and was then compiled and processed in Excel and ArcMap. A comparison between the period 2013-2016 and atlas inventory 2 was also done, which showed a decrease in the number of atlas squares with available data, as well as a reduction in the number of observations of breeding birds.
16
Hildreth, James. "The selection of biodiversity indicators for business landholdings." Thesis, Aston University, 2012. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/17473/.
Full textAbstract:
Businesses are seen as the next stage in delivering biodiversity improvements linked to local and UK Biodiversity Action Plans. Global discussion of biodiversity continues to grow, with the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, updates to the Convention on Biological Diversity and The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity being published during the time of this project. These publications and others detail the importance of biodiversity protection and also the lack of strategies to deliver this at an operational level. Pressure on UK landholding businesses is combined with significant business opportunities associated with biodiversity engagement. However, the measurement and reporting of biodiversity by business is currently limited by the complexity of the term and the lack of suitable procedures for the selection of metrics. Literature reviews identified confusion surrounding biodiversity as a term, limited academic literature regarding business and choice of biodiversity indicators. The aim of the project was to develop a methodology to enable companies to identify, quantify and monitor biodiversity. Research case studies interviews were undertaken with 10 collaborating organisations, selected to represent =best practice‘ examples and various situations. Information gained through case studies was combined with that from existing literature. This was used to develop a methodology for the selection of biodiversity indicators for company landholdings. The indicator selection methodology was discussed during a second stage of case study interviews with 4 collaborating companies. The information and opinions gained during this research was used to modify the methodology and provide the final biodiversity indicator selection methodology. The methodology was then tested through implementation at a mineral extraction site operated by a multi-national aggregates company. It was found that the methodology was a suitable process for implementation of global and national systems and conceptual frameworks at the practitioner scale. Further testing of robustness by independent parties is recommended to improve the system.
17
Cassidy, Sarah Louise. "Microbial activity and biodiversity as indicators of hydrocarbon bioremediation." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.405962.
Full text
18
Acheampong, Isaac. "Urban biodiversity; a global perspective." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-171821.
Full textAbstract:
A majority of the world’s cities are situated in or near areas of high biodiversity. Rise in global urban population resulting in rapid urban expansions (larger cities) is a threat to urban biodiversity, which has implications for the ecological health and general well being of humans. The study exploits consistent global land use data to compare 102 cities across the globe on a measure of urban biodiversity, within 15 km and 30 km from the approximate centres of the cities. Cities with high population and higher percentage of land use dedicated to artificial infrastructure recorded lower percentage size reserved for natural habitat, and vice versa. Further testing in regression analysis with birds and plants species as response variables shows a relation with urban extent and size of natural habitat which seeks to promote sustaining ecosystems services. Since urban biodiversity has implications for human ecological health, its indicators must be constantly measured and monitored, while adhering to best practices that conserve nature.
19
Alizadeh, Shabani Afshin, and afshin alizadeh@rmit edu au. "Identifying bird species as biodiversity indicators for terrestrial ecosystem management." RMIT University. Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20061116.161912.
Full textAbstract:
It is widely known that the world is losing biodiversity and primarily it is thought to be caused by anthropogenic activities. Many of these activities have been identified. However, we still lack a clear understanding of the causal relationships between human activities and the pressures they place on the environment and biodiversity. We need to know how ecosystems and individual species respond to changes in human activities and therefore how best to moderate our actions and reduce the rate of loss of biodiversity. One of the ways to detect these changes is to use indicators of ecosystem conditions. Indicators are statistics following changes in a particular factor usually over time. These indicators are used to summarise a complex set of data, and are seen as being representative of the wider situation in that field. So it can be assumed that if that particular factor is declining or improving, then the situation in general is also declining or improving. They are used to check the status and trends of biodiversity by both the public and policy makers. Indicators are also used to assess national performance and can be used to identify the actions required at the policy level. In this manner, they provide an important link between policy-makers and scientists collecting the data. The current thesis investigates the possibility of using bird species as indicators of biodiversity for better management of natural terrestrial ecosystems, by identifying their habitats according to various environmental factors. The study is established by drawing upon three main scientific areas: ecology, geographical information system (GIS), and statistical modelling. The Mornington Peninsula and Western Port Biosphere Reserve (MPWPBR) (Victoria, Australia) was chosen for the study area because of the combination of suburban and natural environments that made it optimum for this type of study. Once the study area was defined, the necessary data for the research were obtained from various sources. Birds Australia provided data on recorded observation of 271 bird species within the study area. Based on the nature of this study, seven species were selected for the study. The criteria for this selection are discussed in Chapter 3. Most literature state that the primary determinant for bird abundance is vegetation and land cover. Because of this, Ecological Vegetation Class (EVC) layer was used to determine which type(s) of vegetation have the greatest impact on habitat selection. Each species showed a relationship to a number of v vegetation types. These EVCs were combined to produce vegetation patches, and were considered as potentially suitable habitats of corresponding bird species. For each of the species, these habitat patches were analysed for the different aspects of patch characteristics (such as the level of patchiness, connectivity, size, shape, weighted distance between patches, etc.) by using the Landscape Context Tool (a GIS add-on). This process assisted the understanding of the importance of patch quality in habitat selection among different bird species by analysing the location of bird observation sites relative to habitat patches. In this way, the association between bird presence and the conditions of a habitat patch was identified by performing a discriminant function analysis. To investigate the probability of a species presence according to different environmental factors, a model of species distribution was created. Binary logistic regression was used to indicate the level of effect of each variable. The model was then successfully validated in the field. To define the indicators of environmental factors, it was essential to separate bird species based on their dependency on one or more of the studied variables. For this purpose, One-Way ANOVA was used. This analysis showed that some bird species can be considered as indicators of urban areas, while others could be good indicators of wellpreserved large forests. Finally, it must be mentioned that the type and quality of the datasets are crucial to this type of study, because some species have a higher degree of sensitivity to certain types of vegetation or land cover. Therefore, the vegetation data must be produced as detailed as possible. At the same time, the species data needs to be collected based on the presence and absence (versus presence-only) of the birds.
20
Nunez-Mino, Jose. "Biodiversity indicators and conservation priorities in Cusuco National Park, Honduras." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.543041.
Full text
21
Baretta, Dilmar. "Fauna do solo e outros atributos edáficos como indicadores da qualidade ambiental em áreas com Araucaria angustifolia no Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-22102007-094221/.
Full textAbstract:
O estudo de indicadores biológicos da qualidade do solo em áreas com araucária é muito importante para entender os processos ecológicos que ocorrem nestes sistemas, já que a fauna edáfica atua na decomposição e mineralização da matéria orgânica e, também, nas propriedades e processos físicos, químicos e biológicos do solo. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a possibilidade de utilizar alguns grupos da fauna edáfica e das variáveis ambientais como indicadores da qualidade do solo em áreas com araucária natural e reflorestada, impactadas ou não pela queima acidental, por meio de técnicas de análise multivariada. As áreas estudadas incluem: 1. floresta nativa com araucária (NF); 2. reflorestamento de araucária (R); 3. reflorestamento de araucária submetido a incêndio acidental (RF); e 4. pastagem natural com araucárias nativas e ocorrência de incêndio (NPF). Em cada área, amostras de solo para avaliação da comunidade da fauna edáfica e das variáveis ambientais foram coletadas em 0,3 ha, perto de dez árvores de araucária selecionadas ao acaso, em três épocas contrastantes, usando diferentes métodos de coleta (monólitos e armadilhas). As análises de componentes principais (ACP), canônica discriminante (ACD) e de correlação canônica (ACC) foram aplicadas às variáveis ambientais [carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), respiração basal (C-CO2) e quociente metabólico (qCO2), estoques de serapilheira, umidade do solo, pH (CaCl2), matéria orgânica (MO) e teores de P, K, Ca, Mg, H+Al] e atributos da fauna edáfica. Foram encontradas cinco espécies de minhocas (2 famílias), 20 famílias de aranhas e oito famílias de colêmbolos nestas áreas. A diversidade da fauna, CBM, C-CO2, estoques de serapilheira e MO foram sempre superiores na área NF e inferiores na NPF. A comunidade de fauna do solo e as variáveis ambientais apresentaram potencial para serem usadas como indicadores da qualidade do solo. Houve alta correlação canônica entre as variáveis ambientais e a fauna edáfica. Os grupos Collembola, Diplopoda, Chilopoda, Isoptera, Araneae, Oligochaeta, biomassa da macrofauna, índice de diversidade de Shannon (H), estoques de serapilheira, P, CBM e C-CO2 foram responsáveis por praticamente toda a separação entre as áreas, sendo bons indicadores das modificações que ocorrem nos ecossistemas com araucária. A ACD demonstrou que a contribuição de cada atributo para separar as áreas sofreu efeito de sazonalidade. As técnicas de análise multivariada (especialmente ACC e ACD) são importantes ferramentas no estudo de indicadores biológicos de qualidade do solo.The study of biological soil quality indicators in areas with Araucaria is very important to understand ecological processes in these systems, since groups of the soil fauna are major factors in the decomposition and mineralization of organic matter, as well as modifiers of soil physical, chemical and biological properties and processes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of soil fauna and environmental variables as quality indicators in natural and reforested Araucaria areas, impacted or not by fire, by means of multivariate analysis techniques. Four study areas included: native forest with Araucaria (NF); Araucaria reforestation (R); Araucaria reforestation submitted to an accidental fire (RF); and native grass pasture with native Araucaria , submitted to an intense accidental fire (NPF). Soil samples containing the soil fauna community and environmental variables were taken in a 0.3 ha area in each area, close to ten Araucaria trees selected at random, in three contrasting seasons, using different collection methods (soil monolith, Pitfall traps). Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) were applied to the environmental variables [(carbon of the microbial biomass (CMB), basal respiration (C-CO2) and metabolic quotient (qCO2), litter stocks, soil humidity, pH (CaCl2), organic matter (OM), P, K, Ca, Mg, H+Al] and soil fauna attributes. Five earthworm species (two families), 20 spider families and eight springtail families were found in these areas. Soil fauna diversity, CMB, C-CO2, litter stocks and OM were always higher for the NF area and lower for the NPF. The canonical correlation between environmental variables and soil fauna was highly significant. Soil fauna and environmental variables have a great potential as indicators of soil quality. The groups Collembola, Diplopoda, Chilopoda, Isoptera, Araneae, Oligochaeta, biomass of macrofauna, Shannon's diversity index (H), litter stocks, P, CMB and C-CO2 were mostly responsible for the separation between areas, and are therefore good indicators of the changes that occur in the Araucaria ecosystems. CDA identified that the contribution of each attribute for the separation of the areas varied according to the seasonal variation. Multivariate analyses (such as CDA and CCA) are important auxiliary tools in the study of soil quality indicators.
22
McElhinny, Chris, and chris mcelhinny@anu edu au. "Quantifying stand structural complexity in woodland and dry Sclerophyll Forest, South-Eastern Australia." The Australian National University. Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, 2005. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20060322.133914.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis I present and test a methodology for developing a stand scale index of structural complexity. If properly designed such an index can act as a summary variable for a larger set of stand structural attributes, providing a means of ranking stands in terms of their structural complexity, and by association, their biodiversity and vegetation condition. This type of index can also facilitate the use of alternative policy instruments for biodiversity conservation, such as mitigation banking, auctions and offsets, that rely on a common currency the index value that can be compared or traded between sites. My intention was to establish a clear and documentable methodology for developing a stand scale index of structural complexity, and to test this methodology using data from real stands.¶
As a starting point, I reviewed the literature concerning forest and woodland structure and found there was no clear definition of stand structural complexity, or definitive suite of structural attributes for characterising it. To address this issue, I defined stand structural complexity as a combined measure of the number of different structural attributes present in a stand, and the relative abundance of each of these attributes. This was analogous to approaches that have quantified diversity in terms of the abundance and richness of elements. It was also concluded from the review, that stand structural complexity should be viewed as a relative, rather than absolute concept, because the potential levels of different structural attributes are bound within certain limits determined by the inherent characteristics of the site in question, and the biota of the particular community will have evolved to reflect this range of variation. This implied that vegetation communities with naturally simple structures should have the potential to achieve high scores on an index of structural complexity.¶
I proposed the following five-stage methodology for developing an index of stand structural complexity:
1. Establish a comprehensive suite of stand structural attributes as a starting point for developing the index, by reviewing studies in which there is an established relationship between elements of biodiversity and structural attributes.
2. Develop a measurement system for quantifying the different attributes included in the comprehensive suite.
3. Use this measurement system to collect data from a representative set of stands across the range of vegetation condition (highly modified to unmodified) and developmental stages (regrowth to oldgrowth) occurring in the vegetation communities in which the index is intended to operate.
4. Identify a core set of structural attributes from an analysis of these data.
5. Combine the core attributes in a simple additive index, in which attributes are scored relative to their observed levels in each vegetation community.¶
Stage one of this methodology was addressed by reviewing a representative sample of the literature concerning fauna habitat relationships in temperate Australian forests and woodlands. This review identified fifty-five studies in south-east and south-west Australia, in which the presence or abundance of different fauna were significantly (p<0.05) associated with vegetation structural attributes. The majority of these studies concerned bird, arboreal mammal, and ground mammal habitat requirements, with relatively fewer studies addressing the habitat requirements of reptiles, invertebrates, bats or amphibians. Thirty four key structural attributes were identified from these fifty-five studies, by grouping similar attributes, and then representing each group with a single generic attribute. This set, in combination with structural attributes identified in the earlier review, provided the basis for developing an operational set of stand level attributes for the collection of data from study sites.¶
To address stages two and three of the methodology, data were collected from one woodland community Yellow Box-Red Gum (E. melliodora-E. Blakelyi ) and two dry sclerophyll forest communities Broadleaved Peppermint-Brittle Gum (E. dives-E. mannifera ), Scribbly Gum-Red Stringybark (E. rossii E. macrorhyncha ) in a 15,000 km2 study area in the South eastern Highlands Bioregion of Australia. A representative set of 48 sites was established within this study area, by identifying 24 strata, on the basis of the three vegetation communities, two catchments, two levels of rainfall and two levels of condition, and then locating two sites (replicates) within each stratum. At each site, three plots were systematically established, to provide an unbiased estimate of stand level means for 75 different structural attributes.¶
I applied a three-stage analysis to identify a core set of attributes from these data. The first stage a preliminary analysis indicated that the 48 study sites represented a broad range of condition, and that the two dry sclerophyll communities could be treated as a single community, which was structurally distinct from the woodland community. In the second stage of the analysis, thirteen core attributes were dentified using the criteria that a core attribute should:¶
1. Be either, evenly or approximately normally distributed amongst study sites;
2. Distinguish between woodland and dry sclerophyll communities;
3. Function as a surrogate for other attributes;
4. Be efficient to measure in the field.
The core attributes were: Vegetation cover <0.5m Vegetation cover 0.5-6.0m; Perennial species richness; Lifeform richness; Stand basal area of live trees; Quadratic mean diameter of live stems; ln(number of regenerating stems per ha+1); ln(number of hollow bearing trees per ha+1);ln(number of dead trees per ha+1);sqrt(number of live stems per ha >40cm dbh); sqrt(total log length per ha); sqrt(total largelog length per ha); Litter dry weight per ha. This analysis also demonstrated that the thirteen core attributes could be modelled as continuous variables, and that these variables were indicative of the scale at which the different attributes operated.¶
In the third and final stage of the analysis, Principal Components Analysis was used to test for redundancy amongst the core attributes. Although this analysis highlighted six groupings, within which attributes were correlated to some degree, these relationships were not considered sufficiently robust to justify reducing the number of core attributes.¶
The thirteen core attributes were combined in a simple additive index, in which, each attribute accounted for 10 points in a total index value of 130. Attributes were rescaled as a score from 0-10, using equations that modelled attribute score as a function of the raw attribute data. This maintained a high correlation (r > 0.97, p< 0.0001) between attribute scores and the original attribute data. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the index was not sensitive to attribute weightings, and on this basis attributes carried equal weight. In this form my index was straightforward to apply, and approximately normally distributed amongst study sites.¶
I demonstrated the practical application of the index in a user-friendly spreadsheet, designed to allow landowners and managers to assess the condition of their vegetation, and to identify management options. This spreadsheet calculated an index score from field data, and then used this score to rank the site relative to a set of reference sites. This added a regional context to the operation of the index, and is a potentially useful tool for identifying sites of high conservation value, or for identifying sites where management actions have maintained vegetation quality. The spreadsheet also incorporated the option of calculating an index score using a subset of attributes, and provided a measure of the uncertainty associated with this score.¶
I compared the proposed index with five prominent indices used to quantify vegetation condition or habitat value in temperate Australian ecosystems. These were: Newsome and Catlings (1979) Habitat Complexity Score, Watson et al.s (2001) Habitat Complexity Score, the Site Condition Score component of the Habitat Hectares Index of Parkes et al. (2003), the Vegetation Condition Score component of the Biodiversity Benefits Index of Oliver and Parkes (2003), and the Vegetation Condition Score component of the BioMetric Assessment Tool of Gibbons et al. (2004). I found that my index differentiated between study sites better than each of these indices. However, resource and time constraints precluded the use of a new and independent data set for this testing, so that the superior performance of my index must be interpreted cautiously.¶
As a group, the five indices I tested contained attributes describing compositional diversity, coarse woody debris, regeneration, large trees and hollow trees these were attributes that I also identified as core ones. However, unlike these indices, I quantified weeds indirectly through their effect on indigenous plant diversity, I included the contribution of non-indigenous species to vegetation cover and did not apply a discount to this contribution, I limited the direct assessment of regeneration to long-lived overstorey species, I used stand basal area as a surrogate for canopy cover, I quantified litter in terms of biomass (dry weight) rather than cover, and I included the additional attributes of quadratic mean diameter and the number of dead trees.¶
I also concluded that Parkes et al. (2003), Oliver and Parkes (2003), and Gibbons et al. (2004), misapplied the concept of benchmarking, by characterising attributes in terms of a benchmark range or average level. This ignored processes that underpin variation at the stand level, such as the increased development of some attributes at particular successional stages, and the fact that attributes can respond differently to disturbance agents. It also produced indices that were not particularly sensitive to the differences in attribute levels occurring between stands. I suggested that a more appropriate application of benchmarking would be at the overarching level of stand structural complexity, using a metric such as the index developed in this thesis. These benchmarks could reflect observed levels of structural complexity in unmodified natural stands at different successional stages, or thresholds for structural complexity at which a wide range of biota are present, and would define useful goals for guiding on-ground management.
23
Cruickshank, Samantha Louise. "Developing biodiversity indicators and economic valuations for created grasslands in the UK." Thesis, Aston University, 2016. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/32262/.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis is an investigation in to a quick and easy means of establishing the ecosystem service provision of a created grassland and applying an economic value to these services. Biodiversity indicators are first explored in a literature review. Common statistical techniques are then employed to identify relevant bio-indicators of created grasslands from first-hand data collected from sourced fieldwork study sites. Economic values of ecosystem service provision in grasslands are then extracted from papers sourced from a systematic review. These values, and their explanatory variables, are modelled to establish variation in economic estimates. Benchmarking figures of goal grassland ecosystem service provision are established based on theory. Crucially, a link between ecological data and economic values is ascertained. This allows an Excel model to be designed allowing users to estimate economic value of grasslands based on on-site recordings of identified bio-indicators.
24
Ivits-Wasser, Eva. "Potential of remote sensing and GIS as landscape structure and biodiversity indicators." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11259425.
Full text
25
OLIVEIRA, KAREN PIRES DE. "INTERNATIONAL BIODIVERSITY REGIME: CONFRONTING SUSTAINABILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS INDICATORS FOR THE PROMOTION SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=13914@1.
Full textAbstract:
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROEste estudo tem por objetivo analisar a capacidade do Regime Internacional da Biodiversidade (RIB) em resolver o problema de perda da diversidade biológica. Considerando que regimes são efetivos quando servem para solucionar os problemas que motivaram sua criação, este exercício se fundamentou no cruzamento de dois modelos de avaliação: o modelo pressão-estado-resposta, e o modelo de avaliação da efetividade de regimes ambientais. Como resultado, argumenta-se que é possível dar uma visão instrumental ao Regime da Biodiversidade de modo que ele seja visto como um indicador de sustentabilidade ambiental, através de seu grau de efetividade. Neste sentido, utilizando-se do caso exemplar da Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável de Mamirauá, discutiu-se a contribuição dos diferentes atores envolvidos na implementação do RIB e, em que medida os mecanismos de cooperação internacional e financiamento propiciam o fortalecimento institucional necessário para a implementação do Regime. Na conclusão, observou-se que o RIB viabiliza o arcabouço institucional diversificado que contempla a flexibilidade administrativa necessária para gestão e captação de recursos na solução da perda de diversidade biológica. Sua efetividade, entretanto, está diretamente ligada a um processo político onde através do diálogo entre atores estatais e sociedade civil global é possível estabelecer um fluxo continuado de experiências, entre o local/global, que em muito contribui para redução da perda de diversidade biológica, ampliando estoques de recursos naturais e, conseqüentemente, contribuindo para a promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável.
The goal of this study is to analyze the capacity of the International Biodiversity Regime (IBR) to resolve the problem of the biology diversity loss. Considering that regimes are effective when they serve to solve the problems that caused his creation, this exercise was based on the crossroad of two models of evaluation: the model pression-state-answer and the model of evaluation of the effectiveness of the environmental regimes. As the result, it is argued that is possible to give an instrumental vision to the Biodiversity Regime, in way, throught his degree of effectiveness, it is seen as an indicator of environmental sustainability. In this sense, using the exemplary case of the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve, there was discussed the contribution of the different actors wrapped in the implementation of the IBR and in which measure the mechanisms of international cooperation and financing can favor institutional strengthening necessary to the Regime implementation. In the conclusion, it was observed that the IBR make practical the institutional diversified outline that contemplates administrative necessary flexibility for management and resources collectation in the solution of the biology diversity loss. His effectiveness, however, is straightly connected with a political process, where throught the dialog state actors and civil global society is possible to settle a continuated flow of experiences, between the local and the global, which in much contributes to the reduction of the biological diversity loss, enlarging the natural resources stocks and consequently, contributing to the promotion of the sustainable development.
26
Allen, Laura. "The application of biodiversity indicators to infer ecosystem health in regenerating tropical forest." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2019. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/40949/.
Full textAbstract:
There are an overwhelming number of biodiversity indices and indicators available for ecologists and conservationists to use when seeking to understand how biodiversity responds to human disturbance. In choosing between measures there is often an underlying assumption that if a measure works well for one group it will be equally applicable to another. In this study, I use multiple taxa to explore the performance of a wide range of alpha and beta diversity measures for studying biodiversity responses to human disturbance in tropical forest. I sampled 18 sites along a gradient of human disturbance from primary tropical forest to banana monocultures in Peru. I chose three taxonomic groups and one audio approach, which have all been suggested to be useful indicators for studying biodiversity responses to disturbance: orchid bees (n = 1783), dung beetles (n = 3787), butterflies (n = 2506) and soundscape samples (n = 6600). This allowed me to identify how these groups responded to disturbance, which diversity measures were most sensitive for detecting those changes and whether the same measures were suitable for all groups. I used Hill numbers to measure alpha diversity and explored beta diversity by looking at changes in community composition and two new measures of beta diversity: redundancy and representativeness. To see how the diversity patterns changed when taxonomic similarity was considered, I used a recently developed family of similarity-sensitive diversity measures and compared the results of these against more traditional measures. I found that the diversity indices that were best for detecting disturbance patterns varied widely among taxonomic groups. For dung beetles, species richness and community composition were the most effective measures, whereas these performed poorly for orchid bees. Abundance and redundancy were more sensitive for detecting a response to disturbance in orchid bees. Using the butterfly dataset, I show that the inclusion of species similarity completely changed the diversity patterns found across the disturbance gradient. The similarity of species present in a community is likely to be important for the preservation of evolutionary adaptability and the provision of ecosystem functions and I therefore suggest that diversity measures based on similarity will be a useful additional tool for conservation and impact assessments. Acoustic diversity showed unintuitive responses to disturbance, with higher diversity detected in more disturbed forest, and more research is required to assess the performance of different acoustic indices in rainforest environments. Overall, my results demonstrate the importance of choosing diversity indices carefully to suit the taxa being studied to avoid missing important ecological responses, including a consideration of species similarity. I recommend that, where possible, multiple diversity indices and taxonomic groups should be used to reduce this risk and provide a comprehensive understanding of ecosystem patterns in response to environmental change.
27
Lebrun, Jérémie. "Biodiversité fonctionnelle fongique : indicateur d'écotoxicité des métaux dans les sols ?" Rouen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ROUES040.
Full textAbstract:
L’objectif principal de ce travail a été d’évaluer le potentiel de la biodiversité fonctionnelle comme indicateur de l’écotoxicité de stresseurs chimiques (métaux) retrouvés dans les sols. Dans un premier temps, une approche au champ a permis d’étudier la variabilité spatiotemporelle d’activités enzymatiques du sol et leurs réponses à l’introduction de contaminants (Cu) dans différents contextes agricoles (prairies et grandes cultures). Dans un second temps, l’impact de métaux sur les systèmes fonctionnels extracellulaires, i. E. Les sécrétomes, a été étudié au niveau enzymatique et protéique chez des organismes clés du fonctionnement des sols, les champignons. Plusieurs souches fongiques cultivées en milieux liquides ont été exposées au Cu, Zn, Pb ou Cd. Les études se sont focalisées sur deux familles d’enzymes impliquées dans les cycles biogéochimiques des sols : les hydrolases et les oxydoréductases. A l’échelle de l’écosystème, les résultats ont montré que les activités enzymatiques du sol sont sensibles au travail du sol, malgré leur grande variabilité spatiotemporelle. Toutefois, elles ne semblent pas être des descripteurs d’une contamination métallique. A l’échelle de l’organisme, les cultures fongiques ont permis d’établir des profils de sécrétion caractéristiques d’exposition métallique. La réponse des hydrolases aux métaux présente une grande variabilité intracommunautaire. De par la spécificité, la sensibilité et la généricité de leur réponse, les oxydoréductases fongiques se sont avérées être des biomarqueurs potentiels d’exposition aux métaux. Il est maintenant nécessaire de valider in situ ces outils biochimiques pour évaluer l’écotoxicité des métaux dans les sols.
28
Beazley, Karen. "A focal-species approach to biodiversity management in Nova Scotia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0026/NQ36569.pdf.
Full text
29
Mörtberg, Ulla. "Landscape Ecological Analysis and Assessment in an Urbanising Environment - forest birds as biodiversity indicators." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Land and Water Resources Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3768.
Full textAbstract:
To achieve a sustainable development, impacts onbiodiversity of urbanisation, infrastructure, land use changesand other developments must be considered on a landscape andregional scale. Landscape ecology can provide a conceptualframework for the assessment of consequences of long-termdevelopment processes like urbanisation on biodiversity on alandscape scale, and for evaluating the impacts of alternativeplanning scenarios. The aim of this study was to explore theeffects of habitat quality, quantity and connectivity on forestbird diversity in an urban-rural gradient. The purpose of theanalyses was to develop knowledge and methods for integratingbiodiversity issues in planning and assessments in anurbanising environment, on landscape and regional scales.
The study area was situated in and around Stockholm, thecapital of Sweden, covering the city centre, suburbs andperi-urban areas. Data on breeding forest birds were collectedthrough bird censuses in an urban-suburban gradient. In orderto embrace also the peri-urban areas for a more completeurban-rural gradient, data on two fragmentation-sensitiveforest grouse species were obtained through a questionnaire tohunters in the whole study area. Response variables in theanalyses were forest bird species richness and diversity,relative species richness and occurrence of single sensitivespecies like selected sedentary forest birds, including theforest grouse species, and red list species. Habitat quality,quantity and connectivity were analysed using available data onabiotic conditions, including urban disturbances, andvegetation in geographical information systems. In addition, afield study on vegetation structure and composition wasperformed in a subset of the smaller sample sites.Relationships between the response variables and habitatquality, quantity and connectivity were explored usingstatistical methods like multivariate statistics and regressionmodelling. Further, for some models, spatial dependencies werequantified and accounted for. When habitat models wereretrieved, they were used for spatial predictions of habitatsuitability. They were also applied on future planningscenarios in order to predict and assess the impacts onsensitive species. In the urban-rural gradient, the foreststructure and composition changed, so that in more urban areas,coniferous forest on rich soils, wet forests and wetlandsbecame less abundant and more scattered. Sensitive birdspecies, tied to these habitat types, were shown to besensitive to habitat fragmentation caused by urbanisation.Large, well-connected habitat patches and aggregations ofsuitable habitat in the landscape had a higher probability ofoccupancy when compared to other patches. For the forest grousespecies, effects of car traffic added to the explanation oftheir distribution. By contrast, deciduous forest was stillquite common in predominantly urban areas, due to both latechanges in land use and a history of human preferences. Certainred listed bird species tied to deciduous forest did not seemto be affected by isolation, and also occurred in suitablehabitats in some highly urbanised areas. Furthermore, relativespecies richness in the urban-suburban gradient was related tomulti-layered deciduous forest habitats with a large amount ofdead wood. Such habitats were associated with natural shorelineand with old pastures and parks. From the derived statisticalmodels, describing the relationships between sensitive speciesand environmental variables, predictive habitat maps could becreated for the present situation and for planning scenarios.The predictions of the impacts on habitats of sensitive speciesmade it possible to quantify, integrate and visualise theeffects of urbanisation scenarios on aspects of biodiversity ona landscape scale.
30
Chey, Vun Khen. "Comparison of biodiversity between plantation and natural forests in Sabah using moths as indicators." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:14f1640d-aa6e-4679-ad8c-d74decfa506a.
Full textAbstract:
The Malaysian state of Sabah, in northern Borneo, started massive monoculture forest plantations of fast-growing introduced tree species in the mid-1970's to replace part of the harvested tropical rain forest. Many people, particularly conservationists in the West, are very much against this sort of reforestation as they fear it would spell a permanent loss to the Bornean rain forest biodiversity. This project was carried out at the more established forest plantations of Sabah Softwoods Sdn. Bhd. in Brumas from 1991 to 1993, where fast-growing exotics namely Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus deglupta, Gmelina arborea, Paraserianthes (=Albizia) falcataria, Pinus caribaea, were studied to assess their biodiversity and these plantations were compared with the natural regenerating logged-over secondary forest in Brumas, as well as the primary forest in Danum Valley, by using light-trapped macromoths as indicators. The method of light-trapping as a reliable means of capturing moths was supported by canopy knockdown in the form of mist-blowing. Results obtained showed that for the year-long (January-December 1991) light-trap samples, the biodiversity values, as represented by Williams alpha (higher the value, higher the diversity), were unexpectedly high in the various plantation forests. Their alpha values ranged from the lowest in Acacia mangium with 208.14+-9.22, to the highest in Eucalyptus deglupta with 330.85+-16.37 which was even higher than the natural secondary forest with 314.53+-11.99, and certainly not inferior to the published values (300 to 350) from undisturbed Bornean forest of similar altitudes (below 500m). For the shorter month-long subsidiary samples (October/November 1992, January/February 1993), the alpha values of the samples from the lowland primary forest in Danum were not necessarily higher when compared with the similarly sampled disturbed forest habitats in Brumas, but despite its small samples, Danum produced some 33 species of macromoths which were never collected out of the 1680 species obtained from Brumas in the entire project. The main reason behind the surprisingly good diversity measures (as indicated by moths) in these forest plantations was the presence of an understorey of varying diversity under the canopy. It would appear that with the fast-growing introduced trees acting as light-demanding pioneers, many plant species ranging from herbs, shrubs, to saplings of native tree species, managed to germinate and grow more or less efficiently in the understorey. Eucalyptus deglupta had a more diverse understorey both in terms of plant species and architecture, which in turn supported a more diverse moth fauna. These findings are encouraging in terms of biodiversity conservation, as plantation forestry seems to be the only way forward for many developing countries like Malaysia.
31
Charnock, Rebecca Brigid. "Assessment of remote sensing attributes as biodiversity indicators on a European protected raised bog." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/540a622d-ad36-453d-b64d-c45faa77e15a.
Full textAbstract:
Biodiversity is declining globally primarily because of climatic change and anthropogenic impacts. In Europe, protected sites (e.g. Natura 2000) have been established to prevent further loss of biodiversity and protect key habitats from further deterioration, including from previous detrimental management practices. In the UK and particularly Wales, even protected habitats lack a coherent management approach leaving conservation bodies to work with communities to protect their biodiversity. Few systems exist for consistently, routinely and spatially quantifying biodiversity, assessing impacts of past management and guiding and predicting the consequences of future actions, including those relating to policy. Most current monitoring systems still rely solely on field observations and field surveys with little input from very high resolution (VHR; 2m) airborne and space data to provide baseline data suitable for monitoring the extent and condition of habitats over time. In order to investigate the use of VHR optical imagery for monitoring, the potential for WV2 spectral indices data to be used as indicators of condition for protected bog sites was evaluated and a method developed which could be used within a protected site monitoring system for monitoring both flora and fauna distributions. In developing an approach this study focuses primarily on the protected lowland raised bog at Cors Fochno where encroachment by grass species (primarily Molinia caerulea and Phragmites australis) over decades, coupled with management actions focusing on conserving the integrity of the bog system, has led or is anticipated to lead to transitions in state with consequences on biodiversity, particularly species richness, distributions and abundance. Field spectroradiometer data was used to develop a method for identifying optimum months of the year and best indices for species discrimination on Cors Fochno protected site that can later be used within a system for accurate classification of species. Methods developed, and ecological information from field data, were used with WV2 data acquired over 3 time periods (March, July and November) to produce a multiscale classification (LCCS to species level) of Cors Fochno SSSI and it’s surrounding landscape suitable for use within a monitoring system. Within the SSSI WV2 satellite derived parameters (spectral indices and classified dominant plant species) that relate to environmental variables relevant to invertebrate habitat suitability and invertebrate plant food sources were used to test associations with selected invertebrate species and assemblages assessed and map habitat suitability. An ANOVA F-ratio method provided a successful method to assess the distinctive phenological differences between spectral data of the key lowland raised bog plant species. It demonstrated the importance of phenological data for selecting the best months and the best spectral indices for species discrimination and was used with success to select optimum WV2 imagery acquisitions for a more successful species classification. Classification of varying scales, from landscape to species level, was carried out effectively with good overall accuracies (over 81%) by using LCCS and an adapted EODHaM system classification method. This enabled the use of indices values as input using the best indices and image acquisition times for species discrimination, along with ecological information gathered in field surveys. WV2 satellite derived spectral indices, and WV2 satellite derived dominant plant species classified using the developed system which were indicative of the ecological gradients of the lowland raised bog, were used to show associations between invertebrate data (Araneae, Coleoptera and Diptera) sampled across the bog and were shown to be useful as invertebrate diversity and distribution indicators. This research demonstrates that spectral indices derived from VHR optical imagery can be used as indicators of the composition, structure and functional diversity of a lowland raised bog. A key component was the development of a framework for sampling the SSSI. From these observations and models, a conceptual framework for creating a baseline which can be used and developed for quantifying losses and gains in biodiversity as a function of satellite-observed changes in habitat extent and condition was proposed. Through this approach, a better understanding of the drivers and impacts (both actual and potential) of change is anticipated with direct benefits for conservation, sustainable use of the environment and environmental and agricultural policy.
32
Sun, Ye. "Studies on Spring Conservation: Biological Indicators, Habitat Classification and its Assessment." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253446.
Full textAbstract:
付記する学位プログラム名: 京都大学大学院思修館Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(総合学術)
甲第22610号
総総博第10号
新制||総総||2(附属図書館)
京都大学大学院総合生存学館総合生存学専攻
(主査)教授 山敷 庸亮, 准教授 趙 亮, 准教授 竹門 康弘
学位規則第4条第1項該当
33
Eisenmenger, Nina, Stefan Giljum, Franz Stephan Lutter, Alexandra Marques, Michaela C. Theurl, Henrique M. Pereira, and Arnold Tukker. "Towards a conceptual framework for social-ecological systems integrating biodiversity and ecosystem services with resource efficiency indicators." MDPI AG, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8030201.
Full textAbstract:
In this article we develop a comprehensive conceptual framework for resource efficiency
indicators with a consistent link of resource use to the socio-economic system and activities therein as
well as to the natural system and its ecosystem functioning. Three broad groups of indicators are
defined: (1) resource use indicators representing pressures on the environment; (2) resource efficiency
indicators relating resource use indicators to the socio-economic side; and (3) environmental impact
indicators linking resource use impacts on the state of the natural system. Based on this conceptual
framework we develop a structure for possible resource efficiency indicators and conduct a RACER
evaluation on the Relevance, Acceptance, Credibility, Easiness and Robustness of indicators. With
the RACER evaluation, we identify areas where indicators are well established and available as well
as areas where indicators still need further development or even need to be designed first.
34
Thuillier, Laura. "Prise en compte de la biodiversité par une entreprise industrielle : le cas de Storengy." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MNHN0003.
Full textAbstract:
Les entreprises industrielles, de par la nature de leurs activités et l’emprise foncière de leurs sites de production, impactent négativement la biodiversité. Certaines commencent à intégrer la conservation de la biodiversité dans leur stratégie comme réponse institutionnelle aux pressions sociétales qu’elles subissent. Cette thèse a pour but de répondre à la question suivante : comment une entreprise industrielle peut-elle prendre en compte la conservation de la biodiversité dans son activité ? Pour ce faire, nous avons mobilisé deux disciplines, les sciences de gestion et les sciences de la conservation dans trois axes complémentaires. Notre terrain d’étude était l’entreprise de stockage de gaz naturel Storengy. Pour comprendre comment la conservation de la biodiversité était traitée dans l’entreprise, nous avons réalisé une enquête ethnographique de sa stratégie biodiversité, établie en 2010. Ainsi, nous avons montré qu’elle était associée à une logique institutionnelle hybride combinant les objectifs de conservation avec ses objectifs stratégiques. Le responsable biodiversité, les écologues, l’entreprise d’entretien des espaces verts et des employés ont participé à légitimer, à cadrer et à développer la stratégie. Les expériences de nature se sont révélés être des facteurs importants dans l’engagement des employés. Enfin, nous exposons les tensions liées à la stratégie biodiversité et sa portée restreinte dans l’entreprise liée à l’inertie du système. Pour accompagner l’entreprise dans l’amélioration de la biodiversité sur ses sites, nous avons proposé des indicateurs de biodiversité. Ils permettent d’évaluer les enjeux de biodiversité à l’échelle du territoire et de la parcelle et, en fonction de cela, de guider l’entreprise dans la gestion de son domaine foncier. Enfin, pour comprendre comment les installations industrielles pouvaient être mobilisées pour améliorer la biodiversité à l’échelle locale, nous avons étudié plusieurs groupes taxonomiques (flore, papillons et oiseaux) présents sur des équipements particuliers de l’entreprise étudiée : les plateformes de puits. Nous avons montré que, dans des paysages agricoles relativement intensifs, les aménagements de ces plateformes pouvaient favoriser des communautés sensibles aux perturbations anthropiques. Cette thèse permet d’améliorer la connaissance sur la prise en compte de la biodiversité dans les entreprises, les outils qu’elles peuvent mobiliser pour évaluer et gérer la biodiversité sur leur domaine foncier et ainsi contribuer à sa conservationIndustrial companies, due to the nature of their activities and the land ownership of their production sites, negatively impact biodiversity. Some are beginning to integrate biodiversity conservation into their strategy as a response to societal pressures. This thesis aims to answer the following question: how can an industrial company take biodiversity conservation into account in its activities? To answer this question, we have mobilized two disciplines, management sciences and conservation sciences, in three complementary axes. Our study field was the natural gas storage company, Storengy. To understand how biodiversity conservation was addressed in the company, we conducted an ethnographic survey of its biodiversity strategy, which was established in 2010. We showed that it was associated with a hybrid institutional logic combining conservation objectives with the strategic objectives. The biodiversity manager, ecologists, the green space company and employees participated in legitimizing, framing and developing the strategy. Experiences of nature proved to be important factors in employee engagement. Finally, we outline the tensions related to the biodiversity strategy and its limited scope in the company because of the inertia of the system. To help the company in improving biodiversity on its sites, we have proposed biodiversity indicators. They make it possible to assess biodiversity issues at the territory and plot scale and, based on this, to guide the company in the management of its land estate. Finally, to understand how industrial facilities could be mobilized to improve biodiversity on a local scale, we studied several taxonomic groups (flora, butterflies and birds) present on a particular piece of equipment: gas well platforms. We showed that, in relatively intensive agricultural landscapes, gas well platforms landscaping could favor communities that are sensitive to human disturbance. This thesis improves our knowledge of how companies take biodiversity into account and the tools they can use to assess and manage biodiversity on their land and thus contribute to its conservation
35
Coulston, John Wesley. "Large-scale analysis of sustainable forest management indicators: assessments of air pollution, forest disturbance, and biodiversity." NCSU, 2004. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03282004-103433/.
Full textAbstract:
As the doubling time of the global human population decreases, increasing emphasis is placed on sustainable development by both policy makers and scientists. Sustainable forest management is one part of the overall picture of sustainable development. One method to assess sustainable forest management is through the use of criteria and indicators. Criteria represent sustainable management goals. Indicators are measurable quantities that designate whether the goals are being met. The maintenance of forest health and vitality is a criterion of the Montréal Process Criteria and Indicators for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Temperate and Boreal Forests. Measures of air pollution, forest disturbance, and change in ecological integrity provide indicators of how well forest health and vitality are being maintained. Using national databases, I assess air pollution in the United States, demonstrate the use of epidemiological approaches to examine forest disturbances, and develop an analytical technique to identify gaps and target priorities in reserve networks. The analyses in this dissertation offer new approaches to large-scale analysis of Montréal Process Criteria and Indicators. The results can be summarized as follows. (1) From 1994 through 2000 air pollution was highest in the northeastern United States and the oak-hickory and loblolly-shortleaf forest type groups were consistently exposed to more air pollution than other forest types. Conversely, the western white pine and larch forest type groups were consistently exposed to less air pollution than all other forest types. (2) Examination of the southeastern United States revealed high rates of forest fragmentation in the piedmont and coastal plain region. In the Pacific North west, insect and pathogen activity was analyzed and recurring clusters of high rates of activity were identified. (3) Although protected areas of the Douglas-fir forest type group occurred throughout much of the species range, most existed in colder and drier parts of the range. To conserve representative habitats, future conservation efforts would be most effective in warmer and wetter areas of western Oregon, northwestern Washington, and northwestern California.
36
Bezombes, Lucie. "Développement d'un cadre méthodologique pour l'évaluation de l'équivalence écologique : Application dans le contexte de la séquence "Éviter, Réduire, Compenser" en France." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAS044/document.
Full textAbstract:
Face à l’érosion mondiale de la biodiversité causée par les activités humaines, la compensation écologique, et plus largement la séquence « Eviter Réduire Compenser » (ERC), s’est développée depuis les années 1970, avec l’ambition de concilier développement au niveau des projets d’aménagement et préservation de la biodiversité. L’objectif de cette séquence est d’atteindre « zéro perte nette » (No net Loss, NNL) de biodiversité. Un des enjeux clé pour y arriver consiste à démontrer l’équivalence écologique entre les gains apportés par la compensation et les pertes occasionnées par les impacts. Malgré les avancées règlementaires, le cadre français n’inclut pas de méthode à suivre pour déterminer l’équivalence et aucune n’est unanimement reconnue. Cela amène à des pratiques hétérogènes et une difficulté d’atteindre le NNL. Dans ce contexte, ces travaux de thèse visent à développer un cadre méthodologique standardisé (CMS) d’évaluation de l’équivalence, combinant à la fois opérationnalité, bases scientifiques et exhaustivité (prise en compte des quatre dimensions de l’équivalence : écologique, spatiale, temporelle et les incertitudes). Dans un premier temps, 13 méthodes utilisées à l’étranger sont analysées afin d’identifier des éléments structurant pour le développement du CMS adapté au contexte français. La construction du CMS est décomposée en trois étapes. La première consiste à sélectionner un lot organisé d’indicateurs sur lesquels baser l’évaluation de l’équivalence, permettant de répondre aux exigences règlementaires et reflétant la complexité de la biodiversité : évaluation à deux échelles spatiales (sur le site et dans un périmètre élargi) et à trois niveaux d’enjeu (général, habitat ou espèce). La deuxième étape porte sur la prédiction de l’évolution dans le temps des valeurs initiales des indicateurs, sous l’effet des impacts et de la compensation, en prenant en compte les incertitudes associées. La troisième étape conduit à la détermination de règles de calcul des pertes et des gains aboutissant à l’évaluation globale de l’équivalence. Le CMS ainsi construit est ensuite testé sur deux sites d’étude afin d’en démontrer la plus-value et d’en éprouver les limites. Des perspectives d’amélioration du CMS, et plus largement de l’évaluation de l’équivalence sont dégagées. En dernier lieu, l’ensemble de ces éléments nous permettent de questionner l’efficacité de la compensation écologique pour lutter contre l’érosion de la biodiversitéIn light of the global erosion of biodiversity caused by human activities, biodiversity offsets and, more broadly the Mitigation Hierarchy, are increasingly used since the 1970s, with the ambition of reconciling economic development and biodiversity conservation. Its objective is to achieve "No Net Loss" (NNL) of biodiversity. One of the key issues to achieve this goal is to demonstrate ecological equivalence between the gains from offsets and the losses caused by impacts. Despite regulatory improvements, the French law does not include a method for assessing equivalence, and no method is unanimously recognized. This leads to heterogeneous practices and difficulties in reaching the NNL objective. In this context, this thesis aims to develop a standardized methodological framework (SMF) for assessing equivalence, which combines operationality, scientific basis and comprehensiveness (taking into account the four dimensions of equivalence: ecological, spatial, temporal and uncertainties). First, 13 methods used abroad are analysed in order to identify structural elements for the development of a SMF adapted to the French context. The construction is decomposed into three steps. The first consists in selecting an organized set of indicators, on which equivalence assessment should be based in order to meet legislative requirements and reflect the complexity of biodiversity. The assessment is to be done at two spatial scales (on-site and within an expanded perimeter) and at three levels reflecting general or specific issues (habitat or species). The second step regards the prediction of the values of the indicators over time, consequently to the impacts and offsets, taking into account the implied uncertainties. The third step leads us to establish rules for calculating losses and gains, as well as for the overall assessment of equivalence. Finally, this SMF is tested on two study sites in order to demonstrate the added value and to identify its limits. Prospects for improving the SMF, and more broadly the evaluation of equivalence, are then suggested. Finally, all these elements make it possible to question the effectiveness of offsets in order to tackle biodiversity erosion
37
Brin, Antoine. "Le bois mort et les Coléoptères associés dans les plantations de pin maritime (Pinus pinaster, L.) : implications possibles pour la gestion durable des forêts et l’élaboration d’indicateurs de biodiversité." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13735/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le bois mort a été retenu comme l’un des indicateurs de biodiversité pour la gestion durable des forêts. L’objectif de la thèse est de tester la pertinence de cet indicateur dans le contexte des forêts de plantation grâce à l'acquisition de données expérimentales. L’approche est focalisée sur les Coléoptères qui représentent 20% des espèces saproxyliques. La richesse spécifique et la composition des assemblages sont influencées par des variables à 3 échelles: la pièce de bois mort (diamètre, stade de décomposition et type), le peuplement (volume de bois mort, densité, couvert) et le paysage (% de couvert en pin maritime, feuillus et coupe rase). La diversité des pièces de bois mort de diamètre supérieur à 15cm constitue un bon indicateur de la richesse locale en Coléoptères saproxyliques. Un modèle de dynamique du bois mort a été développé, permettant d’évaluer les incidences potentielles de nouvelles pratiques sylvicoles sur la biodiversité des Coléoptères saproxyliquesDead wood has been selected as one of the biodiversity indicators for the assessment of sustainable forest management. We investigated the relevance of this indicator in forest plantations with experimental data. Our approach was focus on beetles which represent 20% of saproxylic species. Effects of environmental variables on species richness and composition of assemblages occurred at three spatial scales : the piece of wood (diameter, decomposition stage and type), the stand (volume of dead wood, density of stems, canopy cover) and the landscape (% of maritime pine stands,% of deciduous stands and % of clear-cut areas). Diversity of dead wood above 15 cm in diameter appeared to be a good indicator of the local species richness of saproxylic beetles. A model of dead wood dynamic has been proposed so as to assess impacts of new forestry practices on saproxylic beetles diversity
38
Ortiz, Lerín Roser. "Diatomees de la conca de l’Ebre: Biodiversitat i estat ecològic de l’aigua." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/83471.
Full textAbstract:
Els resultats que es presenten en aquesta tesi estan centrats bàsicament en l'estudi de la biodiversitat de les diatomees epilítiques presents en els rius de la conca de l'Ebre i en la seva aplicació com a indicadores de l'estat ecològic de les masses d'aigua.
Durant els mesos d'estiu del 2005 i 2006 es va realitzar el mostreig de la flora de diatomees epilítiques en un total de 197 i 211 estacions, respectivament, pertanyents a la Xarxa de Control de l'Estat de les Masses d'Aigües Superficials (CEMAS) de la Confederació Hidrogràfica de l'Ebre (CHE). Aquests mostrejos van ser impulsats per la CHE amb l'objectiu d'establir xarxes de control biològic, basades en bioindicadors del fitobentos per tal de conèixer l'estat ecològic de les aigües fluvials d'acord amb el que estableix la Directiva Marc de l'Aigua (DMA).
La recollida de les mostres, el seu tractament químic i, la quantificació de les espècies per localitat, s'han basat en les normatives estandarditzades europees CEN/TC 230 EN 13946:2003, norma prEN 14407: 2004 i, en els protocols de la CHE per l'avaluació de la qualitat biològica en rius mitjançant diatomees.
L'examen de les mostres recollides ha permès la identificació de 499 tàxons, repartits en 91 gèneres, dels quals 492 han estat a nivell específic o infra-específic. Dels tàxons identificats, 361 estan representats en 751 fotografies realitzades al microscopi òptic, agrupats en 25 làmines.
Com a particularitats de la flora s'esmenta d'una banda la presència de 7 espècies al•lòctones segons les consideracions principalment de Coste & Ector 2000 Achnanthidium catenatum, A. druartii, Diadesmis confervacea, Didymosphenia geminata, Gomphoneis minuta, Navicula kotschyi y Reimeria uniseriata) i per l'altre, la presència en algunes localitats de diverses formes teratològiques que podrien indicar condicions adverses del medi (estrès químic o contaminació), encara que en alguns casos podrien ser originades simplement per causes naturals.
Com a resultat de la determinació de l’estat ecològic de les masses d’aigua s'ha comprovat l'aplicació i funcionament òptim dels índexs de diatomees (Index de Pol•lució Específica IPS, Index Biològic de Diatomees IBD i Index Europeu CEE), sent l'IPS l'índex més convenient per la bioindicació de l'aigua a la conca de l'Ebre. No obstant, aquests índexs no reflecteixen prou bé les diferències entre algunes ecoregions de la conca de l'Ebre, com ara les capçaleres calcàries.
Tenint en compte els resultats obtinguts amb l'IPS, la proporció de localitats estudiades que complirien amb la DMA en aquests 2 anys d'estudi són bastant similars, seria del <62% pel 2005 i del <64% pel 2006.
Els resultats de l'índex de Shannon & Weaver indiquen que la diversitat i la riquesa específica s'ajusta a un model relacionat amb la qualitat del medi. Les correlacions d'aquests paràmetres respecte a variables ambientals (pH, conductivitat, clorurs, amoni, fosfats, nitrats, TSS, oxigen dissolt, altitud de la localitat, corrent, amplada i fondària del riu) i els resultats dels índexs de diatomees (IPS, IBD i CEE) mostren que la diversitat de les comunitats de diatomees en les localitats estudiades augmenta quan empitjora l'estat ecològic, seguint un gradient marcat principalment per l'altitud i la concentració de nutrients.
L'estudi de l'ordenació de les comunitats de diatomees epilítiques en els rius de la conca de l'Ebre, tenint en compte les variables ambientals de les localitats estudiades, mostra que la seva distribució seguiria un gradient capçalera-desembocadura, marcat per l’increment progressiu de la mineralització en el que se superposen els efectes de les variables ambientals que es relacionen amb els impactes i els nutrients.
Les anàlisis clúster dels inventaris seleccionats distingeixen 7 grups de localitats i 6 grups ecològics diferents de diatomees que responen a les pertorbacions observades i als gradients de mineralització i eutròfia que caracteritzen la conca de l'Ebre."Diatoms of the Ebro basin: Biodiversity and ecological state of water" TEXT: The aim of this PhD thesis is to contribute to the taxonomic knowledge of the epilithic diatom flora from the rivers of the Ebro basin and to determinate the water quality status in the studied area using benthic diatoms as indicators. The studied area is located inside the Water Quality Surveillance Network of the Ebro Water Agency, CHE (NE Spain). It includes the Ebro and Garona rivers and all the rivers and streams which run into them in the Spanish territory, mostly over a calcareous and sedimentary substrata. A total of 408 epilithic diatoms samples were collected from different environments and ecoregions within the limits of the network of the Ebro Water Agency, CHE (NE Spain) during the summers of 2005 (197 sites) and 2006 (211 sites). Epilithic diatom were sampled, and then treated to prepare permanent diatoms slides following the standard methods (European Committee for Standardization 2003, 2004). The number of taxa identified in the material studied amounted to 499 (492 a specific or infra specific level), belonging to 91 different genera. 361 taxa are presented in 751 light microscope micrographs regrouped in 25 plates. We noticed the presence of species considered rare or exotic for European freshwaters (Coste & Ector, 2000) such as Diadesmis confervacea; Achnanthidium catenatum, Reimeria uniseriata, Navicula kotschyi, Gomphoneis minuta and Didymosphenia geminata. A few diatoms species presented teratological forms have been detected in some localities. However, we could not find a direct relationship of these forms occurrence and any particular cause. In order to evaluate the water quality assessment, three diatoms indices were applied (Specific Pollution Index IPS, Biological Diatom Index BDI and European Index CEC). All of them correlated significantly with water physical and chemical variables, but SPI achieved better correlations, and is therefore to be the best diatom index to be applied in the Ebro basin, although in some cases it did not properly reflected special situations in this basin as calcareous headwaters. According to the cluster and canonical correspondence analyses, nutrient enrichment (from the headwaters to the mouth), environmental variables and impacts were to be the most important variables structuring diatom communities in the Ebro basin.
39
Angelstam, Per, Jean-Michel Roberge, Robert Axelsson, Marine Elbakidze, Karl-Olof Bergman, Anders Dahlberg, Erik Degerman, et al. "Evidence-Based Knowledge Versus Negotiated Indicators for Assessment of Ecological Sustainability : The Swedish Forest Stewardship Council Standard as a Case Study." Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-90236.
Full textAbstract:
Assessing ecological sustainability involves monitoring of indicators and comparison of their states with performance targets that are deemed sustainable. First, a normative model was developed centered on evidence-based knowledge about (a) forest composition, structure, and function at multiple scales, and (b) performance targets derived by quantifying the habitat amount in naturally dynamic forests, and as required for presence of populations of specialized focal species. Second, we compared the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification standards’ ecological indicators from 1998 and 2010 in Sweden to the normative model using a Specific, Measurable, Accurate, Realistic, and Timebound (SMART) indicator approach. Indicator variables and targets for riparian and aquatic ecosystems were clearly under-represented compared to terrestrial ones. FSC’s ecological indicators expanded over time from composition and structure towards function, and from finer to coarser spatial scales. However, SMART indicators were few. Moreover, they poorly reflected quantitative evidence-based knowledge, a consequence of the fact that forest certification mirrors the outcome of a complex social negotiation process.
40
Meinel, Gotthard, and Ulrich Schumacher. "Flächennutzungsmonitoring III." Rhombos-Verl, 2011. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A4658.
Full textAbstract:
Das Buch informiert über neueste Methoden und Datengrundlagen eines Flächennutzungsmonitorings sowie kleinräumigen Statistik- und Prognosemethoden. Grundlage sind die Beiträge des 3. Dresdner Flächennutzungssymposiums. Zwei Trends bestimmen die rasante Entwicklung: das stetig verbesserte Datenangebot sowie die Abstimmung von Liegenschafts- und Geotopographie im AAA-Projekt.
Diese wird nun endlich die tatsächliche Flächennutzung harmonisieren und neue Perspektiven für ein genaueres Flächennutzungsmonitoring eröffnen. In der Analyse und Visualisierung ist der Trend zu Rasterkarten unübersehbar. Denn administrative Gebietseinheiten werden momentan immer größer und entziehen sich damit einem Monitoring. Sie müssen zwingend um kleinräumigere und zeitlich konstante Analyseeinheiten ergänzt werden; dazu eignen sich insbesondere quadratische geographische Gitterzellen.:Aktuelle Trends der Flächennutzungsentwicklung
Flächennutzungsentwicklung in Deutschland – Trendanalysen auf Basis
der aktuellen amtlichen Flächenstatistik
Gertrude Penn-Bressel............................................................................3
Flächenverbrauch und Landschaftszersiedelung – Wo steht Deutschland
im internationalen Vergleich?
Stefan Fina............................................................................................11
Aktuelle Ergebnisse des IÖR-Monitors zur Flächennutzung in Deutschland
Tobias Krüger........................................................................................23
Methoden des Flächennutzungsmonitorings
Fernerkundliche Erhebungen in Kombination mit Geo- und Statistikdaten –
Mehrwert durch Datenverknüpfung
Wieke Heldens, Hannes Taubenböck, Thomas Esch, Christian Geiß,
Michael Wurm, Michael Thiel...................................................................39
Kleinräumige quantitative Abschätzung des deutschen Gebäudebestandes –
Ausgangslage und Perspektive
Martin Behnisch, Gotthard Meinel..........................................................47
Siedlungsflächenmonitoring in Rasterkarten
Markus Dießelmann, Gotthard Meinel, Robert Hecht..............................61
Amtliche Flächenstatistik – ALK – IÖR-Monitor – Ergebnisse eines Vergleichs
Gotthard Meinel, Ekkehard Scheffler......................................................71
Visualisierungs- und Bewertungsmethoden
Visualisierung von Ergebnissen der Arealstatistik der Schweiz
mit Kriging- und Mischrasterkarten
Werner Meyer........................................................................................83
Monitoring- und Bewertungsmethoden von Problem- und Stadterneuerungs‑
gebieten – Realisierung im Stadtteilmonitor Dresden
Nguyen Xuan Thinh................................................................................93
Raumbeobachtung und Flächenmanagement in der Metropolregion Rhein-Neckar
Hans-Peter Hege.................................................................................107
Neue Analyse- und Visualisierungsmöglichkeiten im Monitor
der Siedlungs- und Freiraumentwicklung (IÖR-Monitor)
Jochen Förster.....................................................................................115
Amtliche Geodaten und -dienste als Grundlage eines Monitorings
Das ATKIS Basis-DLM im neuen Gewand – was hat sich geändert
Wolfram Kunze....................................................................................125
Das neue Geobasisprodukt 3D-Gebäudestrukturen
Stephan Heitmann...............................................................................135
Informationsdienst „GeoDaten Dresden“ – informatorisches Instrument
zum Flächensparen?
Marcus Dora.........................................................................................141
Indikatoren und Monitoring des Freiraums
Indikatoren und Monitoring der biologischen Vielfalt in Deutschland
Werner Ackermann, Rainer Dröschmeister, Ulrich Sukopp...................149
Landschaftszerschneidung und Waldfragmentierung –
Neue Indikatoren des IÖR-Monitors
Ulrich Walz, Tobias Krüger, Ulrich Schumacher.....................................163
Prognosen der Flächeninanspruchnahme
Das 30-Hektar-Ziel – Flächensparen auf Kosten sozialer und ökonomischer Belange?
Stefan Siedentop.................................................................................173
Modellgestützte Projektion der Flächeninanspruchnahme in den Kreisen
Deutschlands bis 2020
Martin Distelkamp, Philip Ulrich............................................................181
Gewerbeflächenprognosen – Methodische Zugänge und Forschungsbedarf
Karsten Rusche, Alexander Mayr.........................................................189
Kleinräumige Statistik – Probleme und Lösungen
Indikatorensysteme im Spannungsfeld zwischen europäischen Anforderungen
und regionalem Informationsbedarf
Hans-Dieter Kretschmann....................................................................199
„Äpfel mit Birnen vergleichen, aber nicht mit Zitronen“ – Überlegungen
zu einer Erweiterung der regionalstatistischen Analyseeinheiten in der
amtlichen Statistik
Markus Sigismund................................................................................205
Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Regionalisierung statistischer Erhebungen
am Beispiel des Zensus 2011
Michael Bubik, Karsten Lamla...............................................................213
Das kleinräumige städtische Gliederungssystem AGK als
Basis intrakommunaler Informationssysteme
Rainer Schönheit..................................................................................219
Strategien der Geoinformationsnutzung
Geoinformations-Nutzung durch Geodateninfrastrukturen:
Das Beispiel GDI Metropolregion Hamburg
Sascha Tegtmeyer...............................................................................229
Planungsraumbezogene Informationsbereitstellung für Monitoring
und Analyse – Umsetzungsbaustein der Rahmenstrategie Soziale
Stadtentwicklung Berlin
Dietrich Bangert...................................................................................235
Kommunale Geodateninfrastrukturen und sozio-technischer Systemwandel:
Entwicklungspfade in Deutschland
Marc Wolfram.......................................................................................241
Autorenverzeichnis..............................................................................255
41
Zetterberg, Andreas. "Network Based Tools and Indicators for Landscape Ecological Assessments, Planning, and Design." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10011.
Full text
42
Flor, Arnau Núria. "Diversitat, ecologia i usos en bioindicació d’algues caràcies i macròfits a la península Ibèrica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285506.
Full textAbstract:
La península Ibèrica és un territori molt divers pel que fa als ecosistemes aquàtics. No obstant, són escasses les publicacions referents a la flora que els ocupa. En aquesta tesi es presenta un catàleg florístic de 846 mostres d’algues caràcies recol•lectades a 456 masses d’aigua diferents. S’han identificat 28 espècies o varietats pertanyents als cinc gèneres citats a Espanya, essent Chara el més freqüent, i s’amplia l’àrea de distribució de 18 espècies o varietats i l’ecologia de 8 d’elles, algunes vulnerables o en perill d’extinció. D’aquesta manera s’incrementa el coneixement que es té sobre aquest grup algal i s’apunten algunes de les causes principals que han ocasionat el descens d’espècies al llarg del temps a la conca del riu Duero, relacionades principalment amb l’agricultura i la ramaderia.
Per altra banda, les caràcies són organismes amb una elevada plasticitat morfològica en relació a les condicions ambientals i existeixen complexes d’espècies que fan que la seva identificació no sempre resulti una tasca fàcil. La parella conflictiva Chara aspera-Chara galioides es diferencia bàsicament pel diàmetre dels anteridiòfors madurs, però aquest caràcter podria no tenir significació sistemàtica. Amb l’objectiu de conèixer l’efecte de la llum, la temperatura i la salinitat sobre la morfometria de diverses estructures, s’han cultivat a una cambra i es proposen nous caràcters vegetatius que farien factible la seva separació com a dues espècies diferents, tals com el diàmetre de l’eix principal.
Per acabar, els ecosistemes aquàtics lòtics i lenítics de la península Ibèrica són sotmesos a gran quantitat de pressions antropogèniques que posen en seriós compromís la seva continuïtat i la supervivència de la interessant flora que sovint els ocupa. Desgraciadament, Espanya no compta actualment amb índexs adequats per conèixer l’estat d’aquests ecosistemes. Tanmateix, són molts els estudis i normatives com la Directiva Marc de l’Aigua que posen de manifest el paper bioindicador dels macròfits, en general i de les caràcies, en particular. En aquesta tesi es proposen dues eines per avaluar l’estat ecològic dels llacs i llacunes de la conca del riu Duero (INEQUAL) i de rius d’àmbit mediterrani (IMF). Aquests dos índexs podrien ajudar a l’hora de prendre mesures de gestió, conservació i restauració dels ecosistemes aquàtics ibèrics.La Península Ibérica es un territorio muy diverso en lo que se refiere a ecosistemas acuáticos. No obstante, son escasas las publicaciones referentes a la flora que los ocupa. En esta tesis se presenta un catálogo florístico de 846 muestras de algas caráceas recolectadas en 456 masas de agua diferentes. Se han identificado 28 especies o variedades pertenecientes a los cinco géneros citados en España, siendo Chara el más frecuente, y se amplía el área de distribución de 18 especies o variedades y la ecología de 8 de ellas, algunas vulnerables o en peligro de extinción. De esta manera se incrementa el conocimiento que se tiene sobre este grupo algal y se apuntan algunas de las causas principales que han ocasionado el descenso de especies a lo largo del tiempo en la cuenca del río Duero, relacionadas principalmente con la agricultura y la ganadería. Por otra parte, las caráceas son organismos con una elevada plasticidad morfológica en relación a las condiciones ambientales y existen complejos de especies que hacen que su identificación no siempre resulte una tarea fácil. La pareja conflictiva Chara aspera-Chara galioides se diferencia básicamente por el diámetro de los anteriodióforos maduros, pero este carácter podría no tener significación sistemática. Con el objetivo de conocer el efecto de la luz, la temperatura y la salinidad sobre la morfometría de diversas estructuras, se han cultivado en una cámara y se proponen nuevos caracteres vegetativos que harían factible su separación como dos especies diferentes, tales como el diámetro del eje principal. Para acabar, los ecosistemas acuáticos lóticos y leníticos de la Península Ibérica están sometidos a multitud de presiones antropogénicas que ponen en serio compromiso su continuidad y la supervivencia de la interesante flora que a menudo los ocupa. Desgraciadamente, España no cuenta actualmente con ningún índice adecuado para conocer el estado de estos ecosistemas. Sin embargo, son muchos los estudios y normativas como la Directiva Marco del Agua que ponen de manifiesto el papel bioindicador de los macrófitos, en general y de las caráceas, en particular. En esta tesis se proponen dos herramientas para evaluar el estado ecológico de lagos y lagunas de la cuenca del río Duero (INEQUAL) y de ríos de ámbito mediterráneo (IMF). Estos dos índices podrían ayudar a tomar medidas de gestión, conservación y restauración de los ecosistemas acuáticos ibéricos.
The Iberian Peninsula is a very diverse country in terms of aquatic ecosystems. However, there are few publications on the flora that occupies these bodies of water. This thesis presents a floristic catalogue of 846 charophyte samples collected from 456 different localities. We have identified 28 species or varieties of the five genera currently present in Spain, being Chara the most frequently sampled, and we have provided new data on the area of distribution of 18 species or varieties and the ecology of 8 of them, some vulnerable or endangered. Thus, the knowledge we have on this algal group increases and we have also proposed some of the main causes that have led to the decline of species over time in the Douro river basin, which are mainly related to agriculture and farming. Moreover, the charophytes are organisms with high morphological plasticity in relation to the environment conditions and there also exist complexes of species that make their identification not always a straightforward matter. The pair of taxa Chara aspera-Chara galioides was traditionally discriminated by the diameter of the mature antheridia, but this character could not have any systematic significance. In order to determine the effect of light, temperature and salinity on the morphometry of different structures, they have been grown in a culture chamber and new vegetative characteristics, such as the diameter of the main axis, are proposed to split them as two different species. Finally, lotic and lentic aquatic ecosystems of the Iberian Peninsula are subjected to many anthropogenic pressures that seriously compromise their continuity and the survival of their interesting flora. Unfortunately, Spain does not currently have any suitable index for the assessment of the ecological status of these ecosystems. However, many studies and the Water Framework Directive highlight the bioindicator role of macrophytes, in general and charophytes, in particular. In this thesis, we propose two indices to assess the ecological status of the lakes and lagoons of the Duero river basin (INEQUAL) and the Mediterranean rivers (IMF). With this information it would be possible to apply management, conservation and, if necessary, restoration measures in these aquatic habitats.
43
Öster, Mathias. "Biological diversity values in semi-natural grasslands : indicators, landscape context and restoration." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Botany, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-1352.
Full textAbstract:
Semi-natural grasslands, which are a declining and fragmented habitat in Europe, contain a high biodiversity, and are therefore of interest to conservation. This thesis examines how plant diversity is influenced by the landscape context, and how plant and fungal diversity can be targeted by practical conservation using indicator species and congruence between species groups. Reproduction and recruitment of the dioecious herb Antennaria dioica was also investigated, providing a case study on how fragmentation and habitat degradation may affect grassland plants.
Grassland size and heterogeneity were of greater importance for plant diversity in semi-natural grassland, than present or historical connectivity to other grasslands, or landscape characteristics. Larger grasslands were more heterogeneous than smaller grasslands, being the likely reason for the species-area relationship.
A detailed study on A. dioica discovered that sexual reproduction and recruitment may be hampered due to skewed sex-ratios. Sex-ratios were more skewed in small populations, suggesting that dioecious plants are likely to be particularly sensitive to reduced grassland size and fragmentation.
A study on indicators of plant species richness, used in a recent survey of remaining semi-natural grasslands in Sweden, revealed several problems. A high percentage of all indicator species were missed by the survey, removing an otherwise significant correlation between indicator species and plant species richness. Also, a null model showed that the chosen indicator species did not perform significantly better than species chosen at random from the available species pool, questioning the selection of the indicators in the survey. Diversity patterns of the threatened fungal genus Hygrocybe were not congruent with plant species richness or composition. Plants are thus a poor surrogate group for Hygrocybe fungi, and probably also for other grassland fungi. Implications from this thesis are that conservation of semi-natural grasslands should target several species groups, and that an appropriate scale for plant conservation may be local rather than regional.
44
ASANTE, MELDOMI ASABEA. "EFFECT OF URBAN RIPARIAN DEVELOPMENT ON BIODIVERSITY; USING BIRDS AND VEGETATION AS ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS IN COOPER CREEK LOCATED IN SOUTHWEST OHIO." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1146157392.
Full text
45
Aguillaume, Rodríguez-O’connor Laura. "Nitrogen deposition at Mediterranean holm-oak forests: loads and indicators." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/321108.
Full textAbstract:
En esta tesis presentamos información sobre la deposición de N en los bosques de encinar (Quercus ilex) en España para contribuir a mejorar la falta de estudios sobre el depósito de N en la cuenca del Mediterráneo. Se seleccionaron tres encinares cercanos a fuentes de contaminación urbanas (CB, CA y TC) y un cuarto sitio representativo de ambientes menos contaminados (LC). El sitio a priori menos afectado por las fuentes urbanas presentó cargas similares de contaminantes antropogénicos (N y S) que los más expuestos. Los resultados indican un transporte de contaminantes de las áreas metropolitanas, del tráfico marítimo y del transporte a larga distancia hacia las zonas de muestreo. Los valores de K+ en las muestras de trascolación procedieron de lixiviación desde el dosel, el SO42--S y NO3--N se originan por deposición seca, mientras que el NH4+-N fue absorbido en las copas. La deposición seca estimada supuso un 74 y 84 % del deposito total de N de 17 y 20 kg N ha-1 año-1 en LC y CB, respectivamente. Los resultados de esta tesis indican por lo tanto, que el total de depósito de N en varios bosques de España excede las cargas críticas propuestas para estos ecosistemas.
Se estudió la variación de la química de la lluvia en el Montseny durante las últimas 3 décadas con el objetivo de entender cómo los programas de reducción de las emisiones de SO2, NO2 y NH3 implementados por El Convenio sobre la Contaminación Atmosférica Transfronteriza a Larga Distancia (CLRTAP) de la UN/ECE, afectan a la deposición atmosférica. Las fuertes reducciones de SO2 en España y países vecinos (75-85%) se reflejan en la reducción del nssSO42--S en la lluvia (65% en concentración, 62% en depósito) y en la deposición seca (29%) en el Montseny comparando mediciones en 1995-96 y 2011-13. Las emisiones de NO2 en España aumentaron de 1980 a 1991, fueron constantes hasta 2005 y luego disminuyeron, patrón que se refleja de forma paralela en los valores de NO3- en la precipitación del Montseny. Esto contrasta con los valores más elevados de NO3--N en depósito seco en 1995-96 comparado con los valores de 2011-12 (de 1.3 a 6.7 kg ha-1año-1), que se puede atribuir a las condiciones climáticas particulares de cada período. El aumento de las emisiones de NH3 en España durante los últimos 30 años (13%) no se reflejó en la tendencia del contenido de NH4+ en la lluvia en el Montseny.
Como las emisiones de NH3 en España no han disminuido son necesarios acerca de los indicadores que mejor reflejan los síntomas en el ecosistema. Aquí proponemos un valor umbral <2.5 mg m-3 de NH3 en el aire para proteger las comunidades liquénicas en encinares. Este valor se obtuvo a partir del estudio de las relaciones entre el NH3 en el aire y la diversidad de líquenes por grupos funcionales (oligotrófico y nitrofílos) en un gradiente de distancia a una fuente emisora (granja). Además, otros parámetros (% N, δ15N, C: N, δ13C) medidos en diferentes compartimentos del ecosistema (hojas de árboles, musgos y suelos) resultaron buenos indicadores de contaminación por NH3. La variación de δ15N en hojas y musgos a lo largo del gradiente refleja la señal isotópica de la fuente N. El % N y el δ15N en musgo y hojas se correlacionó significativamente con la diversidad de líquenes nitrofílos y con los niveles de NH3, destacando así la especificidad de las especies nitrofílas a este compuesto. En el suelo, los mejores indicadores fueron la señal de δ15N y la ratio C:N. Esta última (<25) indicó un importante riesgo de lixiviación de N en la zona y la consecuente eutrofización de las aguas subterráneas. Por último, la variación en el contenido δ13C en muestras de hojas y musgos refleja la respuesta fisiológica de la vegetación a una mayor deposición de N.With the present PhD we provide new information on N deposition to holm oak (Quercus ilex) forests in Spain, in order to contribute to fill the gap about N deposition in the Mediterranean Basin. Three forest sites were selected for their proximity to traffic/urban pollution sources and a fourth site was chosen as representative of less polluted environments. Results showed that the site farthest from pollution had similar anthropogenic pollutant (N and S) deposition loads than two of the more exposed sites. A widespread transport of pollutants from metropolitan areas, maritime traffic and long-range transport affected the sampling areas. In throughfall samples, K+ was explained by leaching from the canopies, SO42--S and NO3--N were generally derived from dry deposition while NH4+-N was absorbed in the tree canopies. The estimated dry deposition provided a 74 and 84 % to the total deposition of 17 and 20 kg N ha-1 yr-1 at LC and CB, respectively. The results of this PhD indicate that total N deposition at various sites in Spain exceeds (about 30%) the proposed critical load for sclerophyllous forests. The chemistry of bulk deposition at the Montseny mountains during the past 3 decades was analysed in order to understand how the abatement programs implemented by the Convention on Long Range Transboundary Atmospheric Pollution (CLRTAP) from UN/ECE to reduce SO2, NO2 and NH3 emissions have affected atmospheric deposition at this site. Strong reductions of SO2 emissions in Spain and neighbouring countries (75-85%) were reflected in reductions of non-sea salt-SO42- in precipitation (65% for concentrations and 62% for SO42-S deposition) and dry deposition (29%) at Montseny comparing measurements in 1995-96 and 2011-13. The NO2 emissions in Spain increased from 1980 to 1991, remained constant until 2005, and decreased thereafter, similar as NO3- in bulk precipitation at Montseny. This contrasted with an increase of NO3- -N dry deposition from 1995-96 compared to 2011-2012 (from 1.3 to 6.7 kg ha-1y-1), attributed to the particular climatic conditions of each period. The increase of NH3 emissions in Spain during the last 30 years (13%) was not reflected in the NH4+ bulk deposition trends at Montseny, probably related to a decrease of the formation of ammonium sulphate and nitrate aerosols due to declining SO2 and NOx emissions. In Spain, NH3 emissions have not been reduced. Therefore, studies are needed for early warning of its effects on ecosystems. Here, we propose a critical level value of < 2.5 µg m-3 NH3 air concentrations to protect lichen communities at semi-natural holm oak forest. This value was calculated by studying the relationships between air NH3 concentrations and lichen diversity values separated by functional groups (oligotrophic and nitrophytic) in a distance gradient from an emission point source (cattle farm). Besides, other parameters (%N, δ15N, C:N, δ13C) measured in different compartments (tree leaves, moss tissue and soil) of the ecosystem also respond to NH3 pollution and serve as indicators of pollution. The leaves and moss δ15N signal variation along the gradient reflected the N isotopic signal of the NH3 source. The %N and δ15N signal values in moss and leaves were significantly correlated with the relative nitrophytic functional group diversity and air NH3 concentrations, which highlights the specific response of nitrophytic species to NH3 pollution. In soils, the δ15N signal and C:N ratios were significantly related to NH3 pollution, with soil C:N values (C:N<25) indicative of the onset of N leaching and alerting about the potential N saturation and the risk of groundwater eutrophication at this forest. Finally, the variation in δ13C content in foliar and moss samples reflected the physiological response of vegetation to enhanced N deposition.
46
Rabaud, Suzanne. "Les indicateurs de biodiversité entre connaissances et actions : impasses, détours ou raccourcis pour les stratégies environnementales ?" Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AGPT0005.
Full textAbstract:
Depuis une vingtaine d'années, une multitude d’indicateurs de biodiversité sont utilisés à toutes les échelles de l'action publique. Dans cette thèse, qui s’appuie sur une analyse stratégique des indicateurs et sur quatre études de cas, nous essayons de comprendre le rôle stratégique joué par les indicateurs à l'interface entre connaissances et actions, et d’accompagner les acteurs qui les conçoivent dans leur réflexion pour une action plus efficace en faveur de l'environnement.Les indicateurs de biodiversité que nous avons étudiés peuvent contribuer, pour les acteurs qui portent des enjeux de biodiversité, aussi bien à des stratégies d'intervention sur le système d'action, de manière à ce que la prise en charge de la biodiversité soit améliorée, qu'à des stratégies de positionnement pour modifier les relations de pouvoir et les rendre plus favorables à ces acteurs. Dans un contexte qui tend à favoriser l'expertise scientifique plus que l'action militante, les indicateurs de biodiversité s'insèrent souvent dans des stratégies efficaces pour jouer sur une forme de déconnexion temporaire entre connaissances et actions et améliorer le positionnement des acteurs d'environnement. L'intérêt spécifique des indicateurs repose ainsi en partie sur leur potentiel à simultanément connecter et déconnecter connaissances et actions en fonction des besoins stratégiques des acteurs. Par ailleurs, les concepteurs d'indicateurs sont confrontés à un double enjeu : proposer des indicateurs qui s'insèrent dans le système d'action existant, mais aussi qui aient le potentiel de modifier ce système d'action, par exemple en apportant de nouvelles conceptions de la biodiversité, de nouvelles règles, de nouvelles relations de pouvoir, etc. Les acteurs cherchent donc à anticiper les développements futurs du système d'action. Dans ce travail, la mobilisation des travaux sur la négociation permet non seulement de clarifier les perspectives possibles pour les acteurs mais aussi de comprendre le fonctionnement du système d'action. Plus généralement, l'analyse stratégique des indicateurs développée dans cette thèse, conduite dans une perspective inspirée des sciences de gestion, est complémentaire des travaux de sociologie et sciences politiques sur les instruments, et les indicateurs en particulier. Elle éclaire de nouvelles facettes de la contribution des indicateurs à l'action en faveur de la biodiversitéFor twenty years biodiversity indicators have been elaborated at all scales of public policies. Our thesis proposes a strategic analysis of the design and use of indicators based on four case studies. Our goals are first to understand the strategic role of indicators at the interface between knowledge and action, and second to propose useful insights to researchers and practitioners who design and use biodiversity indicators in the field.The biodiversity indicators that we have studied contribute to at least two types of conservation practitioners’ strategies : strategies of intervention, which main focus is to help some actors to better integrate biodiversity in various collective action systems ; and strategies of positioning, which main objective is to modify power relationships in a way that benefits to those actors. In the current context in which scientific expertise prevails more than militant actions, biodiversity indicators are mostly used in strategies to reinforce a temporary disconnection between knowledge and action and to improve environmental actors positioning. The interest in using indicators lies partly on their ability to simultaneously connect and disconnect knowledge and action depending on the strategic needs of actors. Furthermore, conservation actors are confronted to a double objective : (1) to propose indicators that can be part of the existing action system and (2) that can modify this action system, by bringing new conceptions of biodiversity, new rules, new power relationships, etc. In this perspective, actors try to anticipate future evolutions of the action system. In our work, the mobilization of negotiation studies allows us to clarify actors' perspectives and to better understand how various action systems work. More generally, the strategic analysis of indicators that we developed in this thesis, inspired by management sciences, is complementary to sociology and policy sciences approaches on instruments, and more precisely on indicators. It underlines new aspects of the contribution that indicators can bring to biodiversity conservation
47
Greyling, Telané. "Factors affecting possible management strategies for the Namib feral horses / Telané Greyling." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1244.
Full textAbstract:
Demographic, biological and behavioural knowledge, together with information on the
ecological interactions and impact of a species is fundamental to effective management of most mammal species. In this study, these aspects were investigated for a population of feral horses in the Namib Naukluft Park of Namibia, which lies within a part of the Namib Desert. An attempt was made to evaluate the justification of the continued existence of this exotic species in a conservation area, as well as to provide baseline information and recommendations regarding management of these horses. The study investigated the botanical component and grazing capacity of the area inhabited by the horses, as well as the demography and quality of life of the horses. The study further examined the possible negative impact the horses may have on the natural biodiversity of the area. Finally, it looked at the historic, scientific, aesthetic and economic values of the horses. The collected data was then used as a technical basis for the development of a draft management plan during a stakeholder workshop. The study proposed
a range of grazing capacity values related to the total rainfall of the preceding twelve months, based on grass production in response to rainfall in different plant communities. The horses, as well as the native large herbivores, utilized the study area according to the patchy rainfall patterns typically found in the Namib Desert. The population size of the horses fluctuated between 89 and 149 over a ten year period. The social structure of the population was more significantly influenced by artificial interference than natural disasters which had implications on natality, mortality and genetic viability. Termite activity, measured as utilization of grass provided in bait boxes, did not correlate with horse density and seems, instead, to be influenced by soil properties. The results of ant and tenebrionid beetle species composition surveys and analyses did not indicate a significant negative impact from the horses on the study area. No indication could be found that the horses threaten the survival of any native species in the area or that they change the vegetation structure. It appears as if the biodiversity of the area is subjected to large natural stresses due to the continued and frequent desiccation in the desert
environment. The impact of the horses is therefore probably minor to that of the climatic
stochasticity. It also became apparent that the horses have developed significant historical, scientific and tourism value. The general public opinion is that the horses should be managed as a wild population with minimal artificial interference.Thesis (Ph.D. (Zoology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
48
Gouix, Nicolas. "Gestion forestière et biodiversité, les enjeux de conservation d'une espèce parapluie : Limoniscus violaceus (Coleoptera)." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00824627.
Full textAbstract:
Le taupin violacé - Limoniscus violaceus (Müller, 1821) - est une espèce de coléoptère vivant dans le terreau des cavités d'arbres. Menacé d'extinction en Europe, il est inscrit en Annexe II de la directive " Habitats " dont l'objectif est d'assurer la préservation des habitats et des espèces d'intérêt communautaire au sein du réseau Natura 2000. Les gestionnaires d'espaces naturels où il est présent doivent assurer l'état de conservation de ses populations. Cependant, les difficultés de détection de l'espèce ont limité le développement des connaissances sur sa biologie et son écologie essentielles à la mise en place d'une stratégie de conservation. Cette lacune a motivé la réalisation de ce travail de thèse. Il commence par la compilation des données relatives à sa répartition: 184 localités à travers 17 pays. Plusieurs discordances avec les données énoncées par le réseau Natura 2000 sont mises en évidence. Une méthode de suivi de l'espèce par piégeage à émergence est développée et testée dans 5 sites Natura 2000 français. Les résultats obtenus associés à la description des cavités d'arbres et de leur environnement permettent l'identification d'un modèle prédictif des cavités habitées par Limoniscus violaceus dépendant de deux facteurs simples d'utilisation : l'état d'avancement de la cavité et la circonférence de l'arbre à 30 cm du sol. L'étude de leur valeur seuil et de leurs intervalles de confiance conduit à l'élaboration d'une règle de décision pour l'évaluation des habitats favorables à l'espèce. Parallèlement, l'analyse de la composition des assemblages d'espèces échantillonées se base sur la détermination de 231 coléoptères saproxyliques. La préservation des cavités favorables pour Limoniscus violaceus apparait bénéfique pour la majorité d'entre eux, justifiant le potentiel d'espèce parapluie qui lui est attribué. Dans une perspective de prospection, une liste d'espèces indicatrices est identifiée. Elle permet de prioriser les sites au sein desquels une stratégie de suivi des cavités basses favorables pour la biodiversité et pour Limoniscus violaceus doit être envisagée. L'étude du comportement de dispersion à partir des résultats d'échantillonnage par émergence associé aux connaissances bibliographiques suggère une taille des populations locales d'environ 10 adultes dont 3 dispersent par cavité chaque année. Un regard sur la sex-ratio apporte des éléments complémentaires de réflexion sur le fonctionnement des populations. Enfin, un cas concret de stratégie de conservation pour l'espèce en forêt de Grésigne est présenté. Afin d'assurer le recrutement d'arbres à cavité pour pérenniser les populations de Limoniscus violaceus, des recommandations de gestion fondées sur l'aménagement forestier en cours et l'étude des origines des cavités sont émises.
49
Rambo, Henrike [Verfasser], and Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Möllmann. "From fish biodiversity indicators to spatial risk assessments : Towards the integration of Blue Growth and conservation objectives in the German Bight / Henrike Rambo ; Betreuer: Christian Möllmann." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1148650520/34.
Full text
50
Leong, Elaine. "Water Situation In China - Crisis Or Business As Usual?" Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-94186.
Full textAbstract:
Several studies indicates China is experiencing a water crisis, were several regions are suffering of severe water scarcity and rivers are heavily polluted. On the other hand, water is used inefficiently and wastefully: water use efficiency in the agriculture sector is only 40% and within industry, only 40% of the industrial wastewater is recycled. However, based on statistical data, China’s total water resources is ranked sixth in the world, based on its water resources and yet, Yellow River and Hai River dries up in its estuary every year. In some regions, the water situation is exacerbated by the fact that rivers’ water is heavily polluted with a large amount of untreated wastewater, discharged into the rivers and deteriorating the water quality. Several regions’ groundwater is overexploited due to human activities demand, which is not met by local. Some provinces have over withdrawn groundwater, which has caused ground subsidence and increased soil salinity. So what is the situation in China? Is there a water crisis, and if so, what are the causes?This report is a review of several global water scarcity assessment methods and summarizes the findings of the results of China’s water resources to get a better understanding about the water situation. All of the methods indicated that water scarcity is mainly concentrated to north China due to rapid growth, overexploitation from rivers and reduced precipitation. Whereas, South China is indicated as abundant in water resources, however, parts of the region are experiencing water scarcity due to massive dam constructions for water storage and power production. Too many dam constructions in a river disrupts flow of the river water and pollutants are then accumulated within floodgates.Many Chinese officials and scholars believe that with economic growth comes improved environmental quality when the economy has reached to a certain of per-capita level. However, with the present water situation it is not sustainable or possible for China to keep consuming and polluting its water resources. Improvement of environmental quality does not come automatically with increased income, and policies, laws and regulations are needed in order to stop further deterioration of the environment.China’s water situation is not any news and the key factor is human activities, but the question is how to solve it. China’s water crisis is much more complex than over exploitation of groundwater and surface water. There are three water issues in China: “too much water – floods, too little water – droughts, and too dirty water – water pollution” (Jun & Chen, 2001). Thus, solving China’s water crisis is a huge challenge to solve without negatively affecting the economic growth.