Journal articles: 'Biodiversity hypothesis'

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Chu, Ting, and Maosheng Yang. "Disease is essentially a biodiversity: A hypothesis." Medical Hypotheses 162 (May 2022): 110838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110838.

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Rex, Michael A., Craig R. McClain, Nicholas A. Johnson, Ron J. Etter, John A. Allen, Philippe Bouchet, and Anders Warén. "A Source‐Sink Hypothesis for Abyssal Biodiversity." American Naturalist 165, no. 2 (February 2005): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/427226.

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Kaesler, Susanne, Yuliya Skabytska, Thomas Volz, and Tilo Biedermann. "The biodiversity hypothesis and immunotolerance in allergy." Allergo Journal International 27, no. 5 (June 12, 2018): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40629-018-0072-0.

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Haahtela, T. "The microbiome and biodiversity hypothesis of health." Clinica Chimica Acta 493 (June 2019): S762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.1354.

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Rex, McClain, Johnson, Etter, Allen, Bouchet, and Warén. "A Source-Sink Hypothesis for Abyssal Biodiversity." American Naturalist 165, no. 2 (2005): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3473143.

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Shanafelt, David W., Ulf Dieckmann, Matthias Jonas, Oskar Franklin, Michel Loreau, and Charles Perrings. "Biodiversity, productivity, and the spatial insurance hypothesis revisited." Journal of Theoretical Biology 380 (September 2015): 426–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.06.017.

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Kaneko, Akira. "Hypothesis: malaria biodiversity and control on Island Melanesia." International Congress Series 1267 (April 2004): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2004.01.090.

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Mala, M., M. M. I. Mollah, and M. Baishnab. "Importance of intercropping for biodiversity conservation." Journal of Science Technology and Environment Informatics 10, no. 2 (2020): 709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18801/jstei.100220.71.

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Traditional there are two strategies to handle pest problems in crop production, either dependence on non-chemical agricultural practices (such as cultural, mechanical, biological practices etc.) or reliance on existing natural pest control mechanisms. Intercropping is a cultural non-chemical agricultural practice where two or more crops are grown on the same field in a year with different cropping patterns. In this multiple cropping system, biodiversity and pest suppression are increased. Biodiversity can restore the natural elements of agro ecosystem because almost all favorable elements of natural enemies are available in diversified agro ecosystem. Energy intensive modern technology in agriculture is one of the vital causes for loss of biodiversity. In intercropping system biological pest control method can be ensured with higher level of crop diversity instead of energy intensive agriculture. Intercropping provides different benefits on pest management with two available hypotheses or mechanism. One of the hypotheses is the ‘resource concentration hypothesis’ and another is the ‘natural enemies hypothesis’. Intercropping, directly and indirectly, influences to increase biodiversity which results in reduction of pest densities in crop fields. As a result, less expense for use of pesticide is required and finally higher yield also add some financial benefits. Intercropping system utilizes inherent ability of plant to protect pests. Therefore further knowledge about genotypic crop diversity, diversity of natural enemies, chemically-mediated mechanisms of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) will be effective for further improvement of intercropping system for greater benefits.

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Morris, Cindy E., Marc Bardin, Odile Berge, Pascale Frey-Klett, Nathalie Fromin, Hélène Girardin, Marie-Hélène Guinebretière, Philippe Lebaron, Jean M. Thiéry, and Marc Troussellier. "Microbial Biodiversity: Approaches to Experimental Design and Hypothesis Testing in Primary Scientific Literature from 1975 to 1999." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 66, no. 4 (December 2002): 592–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.66.4.592-616.2002.

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SUMMARY Research interest in microbial biodiversity over the past 25 years has increased markedly as microbiologists have become interested in the significance of biodiversity for ecological processes and as the industrial, medical, and agricultural applications of this diversity have evolved. One major challenge for studies of microbial habitats is how to account for the diversity of extremely large and heterogeneous populations with samples that represent only a very small fraction of these populations. This review presents an analysis of the way in which the field of microbial biodiversity has exploited sampling, experimental design, and the process of hypothesis testing to meet this challenge. This review is based on a systematic analysis of 753 publications randomly sampled from the primary scientific literature from 1975 to 1999 concerning the microbial biodiversity of eight habitats related to water, soil, plants, and food. These publications illustrate a dominant and growing interest in questions concerning the effect of specific environmental factors on microbial biodiversity, the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of this biodiversity, and quantitative measures of population structure for most of the habitats covered here. Nevertheless, our analysis reveals that descriptions of sampling strategies or other information concerning the representativeness of the sample are often missing from publications, that there is very limited use of statistical tests of hypotheses, and that only a very few publications report the results of multiple independent tests of hypotheses. Examples are cited of different approaches and constraints to experimental design and hypothesis testing in studies of microbial biodiversity. To prompt a more rigorous approach to unambiguous evaluation of the impact of microbial biodiversity on ecological processes, we present guidelines for reporting information about experimental design, sampling strategies, and analyses of results in publications concerning microbial biodiversity.

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Townsend, Colin R., Mike R. Scarsbrook, and Sylvain Dolédec. "The intermediate disturbance hypothesis, refugia, and biodiversity in streams." Limnology and Oceanography 42, no. 5 (July 1997): 938–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1997.42.5.0938.

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Davies, Andrew B., Paul Eggleton, Berndt J. van Rensburg, and Catherine L. Parr. "The pyrodiversity-biodiversity hypothesis: a test with savanna termite assemblages." Journal of Applied Ecology 49, no. 2 (February 24, 2012): 422–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02107.x.

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Sun, Hao, Jiaqi Hu, Jiaxiang Wang, Jingheng Zhou, Ling Lv, and Jingyan Nie. "RSPD: A Novel Remote Sensing Index of Plant Biodiversity Combining Spectral Variation Hypothesis and Productivity Hypothesis." Remote Sensing 13, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 3007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13153007.

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Plant diversity (PD) plays an important role in maintaining the healthy function of an ecosystem through affecting the productivity, stability, and nutrient utilization of a terrestrial ecosystem. Remote sensing is a vital way to monitor the status and changes of PD. Most of the existing methods rely on a field botany survey to construct a statistical relationship between PD and remote sensing observations. However, a field botany survey is too costly to be applied widely. In this study, we constructed a new remote sensing index of PD (RSPD), combining the spectral variation hypothesis and productivity hypothesis. Concretely, the RSPD integrated the multi-band spectral reflectance and several spectral greenness, moisture, and red-edge vegetation indices with the principles of Shannon information entropy and Euclidean distance. The RSPD was evaluated by comparing the classical coefficient of variation (CV) method and the Shannon and Simpson diversity indices based on vegetation classification results. Two cases were selected, where Case I was in Beijing and Case II was located in part of Huai’an, China. Sentinel-2 data in three years of 2016, 2018, and 2020 and higher-resolution Pléiades-1 data in 2018 were also utilized. The results demonstrate that: (1) the RSPD is basically consistent with the CV in spatiotemporal variation; (2) the RSPD outperforms the CV as compared with Shannon and Simpson diversity indices that are based on vegetation classification results with Sentinel-2 and Pléiades-1 data; (3) the RSPD outperforms the CV as compared with visual interpretations with Google Earth image. The suggested index can reflect the richness and evenness of plant species, which is inherent in its calculation formula. Moreover, it has a great potential for large-scale regional and long-term series monitoring.

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Wong, Yee Sang, and Nicholas John Osborne. "Biodiversity Effects on Human Mental Health via Microbiota Alterations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (September 20, 2022): 11882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911882.

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The biodiversity hypothesis postulates that the natural environment positively affects human physical and mental health. We evaluate the latest evidence and propose new tools to examine the halobiont environment. We chose to target our review at neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, autism, dementia, multiple sclerosis, etc. because a green prescription (exposure to green spaces) was shown to benefit patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. Specifically, our review consists of three mini reviews on the associations exploring: (1) ecological biodiversity and human microbiota; (2) human microbiota and neuropsychiatric disorders; (3) ecological biodiversity and neuropsychiatric disorders. We conclude that the environment could directly transfer microbes to humans and that human studies support the gut microbiota as part of the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Overall, the results from the three mini reviews consistently support the biodiversity hypothesis. These findings demonstrated the plausibility of biodiversity exerting mental health effects through biophysiological mechanisms instead of psychological mechanisms alone. The idea can be further tested with novel biodiversity measurements and research on the effects of a green prescription.

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Nadler, Steven. "Species delimitation and nematode biodiversity: phylogenies rule." Nematology 4, no. 5 (2002): 615–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685410260438908.

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AbstractPractitioners of nematode taxonomy have rarely been explicit about what species represent or how data are being used to delimit species prior to their description. This lack of explicitness reflects the broader species problem common to all biology: there is no universally accepted idea of what species are and, as a consequence, scientists disagree on how to go about finding species in nature. However, like other biologists, nematologists seem to agree that species are real and discrete units in nature, and that they result from descent with modification. This evolutionary perspective provides a conceptual framework for nematologists to view species as independent evolutionary lineages, and provides approaches for their delimitation. Specifically, species may be delimited scientifically by methods that can test the hypothesis of lineage independence. For sequence data, such hypothesis testing should be based on sampling many individual organisms for multiple loci to avoid mistaking tokogeny and gene trees as evidence of species. Evolutionary approaches to analysing data and delimiting species avoid the inherent pitfalls in approaches that use all observed sequence differences to define species through calculation of a genetic distance. To illustrate evolutionary species delimitation, molecular data are used to test the hypothesis that hookworms parasitic in northern fur seals and in California sea lions represent separate species. The advantages and potential caveats of employing nucleotide sequence data for species delimitation are discussed, and the merits of evolutionary approaches are contrasted to inherent problems in similarity-based methods.

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Muellner‐Riehl, Alexandra N., Jan Schnitzler, W. Daniel Kissling, Volker Mosbrugger, Kenneth F. Rijsdijk, Arie C. Seijmonsbergen, Hannes Versteegh, and Adrien Favre. "Origins of global mountain plant biodiversity: Testing the ‘mountain‐geobiodiversity hypothesis’." Journal of Biogeography 46, no. 12 (October 11, 2019): 2826–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13715.

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Wang, Shaopeng, and Ulrich Brose. "Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in food webs: the vertical diversity hypothesis." Ecology Letters 21, no. 1 (October 22, 2017): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.12865.

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Haahtela, Tari, Stephen Holgate, Ruby Pawankar, Cezmi A. Akdis, Suwat Benjaponpitak, Luis Caraballo, Jeffrey Demain, Jay Portnoy, and Leena von Hertzen. "The biodiversity hypothesis and allergic disease: world allergy organization position statement." World Allergy Organization Journal 6 (2013): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1939-4551-6-3.

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Yachi, S., and M. Loreau. "Biodiversity and ecosystem productivity in a fluctuating environment: The insurance hypothesis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96, no. 4 (February 16, 1999): 1463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.4.1463.

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Lundholm, Jeremy. "Ecology in the natural city: Testing and applying the Urban Cliff Hypothesis." Ekistics and The New Habitat 71, no. 424-426 (June 1, 2004): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200471424-426230.

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The author is an assistant professor of Biology and Environmental Studies at Saint Mary's University, in Halifax, Nova Scotia , Canada. His main research interests are in urban ecology, rock outrcrop ecosystems and the maintenance of plant biodiversity.

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Rosenzweig, Michael L. "Green roofs: new ecosystems to defend species diversity." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 62, no. 1-2 (April 12, 2016): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15659801.2015.1121600.

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Many contributions to the symposium seek to expand the role of green roofs in the conservation of biodiversity. Indeed, if green roofs can be harnessed for biodiversity, they will add area to that now available to nature. That would have the mass effect of increasing the sustainable number of species in simple conformity with the species--area relationship. Because all green roofs are novel ecosystems, all represent instances of reconciliation ecology, i.e., re-engineering human uses to permit simultaneous beneficial use by people and nature. Green roofs can provide a large number of experiments that might teach us how to improve their design. But those experiments, like any in science, must be overtly designed so that their hypotheses are clear and explicit, their methods repeatable, and their data appropriate for rigorous analysis. I present an embryonic example using native plant species growing at ground level in the urban environments of Tucson, AZ, USA. Steps include: (1) formulating a hypothesis; (2) developing a database of species' attributes to allow intelligent selection for hypothesis testing; (3) developing software to allow winnowing the list of species to sets with a good chance, according to the hypothesis, of growing together; (4) installing the sets of plants and measuring the results; (5) defining a continuous measure of conformity with the hypothesis; and (6) comparing results to hypothesis. If ecologists can successfully design reconciled ecosystems in urban settings – green roofs included – city people will be able to re-establish their everyday connection to nature.

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Pardini, Renata, Adriana de Arruda Bueno, Toby A. Gardner, Paulo Inácio Prado, and Jean Paul Metzger. "Beyond the Fragmentation Threshold Hypothesis: Regime Shifts in Biodiversity Across Fragmented Landscapes." PLoS ONE 5, no. 10 (October 27, 2010): e13666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013666.

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Zhao, Yueqin, and Dayanand N. Naik. "Hypothesis testing with Rao's quadratic entropy and its application to Dinosaur biodiversity." Journal of Applied Statistics 39, no. 8 (August 2012): 1667–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2012.663347.

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Yalindua, Fione Yukita. "SPESIASI DAN BIOGEOGRAFI IKAN DI KAWASAN SEGITIGA TERUMBU KARANG." OSEANA 46, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 30–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/oseana.2021.vol.46no.1.101.

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The coral triangle is a region with the highest hotspot of fish biodiversity in the world. Factors to explain biodiversity in the coral triangle are varied widely. Factors as well as biogeography and speciation in evolutionary processes would explain the richness of fish species. The species formation theory in fish (speciation) is divided into allopatric, sympatric, and parapatric speciations. Biogeographically, the reason of what causes high biodiversity in the coral triangle area is divided into several models, namely: the center of origin, the center of overlap, the center of accumulation, the center of survival/refugia, and the mid domain effect/null model. This article will discuss the role and contribution of each mode/hypothesis in explaining coral triangle areas' biodiversity hotspots to provide information for biodiversity conservation of reef fishes in the future.

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Lubbe, W. D., and Louis J. Kotzé. "Holistic Biodiversity Conservation in the Anthropocene: A Southern African Perspective." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 27, no. 1 (February 2019): 76–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2019.0260.

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In the Anthropocene the loss of biodiversity is set to become increasingly critical. Our law and governance institutions have been unable to halt this worrying trend. One of the reasons for this regulatory deficiency is that global law and governance pertaining to biodiversity are fragmented. In response to the need for a greater integration of law and governance directed at the protection of an integrated biosphere and as a measure to counter fragmentation, we argue that global biodiversity law and governance should be based on the connectivity conservation approach. While the debate about connectivity could occur in various geographical contexts, we focus for our present purposes on regional biodiversity governance in Southern Africa. It is our central hypothesis that adopting a holistic approach to biodiversity conservation in this region might go a long way towards preventing the human encroachment on biodiversity that typifies the Anthropocene.

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WEISNER, STEFAN E. B., and GERALDINE THIERE. "Effects of vegetation state on biodiversity and nitrogen retention in created wetlands: a test of the biodiversityâecosystem functioning hypothesis." Freshwater Biology 55, no. 2 (February 2010): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02288.x.

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Lucena-Moya, Paloma, Stéphanie Gascón, Daniel Boix, Isabel Pardo, Jordi Sala, and Xavier D. Quintana. "Crustacean assemblages of coastal wetlands from fragmented and scarcely isolated islands compared with the mainland." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 5 (2017): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15457.

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The present study compared crustacean assemblages from coastal wetlands between a fragment archipelago and a landmass. The study included four typical crustacean taxonomic groups (i.e. Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracoda and Malacostraca) from the Balearic Archipelago region as an example of a fragment island (‘Archipelago’) and the Catalonia region as the landmass (‘Mainland’; Spanish Mediterranean coast). We tested null hypotheses based on the expected similarity between Archipelago and Mainland in terms of crustacean assemblages and biodiversity. Similar relationships of those community attributes with environmental variables were also expected in both regions. The results partially met the null hypotheses. We found that crustacean taxonomic composition varied between Archipelago and Mainland, likely due to peculiar biological and biogeographical processes acting in the Archipelago. The relationship between crustacean assemblages and the environmental variables was mostly similar between Archipelago and Mainland, as expected. Both regions also showed similar patterns of species distribution (i.e. Archipelago and Mainland coastal wetlands were characterised by a few dominant species). This result could be masked by the ‘filter’ effect exercised by the harsh conditions of coastal wetlands. Moreover, the total diversity values (gamma biodiversity) in the Archipelago were similar to the values for the Mainland, supporting the hypothesis that fragment islands can be of substantial value for the conservation of global biodiversity.

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Nereu, Mauro, Ruben H. Heleno, Francisco Lopez-Núñez, Mário Agostinho, and Jaime A. Ramos. "Effects of native biodiversity on grape loss of four castes: testing the biotic resistance hypothesis." Web Ecology 18, no. 1 (February 20, 2018): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-18-15-2018.

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Abstract. Management of agricultural landscapes can influence the biodiversity and the ecological services provided by these ecosystems, such as natural biological pest control. Viticulture is a very important economic activity in most countries with Mediterranean climate, often shaping their landscapes and culture. Grape production is affected by a number of pests and diseases, and farmers use prophylactic and response-driven pesticides to control these pests. Here we quantified the main biotic causes of crop losses in four grape castes, two red (Touriga Nacional and Baga) and two white (Arinto and Chardonnay), and evaluated the potential effect of native biodiversity to provide biotic resistance to pest outbreaks and grape losses. Specifically, the diversity and abundance of bird and insect communities in these vineyards were quantified and divided into functional guilds (pest, neutral or auxiliary), to test whether these natural communities hold the potential to naturally control grape pests (biotic resistance hypothesis) under normal vineyard management (including pesticide application regimes). A potential association between distance to the vineyard edge and grape losses was also evaluated. We recorded a very small proportion of grape losses (mean = 0.6 %; max = 7.5 %), with insect pests showing a preference for the castes Baga (red) and Chardonnay (white), while bird pests avoided the caste Arinto (white). Grape color did not influence losses caused by insect pests, but birds showed a preference for red castes. The caste Baga was also more vulnerable to losses caused by fungi. Despite their low impact on grape production, most insects and birds detected in the six vineyards were pests, which entails a potentially low level of biotic resistance in this highly managed agricultural ecosystem. Further research is necessary to fully evaluate the role of functional biodiversity in vineyards, particularly if alternative production processes, such as organic farming, can increase the potential of native biodiversity to protect against grape losses from pests under lower regimes of chemical spraying.

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Angeler, David G. "Biodiversity in Music Scores." Challenges 11, no. 1 (May 14, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/challe11010007.

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Nature has inspired music since the dawn of humankind and has contributed to the creation and development of music as an art form. However, attempts to use the science of nature (i.e., quantitative ecology) to inform music as a broader art-science system is comparatively underdeveloped. In this paper an approach from biodiversity assessments is borrowed to quantify structural diversity in music scores. The approach is analogous in its nature and considers notations with distinct pitches and duration as equivalents of species in ecosystems, measures within a score as equivalents of ecosystems, and the sum of measures (i.e., the entire score) as a landscape in which ecosystems are embedded. Structural diversity can be calculated at the level of measures (“alpha diversity”) and the entire score (“gamma diversity”). An additional metric can be derived that quantifies the structural differentiation between measures in a score (“beta diversity”). The approach is demonstrated using music scores that vary in complexity. The method seems particularly suitable for hypothesis testing to objectively identify many of the intricate phenomena in music. For instance, questions related to the variability within and between musical genres or among individual composers can be addressed. Another potential application is an assessment of ontogenetic structural variability in the works of composers during their lifetime. Such information can then be contrasted with other cultural, psychological, and historical variables, among others. This study shows the opportunities that music and ecology offer for interdisciplinary research to broaden our knowledge of complex systems of people and nature.

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Liu, Feiyi, Jinlong Wang, Yulin Shu, and Guanghui Lv. "Effects of Functional Diversity on Soil Respiration in an Arid Desert Area." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 18, 2022): 4821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084821.

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To compare the relative importance of the biomass ratio hypothesis and the niche complementarity hypothesis in explaining changes in soil respiration (Rs), and to explore whether the relationship between biodiversity and Rs was affected by both biotic and abiotic factors, dynamic plant community monitoring was conducted in the Ebinur Lake Wetland Nature Reserve. By calculating the functional diversity (FD), community-weighted mean functional traits (CWM), and soil factors, the correlation between FD and Rs was compared using a linear regression model and a structural equation model. The results showed that (1) the CWM traits could better explain the changes of Rs than the FD, indicating that the biomass ratio hypothesis was more suitable for explaining changes in Rs in arid desert areas; and (2) the correlation between biodiversity and Rs was affected by the interaction between biological factors and environmental factors. Soil water content and species richness also affected Rs. Research on the relationship between biodiversity and Rs should examine both biotic and abiotic factors and clarify and explore various factors affecting Rs, which is of great significance to evaluate the community dynamics and variation characteristics of Rs. The study of various factors affecting Rs in this region is helpful to elucidate the process of the soil carbon cycle in arid desert areas.

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Wolverton, Steve. "BIODIVERSITY LETTER: The North American Pleistocene overkill hypothesis and the re-wilding debate." Diversity and Distributions 16, no. 5 (July 1, 2010): 874–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00686.x.

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Hector, Andy, Ellen Bazeley-White, Michel Loreau, Stuart Otway, and Bernhard Schmid. "Overyielding in grassland communities: testing the sampling effect hypothesis with replicated biodiversity experiments." Ecology Letters 5, no. 4 (July 2002): 502–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00337.x.

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Deng, Wei, Li-Lei Liu, Guo-Bin Yu, Na Li, Xiao-Yan Yang, and Wen Xiao. "Testing the Resource Hypothesis of Species–Area Relationships: Extinction Cannot Work Alone." Microorganisms 10, no. 10 (October 9, 2022): 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10101993.

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: The mechanisms that underpin the species–area relationship (SAR) are crucial for both the development of biogeographic theory and the application of biodiversity conservation. Since its origin, the resource hypothesis, which proposes that rich resources in vast ecosystems will lower extinction rates and shape the SAR, has not been tested. The impossibility to quantify resources and extinction rates using plants and animals as research subjects, as well as the inability to rule out the influences of the area per se, habitat diversity, dispersal, and the historical background of biodiversity, make testing this hypothesis problematic. To address these challenges and test this hypothesis, two sets of microbial microcosm experimental systems with positive and negative correlated resources and volumes were created in this work. The results of 157 high-throughput sequencing monitoring sessions at 11 time points over 30 consecutive days showed that neither of the experimental groups with positive or negative correlations between total resources and microcosm volume had a significant SAR, and there were no negative correlations between extinction rates and resources. Therefore, in our microcosmic system, resources do not influence extinction rates or shape the SAR. Dispersal should be the principal mode of action if the resource theory is correct.

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Abildtrup, Jens, Anne Stenger, Francis de Morogues, Philippe Polomé, Marieke Blondet, and Claude Michel. "Biodiversity Protection in Private Forests: PES Schemes, Institutions and Prosocial Behavior." Forests 12, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091241.

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The overall research question addresses the effectiveness of incentive mechanisms in poli -cies that enhance private forest owners’ biodiversity protection. In particular, the paper focuses on the link between forest owners’ motivations, incentives, and institutions, and questions the incentives of the current biodiversity protection policies. Our hypothesis is that the purely monetary nature of the incentives can cause a “crowding out effect”, i.e., forest owners may reduce their voluntary contribution to biodiversity protection that is driven by prosocial motivations (altruism, self-image, etc.). With this in mind, as well as the knowledge acquired via this project about forest owners’ motivations, we looked for the most effective combinations of “incentive mechanisms” (monetary and non-monetary) and “institutions” (national and local authorities, NGOs, etc.) to encourage forest owners to adopt biodiversity protection measures in their forests.

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Huang, Xiaoran, Anming Bao, Junfeng Zhang, Tao Yu, Guoxiong Zheng, Ye Yuan, Ting Wang, Vincent Nzabarinda, Philippe De Maeyer, and Tim Van de Voorde. "Precipitation Dominates the Distribution of Species Richness on the Kunlun–Pamir Plateau." Remote Sensing 14, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 6187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14246187.

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The Kunlun–Pamir Plateau is a globally irreplaceable biodiversity reserve, yet it is still unclear what causes the distribution of species richness. Here, we relied on the productivity and the water–energy dynamics hypotheses to investigate the distribution pattern of species richness (and its determinants) in the Kunlun–Pamir Plateau. The productivity hypothesis is mainly based on five MODIS products (NDVI, EVI, FPAR, LAI and GPP), which were calculated for three Dynamic Habitat Indices (DHIs): (1) cumulative productivity (CumDHI), (2) minimum productivity (MinDHI) and (3) intra-annual variation productivity (VarDHI). The CumDHI was applied to assess whether or not more energy has a higher species richness value. The MinDHI was used to determine and evaluate the higher minimums, leading to a higher species richness. The VarDHI was the annual variation value in productivity and was utilized to assess if the reduced intra-annual variability triggers a higher species richness. We found that the DHIs based on the FPAR correlated slightly higher with the mammal, bird, breeding bird and non-breeding bird richness (than those based on the other four DHIs, and the values were 0.24, 0.25, 0.24 and 0.01, respectively). The correlation between the climate variables and the mammals, birds, breeding birds and non-breeding birds was bigger at 0.24, 0.54, 0.54 and 0.02, respectively, and was mainly dominated by the precipitation-related climatic factors. The water–energy dynamic hypothesis is better suited to the Kunlun–Pamir Plateau than the productivity hypothesis. Our results might provide valuable information regarding the biodiversity conservation in this region.

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Xing, Yaowu, and Richard H. Ree. "Uplift-driven diversification in the Hengduan Mountains, a temperate biodiversity hotspot." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 17 (April 3, 2017): E3444—E3451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616063114.

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A common hypothesis for the rich biodiversity found in mountains is uplift-driven diversification—that orogeny creates conditions favoring rapid in situ speciation of resident lineages. We tested this hypothesis in the context of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and adjoining mountain ranges, using the phylogenetic and geographic histories of multiple groups of plants to infer the tempo (rate) and mode (colonization versus in situ diversification) of biotic assembly through time and across regions. We focused on the Hengduan Mountains region, which in comparison with the QTP and Himalayas was uplifted more recently (since the late Miocene) and is smaller in area and richer in species. Time-calibrated phylogenetic analyses show that about 8 million y ago the rate of in situ diversification increased in the Hengduan Mountains, significantly exceeding that in the geologically older QTP and Himalayas. By contrast, in the QTP and Himalayas during the same period the rate of in situ diversification remained relatively flat, with colonization dominating lineage accumulation. The Hengduan Mountains flora was thus assembled disproportionately by recent in situ diversification, temporally congruent with independent estimates of orogeny. This study shows quantitative evidence for uplift-driven diversification in this region, and more generally, tests the hypothesis by comparing the rate and mode of biotic assembly jointly across time and space. It thus complements the more prevalent method of examining endemic radiations individually and could be used as a template to augment such studies in other biodiversity hotspots.

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Leite, Yuri L. R., Leonora P. Costa, Ana Carolina Loss, Rita G. Rocha, Henrique Batalha-Filho, Alex C. Bastos, Valéria S. Quaresma, et al. "Neotropical forest expansion during the last glacial period challenges refuge hypothesis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 4 (January 11, 2016): 1008–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1513062113.

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The forest refuge hypothesis (FRH) has long been a paradigm for explaining the extreme biological diversity of tropical forests. According to this hypothesis, forest retraction and fragmentation during glacial periods would have promoted reproductive isolation and consequently speciation in forest patches (ecological refuges) surrounded by open habitats. The recent use of paleoclimatic models of species and habitat distributions revitalized the FRH, not by considering refuges as the main drivers of allopatric speciation, but instead by suggesting that high contemporary diversity is associated with historically stable forest areas. However, the role of the emerged continental shelf on the Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot of eastern South America during glacial periods has been ignored in the literature. Here, we combined results of species distribution models with coalescent simulations based on DNA sequences to explore the congruence between scenarios of forest dynamics through time and the genetic structure of mammal species cooccurring in the central region of the Atlantic Forest. Contrary to the FRH predictions, we found more fragmentation of suitable habitats during the last interglacial (LIG) and the present than in the last glacial maximum (LGM), probably due to topography. We also detected expansion of suitable climatic conditions onto the emerged continental shelf during the LGM, which would have allowed forests and forest-adapted species to expand. The interplay of sea level and land distribution must have been crucial in the biogeographic history of the Atlantic Forest, and forest refuges played only a minor role, if any, in this biodiversity hotspot during glacial periods.

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Aouissi, Hani Amir, Alexandru-Ionuţ Petrişor, Mostefa Ababsa, Maria Boştenaru-Dan, Mahmoud Tourki, and Zihad Bouslama. "Influence of Land Use on Avian Diversity in North African Urban Environments." Land 10, no. 4 (April 18, 2021): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10040434.

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Land cover and use changes are important to study for their impact on ecosystem services and ultimately on sustainability. In urban environments, a particularly important research question addresses the relationship between urbanization-related changes and biodiversity, subject to controversies in the literature. Birds are an important ecological group, and useful for answering this question. The present study builds upon the hypothesis according to which avian diversity decreases with urbanization. In order to answer it, a sample of 4245 observations from 650 sites in Annaba, Algeria, obtained through the point abundance index method, were investigated by computing Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index and the species richness, mapping them, and analyzing the results statistically. The findings confirm the study hypothesis and are relevant for planning, as they stress the role of urban green spaces as biodiversity hotspots, and plead for the need of connecting them. From a planning perspective, the results emphasize the need for interconnecting the green infrastructure through avian corridors. Moreover, the results fill in an important lack of data on the biodiversity of the region, and are relevant for other similar Mediterranean areas. Future studies could use the findings to compare with data from other countries and continents.

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Bliege Bird, R., D. W. Bird, B. F. Codding, C. H. Parker, and J. H. Jones. "The "fire stick farming" hypothesis: Australian Aboriginal foraging strategies, biodiversity, and anthropogenic fire mosaics." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 39 (September 22, 2008): 14796–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804757105.

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Ruiz–Agudelo, Cesar Augusto, German Sánchez Pérez, Jorge Enrique Sáenz, and Luz Aydée Higuera Cárdenas. "Biodiversity and growth in Colombia, 1995–2015: an approach from the environmental kuznets hypothesis." Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy 8, no. 1 (July 3, 2018): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2018.1491894.

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Tamburlin, Daniel, Michele Torresani, Enrico Tomelleri, Giustino Tonon, and Duccio Rocchini. "Testing the Height Variation Hypothesis with the R rasterdiv Package for Tree Species Diversity Estimation." Remote Sensing 13, no. 18 (September 8, 2021): 3569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13183569.

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Forest biodiversity is a key element to support ecosystem functions. Measuring biodiversity is a necessary step to identify critical issues and to choose interventions to be applied in order to protect it. Remote sensing provides consistent quality and standardized data, which can be used to estimate different aspects of biodiversity. The Height Variation Hypothesis (HVH) represents an indirect method for estimating species diversity in forest ecosystems from the LiDAR data, and it assumes that the higher the variation in tree height (height heterogeneity, HH), calculated through the ’Canopy Height Model’ (CHM) metric, the more complex the overall structure of the forest and the higher the tree species diversity. To date, the HVH has been tested exclusively with CHM data, assessing the HH only with a single heterogeneity index (the Rao’s Q index) without making use of any moving windows (MW) approach. In this study, the HVH has been tested in an alpine coniferous forest situated in the municipality of San Genesio/Jenesien (eastern Italian Alps) at 1100 m, characterized by the presence of 11 different tree species (mainly Pinus sylvestris, Larix decidua, Picea abies followed by Betula alba and Corylus avellana). The HH has been estimated through different heterogeneity measures described in the new R rasterdiv package using, besides the CHM, also other LiDAR metrics (as the percentile or the standard deviation of the height distribution) at various spatial resolutions and MWs (ALS LiDAR data with mean point cloud density of 2.9 point/m2). For each combination of parameters, and for all the considered plots, linear regressions between the Shannon’s H′ (used as tree species diversity index based on field data) and the HH have been derived. The results showed that the Rao’s Q index (singularly and through a multidimensional approach) performed generally better than the other heterogeneity indices in the assessment of the HH. The CHM and the LiDAR metrics related to the upper quantile point cloud distribution at fine resolution (2.5 m, 5 m) have shown the most important results for the assessment of the HH. The size of the used MW did not influence the general outcomes but instead, it increased when compared to the results found in the literature, where the HVH was tested without MW approach. The outcomes of this study underline that the HVH, calculated with certain heterogeneity indices and LiDAR data, can be considered a useful tool for assessing tree species diversity in considered forest ecosystems. The general results highlight the strength and importance of LiDAR data in assessing the height heterogeneity and the related biodiversity in forest ecosystems.

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Popp, Manuel R., and Jesse M. Kalwij. "Abiotic conditions shape the relationship between indigenous and exotic species richness in a montane biodiversity hotspot." Plant Ecology 222, no. 4 (February 20, 2021): 421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-021-01116-6.

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AbstractMontane ecosystems are more prone to invasions by exotic plant species than previously thought. Besides abiotic factors, such as climate and soil properties, plant-plant interactions within communities are likely to affect the performance of potential invaders in their exotic range. The biotic resistance hypothesis predicts that high indigenous species richness hampers plant invasions. The biotic acceptance hypothesis, on the other hand, predicts a positive relationship between indigenous and exotic species richness. We tested these two hypotheses using observational data along an elevational gradient in a southern African biodiversity hotspot. Species composition data of indigenous and exotic plants were recorded in 20 road verge plots along a gradient of 1775–2775 m a.s.l. in the Drakensberg, South Africa. Plots were 2 × 50 m in size and positioned at 50 m elevational intervals. We found a negative correlation between indigenous and exotic richness for locations with poorly developed mineral soils, suggesting biotic resistance through competitive interactions. A strong positive correlation for plots with very shallow soils at high elevations indicated a lack of biotic resistance and the possibility of facilitating interactions in harsher environments. These results suggest that biotic resistance is restricted to the lower and mid elevations while biotic acceptance prevails in presence of severe abiotic stress, potentially increasing the risk of plant invasions into montane biodiversity hotspots.

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De Baets, Kenneth, John Warren Huntley, Daniele Scarponi, Adiël A. Klompmaker, and Aleksandra Skawina. "Phanerozoic parasitism and marine metazoan diversity: dilution versus amplification." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1837 (September 20, 2021): 20200366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0366.

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Growing evidence suggests that biodiversity mediates parasite prevalence. We have compiled the first global database on occurrences and prevalence of marine parasitism throughout the Phanerozoic and assess the relationship with biodiversity to test if there is support for amplification or dilution of parasitism at the macroevolutionary scale. Median prevalence values by era are 5% for the Paleozoic, 4% for the Mesozoic, and a significant increase to 10% for the Cenozoic. We calculated period-level shareholder quorum sub-sampled (SQS) estimates of mean sampled diversity, three-timer (3T) origination rates, and 3T extinction rates for the most abundant host clades in the Paleobiology Database to compare to both occurrences of parasitism and the more informative parasite prevalence values. Generalized linear models (GLMs) of parasite occurrences and SQS diversity measures support both the amplification (all taxa pooled, crinoids and blastoids, and molluscs) and dilution hypotheses (arthropods, cnidarians, and bivalves). GLMs of prevalence and SQS diversity measures support the amplification hypothesis (all taxa pooled and molluscs). Though likely scale-dependent, parasitism has increased through the Phanerozoic and clear patterns primarily support the amplification of parasitism with biodiversity in the history of life. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe’.

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Civitello, David J., Jeremy Cohen, Hiba Fatima, Neal T. Halstead, Josue Liriano, Taegan A. McMahon, C. Nicole Ortega, et al. "Biodiversity inhibits parasites: Broad evidence for the dilution effect." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 28 (June 11, 2015): 8667–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1506279112.

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Infectious diseases of humans, wildlife, and domesticated species are increasing worldwide, driving the need to understand the mechanisms that shape outbreaks. Simultaneously, human activities are drastically reducing biodiversity. These concurrent patterns have prompted repeated suggestions that biodiversity and disease are linked. For example, the dilution effect hypothesis posits that these patterns are causally related; diverse host communities inhibit the spread of parasites via several mechanisms, such as by regulating populations of susceptible hosts or interfering with parasite transmission. However, the generality of the dilution effect hypothesis remains controversial, especially for zoonotic diseases of humans. Here we provide broad evidence that host diversity inhibits parasite abundance using a meta-analysis of 202 effect sizes on 61 parasite species. The magnitude of these effects was independent of host density, study design, and type and specialization of parasites, indicating that dilution was robust across all ecological contexts examined. However, the magnitude of dilution was more closely related to the frequency, rather than density, of focal host species. Importantly, observational studies overwhelmingly documented dilution effects, and there was also significant evidence for dilution effects of zoonotic parasites of humans. Thus, dilution effects occur commonly in nature, and they may modulate human disease risk. A second analysis identified similar effects of diversity in plant–herbivore systems. Thus, although there can be exceptions, our results indicate that biodiversity generally decreases parasitism and herbivory. Consequently, anthropogenic declines in biodiversity could increase human and wildlife diseases and decrease crop and forest production.

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Johnson, David R., Damian E. Helbling, Tae Kwon Lee, Joonhong Park, Kathrin Fenner, Hans-Peter E. Kohler, and Martin Ackermann. "Association of Biodiversity with the Rates of Micropollutant Biotransformations among Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plant Communities." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 2 (November 14, 2014): 666–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03286-14.

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ABSTRACTBiodiversities can differ substantially among different wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) communities. Whether differences in biodiversity translate into differences in the provision of particular ecosystem services, however, is under active debate. Theoretical considerations predict that WWTP communities with more biodiversity are more likely to contain strains that have positive effects on the rates of particular ecosystem functions, thus resulting in positive associations between those two variables. However, if WWTP communities were sufficiently biodiverse to nearly saturate the set of possible positive effects, then positive associations would not occur between biodiversity and the rates of particular ecosystem functions. To test these expectations, we measured the taxonomic biodiversity, functional biodiversity, and rates of 10 different micropollutant biotransformations for 10 full-scale WWTP communities. We have demonstrated that biodiversity is positively associated with the rates of specific, but not all, micropollutant biotransformations. Thus, one cannot assume whether or how biodiversity will associate with the rate of any particular micropollutant biotransformation. We have further demonstrated that the strongest positive association is between biodiversity and the collective rate of multiple micropollutant biotransformations. Thus, more biodiversity is likely required to maximize the collective rates of multiple micropollutant biotransformations than is required to maximize the rate of any individual micropollutant biotransformation. We finally provide evidence that the positive associations are stronger for rare micropollutant biotransformations than for common micropollutant biotransformations. Together, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that differences in biodiversity can indeed translate into differences in the provision of particular ecosystem services by full-scale WWTP communities.

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Zaffos, Andrew, Seth Finnegan, and Shanan E. Peters. "Plate tectonic regulation of global marine animal diversity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 22 (May 15, 2017): 5653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702297114.

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Valentine and Moores [Valentine JW, Moores EM (1970) Nature 228:657–659] hypothesized that plate tectonics regulates global biodiversity by changing the geographic arrangement of continental crust, but the data required to fully test the hypothesis were not available. Here, we use a global database of marine animal fossil occurrences and a paleogeographic reconstruction model to test the hypothesis that temporal patterns of continental fragmentation have impacted global Phanerozoic biodiversity. We find a positive correlation between global marine invertebrate genus richness and an independently derived quantitative index describing the fragmentation of continental crust during supercontinental coalescence–breakup cycles. The observed positive correlation between global biodiversity and continental fragmentation is not readily attributable to commonly cited vagaries of the fossil record, including changing quantities of marine rock or time-variable sampling effort. Because many different environmental and biotic factors may covary with changes in the geographic arrangement of continental crust, it is difficult to identify a specific causal mechanism. However, cross-correlation indicates that the state of continental fragmentation at a given time is positively correlated with the state of global biodiversity for tens of millions of years afterward. There is also evidence to suggest that continental fragmentation promotes increasing marine richness, but that coalescence alone has only a small negative or stabilizing effect. Together, these results suggest that continental fragmentation, particularly during the Mesozoic breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea, has exerted a first-order control on the long-term trajectory of Phanerozoic marine animal diversity.

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France, Robert. "Trends in biodiversity research over two decades: paradigmatic finders keepers?" Biodiversity: Research and Conservation 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10119-011-0001-2.

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Trends in biodiversity research over two decades: paradigmatic finders keepers? Biodiversity research has been criticized for displaying the "founder effect" and not deviating in terms of study topic from the course set by its founding terrestrial ecologists more than three decades ago. I tested this hypothesis by examining over four thousand papers published between 1987 and 2008 in three international journals, Conservation Biology, Biological Conservation, and Biodiversity and Conservation. Analysis of temporal trends in types of organisms studied, types of ecosystems studied, types of methodologies used, and types of stresses investigated, revealed that there has been little movement away from the origins of the profession as being primarily concerned with the effects of forest habitat loss on charismatic terrestrial megafauna.

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Guo, Chaodan, Caiyun Zhao, Feifei Li, and Jianfeng Huang. "Phylogenetic Relationships and Disturbance Explain the Resistance of Different Habitats to Plant Invasions." Life 12, no. 11 (November 4, 2022): 1785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12111785.

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Invasive alien plants have invaded various habitats, posing a threat to biodiversity. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the mechanisms of invasion, but few studies have considered the characteristics of the invaded communities and the effects of human interference in the invasion. In this study, we compared the invasibility of three different habitats: abandoned land, eucalyptus plantations, and natural secondary forests. We explored the effects of species diversity, phylogenetic diversity, and disturbance factors on the invasibility of different habitats. The results showed that the invasibility of abandoned land was the highest and the invasibility of the natural secondary forest was the lowest. Phylogenetic indicators affected the invasibility of abandoned land and eucalyptus plantations, and disturbance factors affected the invasibility of all three habitats, while the characteristics of the invaded communities had a weak impact. Our research provided supporting evidence for Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis and his disturbance hypothesis but found no relationship between biotic resistance and invasibility. This study indicated that the differences among habitats should be considered when we prove Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis in nature reserves.

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Ruzzier, Enrico, Leonardo Forbicioni, Rodolfo Gentili, Nicola Tormen, Olivia Dondina, Valerio Orioli, and Luciano Bani. "From Island Biogeography to Conservation: A Multi-Taxon and Multi-Taxonomic Rank Approach in the Tuscan Archipelago." Land 10, no. 5 (May 4, 2021): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10050486.

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Investigating the drivers that support species richness (S) in insular contexts can give insights for the conservation of insular biodiversity. Our aim was to decouple the effect of drivers (island area, distance from mainland and habitat diversity) accounted in three hypotheses or a combination of them in explaining S in seven islands of the Tuscan Archipelago: Area (species–area relationship, SAR), area and distance from mainland (equilibrium hypothesis, EQH) and habitat (habitat diversity hypothesis, HDH). We used published and original datasets to assess S (except aliens) for 42 taxa (14 animal and 28 plant taxa) in each island, and we used S as the dependent variable and the drivers as covariates in regression models. In 31 taxa, the data supported one of the tested hypotheses or a combination of them, and the most commonly supported hypotheses were SAR (12 taxa) and EQH (10 taxa). The effect of the area was also evident in SAR + HDH (five taxa) and EQH + HDH (one taxon), making it the prevailing driver in explaining S. Since distances are relatively short, and three out of four islands are land-bridge islands, the effect of distance was significant for 12 taxa. The effects of habitat diversity were evident for just nine taxa. The multi-taxon approach allowed us to understand the differential effect of drivers among taxa in influencing S in a single archipelago. Moreover, the multi-taxonomic rank approach highlighted how the information contained within higher taxonomic ranks (e.g., Division) can be substantially different from that derived from lower ranks (e.g., Family). These insights are of particular importance from a conservation perspective of the archipelago’s biodiversity, and this approach can be transferred to mainland fragmented systems.

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Davis, Hayley, Euan G. Ritchie, Sarah Avitabile, Tim Doherty, and Dale G. Nimmo. "Testing the assumptions of the pyrodiversity begets biodiversity hypothesis for termites in semi-arid Australia." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 4 (April 2018): 172055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172055.

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Fire shapes the composition and functioning of ecosystems globally. In many regions, fire is actively managed to create diverse patch mosaics of fire-ages under the assumption that a diversity of post-fire-age classes will provide a greater variety of habitats, thereby enabling species with differing habitat requirements to coexist, and enhancing species diversity (the pyrodiversity begets biodiversity hypothesis). However, studies provide mixed support for this hypothesis. Here, using termite communities in a semi-arid region of southeast Australia, we test four key assumptions of the pyrodiversity begets biodiversity hypothesis (i) that fire shapes vegetation structure over sufficient time frames to influence species' occurrence, (ii) that animal species are linked to resources that are themselves shaped by fire and that peak at different times since fire, (iii) that species’ probability of occurrence or abundance peaks at varying times since fire and (iv) that providing a diversity of fire-ages increases species diversity at the landscape scale. Termite species and habitat elements were sampled in 100 sites across a range of fire-ages, nested within 20 landscapes chosen to represent a gradient of low to high pyrodiversity. We used regression modelling to explore relationships between termites, habitat and fire. Fire affected two habitat elements (coarse woody debris and the cover of woody vegetation) that were associated with the probability of occurrence of three termite species and overall species richness, thus supporting the first two assumptions of the pyrodiversity hypothesis. However, this did not result in those species or species richness being affected by fire history per se. Consequently, landscapes with a low diversity of fire histories had similar numbers of termite species as landscapes with high pyrodiversity. Our work suggests that encouraging a diversity of fire-ages for enhancing termite species richness in this study region is not necessary.

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Tuomisto, Hanna, Kalle Ruokolainen, and Jukka Salo. "LAGO AMAZONAS: FACT OR FANCY?" Acta Amazonica 22, no. 3 (September 1992): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43921992223361.

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It has been suggested that a huge lake, Lago Amazonas, covered a large part of the Amazon basin until as recently as two thousand years ago. According to this hypothesis, the topmost sediments in western Amazonia are almost universally young deposite of lacustrine and deltaic origin. The hypothesis has gained some attention among biologists because of its implications for biological phenomena in Amazonia, especially biogeography and biodiversity. According to the available geological data, however, Amazonia is geologically far more complex than assumed by the lake hypothesis. In the following discussion we will point out the weaknesses of the Lago Amazonas hypothesis, and indicate alternative explanations of the surface geology that are based on tectonically controlled fluvial deposition.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Biodiversity hypothesis'

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