Relevant bibliographies by topics / Biodiversity hypothesis

Academic literature on the topic 'Biodiversity hypothesis'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Biodiversity hypothesis"

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Chu, Ting, and Maosheng Yang. "Disease is essentially a biodiversity: A hypothesis." Medical Hypotheses 162 (May 2022): 110838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110838.

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Rex, Michael A., Craig R. McClain, Nicholas A. Johnson, Ron J. Etter, John A. Allen, Philippe Bouchet, and Anders Warén. "A Source‐Sink Hypothesis for Abyssal Biodiversity." American Naturalist 165, no. 2 (February 2005): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/427226.

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Kaesler, Susanne, Yuliya Skabytska, Thomas Volz, and Tilo Biedermann. "The biodiversity hypothesis and immunotolerance in allergy." Allergo Journal International 27, no. 5 (June 12, 2018): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40629-018-0072-0.

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Haahtela, T. "The microbiome and biodiversity hypothesis of health." Clinica Chimica Acta 493 (June 2019): S762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.1354.

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Rex, McClain, Johnson, Etter, Allen, Bouchet, and Warén. "A Source-Sink Hypothesis for Abyssal Biodiversity." American Naturalist 165, no. 2 (2005): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3473143.

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Shanafelt, David W., Ulf Dieckmann, Matthias Jonas, Oskar Franklin, Michel Loreau, and Charles Perrings. "Biodiversity, productivity, and the spatial insurance hypothesis revisited." Journal of Theoretical Biology 380 (September 2015): 426–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.06.017.

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Kaneko, Akira. "Hypothesis: malaria biodiversity and control on Island Melanesia." International Congress Series 1267 (April 2004): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2004.01.090.

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Mala, M., M. M. I. Mollah, and M. Baishnab. "Importance of intercropping for biodiversity conservation." Journal of Science Technology and Environment Informatics 10, no. 2 (2020): 709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18801/jstei.100220.71.

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Traditional there are two strategies to handle pest problems in crop production, either dependence on non-chemical agricultural practices (such as cultural, mechanical, biological practices etc.) or reliance on existing natural pest control mechanisms. Intercropping is a cultural non-chemical agricultural practice where two or more crops are grown on the same field in a year with different cropping patterns. In this multiple cropping system, biodiversity and pest suppression are increased. Biodiversity can restore the natural elements of agro ecosystem because almost all favorable elements of natural enemies are available in diversified agro ecosystem. Energy intensive modern technology in agriculture is one of the vital causes for loss of biodiversity. In intercropping system biological pest control method can be ensured with higher level of crop diversity instead of energy intensive agriculture. Intercropping provides different benefits on pest management with two available hypotheses or mechanism. One of the hypotheses is the ‘resource concentration hypothesis’ and another is the ‘natural enemies hypothesis’. Intercropping, directly and indirectly, influences to increase biodiversity which results in reduction of pest densities in crop fields. As a result, less expense for use of pesticide is required and finally higher yield also add some financial benefits. Intercropping system utilizes inherent ability of plant to protect pests. Therefore further knowledge about genotypic crop diversity, diversity of natural enemies, chemically-mediated mechanisms of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) will be effective for further improvement of intercropping system for greater benefits.
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Morris, Cindy E., Marc Bardin, Odile Berge, Pascale Frey-Klett, Nathalie Fromin, Hélène Girardin, Marie-Hélène Guinebretière, Philippe Lebaron, Jean M. Thiéry, and Marc Troussellier. "Microbial Biodiversity: Approaches to Experimental Design and Hypothesis Testing in Primary Scientific Literature from 1975 to 1999." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 66, no. 4 (December 2002): 592–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.66.4.592-616.2002.

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SUMMARY Research interest in microbial biodiversity over the past 25 years has increased markedly as microbiologists have become interested in the significance of biodiversity for ecological processes and as the industrial, medical, and agricultural applications of this diversity have evolved. One major challenge for studies of microbial habitats is how to account for the diversity of extremely large and heterogeneous populations with samples that represent only a very small fraction of these populations. This review presents an analysis of the way in which the field of microbial biodiversity has exploited sampling, experimental design, and the process of hypothesis testing to meet this challenge. This review is based on a systematic analysis of 753 publications randomly sampled from the primary scientific literature from 1975 to 1999 concerning the microbial biodiversity of eight habitats related to water, soil, plants, and food. These publications illustrate a dominant and growing interest in questions concerning the effect of specific environmental factors on microbial biodiversity, the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of this biodiversity, and quantitative measures of population structure for most of the habitats covered here. Nevertheless, our analysis reveals that descriptions of sampling strategies or other information concerning the representativeness of the sample are often missing from publications, that there is very limited use of statistical tests of hypotheses, and that only a very few publications report the results of multiple independent tests of hypotheses. Examples are cited of different approaches and constraints to experimental design and hypothesis testing in studies of microbial biodiversity. To prompt a more rigorous approach to unambiguous evaluation of the impact of microbial biodiversity on ecological processes, we present guidelines for reporting information about experimental design, sampling strategies, and analyses of results in publications concerning microbial biodiversity.
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Townsend, Colin R., Mike R. Scarsbrook, and Sylvain Dolédec. "The intermediate disturbance hypothesis, refugia, and biodiversity in streams." Limnology and Oceanography 42, no. 5 (July 1997): 938–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1997.42.5.0938.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biodiversity hypothesis"

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Hempson, Gareth. "An alternative hypothesis for explaining anomalies in the fine scale distribution patterns of Colophospermum mopane : Are shrub and tree forms genetically distinct ?" Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26022.

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Abiotic and top down control hypotheses do not adequately explain the fine scale distribution patterns of shrub and tree Colophospermum mopane (Caesalpinioideae). Genetic distinctiveness between growth forms is investigated as an alternative hypothesis. Tree and shrub C. mopane from the riparian and inland savanna zones were sampled at four sites in the northern Kruger National Park. Molecular DNA sequences were obtained for four plastid and one nuclear region, and the inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) technique used to fingerprint individuals. Very low levels of sequence divergence were observed. The ISSR technique revealed no genetic structure between plants when grouped by growth form or by habitat in an analysis of molecular variance (AMOV A). Soil profile and xylem pressure potential data also did not explain the distribution of growth forms. A principle component analysis and a discriminant analysis of five leaf and branching characters identified a significant difference in the shape of shrub and tree C. mopane leaves. It is concluded that the C. mopane growth forms are not genetically distinct and that their fine scale distributions may be due to top down controls such as large mammals and fire.
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Axline-Minotti, Brooke A. "The Role of Threespot Damselfish (Stegastes planifrons) as a Keystone Species in a Bahamian Patch Reef." Ohio : Ohio University, 2003. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1069441971.

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Greenep, H. K. "Urban ecology in Christchurch: a reconciliation approach to enhancing native biodiversity on urban greyfields." Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1924.

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Traditionally New Zealand ecological research has focused on nature outside of cities, however, as with global trends, there is now more interest being given to the ecological functioning of cities and the potential they may hold for protecting native biodiversity. Traditionally, efforts to maintain biodiversity in urban areas have been restricted to remnants of native vegetation and restoration activities. Little attention has been given to how native biodiversity could be woven into the urban fabric in an ecologically meaningful way. One option, that is receiving much attention overseas, is to recruit underutilised urban spaces such as wasteland. A subset of urban wasteland, abandoned industrial areas usually awaiting development and other areas such as the railway buffer, are referred to here as greyfield. These are ephemeral sites that may sit between uses for as little as a few months to many years. Overseas, particularly in European countries, these have been recognised as important habitat for both native and introduced plant species. In New Zealand cities these support primarily introduced plants and their contribution to native biodiversity has been unknown. This thesis took an interdisciplinary approach to the question of whether urban greyfields might have potential value as biodiversity protection and conservation opportunity. Ecological methods were combined with an assessment of the planning framework to answer this question. iii Greyfields in Christchurch, New Zealand were surveyed to determine their current contribution to native biodiversity and whether they may act as urban analogues of natural habitats. Overseas research has shown that urban features such as pavements, walls and rooftops offer habitats analogous to cliffs and rocky habitats. Cities are therefore increasing the habitat exploitable by species whose natural habitats are geographically restricted. The Christchurch greyfields were assessed for their potential to act as analogues of four habitat types that have been categorised as historically rare in New Zealand: braided riverbeds, shingle beaches, rock outcrops and limestone outcrops. The findings suggest that urban greyfields, if managed appropriately, have the potential to support a wider range of native species Planning documents and biodiversity strategies written for Christchurch were assessed to see how well they facilitated non-traditional biodiversity enhancement initiatives, specifically the greyfield network for native biodiversity. A major finding here was a lack of information on how to enhance biodiversity where little of the natural features of the landscape were left and that this was creating a barrier to adopting more integrative approaches to enhancing native biodiversity. Finally, a plan to create a greyfield network for native biodiversity is proposed and suggestions are made as to minor changes to the planning framework that would more easily facilitate the uptake of novel biodiversity enhancement initiatives in the City.
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Lucas, Joan Manel Alfaro. "Faunal composition and community structure of the world\'s deepest whale-fall community: shedding light on the ecological role of Osedax (Polychaeta: Siboglinidae) and whale-fall biogeography." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21134/tde-20032016-201739/.

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This study aims to describe the faunal composition and community structure of the world\'s deepest whale fall and the first found in the South Atlantic Ocean. This discovery adds very important data on the poorly known whale-fall biogeography and provides new insights on the ecological role of the \"bone-eating\" worm Osedax (Polychaeta: Siboglinidae) on associated biota. The whale fall was serendipitously found in April 24th, 2013 at the base of São Paulo Ridge at 4204 m depth in the SW Atlantic Ocean using the HOV Shinkai 6500 during the Brazil-Japan joint Iatá-Piúna Oceanographic Expedition on board RV Yokosuka (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, JAMSTEC). Detailed video surveys of the carcass were made using high-definition video cameras. Vertebrae, surrounding sediments and fauna were also collected using the submersible manipulators and a slurp gun. The partial skeleton belonged to an Antarctic Minke whale, Balaenoptera bonaerensis, and was composed of nine caudal vertebrae, whose degradation state suggests it was on the bottom for at least 5 years. Most of the 41 invertebrate species found are new to science, with ca. 12% of the genera shared with NE Pacific whale falls, vent and seep ecosystems. This similarity strongly supports the hypothesis that whale falls act as \"stepping-stones\" for the dispersion of chemosynthetic fauna and that some whale-fall specialists are widespread worldwide at genus level. Detailed investigation of inner bone assemblages indicates that Osedax degradation deeply affects their diversity and structure. Bones colonized by Osedax support distinct, significantly more diverse and abundant assemblages. This renders Osedax the status of ecosystem engineer, creating new microhabitats and enhancing biodiversity in deep-sea whale-fall communities.
O presente estudo descreve a composição faunística e a estrutura da comunidade de carcaça de baleia mais profunda do mundo e a primeira a ser encontrada no Oceano Atlântico Sul. A descoberta adiciona dados importantes à quase desconhecida biogeografia destas comunidades, assim como aumenta o conhecimento sobre o papel ecológico dos vermes-zumbis do gênero Osedax (Polychaeta: Siboglinidae), especialistas no consumo e degradação de ossos. A carcaça foi fortuitamente descoberta em 24 de Abril de 2013, na base da Dorsal de São Paulo a 4204 m de profundidade (Atlântico Sudoeste), utilizando-se o submersível de pesquisa tripulado Shinkai 6500 (Agência Japonesa para o Estudo das Ciências do Mar e da Terra e Tecnologia, JAMSTEC na sigla em inglês). Os mergulhos fizeram parte da Expedição Oceanográfica Iatá-Piúna, fruto de um acordo bilateral de cooperação científica em Ciências do Mar entre Brasil e Japão. Durante dois mergulhos foram feitos vídeos detalhados da carcaça através de uma câmera de alta definição. Também foram coletadas vértebras, sedimentos e fauna por meio dos braços manipuladores e de um sugador. O esqueleto parcial pertencia a uma baleia Minke Antártica, Balaenoptera bonaerensis, e era composto por nove vértebras, cujo estado de degradação sugere que a baleia estava no assoalho marinho por pelo menos 5 anos. A maioria das 41 espécies de invertebrados encontradas são novas para a ciência e cerca de 12% dos gêneros são compartilhados com ambientes redutores do Pacífico Nordeste, como carcaças, fontes hidrotermais e exsudações frias. Tal semelhança corrobora fortemente a hipótese de que carcaças de baleia atuam como \"pedras de dispersão\" para a fauna de ambientes quimiossintetizantes e que alguns organismos especialistas de carcaças de baleia possuem distribuição mundial em nível genérico. A investigação detalhada da endofauna dos ossos indicou que a degradação promovida por Osedax afeta profundamente sua diversidade e estrutura. Ossos colonizados por Osedax sustentam assembleias de organismos significativamente mais diversas e abundantes. Isso faz com que Osedax seja considerado um engenheiro ecossistêmico, pois cria novos microhábitats promovendo o aumento da biodiversidade em comunidades de carcaças de baleia no mar profundo.
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Jacobsen, Nikita Danielle. "Biodiversity crisis and recovery during the Triassic-Jurassic greenhouse interval : testing ocean acidification hypotheses." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/9329.

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The Late Rhaetian (Late Triassic) extinction event is characterised by shelled species showing a reduction in size, and thickness, which together with changed mineralogy is thought to be as a result of increased atmospheric pCO2 levels. Similar morphological changes have been demonstrated for extant species exposed experimentally to high CO2 leading to the hypothesis that Late Triassic extinctions were linked with global ocean acidification and increased oceanic palaeotemperatures. Consequently, the aim of this present work was to test this ocean acidification hypothesis by investigating morphological changes in selected shelled fossil species across this extinction event, and attempt to correlate them with changes in environmental temperature and pCO2. The abundance, size, shell thickness and mineralogy was determined for three common species, the bivalves Liostrea hisingeri and Plagiostoma gigantea and the ostracod Ogmoconchella aspinata collected from Triassic and Jurassic rocks from two locations in southwest England. Palaeotemperature was reconstructed from examination of these fossils and from the literature and atmospheric pCO2 estimated from published accounts. The shell size of bivalves increased during periods of high pCO2 and high palaeotemperature at both locations. Ostracod carapace sizes increased at St Audrie’s Bay but decreased at Lyme Regis during periods of high pCO2, while ostracod carapace size decreased during periods of high palaeotemperature at St Audrie’s Bay. However, ostracod shell thickness increased and decreased as pCO2 increased but shows no relationship with palaeotemperature at either location. Laboratory experiments on the effect of elevated pCO2 and elevated temperature on three modern species of ostracod was carried out. Modern species Leptocythere sp. and L. castanea subjected to either elevated pCO2 or elevated temperature showed increased dissolution, however size and thickness did not significantly change. In the same experimental conditions L. lacertosa showed increased dissolution however size continued to increase, while thickness was maintained. Comparison of fossil bivalve and ostracod data to modern high pCO2 and high temperature experiments illustrates some correlations to the modern experiments results indicating high pCO2 and high palaeotemperature conditions could have been occurring during the Triassic-Jurassic boundary interval. From the evidence presented, combined with an appropriate trigger (CAMP volcanism), it can be concluded that both ocean acidification and palaeotemperature were contributing to the species adaptations identified across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary interval.
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Jewell, Mark. "Diversité des arbres, interactions aériennes et souterraines et décomposition des feuilles mortes." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/75.

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Résumé : La décomposition des litières végétales a été décrite comme étant la deuxième plus importante fonction écosystémique sur terre, après la productivité primaire. Alors que la photosynthèse fournit les apports énergétiques à la plupart des chaînes alimentaires, la décomposition recycle les nutriments, permet leur utilisation future par d’autres organismes et relargue dans l’atmosphère le carbone fixé photosynthétiquement. Dans un contexte de changement climatique, un grand intérêt est porté sur la décomposition des litières, car il s’agit, à l’échelle globale, de la plus grande source d’émission de CO[indice inférieur 2] dans l’atmosphère. Les taux de décomposition des litières sont principalement déterminés par trois facteurs: les variables climatiques, la structure des communautés de décomposeurs et les propriétés chimiques et physiques de la litière. La structure de la communauté végétale hôte dans laquelle se produit la décomposition et d’où provient la litière peut influencer l’ensemble de ces trois facteurs. Des changements dans la structure de la communauté végétale pourraient donc affecter les futurs taux de décomposition et modifier significativement les dynamiques globales du carbone. Malgré cela, la communauté hôte est rarement prise en compte dans les études sur la décomposition des litières. Des expériences enlèvent souvent la litière de son environnment naturel de décomposition, mesurant la décomposition des litières à partir de monolithes ou de microcosmes en laboratoire, afin de contrôler les variations indésirables des propriétés du sol. Dans ce mémoire, j’étudie les effets de plusieurs propriétés fonctionnelles de la communauté végétale hôte sur les taux de décomposition des litières et leur contribution à la respiration du sol. En utilisant une plantation expérimentale d’arbres qui permet de manipuler la structure de leur communauté, je teste l’effet de l’identité fonctionnelle des arbres, des espèces et de la diversité fonctionnelle, ainsi que des interactions entre décomposeurs et arbres sur ces processus écosystémiques. La décomposition des litières et la respiration du sol sont liées aux propriétés fonctionnelles des plantes. La décomposition des litières est bien prédite par les valeurs moyennes de traits fonctionnels des litières, mais plus faiblement corrélée à la diversité spécifique. D’après mes résultats, le nombre d’espèces en mélange de litières ne constitue pas un facteur important pour la décomposition, à cause des interactions globalement idiosyncratiques entre types de litières. Cependant, l’augmentation conjointe de la diversité fonctionnelle des mélanges d’espèces en litières et de la communauté d’arbres-hôtes accélère les taux de décomposition et la respiration du sol. Les premières phases de décomposition de litières en surface ne sont que faiblement affectées par la diversité des plantes, alors que pour la respiration du sol, qui prend en compte les dernières phases de décomposition de litière et de matière organique du sol, la diversité est la propriété fonctionnelle de plantes qui fournit le meilleur pouvoir de prédiction. De plus, j’ai trouvé que les apports spécifiques de litières à long terme pouvaient créer des conditions qui favorisent la décomposition des litières native et pouvaient modifier l’effet de la diversité des arbres sur la décomposition. J’attribue cet effet aux rétroactions entre la litière et les organismes décomposeurs du sol. Ce travail de recherche fournit une nouvelle perspective sur les effets des changements de structure de communauté forestière sur les processus de décomposition. La compréhension de ces effets est nécessaire pour prédire les taux de décomposition de litières et les dynamiques globales du carbone. // Abstract : The decomposition of plant litter has been described as the second most important ecosystem function for sustaining life on earth, after primary productivity. Whereas photosynthesis provides the energy input for most food chains, decomposition recycles nutrients for future use by other organisms and returns photosynthetically fixed carbon back to the atmosphere. In the context of climate change, litter decomposition is of specific interest because it represents one of the largest sources of CO[subscript 2] to the atmosphere globally. Rates of litter decomposition are largely determined by three factors: climatic variables, the structure of the decomposer community, and the chemical and physical properties of the litter. The structure of the host plant community under which decomposition takes place and from which the litter is derived can influence all three of these factors. Therefore, any systematic changes in plant community structure could affect future decomposition rates and significantly alter global carbon dynamics. Despite this, the host plant community is rarely considered in litter decomposition studies. Experiments often remove litter from its natural decomposition environment, instead measuring decomposition of litter in common garden settings and laboratory microcosms to control for unwanted variation in soil properties. In this thesis I investigate the effect of several functional properties of the host plant community on rates of litter decomposition and its contribution to soil respiration. Using an experimental tree plantation that manipulates tree community structure, I test the effect of tree functional identity, species and functional diversity, and tree-decomposer interactions on these ecosystem processes. Both litter decomposition and soil respiration were related to plant functional properties. Litter decomposition was best predicted by average-values of litter functional traits and was poorly related to species diversity. The number of species in a litter mixture does not seem to be important for decomposition, as interactions between litter types were idiosyncratic. However increasing the functional diversity both of mixed-species litter and of the host tree community accelerated rates of litter decomposition and soil respiration. Early stages of surface litter decomposition were only marginally affected by plant diversity. In contrast, diversity was the best predictor of soil respiration, which includes latter stages of litter and soil organic matter decomposition. Furthermore, I found that specific repeated litter input to the soil can result in conditions that favour the decomposition of the long-term litter type and can mediate the effect of tree diversity on decomposition. I attribute this effect to feedbacks between the litter and soil decomposer organisms. This research provides insight into the effect of changing forest community structure on decomposition processes. Such an understanding is necessary to predict future rates of litter decomposition and global carbon dynamics.
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Jewell, Mark. "Diversit?? des arbres, interactions a??riennes et souterraines et d??composition des feuilles mortes." Mémoire, Universit?? de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/75.

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R??sum?? : La d??composition des liti??res v??g??tales a ??t?? d??crite comme ??tant la deuxi??me plus importante fonction ??cosyst??mique sur terre, apr??s la productivit?? primaire. Alors que la photosynth??se fournit les apports ??nerg??tiques ?? la plupart des cha??nes alimentaires, la d??composition recycle les nutriments, permet leur utilisation future par d???autres organismes et relargue dans l???atmosph??re le carbone fix?? photosynth??tiquement. Dans un contexte de changement climatique, un grand int??r??t est port?? sur la d??composition des liti??res, car il s???agit, ?? l?????chelle globale, de la plus grande source d?????mission de CO[indice inf??rieur 2] dans l???atmosph??re. Les taux de d??composition des liti??res sont principalement d??termin??s par trois facteurs: les variables climatiques, la structure des communaut??s de d??composeurs et les propri??t??s chimiques et physiques de la liti??re. La structure de la communaut?? v??g??tale h??te dans laquelle se produit la d??composition et d???o?? provient la liti??re peut influencer l???ensemble de ces trois facteurs. Des changements dans la structure de la communaut?? v??g??tale pourraient donc affecter les futurs taux de d??composition et modifier significativement les dynamiques globales du carbone. Malgr?? cela, la communaut?? h??te est rarement prise en compte dans les ??tudes sur la d??composition des liti??res. Des exp??riences enl??vent souvent la liti??re de son environnment naturel de d??composition, mesurant la d??composition des liti??res ?? partir de monolithes ou de microcosmes en laboratoire, afin de contr??ler les variations ind??sirables des propri??t??s du sol. Dans ce m??moire, j?????tudie les effets de plusieurs propri??t??s fonctionnelles de la communaut?? v??g??tale h??te sur les taux de d??composition des liti??res et leur contribution ?? la respiration du sol. En utilisant une plantation exp??rimentale d???arbres qui permet de manipuler la structure de leur communaut??, je teste l???effet de l???identit?? fonctionnelle des arbres, des esp??ces et de la diversit?? fonctionnelle, ainsi que des interactions entre d??composeurs et arbres sur ces processus ??cosyst??miques. La d??composition des liti??res et la respiration du sol sont li??es aux propri??t??s fonctionnelles des plantes. La d??composition des liti??res est bien pr??dite par les valeurs moyennes de traits fonctionnels des liti??res, mais plus faiblement corr??l??e ?? la diversit?? sp??cifique. D???apr??s mes r??sultats, le nombre d???esp??ces en m??lange de liti??res ne constitue pas un facteur important pour la d??composition, ?? cause des interactions globalement idiosyncratiques entre types de liti??res. Cependant, l???augmentation conjointe de la diversit?? fonctionnelle des m??langes d???esp??ces en liti??res et de la communaut?? d???arbres-h??tes acc??l??re les taux de d??composition et la respiration du sol. Les premi??res phases de d??composition de liti??res en surface ne sont que faiblement affect??es par la diversit?? des plantes, alors que pour la respiration du sol, qui prend en compte les derni??res phases de d??composition de liti??re et de mati??re organique du sol, la diversit?? est la propri??t?? fonctionnelle de plantes qui fournit le meilleur pouvoir de pr??diction. De plus, j???ai trouv?? que les apports sp??cifiques de liti??res ?? long terme pouvaient cr??er des conditions qui favorisent la d??composition des liti??res native et pouvaient modifier l???effet de la diversit?? des arbres sur la d??composition. J???attribue cet effet aux r??troactions entre la liti??re et les organismes d??composeurs du sol. Ce travail de recherche fournit une nouvelle perspective sur les effets des changements de structure de communaut?? foresti??re sur les processus de d??composition. La compr??hension de ces effets est n??cessaire pour pr??dire les taux de d??composition de liti??res et les dynamiques globales du carbone. // Abstract : The decomposition of plant litter has been described as the second most important ecosystem function for sustaining life on earth, after primary productivity. Whereas photosynthesis provides the energy input for most food chains, decomposition recycles nutrients for future use by other organisms and returns photosynthetically fixed carbon back to the atmosphere. In the context of climate change, litter decomposition is of specific interest because it represents one of the largest sources of CO[subscript 2] to the atmosphere globally. Rates of litter decomposition are largely determined by three factors: climatic variables, the structure of the decomposer community, and the chemical and physical properties of the litter. The structure of the host plant community under which decomposition takes place and from which the litter is derived can influence all three of these factors. Therefore, any systematic changes in plant community structure could affect future decomposition rates and significantly alter global carbon dynamics. Despite this, the host plant community is rarely considered in litter decomposition studies. Experiments often remove litter from its natural decomposition environment, instead measuring decomposition of litter in common garden settings and laboratory microcosms to control for unwanted variation in soil properties. In this thesis I investigate the effect of several functional properties of the host plant community on rates of litter decomposition and its contribution to soil respiration. Using an experimental tree plantation that manipulates tree community structure, I test the effect of tree functional identity, species and functional diversity, and tree-decomposer interactions on these ecosystem processes. Both litter decomposition and soil respiration were related to plant functional properties. Litter decomposition was best predicted by average-values of litter functional traits and was poorly related to species diversity. The number of species in a litter mixture does not seem to be important for decomposition, as interactions between litter types were idiosyncratic. However increasing the functional diversity both of mixed-species litter and of the host tree community accelerated rates of litter decomposition and soil respiration. Early stages of surface litter decomposition were only marginally affected by plant diversity. In contrast, diversity was the best predictor of soil respiration, which includes latter stages of litter and soil organic matter decomposition. Furthermore, I found that specific repeated litter input to the soil can result in conditions that favour the decomposition of the long-term litter type and can mediate the effect of tree diversity on decomposition. I attribute this effect to feedbacks between the litter and soil decomposer organisms. This research provides insight into the effect of changing forest community structure on decomposition processes. Such an understanding is necessary to predict future rates of litter decomposition and global carbon dynamics.
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Comont, Richard Francis. "Modelling the impact of an alien invasion : Harmonia axyridis in Britain." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:08de972b-1c12-4862-bb7d-95d614a9e011.

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Harmonia axyridis is a ladybird native to Asia, but introduced widely as a biocontrol agent. It is invasive and detrimental to native species in North America, which meant its arrival in Britain was met with concern. Establishment was seen as an opportunity to track the spread of an invasive alien species (IAS) whilst also monitoring impacts on native species. The aims of this thesis were to examine the responses of native British ladybirds to the arrival of H. axyridis, to establish the effect of the IAS on native ladybirds when compared to other drivers, and to investigate the possible facilitation of the H. axyridis invasion by natural enemy release. Modelling ladybird distributions with life-history and resource-use traits found that species predatory on a wide range of prey families had larger range sizes than those which ate fewer prey types. This suggests that the wide diet breadth of the IAS is likely to have played a critical role in the species’ rapid spread. Dietary niche overlap between H. axyridis and native ladybirds showed positive correlation with declines of native ladybirds. This indicates that the IAS is playing an important role, but the significance of urbanisation suggests habitat destruction is also significant. Abundance of H. axyridis was influenced by habitat type and aphid abundance, but not by the native ladybird community, suggesting the spread of the IAS will not be slowed by biotic resistance. Harmonia axyridis is attacked by native parasitoids, but at a much lower rate than is the native Coccinella septempunctata, in line with natural-enemy release theory. There was no evidence of attack rate increasing with time since arrival in an area. Overall, H. axyridis is an extremely successful IAS, with detrimental effects on native ladybirds which are likely to continue.
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Liddicoat, Craig Anthony. "Biodiversity, Environmental Microbiomes and Human Health." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/121893.

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Emerging evidence suggests that exposure to microbial diversity and key species (Old Friends) from biodiverse, natural environments may provide critical immune training and regulation. Conversely, reduced contact with the right kind of environmental microbial communities (microbiota) and their genetic material (microbiomes) may contribute to the modern growth in immunoregulatory disorders with potential to impact both infectious and non-communicable diseases. However, possible connections between biodiversity, environmental microbiomes and human health remain understudied due to their multidisciplinary nature. There is limited knowledge of the composition, modes of action, and environmental distribution of Old Friends. We do not know if it is microbial diversity per se, key species, or a combination of both, that may have protective effects. Yet, importantly, the environment-host microbiota pathway offers promise for cost-effective population health interventions (e.g. through restoring biodiverse green space in cities) at a time when health care systems around the world are seeing unsustainable growth in utilisation and budget demands. Therefore, a primary goal of this thesis was to build knowledge of potential connections, with a view to informing policy. Specifically, the aims were to: 1. Test whether the notion of beneficial biodiversity-health relationships are supported in existing Australia-wide datasets 2. Examine what types or attributes of environments might be most associated with health benefits, to focus more detailed study 3. Identify microbial taxa that associate with natural vs. degraded environments and potential links to human health 4. Gather controlled experimental evidence of microbiota transfer from biodiverse environments to hosts, to explore potential mechanistic links. I employed multidisciplinary methods reflecting the nature of the research topic. From continent-wide environmental mapping and hospital admission datasets, I found that landscape-scale measures of biodiversity correlated with reduced rates of respiratory disease and ranked highly among known predictors. Also, I found that populations living near soils with high cation exchange capacity—a proxy for soil microbial diversity—experienced lower rates of infectious and parasitic disease. I developed a new merged-sample bootstrap resampling technique enabling deep analysis of soil bacterial 16S rRNA microbiome data from a grassy woodland restoration chronosequence, from which key indicator groups were identified. Human-associated opportunistic and pathogen-containing taxa were found to be favoured in disturbed environments, yet reduced in mature, biodiverse environments. Finally, in a randomised controlled experiment with mice exposed to airborne dust from soil spanning a biodiversity gradient, I found changes to gut microbiota and reduced anxiety-like behaviour in females corresponding to the high biodiversity treatment. Among bacterial taxa that increased in the gut of high treatment mice, I identified a putative sporeforming, anaerobic environmental microbe capable of producing a key metabolite, butyrate, linked to mammalian gut health and mental health. These findings suggest naturally-diverse soil microbial communities may provide a health protecting role due to: ecological controls on potential opportunistic pathogens, increased immunomodulatory microbial diversity, and enhanced capacity to support beneficial key species and metabolite production pathways, for example via the gut-brain-microbiome axis. Implications of this work include opportunities to improve public health through increased exposure to biodiverse green space and soils.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Biological Sciences, 2019
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Blok, Maria Magdalena. "Herwinning as 'n kunsvorm : 'n ekofeministiese perspektief." Diss., 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2429.

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Text in Afrikaans
This research deals with the artist's contribution towards the current process of ecological purification through which mankind's attention are brought to the destructive maintenance of the planet. The alchemical artist uses purification as a means to make social comments on the lifestyle of the contemporary person, through the aestheticism of objects. The different manifestations of ceo-feministic thought within environmental activism are explored to make the reader aware of the diversity of ceo-feministic thought. Eco-feminism in general, tries to promote the importance of the earth as a life supporting system by respecting her needs, cycles, energies and eco-systems. As a result of this process, the public are invited to take part in recycle-art through which a change in attitude towards purification and the survival of the planet, are being accomplished
Art History, Visual Arts & Musicology
M.A. (Visual Arts)
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Books on the topic "Biodiversity hypothesis"

1

Rook, Graham A. W., and Christopher A. Lowry, eds. Evolution, Biodiversity and a Reassessment of the Hygiene Hypothesis. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91051-8.

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Seaborg, David. How Life Increases Biodiversity: An Hypothesis. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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How Life Increases Biodiversity: An Hypothesis. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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Seaborg, David. How Life Increases Biodiversity: An Hypothesis. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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Seaborg, David. How Life Increases Biodiversity: An Hypothesis. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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R, Kellert Stephen, and Wilson Edward O, eds. The Biophilia hypothesis. Washington, D.C: Island Press, 1993.

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The Biophilia Hypothesis. Island Press, 1993.

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Lowry, Christopher A., and Graham A. W. Rook. Evolution, Biodiversity and a Reassessment of the Hygiene Hypothesis. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.

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(Contributor), Scott McVay, Aaron Katcher (Contributor), Cecilia McCarthy (Contributor), Gregory Wilkins (Contributor), Roger Ulrich (Contributor), Paul Shepard (Contributor), Sara St Antoine (Contributor), et al., eds. The Biophilia Hypothesis (A Shearwater Book). Island Press, 1995.

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Clarke, Bruce. Earth, Life, and System: Evolution and Ecology on a Gaian Planet. Fordham University Press, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Biodiversity hypothesis"

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Stanhope, Jessica, Martin Breed, and Philip Weinstein. "Biodiversity, Microbiomes, and Human Health." In Evolution, Biodiversity and a Reassessment of the Hygiene Hypothesis, 67–104. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91051-8_3.

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Declerck, Steven, and Luc De Meester. "Impact of fish predation on coexisting Daphnia taxa: a partial test of the temporal hybrid superiority hypothesis." In Aquatic Biodiversity, 83–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1084-9_5.

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Seaborg, David. "Natural Selection Is One Mechanism by Which the Autocatalytic Biodiversity Hypothesis Operates." In How Life Increases Biodiversity, 35–56. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429440137-3.

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Costantini, David. "For Better or Worse: Benefits and Costs of Transgenerational Plasticity and the Transhormesis Hypothesis." In Development Strategies and Biodiversity, 37–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90131-8_2.

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Sterrett, John D., Nathan D. Andersen, and Christopher A. Lowry. "The Influence of the Microbiota on Brain Structure and Function: Implications for Stress-Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders." In Evolution, Biodiversity and a Reassessment of the Hygiene Hypothesis, 267–337. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91051-8_10.

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Sinkkonen, Aki. "Distortion of the Microbiota of the Natural Environment by Human Activities." In Evolution, Biodiversity and a Reassessment of the Hygiene Hypothesis, 221–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91051-8_8.

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Rook, Graham A. W. "Human Evolution, Microorganisms, Socioeconomic Status and Reconciling Necessary Microbial Exposures with Essential Hygiene." In Evolution, Biodiversity and a Reassessment of the Hygiene Hypothesis, 27–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91051-8_2.

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Walsh, Kathleen T., and Karen Guillemin. "The Impacts of Microbiota on Animal Development and Physiology." In Evolution, Biodiversity and a Reassessment of the Hygiene Hypothesis, 177–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91051-8_6.

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Partney, Hannah, and Nissan Yissachar. "Regulation of Host Immunity by the Gut Microbiota." In Evolution, Biodiversity and a Reassessment of the Hygiene Hypothesis, 105–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91051-8_4.

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Schröder, Björn O. "The Gut Microbiota and Host Metabolism." In Evolution, Biodiversity and a Reassessment of the Hygiene Hypothesis, 141–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91051-8_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Biodiversity hypothesis"

1

Michele, Torresani, Rocchini Duccio, Zebisch Marc, Sonnenschein Ruth, and Tonon Giustino. "Testing the spectral variation hypothesis by using the RAO-Q index to estimate forest biodiversity: Effect of spatial resolution." In IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2018.8666630.

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Watson, Bryan C., Sanaya Kriplani, Marc J. Weissburg, and Bert Bras. "Use of a Trophic Structure Test Bed to Validate a New Systems-of-Systems Resilience Metric." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23932.

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Abstract Systems of Systems (SoS) combine complex systems such as financial, transportation, energy, and healthcare systems to provide greater functionality. A failure in a constituent system, however, can render the entire SoS ineffective by causing cascading faults. One method to prevent constituent faults from compromising SoS performance is to increase the SoS’s “resilience,” a measure of the SoS’s ability to cope with these faults and efficiently recover. Attempts to engineer improved resilience require a metric to measure resilience across different SoS architectures (network arrangements). In a previous work, the System of System Resilience Metric (SoSRM) was presented as a possible solution, but this new metric requires additional testing. This work examines the key question: “How can natural ecosystem characteristics be used to validate the SoSRM metric?” We hypothesize that the analysis of a test bed of generic ecosystems will produce SoSRM values that will positively correlate with a triangular trophic structure (wide base), validating SoSRM as a useful design metric. First principles for test bed creation are presented including biodiversity, trophic structure, and the role of detritus. SoSRM is measured for 31 case studies in a trophic structure test bed. Ecosystem network structure is quantified with graph theory. SoSRM correlates as expected with ecosystem network structure (r2 = .5016, n = 31), thus providing a validation of SoSRM as a design tool. As a final check, tests are conducted to ensure SoSRM is independent of trivial network characteristics (i.e. the number of nodes or links). By validating SoSRM, we provide a foundation for future work that focuses on increasing SoS resilience with biologically inspired design heuristics.
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