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1
Acharya, Uma, R. John Petheram, and Rowan Reid. "Biodiversity conservation: Officials' perceptions and discord with community forest management in Nepal." Forestry Chronicle 81, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc81387-3.
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Two topics receiving much attention in design of forest policy and management in Nepal are conservation of biodiversity and participation of forest-local people. Government officials, forest users and development workers are all involved in shaping policy for the management of forest for biodiversity and other values. It is therefore crucial to understand the different viewpoints about biodiversity among these stakeholders. This paper is derived from a broad case study on the views of various stakeholders in community forestry in Nepal, but is focused on understanding the views of policy-level government officials in regards to biodiversity conservation. Using a grounded theory approach, qualitative data were collected on two field visits in 2002–2003 to the study area. The results of interviews with officials indicate diverse perspectives in interpreting biodiversity conservation. These include perceptions of forest users' understanding about diversity, and strong beliefs about definition of biodiversity and about dependence of users on forest for their livelihood. Implications of the results include an obvious need for better understanding by staff at various levels of government and other agencies involved in community forestry, of the different concepts and views held about biodiversity conservation. A broader understanding among officials of biodiversity and deeper knowledge of other's views on biodiversity conservation could help in designing and implementing policies and programs in the context of community forest management. Key words: views, perceptions, understanding, community, forestry, users, government officials, policy, qualitative method
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Sobkowiak, Madlen, Thomas Cuckston, and Ian Thomson. "Framing sustainable development challenges: accounting for SDG-15 in the UK." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 33, no. 7 (March 3, 2020): 1671–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-01-2019-3810.
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PurposeThis research seeks to explain how a national government becomes capable of constructing an account of its biodiversity performance that is aimed at enabling formulation of policy in pursuit of SDG 15: Life on Land.Design/methodology/approachThe research examines a case study of the construction of the UK government's annual biodiversity report. The case is analysed to explain the process of framing a space in which the SDG-15 challenge of halting biodiversity loss is rendered calculable, such that the government can see and understand its own performance in relation to this challenge.FindingsThe construction of UK government's annual biodiversity report relies upon data collected through non-governmental conservation efforts, statistical expertise of a small project group within the government and a governmental structure that drives ongoing evolution of the indicators as actors strive to make these useful for policy formulation.Originality/valueThe analysis problematises the SDG approach to accounting for sustainable development, whereby performance indicators have been centrally agreed and universally imposed upon all signatory governments. The analysis suggests that capacity-building efforts for national governments may need to be broader than that envisaged by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
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Rands, Michael R. W., William M. Adams, Leon Bennun, Stuart H. M. Butchart, Andrew Clements, David Coomes, Abigail Entwistle, et al. "Biodiversity Conservation: Challenges Beyond 2010." Science 329, no. 5997 (September 9, 2010): 1298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1189138.
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The continued growth of human populations and of per capita consumption have resulted in unsustainable exploitation of Earth’s biological diversity, exacerbated by climate change, ocean acidification, and other anthropogenic environmental impacts. We argue that effective conservation of biodiversity is essential for human survival and the maintenance of ecosystem processes. Despite some conservation successes (especially at local scales) and increasing public and government interest in living sustainably, biodiversity continues to decline. Moving beyond 2010, successful conservation approaches need to be reinforced and adequately financed. In addition, however, more radical changes are required that recognize biodiversity as a global public good, that integrate biodiversity conservation into policies and decision frameworks for resource production and consumption, and that focus on wider institutional and societal changes to enable more effective implementation of policy.
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Ayambire, Raphael Anammasiya, Jeremy Pittman, and Andrea Olive. "Incentivizing stewardship in a biodiversity hot spot: land managers in the grasslands." FACETS 6 (January 1, 2021): 1307–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2020-0071.
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Federal and provincial governments of Canada recently signed onto a Pan-Canadian Approach to Transforming Species at Risk Conservation. The approach is based on collaboration among jurisdictions and stakeholders to enhance multiple species and ecosystem-based conservation in selected biodiversity hot spots. In this review paper, we focus on one of the biodiversity hot spots—the South of the Divide area in the province of Saskatchewan—to propose appropriate mechanisms to incentivize stewardship on agricultural Crown lands. Through a focused review and synthesis of empirical studies, we propose a range of policy instruments and incentives that can help deliver multi-species at risk conservation on Crown agricultural lands in Saskatchewan. We outline a range of policy instruments and incentives that are relevant to conservation on Crown agricultural lands and argue that a portfolio of options will have the greatest social acceptability. More germane is the need to foster collaboration between the government of Saskatchewan, other provincial/territorial governments, and the federal government, nongovernmental organizations, and land managers. Such collaboration is critical for enhanced decision-making and institutional change that reflects the urgent call for creating awareness of species at risk policies, building trust, and leveraging the local knowledge of land managers for conservation.
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H. Kelly, Andrew. "Amenity enhancement and biodiversity conservation in Australian suburbia." International Journal of Law in the Built Environment 6, no. 1/2 (April 8, 2014): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlbe-05-2013-0022.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to critically explore the historical background and current approach of the most common statutory instrument to maintain green landscapes in private residential gardens in cities and townships in suburban New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Design/methodology/approach – The narrative presents a transdisciplinary study. While its emphasis is on law and town planning, it also encompasses local government and legal history while touching upon environmental management and ecological science. This panoply of areas reflects the sheer complexity of the topic. While the presentation is initially descriptive, it moves on to a critique of the NSW Government's recent statutory approach. Findings – The paper demands that further attention must be paid to improving the design and architecture of statutory plans and underlying policies to not only improve urban biodiversity but also retain, as far as practicable, the visual beauty of the suburban landscape. This means reliance on local government to devise their own acceptable approaches. Flexibility rather than rigidity is warranted. Originality/value – The amount of scholarly material on this topic is relatively rare. The majority of information relies on excellent on-ground research and experience on the part of local experts, namely council employees and consultants. Academic and practical material must be drawn together to improve biodiversity conservation at both the local and regional spheres.
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F. Recher, Harry. "SCB-A Newsletter December 2006." Pacific Conservation Biology 12, no. 4 (2006): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc060259.
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It is now just a bit more than six months to the inaugural meeting of the Australasian region of SCB ?The Biodiversity Extinction Crisis, a Pacific and Australasian Response?, which will be held July 10?12 2007 at the University of New South Wales, Sydney. This conference faces the major problems for biodiversity conservation in our region, existing and potential solutions and links to the global biodiversity initiatives. There will be five major themes: (I) Regional challenges (particular issues for our part of the world); (2) Managing threatening processess of universal importance; (3) Case studies of conservation in action, including biodiversity monitoring and assessment; (4) Conservation science and policy; and, (5) Conservation science and the community (non-government organizations, indigenous people). With Australian governments finally awakening to the reality of global warming and its consequences for Australasia, this meeting has the potential to make a significant impact on regional conservation. Not only is your attendance important to the success of the conference, but it is your opportunity to be heard on issues as important as water allocation for environmental flows in Australia, biodiversity conservation in the Southern Oceans, climate change and the allocation of resources to threatened species management.
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Lubis, Efridani, Mulyono ., and Fauziah . "STRENGTHENING POLICY OF EX-SITU BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT CONSERVATION PREVENTING BIODIVERSITY LOSS IN CIBINONG SCIENCE CENTER BOTANICAL GARDEN." Journal CleanWAS 6, no. 2 (2022): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/jcleanwas.02.2022.40.45.
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The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) as international system for biodiversity conservation stated that all botanical garden should conserve endangered biodiversity. In this context, the IUCN publish the IUCN’s Red List every year; in the year 2021 for example only around 35,765 species or 28% out of 75% conserved in ex-situ conservation or botanical garden. Indonesia has been developed further the notion through Presidential Decree No. 93/2011 that accommodated Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC). Target 8 stated that at least 75 per cent of threatened plant species in ex- situ collections, preferably in the country of origin, and at least 20 percent available for recovery and restoration programs. From previous study, two out of six botanical gardens managed by the Government implemented the Target varied. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate others including The Cibinong Science Center Botanical Garden (CSCBG). The study used qualitative method combined with policy approach through interview and observation with Miles and Hubermen approach for analysis. The result shows that the Gardens has not accommodated the policy yet, however the Garden has introduced technology with more than 6.000 species equipped with barcode. The collection is mainly Indonesia tropical plants specifically flora at lowland. Therefore, to strengthening policy of ex-situ conservation in the CSBG needs further policies: (a) coordination among and within related actors, (b) integration of biodiversity conservation into socio-economic sectors, (c) adequacy and sufficiency of funds, and (d) governance and stakeholder participation.
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Clarkson, Bruce. "Reversing Biodiversity Decline in Aotearoa New Zealand." Policy Quarterly 18, no. 2 (May 20, 2022): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/pq.v18i2.7576.
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Reflections on the history of and prognosis for reversing biodiversity in Aotearoa New Zealand are provided from the perspective of a 40-year involvement in terrestrial ecology and its interface with central and local government policy development and implementation. The emerging favourable policy framework, continuing growth of iwi-and community-led conservation, and a shift to regional-scale restoration give cause for optimism. But reversal of biodiversity decline over still greater areas is required, alongside an in-perpetuity commitment to management that enhances indigenous biodiversity.
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Biller, Dan, and Ernesto Sanchez-Triana. "Enlisting Markets in the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in South Asia’s Sundarbans." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 4, no. 3 (July 2013): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsesd.2013070106.
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The unique biodiversity of the Sundarbans is threatened by a number of factors, many of which are the direct or indirect result of market failures. Past governmental interventions aiming at protecting biodiversity have been ineffective, while other government efforts have directly or indirectly led to ecosystem degradation. In order to address these challenges, new governmental interventions are needed, particularly those that have the potential to mitigate market failures and address policy failures. This paper discusses how institutional and market failures, particularly the failure to capture the value of biodiversity as a 'public good', are the key drivers of biodiversity loss in the Sundarbans region of India. It argues that policy interventions to address these failures, as well as other measures that foster the development of markets that recognize the economic value of biodiversity, are a crucial tool for conserving and promoting the sustainable use of the Sundarbans' biodiversity. After describing the study area, a novel integrative development model, the potential for sustainable provision of private, public goods, and ecosystem services and the factors threatening them, the paper concludes with four policy suggestions that may assist in enabling biodiversity conservation and sustainable use in the Sundarbans.
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Hoban, Sean, and Cristiano Vernesi. "Challenges in global biodiversity conservation and solutions that cross sociology, politics, economics and ecology." Biology Letters 8, no. 6 (July 25, 2012): 897–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0596.
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The study and practice of conservation biology is inherently interdisciplinary, addresses short and long time-scales and occurs within complex human–natural interfaces. Zoos and aquaria, in partnership with researchers, other non-government organizations, government, industry and educators, are combining knowledge of species and ecosystems with economics, psychology and law to create solutions for conserving biodiversity. From 22 to 25 May, the Conservation Forum of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria was a venue for discussing conservation research, education and interventions, from the scale of villages to global policy.
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von Hase, Amrei, and Kerry ten Kate. "Correct framing of biodiversity offsets and conservation: a response to Apostolopoulou & Adams." Oryx 51, no. 1 (November 9, 2016): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316001022.
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We read with great interest the opinions of Apostolopoulou & Adams (2015) on biodiversity offsetting. We agree with the authors that offsetting has more profound implications than a technical approach to the subject would suggest. Our experience with developments on the mitigation of impacts on biodiversity in government policy, financial lenders’ safeguards and corporate practice is that the political, economic, social and financial implications weigh just as heavily in decision-makers’ minds as the technical ones that Apostolopoulou & Adams raise (IFC, 2012; BBOP, 2012b; ten Kate & Crowe, 2014; IUCN, 2016; Maron et al., 2016b). The governments, companies and communities working with scientists on the mitigation hierarchy regard biodiversity offsets as one of many tools available not only for conservation but also for risk management, social and economic engagement and benefit-sharing, land-use and landscape-level planning, and sustainable development (IFC, 2012; CSBI, 2015).
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Pinto, Rute, Paula Antunes, Stefan Blumentrath, Roy Brouwer, Pedro Clemente, and Rui Santos. "Spatial modelling of biodiversity conservation priorities in Portugal’s Montado ecosystem using Marxan with Zones." Environmental Conservation 46, no. 4 (August 13, 2019): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892919000249.
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SummarySpatial models are increasingly being used to target the most suitable areas for biodiversity conservation. This study investigates how the spatial tool Marxan with Zones (MARZONE) can be used to support the design of cost-effective biodiversity conservation policy. New in this study is the spatial analysis of the costs and effectiveness of different agro-environmental measures (AEMs) for habitat and biodiversity conservation in the Montado ecosystem in Portugal. A distinction is made between the financial costs paid to participating landowners and farmers for adopting AEMs and the broader economic opportunity costs of the corresponding land-use changes. Habitat and species conservation targets are furthermore defined interactively with the local government agency responsible for the management of protected areas, while the costs of agro-forestry activities and alternative land uses are estimated in direct consultation with local landowners. MARZONE identifies the spatial distribution of priority areas for conservation and the associated costs, some of which overlap with existing protected areas. These results provide useful insights into the trade-offs between nature conservation and the opportunity costs of protecting ecologically vulnerable areas, helping to improve current and future conservation policy design.
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Jahan, Ishrat. "Scope of Public Participation for the Protection of Biodiversity in Bangladesh: Some Legal Reflections." Environmental Policy and Law 52, no. 1 (March 8, 2022): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/epl-210113.
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Bangladesh is rich in biodiversity. However, the biological diversity of Bangladesh is declining day by day. Without the active participation of local people, biodiversity conservation initiatives may fail. Public involvement is vital for biodiversity conservation in the context of the biodiversity of Bangladesh. Public participation is necessary because it promotes the legitimacy of decisions concerning environmental matters, gives the public a chance to express its concerns, can reduce conflict among competing interests and can raise public awareness, educate people and strengthen the local community and indigenous people. The existing legal frameworks of Bangladesh on biodiversity provide some scope for public participation in biodiversity conservation. The current legal frameworks could be improved to ensure effective public participation in biodiversity conservation. Existing laws should be amended to include provisions like mandatory provision for co-management systems for the management of sanctuary, parks and other protected areas, provision for the development of skills and capacity of local people and provision to protect the traditional and the right of livelihood of the indigenous community The government of Bangladesh needs to take initiatives to revise the existing laws to broaden the scope of public involvement to ensure adequate and effective participation in biodiversity conservation efforts.
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A. McAlpine, C., A. Peterson, and P. Norman. "The South East Queensland Forests Agreement: Lessons for Biodiversity Conservation." Pacific Conservation Biology 11, no. 1 (2005): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc050003.
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In Australia, regional forest agreements formed the cornerstone of strategies for resolving disputes over the logging of native forests in the last decade of the twentieth century. These disputes, driven by an increasingly vocal and influential conservation movement, coincided with changes in the nature of relationships between Commonwealth and State Governments, with the Commonwealth adopting an increasing role in environmental management (Lane 1999). Following very public disputes about the renewal of export woodchip licenses from native forests (which culminated in log truck blockades of the Commonwealth Parliament, Canberra), the Commonwealth Government adopted regional forest agreements as the mechanism for achieving sustainable management of Australia?s native hardwood forests. This was underpinned by the National Forest Policy Statement (Commonwealth of Australia 1992), which outlined principles for ecologically sustainable management of the nation?s production forests. The Commonwealth and several State Governments reached agreement to develop regional forest agreements (RFAs) for the long-term management and use of forests in ten regions (Fig. 1) (Commonwealth of Australia 2004). Key goals of the agreement were to: reconcile competing commercial, ecological and societal demands on forests in a way that was consistent with the principles and goals of ecologically sustainable forest management (Davey et al. 1997, 2002; Lane 1999); and to establish a comprehensive, adequate and representative reserve system, based on the nationallyagreed JANIS criteria (JANIS 1997).
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Viña, Andrés, William J. McConnell, Hongbo Yang, Zhenci Xu, and Jianguo Liu. "Effects of conservation policy on China’s forest recovery." Science Advances 2, no. 3 (March 2016): e1500965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500965.
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Forest loss is one of the most pervasive land surface transformations on Earth, with drastic effects on global climate, ecosystems, and human well-being. As part of biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation efforts, many countries, including China, have been implementing large-scale policies to conserve and restore forests. However, little is known about the effectiveness of these policies, and information on China’s forest dynamics at the national level has mainly relied on official statistics. In response to international calls for improved reliability and transparency of information on biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation efforts, it is crucial to independently verify government statistics. Furthermore, if forest recovery is verified, it is essential to assess the degree to which this recovery is attributable to policy, within the context of other relevant factors. We assess the dynamics of forest cover in China between 2000 and 2010 and evaluate the effectiveness of one of the largest forest conservation programs in the world—the Natural Forest Conservation Program (NFCP). Results indicate that forest cover has significantly increased in around 1.6% of China’s territory and that the areas exhibiting forest gain experienced a combined increase in net primary productivity (ca. 0.9 Tg of carbon). Among the variables evaluated at county level, the NFCP exhibited a significantly positive relation with forest gain, whereas reduction in rural labor showed a negative relationship with both forest loss and gain. Findings such as these have global implications for forest conservation and climate change mitigation efforts.
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Xu, Jiliang, Zhengwang Zhang, Wenjing Liu, and Philip J. K. McGowan. "A review and assessment of nature reserve policy in China: advances, challenges and opportunities." Oryx 46, no. 4 (October 2012): 554–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605311000810.
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AbstractThere were 2,541 nature reserves accounting for c. 15% of China's land territory by 2009. As nature reserves hold the majority of the country's wildlife they play a fundamental role in protecting the country's biodiversity. National policies relevant to nature reserves have had a positive effect on biodiversity although these policies are now facing increasing challenges. We reviewed the development of relevant policy and legislation and identify and assess challenges, using a questionnaire survey and personal interviews. The main challenges identified and assessed included lack of harmonization between government departments, between nature reserves and other protected area designations, and between nature reserves and local communities. In addition, recent transfers of responsibilities between government entities, potential impacts of forest tenure reforms, and issues surrounding natural resource use and ecotourism were identified. These obstacles could undermine the achievements of biodiversity conservation in China if they are not addressed soon. Given these findings, we make recommendations to guide future policy formulation in relation to nature reserve management and development.
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Nurhidayah, Laely, and Shawkat Alam. "The forest and its biodiversity: assessing the adequacy of biodiversity protection laws in Indonesia." Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law 23, no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 178–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/apjel.2020.02.04.
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Forests are a critical component of biodiversity and are essential for a wide range of ecosystem services. There is a rapid and alarming decline of biodiversity worldwide. Indonesian biodiversity, in particular, is increasingly under serious threat of environmental degradation as a result of the prevalence of criminal activities such as deforestation, poaching, illegal wildlife trade, and forest fires. The occurrence of deforestation in Indonesia can be primarily attributed to two main factors: forest conversion into oil palm plantation and wood fiber plantation. This article examines the adequacy of the legal framework in Indonesia in addressing biodiversity loss, the challenges it experiences and any prospects for the implementation of biodiversity laws and policies. This examination will be undertaken through the theoretical frameworks of the ecosystem approach, and political ecology. It is concluded that the effectiveness of legislation related to biodiversity conservation is hindered by top-down approaches and the political and economic structural legacies of previous governments which tend to favour economic development at the expense of adequate biodiversity protection. To address the complex problems of biodiversity protection, Indonesia not only needs stronger legislation in protecting biodiversity, but must address other factors that hinder the effectiveness of efforts to protect biodiversity. In addition, despite the current prospect of initiatives and policy reforms aimed at reducing deforestation and forest degradation since the implementation of REDD+, each initiative has practical, financial and legal limits. Therefore, it is suggested that the effective coordination of each strategy is needed. Particularly at the local level, the capacity of the community to be engaged in conservation and the ability of the government to implement and effectively enforce biodiversity laws has proven challenging and needs to be addressed.
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UPRETY, BATU KRISHNA. "BIODIVERSITY CONSIDERATIONS IN STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE NEPAL WATER PLAN." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 07, no. 02 (June 2005): 247–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333205002055.
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Biodiversity conservation has been promoted in Nepal (within and outside protected areas) over the last three decades through relevant policies and legislations. The government has encouraged the participation of people through community user groups in managing the biodiversity and sharing the benefits. About 50 percent of the total revenue generated in protected areas is provided annually to such groups for resource management and community development activities. Forests are also managed by involving community users. Recently, attempts were made to manage biodiversity through an environmental impact assessment (EIA) process. The Nepal Biodiversity Strategy (2002) and Water Resources Strategy (2002), under implementation, recognise the role of EIA in mainstream biodiversity conservation in development programmes. However, biodiversity is under immense pressure due to infrastructure, water resources and socioeconomic development programmes and projects. His Majesty's Government of Nepal has made a policy commitment in its Tenth Plan (2002–2007) to carry out strategic environmental assessment (SEA) of development plans and programmes. Pursuant to this plan, an SEA has been carried out for the 25-year Nepal Water Plan. This plan is designed to, inter alia, promote the development of hydropower, irrigation, water-induced disaster management and drinking water programmes. This paper outlines the general understanding and knowledge of SEA in Nepal and examines how the SEA of the Nepal Water Plan addresses biodiversity aspects. It also outlines problems faced, and challenges and opportunities for strengthening SEA and its use to conserve biodiversity in Nepal.
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RAJVANSHI, ASHA. "STRENGTHENING BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION THROUGH COMMUNITY-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW OF THE INDIA ECODEVELOPMENT PROJECT." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 07, no. 02 (June 2005): 299–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333205002031.
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The India Ecodevelopment Project supported from Global Environmental Facility funds has been a major conservation initiative of the Government of India that was initiated in 1997 in seven protected areas (PAs) in the country. This project aimed to strengthen biodiversity conservation by establishing critical links between conservation and community well-being. The objective of environmental review of the project in the seven PA sites was to review the success of enabling strategies and interventions under the project in effectively addressing biodiversity conservation and optimising benefits to local communities through measurable improvements. Strategic environmental assessment, along with other indicators of success that have been adopted worldwide for evaluating integrated conservation and development projects, was used for the environmental review of the project. The prioritisation of investments in activities under the project was found to be in accordance with the ecological profile and in conformity with the objectives of conservation in each PA. Although most of the activities identified under the project are beneficial and provide evidence of their positive impacts on biodiversity conservation, the project at large had pitfalls and success in varying proportions in different sites. The India Ecodevelopment Project has been particularly limited in scope to address biodiversity threats from unplanned development and incompatible landuse practices around PAs, which pose far more significant threats to conservation.
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J. Pannell, David. "Heathens in the chapel? Economics and the conservation of native biodiversity." Pacific Conservation Biology 10, no. 2 (2004): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc040088.
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Biodiversity conservation is a human endeavour and economic drivers playa key role in shaping human behaviour. This is particularly true of human behaviour in management of businesses (such as farms) and in relation to the resources that underpin businesses (such as land and water). For this reason, the theories and models of economics have a lot to offer people concemed with biodiversity conservation. The paper outlines a number of theories and insights from economics that are relevant to biodiversity, particularly from the point of view of governments wishing to make efficient and cost-effective decisions about investment priorities for biodiversity. There is a need for better definition of biodiversity objectives, and for improved information about cause and effect relationships between interventions and outcomes. The importance of paying adequate attention to the farm-level economics of proposed changes in land management is emphasized. This is an important influence on farmers' responses, particularly if large-scale changes are sought. Non-market valuation studies to place monetary values on biodiversity outcomes have a potential role to play in evaluating policy options, although a measured approach to the use of these techniques seems warranted. There is a discussion about the limited role that economics can play in determining who should pay for biodiversity interventions. The selection of policy approaches and policy instruments for biodiversity needs to be sophisticated, based on science, and sensitive to different biodiversity-related problems and opportunities.
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Juntadach, Somporn, Leslie E. Sponsel, Poranee Natadecha-Sponsel, and Nukul Ruttanadakul. "Sacred and/or Secular Approaches to Biodiversity Conservation in Thailand." Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology 2, no. 2 (1998): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853598x00154.
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AbstractWestern approaches to biodiversity are starting to recognise the relevance of local environmental knowledge and community forests, but mostly ignore the conservation potential of sacred places because of their culture bound modernism and scientism. We argue that sacred places are in effect an ancient and widespread system of community based and religiously sanctioned protected areas that promote biodiversity conservation. We also compare the advantages and disadvantages of government and community based protected areas, and consider them to be complementary.
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Buschke, Falko T., Susie Brownlie, and Jeff Manuel. "The conservation costs and economic benefits of using biodiversity offsets to meet international targets for protected area expansion." Oryx 53, no. 4 (December 12, 2017): 732–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001521.
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AbstractAichi Biodiversity Target 11 under the Convention on Biological Diversity sets out to conserve at least 17% of terrestrial area by 2020. However, few countries are on track to meet this target and it is uncertain whether developing countries have allocated sufficient resources to expand their protected areas. Biodiversity offsets could resolve this conservation shortfall if developers who affect biodiversity negatively at one locality are made responsible for its protection elsewhere. Here we simulate the use of biodiversity offsetting to expand protected area coverage in South Africa's grassland biome. South Africa's biodiversity offsets policy has been designed specifically to compensate for the residual loss of biodiversity caused by development, by establishing and managing protected areas within the same ecosystem type. We show that it is possible to meet protected area targets using only offsets, while facilitating economic development. However, doing so could slash the current extent of intact habitat by half. These losses could be reduced considerably should the gains in protected areas through offsetting supplement rather than supplant existing government commitments to protected area expansion. Moreover, supplementing existing government commitments would result in comparatively small reductions in potential economic gains, because the marginal economic benefit of transforming habitat decreases as more intact habitat is lost. Therefore, the intended role of biodiversity offsetting in achieving a country's protected area target should be made explicit to fully understand the associated trade-offs between conservation and economic development.
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Pittock, J., and R. Holland. "Strategies to manage stream flow to benefit people and nature: a non-government conservation organisation's perspective." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 7 (April 1, 2004): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0424.
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More than for any other biome, freshwater biodiversity is increasingly imperiled, particularly due to poor stream flow management and increasing demand for water diversions. The adoption by the world's governments of targets to extend water services to the poor and at the same time to conserve biodiversity increase the need to better direct investments in freshwater management. In this paper WWF draws on examples from its work to identify areas where investment can be focused to assure efficient water use and improve stream flow management, namely:• Prioritize and target those river basins and sub-catchments that are most critical for conservation of freshwater biodiversity to maintain stream flows;• Link strategic field, policy and market interventions at different scales in river basins to maximize the impact of interventions;• Implement the World Commission on Dams guidelines to minimize investment in large scale and costly infrastructure projects;• Apply market mechanisms and incentives for more sustainable production of the world's most water consuming crops;• Enhance statutory river basin management organizations to draw on their regulatory and financial powers;• Implement international agreements, such as the Convention on Wetlands;• Integrate environment and development policies.
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Valiukh, Andriі Mykolajovych. "SIGNIFICANCE OF NATURAL CAPITAL MANAGEMENT: ARCHETYPAL APPROACH." UKRAINIAN ASSEMBLY OF DOCTORS OF SCIENCES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1, no. 13 (August 27, 2018): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/vadnd.v1i13.131.
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The issues of the essence of the concept of “natural capital”, as well as management in the field of conservation of natural capital have been investigated. The author uses an archetypal approach. The activity and structure of international organizations engaged in environmental policy have been analyzed. The basic features aspects and cooperative efforts in biodiversity identified shortcomings for international and suggests ways to address them have been investigated. The basic state policy measures improving conservation and reproduction of natural capital have been ordered. The basic approaches to evaluating the effectiveness of conservation based on best international experience. The economic evaluation of natural capital resources of Ukraine has been done and the necessity of increasing the annual state budgetary financing natural capital conservation has been improved. The methodic of evaluating the effectiveness of conservation on three levels: national, regional and local has been ordered, to better analyze the actual state of natural ecosystems, to investigate the dynamics of the cost of maintaining of natural capital by various sources (state budget of Ukraine, the cost of regional state administrations and local self-government). The experience of international financing of natural capital conservation through environmental funds has been studied, funds of NGOs and grant projects. Scientific and practical interest in the work is the proposed funding mechanism for biodiversity conservation in the current economic climate of Ukraine. Investigated the organizational structure of government natural capital conservation of Ukraine. The effectiveness of government natural capital’s conservation has been investigated. The functions of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine as a central body of executive power in the field of natural capital conservation have been studied and analyzed. The staffing Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine has been investigated, the system of placement and examined staffing departments of the Ministry, responsible for natural capital Ukraine, has been analyzed. The best foreign practices of natural capital public administration and recommendations for its implementation in Ukraine have been ordered.
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Arya, Ashish Kumar, Kamal Kant Joshi, Archana Bachheti, and Deepti. "A review on distribution and importance of wetlands in the perspective of India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 710–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i4.2412.
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Biodiversity is not equally distributed across the world. It depends on the type of various habitats and food availability. In these habitats, wetlands play an import role to increase the biodiversity of the particular area. Many studies have focused on various habitats to conserve biodiversity. However, the wetland studies are very few due to the lack of information on their distribution and importance. The present review focusses on the wetland status and their importance in India. India has vibrant and diverse wetland ecosystems that support immense biodiversity. The wetlands are unique habitats which provide ecological, social and economic values. However, rapid urbanization, industrialization and uncontrolled agricultural practices have pressurized to shrink the wetlands in India. The present paper highlights the wetland habitats in India with their geographical location, distribution, avian species diversity and their significance. The paper also discusses the growing threats like climate change, land-use change and agriculture/ municipal waste to the wetlands and the conservation efforts by Indian government policies, i.e. National Wetland Conservation Programme, National Environmental Policy, and National Plan for conservation of the aquatic ecosystem. In addition, on the basis of previous studies on wetlands, it is suggested that the role of stakeholders is very much responsible for wetland conservation.
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Wilson, George, Melanie Edwards, and Neil Byron. "Custodianship of wildlife on private land to support conservation – an Australian model." Rangeland Journal 42, no. 5 (2020): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj20039.
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A large proportion of the world’s extinctions have occurred in Australia, and threatened species lists continue to grow, notwithstanding government and philanthropic efforts. Most losses have been on private land, so relying on national parks and reserves is not enough to reverse trends and meet Australia’s responsibilities. This paper proposes a model that could increase abundance and distribution of Australia’s biodiversity, while providing financial incentives to private landholders to do so. It addresses the question, can landholder management of wildlife, and a form of private ownership, remedy shortfalls in government funding for biodiversity conservation and the resulting consequences of vast biodiversity losses? Landholders currently invest in propagating introduced livestock species, but they are prevented by current regulations from investing in a similar manner in threatened Australian native species. Market-based incentives could increase the distribution and abundance of species on private land and help protect the habitat of other biodiversity. The enabling changes would be contentious to some people but are consistent with the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s Sustainable Use policy. Different versions of wildlife privatisation have been successfully applied internationally: there is urgency for Australia to draw on these experiences and develop its own model to encourage and support wildlife on private freehold land. The model proposed in this paper focuses on: identifying locally overabundant populations or captive-bred populations as sources of supply; finding landholders and philanthropists who would like to have custodianship of species; enabling entrepreneurs to respond to demand; and bringing the two together where there is scope for a market-based sharing economy. Encouraging wildlife custodianship on private freehold land would be mutually beneficial, as it would not only result in an increase in biodiversity, but the economic value of wildlife could provide an income to landholders as well as enhancing Australia’s conservation system.
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Sukardjo, Sukristijono. "MANGROVES FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION IN INDONESIA: CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE." Marine Research in Indonesia 34, no. 1 (June 30, 2009): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v34i1.434.
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Indonesia's mangrove resources (soils and waters, flora and fauna, and as an ecosystem all are called as mangrove biodiversity) are growing in importance. As a consequence of past and present human utilization the mangrove resources have been depleted. Keen competition for use of the mangrove resources is apparent and is likely to intensify in the future. This policy document stresses the importance of mangroves for the Nation and the need for the Government to manage and protect them. A set of basic principles for the management and protection of mangroves is provided, together with an outline of some actions which local and central governments (Pemerintah Pusat dan Daerah) should take up in order to achieve a balance between the use of mangrove resources, their conservation and long term national development.
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LOCKHART, ANDY. "Developing an offsetting programme: tensions, dilemmas and difficulties in biodiversity market-making in England." Environmental Conservation 42, no. 4 (July 2, 2015): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892915000193.
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SUMMARYIn 2011, the UK government set in motion a process to establish a formal biodiversity offsetting programme in England, as an attempt to tackle biodiversity loss as a result of development. Drawing on critical approaches to the commodification of nature, this article traces the dilemmas encountered by the UK government in its endeavours to roll out a biodiversity offsetting programme in the English planning system. Based on 34 in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, documentary analysis and participant observation at policy-focused events, the paper aims to show how the promise of reconciling development and conservation proved difficult to deliver. In government attempts to enrol sympathetic actors, disputes emerged over the purpose and fine detail of the proposals. Deeper tensions were revealed in clashes between governmental emphasis on deregulation and advocates’ calls for strong mandatory rules and well-resourced oversight, while efforts to balance complex ecology with market demands for simplicity and certainty undermined the promise of objective biodiversity metrics delivering uncontroversial hard numbers. Though the English case is in many ways context-specific, the problems experienced raise wider political questions around establishing meaningful offsetting schemes in any part of the world.
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Kelly, Andrew H. "Securing Urban Amenity: Does it Coincide with Biodiversity Conservation at the Local Government Level?" Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 13, no. 4 (January 2006): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14486563.2006.10648692.
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Roziqin, Ali. "Environmental Policy of Mangroves Management in Rembang Regency." E3S Web of Conferences 31 (2018): 09002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183109002.
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Mangrove area is an area overgrown mangrove in a natural or artificial, to maintain the environmental sustainability of coastal areas. In addition to maintaining the ecosystem of biodiversity, the mangrove area also has a role to social-economic, and socio-cultural. Rembang regency is one of the districts on the north coast of Java which has a large mangrove area. However, due to the high economic activity in the region of Rembang Regency, the mangrove area becomes less and damaged. This research to describe how environmental policy to manage mangrove area in Rembang regency with qualitative descriptive approach. The result is the role of government and society gradually able to restore mangrove ecosystem. Moreover the district government through Environmental Agency has made a masterplan for the development of mangrove ecotourism in Pasarbanggi Village. The existence of sustainable mangrove conservation has a positive impact on the environment and society.
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CENT, JOANNA, CORDULA MERTENS, and KRZYSZTOF NIEDZIAŁKOWSKI. "Roles and impacts of non-governmental organizations in Natura 2000 implementation in Hungary and Poland." Environmental Conservation 40, no. 2 (January 25, 2013): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892912000380.
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SUMMARYThe ecological network of Natura 2000, an European Union (EU) initiative to halt biodiversity loss across Europe, has dominated biodiversity governance in the new EU member states in recent years, as implementation was a condition of accession. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have generally assisted Natura 2000 implementation. In two Central and Eastern European countries (Poland and Hungary), NGOs became involved in different ways; this paper seeks to analyse and explain these national differences by researching the theoretical background of policy networks and advocacy coalitions in both countries. In Hungary, NGOs worked closely with governmental authorities and contributed significantly to site selection. In Poland, NGOs initially opposed government plans, but later moved toward close cooperation with public institutions; this resulted in a significant expansion in the area and number of designated Natura 2000 sites. In both countries, NGO influence increased during the Natura 2000 process owing to the establishment of multi-level policy networks with the European Commission and public institutions, based on resource dependencies and shared beliefs. In post-socialist countries, the progression from government-monopolized biodiversity conservation implies a growing importance and contribution of NGOs, and their ability to use resources appropriately in the new governance contexts.
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Briggs, Sue. "Avoiding madness in the method: best practice methodologies for regulatory biodiversity assessment." Pacific Conservation Biology 17, no. 2 (2011): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc110094.
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IN recent years, several Australasian jurisdictions have developed methodologies for regulatory assessment of impacts of development on biodiversity. Some methodologies are gazetted (NSW Government 2005) and some are policies under legislation (Department of Natural Resources and Environment 2002; Department of Environment and Climate Change 2007; Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts 2009; Norton 2009). Increasingly, the methodologies aim for no net loss of biodiversity or net environmental gain, or to improve or maintain environmental outcomes (Department of Natural Resources and Environment 2002; NSW Government 2005; Environmental Protection Authority 2006; Webb 2009). Some methodologies are deemed as law, while assessments under other methodologies are subject to court challenges (Meyers 1996; Cabarrus 2009). Assessments using deemed methodologies cannot be challenged in court providing the methodology is accurately followed. Some jurisdictions have deemed methodologies to assess impacts of development on biodiversity in some circumstances, more open (and legally challengeable) provisions for biodiversity assessment in other circumstances, and direct Ministerial authority in other situations (NSW Parliament 1979, 1995, 2003). Some methodologies are accompanied by software tools and datasets (NSW Government 2005; Department of Sustainability and Environment 2006; Department of Environment and Climate Change 2009). Most methodologies have been in operation for several years. During this time, much has been learnt about best practice for preparing and implementing methodologies and their accompanying tools and datasets. The purpose of this paper is to provide principles for developing and implementing best practice methodologies for assessing impacts of development on biodiversity, for policy makers and their advisors. The principles apply to assessment of individual development applications and projects, rather than to strategic assessment (see Macintosh 2010), although many are relevant for strategic assessment also. Most of the principles also apply to assessment of biodiversity for non-regulatory purposes, such as incentive schemes.
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Gössling, Stefan. "Funds for biodiversity." Environmental Conservation 29, no. 4 (December 2002): 411–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892902000309.
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A number of recent publications have pointed out the accelerating speed at which ecosystems and biodiversity are being lost (United Nations Development Programme/United Nations Environment Programme/The World Bank/The World Resources Institute 2000). The general view is that conservation can only be achieved in a global network of protected areas (see Pimm et al. 2001). To safeguard the most important ecosystems, Myers et al. (2000) have suggested that we primarily conserve 25 biodiversity hotspots, in particular forests, comprising 1.4% of the land surface of the Earth. The costs for the conservation of these hotspots have been estimated at US$ 500 million per year (Myers et al. 2000), while the costs of a global network of protected areas may even reach US$ 27.5 billion per year (James et al. 1999). Even though these costs may seem minor compared to, for example, the costs of global armament, governments in developing countries and environmental organizations are clearly not in the position to finance conservation. It is thus urgent to raise additional funds to safeguard biodiversity. In the following, I suggest a twofold strategy, based on tourism.
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WALICZKY, ZOLTAN, LINCOLN D. C. FISHPOOL, STUART H. M. BUTCHART, DAVID THOMAS, MELANIE F. HEATH, CAROLINA HAZIN, PAUL F. DONALD, AIDA KOWALSKA, MARIA P. DIAS, and TRISTRAM S. M. ALLINSON. "Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs): their impact on conservation policy, advocacy and action." Bird Conservation International 29, no. 2 (October 23, 2018): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270918000175.
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SummaryBirdLife International´s Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBA) Programme has identified, documented and mapped over 13,000 sites of international importance for birds. IBAs have been influential with governments, multilateral agreements, businesses and others in: (1) informing governments’ efforts to expand protected area networks (in particular to meet their commitments through the Convention on Biological Diversity); (2) supporting the identification of Ecologically or Biologically Significant Areas (EBSAs) in the marine realm, (3) identifying Wetlands of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention; (4) identifying sites of importance for species under the Convention on Migratory Species and its sister agreements; (5) identifying Special Protected Areas under the EU Birds Directive; (6) applying the environmental safeguards of international finance institutions such as the International Finance Corporation; (7) supporting the private sector to manage environmental risk in its operations; and (8) helping donor organisations like the Critical Ecosystems Partnership Fund (CEPF) to prioritise investment in site-based conservation. The identification of IBAs (and IBAs in Danger: the most threatened of these) has also triggered conservation and management actions at site level, most notably by civil society organisations and local conservation groups. IBA data have therefore been widely used by stakeholders at different levels to help conserve a network of sites essential to maintaining the populations and habitats of birds as well as other biodiversity. The experience of IBA identification and conservation is shaping the design and implementation of the recently launched Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) Partnership and programme, as IBAs form a core part of the KBA network.
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Mgumia, F. H., and G. Oba. "Potential role of sacred groves in biodiversity conservation in Tanzania." Environmental Conservation 30, no. 3 (September 2003): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892903000250.
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Sacred groves, some as old as several centuries, may have contributed to the preservation of some plant species in Tanzania. This has led conservationists to consider whether sacred groves could be used for in situ conservation. Eight sacred groves of the Ugunda chieftaincy of the Wanyamwezi in central Tanzania representing burial sites that varied from 6–300 years old were inventoried to compare woody species richness and taxonomic diversity with those of forest plots in a state managed Forest Reserve. Although they occupied a relatively small area the sacred groves had greater woody species richness and taxonomic diversity than the state managed Forest Reserve. The forest plots and the groves shared a species similarity index of 45%, suggesting that the sacred groves contributed to in situ conservation of the miombo woodland biodiversity. Some of the woody species were absent in the forest plots, also suggesting that groves served as a refuge for some species. An inventory of all existing sacred groves could provide important information on their role in in situ conservation. In order to promote them for community-based conservation of biodiversity the government should declare sacred groves as preservation sites, and incorporate them into modern conservation systems.
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Techera, Erika J. "Enhancing legal frameworks for biodiversity conservation in the Pacific." Pacific Conservation Biology 21, no. 1 (2015): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc14906.
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The Pacific region is a biodiversity hot spot with a long history of human occupation closely linked with sustainable use of the marine environment. The health of the marine environment and its resources is of environmental, economic and socio-cultural concern, and law plays an important part in its conservation and management. Designing appropriate legal mechanisms is, however, a challenging prospect. The Pacific Island countries involve a complex environment for law and policy-makers. As a result of their colonial past, these nations are legally pluralist, with more than one legal system operating at the same time. In addition, Pacific Island countries have embraced international law, ratifying the majority of key environmental treaties and subsequently taking steps to implement their obligations, including those related to biodiversity conservation. This complicated legal landscape means that law and policy must be adopted that implements international treaties whilst also meeting the needs of local communities. A particular feature of the Pacific region is the widespread adoption of community-based marine management approaches. Their proliferation is due to a combination of underlying customary law, which has subsisted despite colonial rule, together with a willingness by governments to support local approaches. This article examines community-based marine management through a legal lens; it commences by outlining traditional rules for marine management before exploring the contemporary legal position with a focus on the hybridisation of state-based legislation and customary law. Finally, comments are made on the effectiveness of these legal approaches, as well as remaining challenges.
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Bennett, Abigail, Xavier Basurto, John Virdin, Xinyan Lin, Samantha J. Betances, Martin D. Smith, Edward H. Allison, et al. "Recognize fish as food in policy discourse and development funding." Ambio 50, no. 5 (January 16, 2021): 981–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01451-4.
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AbstractThe international development community is off-track from meeting targets for alleviating global malnutrition. Meanwhile, there is growing consensus across scientific disciplines that fish plays a crucial role in food and nutrition security. However, this ‘fish as food’ perspective has yet to translate into policy and development funding priorities. We argue that the traditional framing of fish as a natural resource emphasizes economic development and biodiversity conservation objectives, whereas situating fish within a food systems perspective can lead to innovative policies and investments that promote nutrition-sensitive and socially equitable capture fisheries and aquaculture. This paper highlights four pillars of research needs and policy directions toward this end. Ultimately, recognizing and working to enhance the role of fish in alleviating hunger and malnutrition can provide an additional long-term development incentive, beyond revenue generation and biodiversity conservation, for governments, international development organizations, and society more broadly to invest in the sustainability of capture fisheries and aquaculture.
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Khasa, P. D., J. Bousquet, G. Vallée, and J. Bélanger. "Utilization and management of forest resources in Zaire." Forestry Chronicle 71, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc71479-4.
Full textAbstract:
Tropical forest biomes are characterized by a high biodiversity. However, this biological complexity is diminishing rapidly. The causes for the decline and deterioration of tropical forests in Zaire were analysed. The main factors causing loss of biodiversity are shifting agriculture, fuelwood consumption, and fires in open forests and savannas. Measures for maintenance of forest biodiversity are proposed. These include in situ and ex situ conservation, suitable agricultural and silvicultural management systems, based on knowledge of genetic structure, genecology, reproductive biology of tropical plant populations, and biotic and edaphoclimatic factors. The active participation and support of the Zairean people as a whole, and policy and institutional reform are essential for a more effective utilization, management, and protection of the forests, so that socio-economic and environmental benefits are provided for present and future generations. Sustainable forestry development requires also a greater collaboration between government agencies and local communities and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Key words: Biodiversity, deforestation, national tropical forestry action plan, sustainable development, tropical forests, Zaire
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Masters, Bernie. "Temperate woodland conservation and management." Pacific Conservation Biology 18, no. 4 (2012): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc120324.
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AS excellent as this book is, its title is something of a misnomer. Because the book contains 40 short chapters summarising the key findings and recommendations of many of Australia’s leading woodland researchers and managers, the words ‘Principles of . . . ’ should precede the existing title. While the book provides readers with a very good understanding of the major issues to be addressed in conserving and managing woodland habitat, as well as in producing effective and much-needed government policy, further reading is required from each chapter’s extensive list of references to obtain the detail of how to conserve and manage woodlands. Temperate Woodland Conservation and Management The biodiversity value of woodlands in southern Australia is significant, particularly for bird and bat conservation. Because woodlands soils were suitable for agriculture, between 80 and 90% have been cleared (Thackway, Chapter 31). The remainder is subject to many serious threats including grazing, weeds, fertilizer drift, fragmentation effects and altered fire regimes. This book is a timely summary of relevant research, much of which has been carried out in the last 10 to 15 years.
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Masters, Bernie. "Temperate Woodland Conservation and Management." Pacific Conservation Biology 20, no. 3 (2014): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc140336.
Full textAbstract:
AS excellent as this book is, its title is something of a misnomer. Because the book contains 40 short chapters summarising the key findings and recommendations of many of Australia’s leading woodland researchers and managers, the words “Principles of . . .” should precede the existing title. While the book provides readers with a very good understanding of the major issues to be addressed in conserving and managing woodland habitat, as well as in producing effective and much-needed government policy, further reading is required from each chapter’s extensive list of references to obtain the detail of how to conserve and manage woodlands. The biodiversity value of woodlands in southern Australia is significant, particularly for bird and bat conservation. Because woodland soils were suitable for agriculture, between 80 and 90% have been cleared (Thackway, Chapter 31). The remainder is subject to many serious threats including grazing, weeds, fertilizer drift, fragmentation effects and altered fire regimes. This book is a timely summary of relevant research, much of which has been carried out in the last 10 to 15 years.
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Morozova, Galina Viktorovna, and Irina Dmitrievna Porfireva. "Features of Information Coverage of Regional Environmental Policy on the Instance of the Republic of Tatarstan." International Journal of Financial Research 12, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v12n2p210.
Full textAbstract:
The process of economic development of countries and the set of economic policies in recent decades has been such that environmental challenges have become one of the most important concerns of policymakers. Therefore, it can be important to study the role and impact of government economic policies on environmental quality. The pervasiveness of environmental consequences is one of the factors that make it necessary to examine its various dimensions in a wide range of political actions of governments. Therefore, many country leaders and environmental activists are trying to make policies to improve the environmental situation of their country. Environmental policy refers to commitments on environmental issues by organizing laws, regulations, policies and other political mechanisms. These issues generally include air, water, waste management, ecosystem management, biodiversity conservation, natural resource conservation, wildlife and endangered species. By monitoring human activities, these policies can prevent harmful effects on the biophysical environment and natural resources, as well as environmental changes and their harmful effects on human life. This study examines the environmental policies of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation.
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Chen, Han-Shen, and Hung-Yu Kuo. "Integrated Multi-Attribute Preference Analysis in Fisheries and Solar Power Symbiosis Areas: A Case Study in Cigu, Taiwan." Water 13, no. 22 (November 17, 2021): 3265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13223265.
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To achieve the 2025 Non-Nuclear Homeland goal and carbon emission mitigation target, the Taiwan government has been developing actively green and renewable energy with low carbon emissions. This study assessed the FSPS development project in the Cigu region of Tainan City to provide a thorough analysis toward making tradeoffs among ecosystem conservation, aquaculture, fisheries, and green power generation development. This study employs the choice experiment method and designs different attributes and levels to discuss the preferences of stakeholders in the policy development choices for ecosystem conservation and FSPS. The hope is that it can balance economic development and ecological conservation. The findings demonstrate that the tourists’ marginal willingness to pay is low. The respondents then give importance to improving biodiversity. Finally, they prefer minimal changes to the status quo with the FSPS policy implementation. These findings can serve as a reference for decision making for regional sustainable development, aquaculture and fishery upgradation, and green power generation and exploitation.
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Jupiter, Stacy, Sangeeta Mangubhai, and Richard T. Kingsford. "Conservation of Biodiversity in the Pacific Islands of Oceania: Challenges and Opportunities." Pacific Conservation Biology 20, no. 2 (2014): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc140206.
Full textAbstract:
Pacific Island biodiversity has a notorious record of decline and extinction which continues due to habitat loss and degradation, invasive species, overexploitation, pollution, disease and human-forced climate change. In terrestrial systems, these global and local pressures are more acute because of relatively small land to sea area, high endemism and poor adaptations to resist predation. Regional policy and learning frameworks exist to combat biodiversity loss and environmental degradation, but implementation remains patchy across the 22 Pacific Island countries and territories (PICTs) within Oceania. PICTs are challenged by small, under-resourced government departments, limited data, and strong political will for rapid economic development at the cost of ecological sustainability. In this synthesis of the special issue, we identify the challenges and opportunities for biodiversity conservation on Pacific islands. We identified bright spots of implementation occurring through regional initiatives, knowledge-sharing networks, and community-based management. The challenge looms large, given the relatively small-scale efforts compared to the core drive for development of natural resources which continues to pervade island communities. Five key initiatives promise improved conservation effectiveness: 1) alignment of national biodiversity strategies to the Aichi Targets, under the Convention on Biological Diversity; 2) increased engagement with local communities to promote wise stewardship and local environmental monitoring; 3) dissemination of best practice guidelines for management through learning networks; 4) cost-benefit analyses that drive investment in biosecurity and invasive control; and 5) implementation of integrated island management that accounts for the multiple synergistic benefits of ecosystem management (e.g., climate adaptation, disaster risk reduction, improved health).
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Widayanti, T. F., L. M. Syarif, M. Aswan, M. Z. Hakim, E. M. Djafart, and Ratnawati. "Implementation of Biodiversity Conventions in Protecting and Conserving Indonesia’s Marine Environment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1118, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1118/1/012063.
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Abstract Indonesia has three main ecosystems, mangroves, coral reefs and sea grass bed ecosystems as characteristics of a coastal countries. However, the three ecosystems are getting more and more damaged daily. This is caused by activities carried out by humans such as very fast infrastructure of coastal areas, marine debris and overfishing, and other consequences. To overcome this, the government has issued various policies, especially regarding protecting biodiversity in the three ecosystems. One of the actions taken by the government is to ratify the biodiversity convention (CBD) through Law Number 5 of 1994. Since the agenda for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a global development established, the implementation of the biodiversity convention must be aligned with the SDGs, to create equitable development and ensure human welfare. Subsequently, a conflict emerged, was how to align policies to provide effective protection for the conservation of the three marine ecosystems while continuing to develop globally so that the marine environment preservation was maintained and developed for the community, especially in coastal areas continued to develop. This study uses a normative approach by analyzing international conventions and related national regulations and then be written down by descriptive analysis. This research has purposed to find the perfect concept of policy for the implementation of CBD to give protection and conservation the environment in the Indonesia sea. Research shows that it is necessary to make legal regulations that contain strict sanctions against perpetrators of destroying marine ecosystems because so far, there have been no strict sanctions given by law enforcement officers against those who violate these rules.
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Nelson, Rebecca. "Regulating Hidden Risks to Conservation Lands in Resource Rich Areas." University of Queensland Law Journal 40, no. 3 (January 23, 2022): 491–530. http://dx.doi.org/10.38127/uqlj.v40i3.6217.
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Australia leads the world in formally dedicating private land to environmental conservation, helping governments protect critical biodiversity without straining the public purse. In Queensland, the booming resources sector threatens this biodiversity protection, even beyond landholders’ well-recognised lack of veto power over mining approvals on their land. Three structural legal biases increase this vulnerability. To differing degrees, Queensland’s laws assume that mining affects only land under or adjoining mining tenures, overlooking scientifically likely longer-distance impacts (‘boundary bias’); they emphasise protecting built and commercial infrastructure over ecological assets, overlooking significant investment in species and ecosystems (‘infrastructure bias’); and they allow consideration of proposed mining in isolation, without considering cumulative impacts on ecological assets (‘singularity bias’). Fortunately, Queensland law and policy precedents suggest potential corrective reforms.
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Onyinyechi, Omodero Cordelia, and Alege Philip Olasupo. "Government Expenditure Fiscal Delegation and Environmental Quality: A Study of Nigeria." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 17, no. 3 (June 2, 2022): 949–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170325.
Full textAbstract:
The delegation of government fiscal expenditure is a significant avenue via which the required environmental quality is intended to be accomplished. Climate change is a big worry across the world. Every government is putting forth enormous effort to handle the problem in order to keep human occupancy across the globe. It is not out of place for the government to prudently allocate the necessary resources to Nigeria's three levels of government in order to maintain the environment. The government budget is the primary tool for capturing this expenditure obligation and enabling governments at all levels to bear it successfully. As a result, this study investigates the effectiveness of the three levels of government's fiscal obligations in reducing CO2 emissions in Nigeria. The study spans the years 2005 through 2020, with data analyzed utilizing numerous regression techniques and correlation. According to the data, state fiscal expenditure has a minor destructive impression on haze secretion management, however local government has a large deleterious bearing with smoke decline. On the other hand, federal government budgetary expenditure has a considerable and favorable influence on CO2 emission control. As a result, increased government resources are required to address the environmental pollution challenge. According to the report, all levels of government should invest heavily in green technologies in order to attain pollution-free living conditions. Fiscal spending delegation should apply pollution control adoption costs necessary for biodiversity conservation.
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MILLER, KATHERINE L., JAMES A. TREZISE, STEFAN KRAUS, KIMBERLEY DRIPPS, MEGAN C. EVANS, PHILIP GIBBONS, HUGH P. POSSINGHAM, and MARTINE MARON. "The development of the Australian environmental offsets policy: from theory to practice." Environmental Conservation 42, no. 4 (January 14, 2015): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689291400040x.
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SUMMARYEnvironmental offsetting involves compensating for the residual adverse impacts of an action on the environment by generating an equivalent benefit elsewhere. As the prevalence of environmental offsetting grows, so does the challenge of translating no-net-loss goals to workable policy. From 2011–2012, the Australian Government developed an Environmental Offsets Policy and an accompanying metric (the Offsets Assessment Guide) to support decision making about offset requirements under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Through extensive stakeholder consultation and in collaboration with academic researchers, the Guide was developed with the aim of accounting appropriately for ecological equivalence in a transparent and flexible manner. This paper outlines the Australian Government's environmental offset policy development process, and describes the approach adopted for evaluating the suitability of proposed offsets in meeting the policy goals. The Guide explicitly estimates the extent to which an offset will improve the target biota and/or avert future losses, the degree of confidence that the offset will be implemented successfully, and the time it will take to deliver a conservation benefit. Since implementation of the Environmental Offsets Policy and the Guide, there has been a shift in focus from estimating offset requirements based on simplistic area ratios, toward directly evaluating the components of an offset action that determine its environmental performance. Achieving a balance between scientific robustness and policy workability is an ongoing challenge. The Environmental Offsets Policy and Guide represent an important step towards consistency and transparency in environmental offset decision-making.
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Tang, Xiaolan, and John Adekunle Adesina. "Biodiversity Conservation of National Parks and Nature-Protected Areas in West Africa: The Case of Kainji National Park, Nigeria." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 15, 2022): 7322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127322.
Full textAbstract:
Due to rising global warming and climate change, biodiversity protection has become a critical ecological concern. Rich biodiversity zones are under threat and are deteriorating, necessitating national, regional, and provincial efforts to safeguard these natural areas. The effective conservation of national parks and nature-protected areas help to improve biodiversity conservation, forest, and urban air quality. The continuous encroachment and abuse of these protected areas have degraded the ecosystem over time. While exploring the geophysical ecology and biodiversity conservation of these areas in West Africa, Kainji National Park was selected for this study because of its notable location, naturalness, rich habitat diversity, topographic uniqueness, and landmass. The conservation of national parks and nature-protected areas is a cornerstone of biodiversity conservation globally. This study is aimed at the target United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 13, 2030—Climate Action targeted at taking urgent action towards combating climate change and its impacts. The study captures both flora and fauna that are dominant in the study area. The 15 identified tree species were selected from over 30 species with 563,500,000 (an average of 3,700,000 in each sample frame) trees for every tree species/type with a total of 63% tree green canopy cover. The study areas divided into three zones were randomly sampled within a stratum of 25 × 25 km frames divided into 150 sample frames for proper analyses using the i-Tree Eco v6.0.25. It is a United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service peer-reviewed application (software) designed which includes tools for urban and rural forestry study and benefits evaluations. The following microclimatic data were captured and analyzed photosynthetically active radiation, rain/precipitation, temperature, transpiration, evaporation, water intercepted by trees, runoff avoided by trees, potential evaporation by trees, and isoprene and monoterpene by trees. This study also further discusses the tree benefits of a green, low carbon, and sustainable environment within the context of biodiversity conservation, considering carbon storage, carbon sequestration, hydrology effects, pollution removal, oxygen production, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). There is a quick need for remotely-sensed information about the national parks, protected areas and nature reserves at regular intervals, and government policies must be strict against illegal poaching, logging activities, and other hazardous human impacts.
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Maharjan, Keshav Lall, Clarisse Gonzalvo, and Wilson Aala. "Dynamics of Environmental Conservation Agriculture (ECA) Utilization among Fujioka Farmers in Japan with High Biodiversity Conservation Awareness but Low ECA Interest." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 27, 2022): 5296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095296.
Full textAbstract:
Japan aims to be carbon-neutral by 2050 by targeting various sectors including agriculture. One of the main strategies in this sector to mitigate climate change effects is environmental conservation agriculture (ECA); however, ECA utilization remains low in most of Japan’s prefectures to this date. To address this problem and to know what factors influence ECA adoption, we collected data from Fujioka city, Gunma prefecture, which has low ECA utilization but has high biodiversity conservation efforts. Using factor analysis and binary logistic regression, two major themes emerged by which ECA continuation can be increased, namely: farmers’ intent to improve their local/global environment and to enhance their production. The study highlighted the importance of ECA information dissemination as evidenced by the presence of a knowledge gap on how ECA translates into climate change advocacies. The promotion of farmer-consumer market channels and extension of ECA products in local industries by government and non-government institutions are also recommended to strengthen rural-urban linkages in the area. Increasing the ECA uptake of farmers would also have a positive impact on the ongoing preservation of endangered yaritanago fish species in Fujioka. Lastly, the results from this study highlight the heterogeneity of factors that affect any given farming community with respect to the strategies that can effectively drive ECA adoption.
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DE VILLIERS, CHARL C., and RICHARD C. HILL. "ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORKS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO FARM-LEVEL EIA IN A GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT: A PROPOSAL FROM THE CAPE FLORISTIC REGION, SOUTH AFRICA." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 10, no. 04 (December 2008): 333–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333208003172.
Full textAbstract:
Cultivation has been the primary driver of habitat transformation in South Africa. This paper explores the effectiveness of agricultural and, latterly, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) authorisation procedures in stemming biodiversity loss resulting from cultivation in the lowlands of the Cape Floristic Region, a global biodiversity hotspot. Owing to an activity-based focus, agri-environmental regulation has been largely unable to mitigate the cumulative effects of large-scale land clearance in threatened ecosystems. Case studies in the Sandveld and Slanghoek districts are used to argue that revised EIA regulations published in 2006 partly perpetuate the structural shortcomings of activity-based EIA. An ecosystem-based strategy for agri-environmental screening in biodiversity hotspots is introduced, drawing on conservation plans, the agricultural LandCare programme and the provision for Environmental Management Frameworks (EMF) in the 2006 EIA regulations. "Agri-EMFs", as a collaborative initiative that involves government, agricultural and non-governmental representatives, may present an effective alternative to the inefficiencies of project-level EIA.