Journal articles: 'Biodegradable oils'

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Salas, Joaquin J., M. Victoria Ruiz-Méndez, and Rafael Garcés. "Prologe: Biodegradable lubricants from vegetable oils." Grasas y Aceites 62, no. 1 (February 16, 2011): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.000111.

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Stanciu, Ioana. "Rheological Behavior of Biodegradable Lubricants." Oriental Journal of Chemistry 35, no. 2 (April 5, 2019): 684–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/350224.

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Biodegradable lubricants are of particular interest from the point of view of environmental protection. Generally, base oils for biodegradable lubricants may be: polyglycols, synthetic ester oils and vegetable oils. The vegetable oils used in this study are: oil sunflower, soybean oil and coconut oil. The rheological study was based on graphical representation of shear velocity based on shear stress using experimental data. The rheological models found in the literature are: Bingham, Casson, Ostwald-de Waele and Herschel-Bulkley. The article proposes three other rheological models of shear speed dependence on shear speed.

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TAKAYANAGI, Masaaki. "Biodegradable Lubricating Oils." Oleoscience 5, no. 10 (2005): 455–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/oleoscience.5.455.

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Rousek, M. "Results of the development of biodegradable oils suitable for forest machines." Research in Agricultural Engineering 49, No. 1 (February 8, 2012): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4946-rae.

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The paper is a response to the problem of the environment pollution by oil product spills from mechanisms of forest and agricultural machines. The problem can be dealt with through the replacement of mineral oils by biodegradable oils. Information concerning the measurement of parameters of these oils was published by the author. It has been demonstrated that the parameters are broadly suitable with the exception of thermooxidation stability. The paper is, therefore, aimed at improving the thermooxidation stability of biodegradable oils of HETG type. Oil raffinates based on rape oil, methyl esters are delivered in various quality, mostly with a service life of 600 to 2,000 service hours at a temperature of max. 70oC. Methods of testing are based on monitoring the change in acid value, viscosity, water content and peroxide number during the service life test. It has been proved that peroxide number characterizes very well thermooxidation stability which is nearly unsatisfactory in raffinates. A method for improving the thermooxidation stability has been proposed using high superheating of oils at the beginning of use and their subsequent treatment. Thus, deep-frying oils (HETG) characterized by a short-term thermal stress appear to be suitable. Through filtration and other treatment three types of samples were developed and tested. The advantage of the procedure consists in the fact that esterification does not occur. Results of the tests are evaluated and compared with properties of traditional raffinates. It is possible to conclude that thermooxidizing stability of the oils has been substantially improved, other parameters in additivated samples are comparable with raffinates.

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González-Reyes, Gabriel A., Susana Bayo-Besteiro, Jordi Vich Llobet, and Juan A. Añel. "Environmental and Economic Constraints on the Use of Lubricant Oils for Wind and Hydropower Generation: The Case of NATURGY." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 21, 2020): 4242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104242.

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Lubricant oil is an essential element in wind and hydropower generation. We present a lifecycle assessment (LCA) of the lubricant oils (mineral, synthetic and biodegradable) used in hydropower and wind power generation. The results are given in terms of energy used, associated emissions and costs. We find that, for the oil turbines and regulation systems considered here, biodegradable oil is a better option in terms of energy and CO2 equivalent emissions than mineral or synthetic oils, from production and recycling through to handling. However, synthetic and mineral oils are better options due to the potential risks associated with the use of biodegradable oil, generally when it comes into contact with water. There are also significant savings to be made in the operation of wind turbines when using an improved type of synthetic oil.

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Kučera, M., and M. Rousek. "Evaluation of thermooxidation stability of biodegradable recycled rapeseed-based oil NAPRO-HO 2003." Research in Agricultural Engineering 54, No. 4 (October 16, 2008): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/11/2008-rae.

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The paper deals with the problems of introducing biodegradable oils in relation to the environmental protection. In the course of the research, the parameters were tested and improved of a number of rapeseed-based oils. Thus, two groups of oils were created to enable to distinguish raffinates and recycled oils. Recycling can remove the greatest disadvantage of raffinates, namely their thermo-oxidation instability, which becomes evident particularity by the formation of hardenable polymer deposits. The deposits result in the loss of the function of the components of the hydraulic circuit and gearbox. The methods of testing are based on the follow-up of the changes in acid value, kinematic viscosity at 40°C, water content, and peroxide number during the service life test. It has been proved that peroxide number characterises very well the thermo-oxidation stability, which is nearly unsatisfactory in raffinates. Within the cooperation in the international program KONTAKT, compliance tests were carried out of recycled rapeseed-based oil NAPRO 2003 in a hydraulic circuit and gearboxes. Their results are compared with the parameters of the best-recycled oils available.

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Kučera, Marián, and Zdeněk Aleš. "Morphology Analysis of Friction Particles Generated in Tractor Transmission Oils." Acta Technologica Agriculturae 20, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ata-2017-0012.

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AbstractThe aim of the study was the examination of the morphological and compositional attributes of wear particles of tested universal tractor transmission oil (UTTO) samples by means of automatic particle counter and classifier LaserNetFinesTM-C, which is an ideal tool to establish the dynamic equilibrium concentration and hence to set the alarm limits for any type of machine. Such limits can be based on wear type and particle size ranges. The samples of two UTTO (mineral oil and biodegradable fully synthetic oil) were taken from the rear gearboxes of the wheel tractor during a long-term experiment. The measurement results showed that there was faster increase in the particle wear of mineral oil in comparison to biodegradable transmission oil. Considering the increase in the percentage of particles over 20 μm, the biodegradable oil seems to be more favourable for usage. Regardless of this, it can be concluded that the biodegradable oil is equivalent to petroleum-based oils.

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Buczek, Bronislaw, and Anna Zajezierska. "Biodegradable lubricating greases containing used frying oil as additives." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 67, no. 4 (June 8, 2015): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-07-2013-0082.

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Purpose – The aim of this paper was to investigate the possibility of reusing frying oil, obtained during thermal treatment of food in fast-food restaurants for production of plastic greases. Design/methodology/approach – In accordance with the proposed research concept, the used frying oil was to be the base oil of biodegradable plastic greases thickened with calcium 12-hydroxystearate and lithium 12-hydroxystearate. These studies included the determination of the effect of variable amounts of used oil component in the base oil on the properties of the resultant plastic greases. Findings – It was found that the optimum amount of the component in the base oil is 10-15 per cent. Calcium and lithium greases prepared in such a way possess a quality to that of greases prepared with fresh rapeseed oil. Research limitations/implications – Higher concentrations of used frying oil in the base oil adversely affect the degree of thickening, thixotropic properties and dropping point of the grease, as well as, creating technological problems. Practical implications – The investigations, beside their research goals have also a practical character – recycling waste material in place of its present method of disposal. Originality/value – One of the least expensive material, and most commonly used to produce biodegradable lubricants are vegetable oils. In recent years, besides introducing biodegradable lubricating oils, increasing interest is observed in the use of plastic greases of high biodegradability. Now, it is possible to obtain such greases with additive of used frying oils. Biodegradable greases are used as lubrication of open gear, food production equipment, central lubrication system in cars and railway engineering.

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Rogoś, Elżbieta. "THE NON-NORMATIVE TESTS OF THE OPERATIONAL SUITABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE HYDRAULIC OILS." Tribologia 288, no. 6 (December 31, 2019): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7773.

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The paper presented the results of tests on the operational properties of industrial oils based on plants carried out by methods not covered by subject standards. It was a method for testing the thermo-oxidative resistance of oils using an actual hydraulic stand and a method for testing the resistance of oils to the action of microorganisms in an aqueous environment. The results of tests on biodegradable hydraulic oil based on a mixture of rapeseed and castor oil were presented. The usefulness of methods for assessing the operational properties of oils was demonstrated, in particular at the stage of composition.

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Ab Ghani, Siti Soleha, and Nor Asiah Muhamad. "Review on Dissolved Fault Gases in Monitoring Bio-Oil Filled Transformer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 818 (January 2016): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.818.69.

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The combination of solid insulation (usually cellulose paper) and liquid insulation (usually mineral oil) yield good dielectric properties at fair cost. However, arising concerns on environmental effect of mineral oil when leakage and its risk of fire has force researches for alternative fluids. One of the suitable options for replacement of mineral oil is biodegradable oil that is plant-based, high biodegradability, non-toxicity and high fire point. Some refining and modification to crude vegetable oils resulting to suitable transformer dielectric fluid such as BIOTEMP®, ENVIROTEMP® FR3 and PFAE (palm fatty acid ester). Application of these oils in small scale distribution transformers give positive feedback so far, hence, led to development of biodegradable oil-based large power transformer. Monitoring of the oil for power transformer is important to ensure its reliability and avoid unnecessary cost of failure. Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) is one of the methods for oil monitoring of transformer. This method analyzes oil condition to detect incipient faults so that relevant actions can be made before actual failures occur. This paper will review the hydrocarbon gases or known as faults gases for monitoring and faults diagnosis for mineral and biodegradable oil-filled transformer. Past works about DGA on biodegradable oil such as sunflower, soybean, and corn oil are analyzed. Any different on gases production of oil through different tests will be discuss further in this paper.

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Kučera, Marián, Zdeněk Aleš, Jindřich Pavlů, and Michaela Hnilicová. "Applying of Automatic Laser Particle Counter as Technique to Morphology Assessment and Distribution of Wear Particles during Lifetime of Transmission Oils." Key Engineering Materials 669 (October 2015): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.669.417.

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Vast part of environment pollution is caused by the lubricants. Lubricants are mostly of mineral origin. They are toxic and not easily biodegradable. Transition to biodegradable oils involves several technical issues. During the operation of machines and equipment wear occurs due to formation of particles that pollute the lubricant fillings. Cleanliness of the oils in lubrication systems is an important prerequisite for maintaining the operating conditions of machines and equipment.The aim of this article is to evaluate distribution of wear particles of tested transmission oil samples via automatic laser particle counter and classifier LaserNet Fines-C which is highly accurate and a fully automated tribotechnical diagnostics device.

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12

Nowak, Paulina, Karolina Kucharska, and Marian Kamiński. "Ecological and Health Effects of Lubricant Oils Emitted into the Environment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16 (August 20, 2019): 3002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16163002.

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Lubricating oils used in machines with an open cutting system, such as a saw or harvester, are applied in forest areas, gardening, in the household, and in urban greenery. During the operation of the device with an open cutting system, the lubricating oil is emitted into the environment. Therefore, the use of an oil base and refining additives of petroleum origin in the content of lubricants is associated with a negative impact on health and the environment. The current legal regulations concerning lubricants applicable in the European Union (EU) assess the degree of biodegradability. Legislation permits the use of biodegradable oils at 60% for a period of 28 days. This means that, in practice, lubricating oil considered to be biodegradable can contain up to 50% of the so-called petroleum oil base. The paper aims to draw public attention to the need to reduce the toxicity and harmful effects, due to their composition, of lubricating oils emitted into the environment on health. The authors discuss the impact of petroleum oil lubricants on soils, groundwater, vegetation, and animals, and the impact of petroleum-origin oil mist on health. An overview of test methods for the biodegradability of lubricating oils is presented, including the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 301 A–F, 310, and 302 A–D tests, as well as their standard equivalents. The current legal regulations regarding the use and control of lubricating oils emitted into the environment are discussed. Legal provisions are divided according to their area of application. Key issues regarding the biodegradability and toxicity of petroleum fractions in lubricating oils are also addressed. It is concluded that lubricating oils, emitted or potentially emitted into the environment, should contain only biodegradable ingredients in order to eliminate the negative impact on both the environment and health. Total biodegradability should be confirmed by widely applied tests. Therefore, a need to develop and implement low-cost and simple control procedures for each type of lubricating oil, ensuring the possibility of an indisputable conclusion about the presence and total absence of petroleum-derived components in oil, as well as the content of natural ingredients, occurs.

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OHNO, Nobuyoshi, and Ziaur RAHMAN. "Ball Bearing Life of Biodegradable Vegetable Oils." Proceedings of the Machine Design and Tribology Division meeting in JSME 2002.2 (2002): 211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemdt.2002.2.211.

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Stanciu, Ioana. "A study of rheological behavior for refined rapeseed oil." Analele Universitatii "Ovidius" Constanta - Seria Chimie 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auoc-2013-0010.

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AbstractThe refined rapeseed oil were carefully studied in recent years because they may constitute a raw material for biodegradable lubricants getting organic. These oils are an alternative to synthetic mineral oils. This article presents rheological behavior of refined rapeseed oil. The dynamic viscosity of refined rapeseed oil was determined at temperatures range between 313 - 363 K and shear rates range from 3.3 - 120 s-1. For temperature ranging between 313 - 363 K refined rapeseed oil has a Bingham fluid behavior.

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Sinan, S. S., J. Jasni, N. Azis, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, and M. N. Mohtar. "Effect of Particles on the AC Breakdown Voltage of Palm Oil and Coconut Oil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 793 (September 2015): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.793.70.

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Under current scenario of regulation on the safety and environment, biodegradable oils are gaining interest as dielectric insulating fluid in transformers. There are different types of biodegradable oils that are currently examined and among them are Palm Oil (PO) and Coconut Oil (CO). It is important to carry out extensive examination on these oils at laboratory level since the failure in-service could be costly. Among the important studies are the AC breakdown strength properties under the influence of particles. In this paper, a study is carried out to examine the influence of particles on the AC breakdown voltage of POand CO. The PO used in this study is Refined Bleached and Deodorized (RBDPO) Olein type. Two types of particles are used for the investigations which are cellulose and copper particles.Four different weights of particles are added on each of the samples and tested with the AC breakdown tester at a gap distance of 1 mm using VDE electrodes. It was found that copper particles have more significant effect on the AC breakdown strength of RBDPO and CO than cellulose particles.

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Katim, Nurul Izzatul Akma, Mohd Taufiq Ishak, A. M. Ishak, and M. Z. A. A. Kadir. "Behavior of Biodegradable Oil under Impulse Voltages." Applied Mechanics and Materials 785 (August 2015): 320–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.785.320.

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The properties of Palm Oil (PO) and Coconut Oil (CO) offer the potential for transformers with non-toxicity, high fire and flash points and better environmental compatibility while compared with those filled with Mineral Oil (MO). This potential has led to intensive studies of electrical performance of biodegradable oil especially in evaluating the electrical performance under lightning impulse voltage in recent years. This paper presents the investigation on the impulse breakdown voltage of PO and CO in such a uniform field. The PO used in this study is Refined, Bleached and Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) Olein type. Two testing methods, rising-voltage and up-and-down are considered for both oils with different gap distances (2.0 mm and 3.8 mm). Testing methods including rising-voltage method and up-and-down method have no notable influence on the breakdown voltages of RBDPOs and CO compared to MO.

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Naveed, M., A. Arslan, H. M. A. Javed, T. Manzoor, M. M. Quazi, T. Imran, Z. M. Zulfattah, M. Khurram, and I. M. R. Fattah. "State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives of Environmentally Friendly Machining Using Biodegradable Cutting Fluids." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 7, 2021): 4816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164816.

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The use of cutting fluids has played a vital role in machining operations in lubrication and cooling. Most cutting fluids are mineral oil-based products that are hazardous to the environment and the worker, cause severe diseases and pollute the environment. In addition, petroleum resources are becoming increasingly unsustainable. Due to environmental and health issues, legislations have been established to ensure that the consumption of mineral oil is reduced. Consequently, researchers are making efforts to replace these mineral oil-based products. Vegetable oils are grasping attention due to their better lubricating properties, ease of availability, biodegradability, low prices, and non-toxicity. In this study, a detailed review and critical analysis are conducted of the research works involving vegetable oils as cutting fluids keeping in view the shortcomings and possible solutions to overcome these drawbacks. The purpose of the review is to emphasise the benefits of vegetable oil-based cutting fluids exhibiting comparable performance to that of mineral oil-based products. In addition, an appropriate selection of non-edible vegetable oil-based cutting fluids along with optimum cutting parameters to avoid a scanty supply of edible oils is also discussed. According to this research, vegetable oils are capable of substituting synthetic cutting fluids, and this option might aid in the successful and cost-efficient implementation of green machining.

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Iłowska, Jolanta, Justyna Chrobak, Rafał Grabowski, Michał Szmatoła, Julia Woch, Iwona Szwach, Jolanta Drabik, Magdalena Trzos, Rafał Kozdrach, and Małgorzata Wrona. "Designing Lubricating Properties of Vegetable Base Oils." Molecules 23, no. 8 (August 14, 2018): 2025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23082025.

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Lubricants that are based on renewable raw materials have drawn increased attention in various applications, especially those related to the food industry. Due to the high requirements of environmental protection, there is a need to develop biodegradable base oils that are environmentally friendly and do not contain harmful components. The objective of the research was to obtain a base oil with a certain viscosity and certain desired lubricating properties. Base oils were obtained from Crambe abyssinica oil by means of blending with synthetic oil and oxidation. The oxidation processes were carried out in the presence of N-hydroxyphthalimide with or without CO2 as a solvent. As a final result of this study, oil bases meeting the viscosity requirements and showing suitable lubricating properties were obtained. The Raman spectra of the obtained oils were evaluated.

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KAZAMA, Toshiharu, Mitsuru FUJIWARA, Ryo NOZAWA, and Shinichi MITSUMOTO. "Evaluation of Biodegradable Hydraulic Oils Using Piston Pumps." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2003.2 (2003): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2003.2.0_369.

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Vannarth, Ram Rohit, Raj Dhake, S. Vishal Kanna, and Safal Sharad Saraf. "Characterisation of Natural Oils as Carrier Fluids for Magnetorheological Fluids." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 4, no. 4 (December 11, 2019): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.04.04.2019.04.

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The field of application of Magnetorheological fluids (MRF) is widening. The carrier fluids being used now are synthetic, expensive and non-biodegradable. Hence, there is a need for looking for better and inexpensive alternatives. This study was intended to uncloak alternatives to the synthetic carrier fluids by taking four natural oils and conducting various tests. The four natural oils, viz, Simarouba Oil, Mahua Oil, Groundnut oil, Flaxseed oil and synthetic Silicone oil were taken and tests concerning Magnetorheological fluids like density, kinematic viscosity, flash and fire point, pour point, etc., were conducted according to standards in a licensed laboratory. Based on the various tests conducted, the four natural oils have shown remarkable potential compared with commonly used silicone oil to be used as carrier fluids.

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Adekunle, Adebayo Surajudeen, Adekunle Akanni Adeleke, Peter Pelumi Ikubanni, Peter Olorunleke Omoniyi, Tajudeen Adelani Gbadamosi, and Jamiu Kolawole Odusote. "Mechanical properties and microstructural evaluation of heat-treated aluminum alloy using formulated bio-quenchants." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 11, no. 3 (November 12, 2020): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1848.2020.00087.

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AbstractHeat treatment industries require various quenching media to improve the properties of the materials to be quenched. Petroleum based mineral (PBM) oil, a non-biodegradable oil, is popular amongst others quenchants in heat treatment processes. Recently, biodegradable oils mostly in their raw, unblended and unbleached forms have been employed for quenching of various engineering materials. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of some selected bio-quenchants in blended raw (BR) and blended bleached (BB) forms on the mechanical properties and microstructure of solution heat treated aluminum (Al)-alloy. Edible vegetable oil (70% by volume) was blended with 30% by volume of jatropha oil to form the bio-quenchant oils. Another set of bio-quenchants were formed by bleaching the raw oils before mixing so as to reduce the oxidation level and contaminations in the oil. The Al-alloy is solution heat treated at 500 °C and soaked for 15 min in an electric muffle furnace before quenching in the various established bio-quenchants. Results showed that samples treated in blended raw melon (BRM) oil have higher tensile strength of 151.76 N/mm2 while samples quenched in blended bleached melon (BBM) oil have higher hardness value of 61.00 HRC. In accordance to the results obtained the bio-quenchants were found to be effective replacement to the PBM oil.

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Olszak, Artur, Karol Osowski, Ireneusz Musiałek, Elżbieta Rogoś, Andrzej Kęsy, and Zbigniew Kęsy. "Application of Plant Oils as Ecologically Friendly Hydraulic Fluids." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 18, 2020): 9086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10249086.

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This paper presents the results of physicochemical and tribological tests of vegetable oils obtained by the supercritical fluid extraction method from berry seeds. The research was conducted by using these oils as the raw material for the biodegradable hydraulic working fluids. The oils were assessed in terms of kinematic viscosity, anti-wear properties, resistance to oxidation and corrosive effects to copper and the pour point. The best results were achieved in the case of the blackcurrant seed oil. In order to confirm the practical possibility of using vegetable oils as working fluids for hydraulic couplings, experimental tests of the hydrodynamic clutch filled with blackcurrant seed oil were carried out. Based on the obtained research results, it was found that oils from berry plant seeds produced by supercritical extraction could be used in the future as potential working fluids for hydraulic systems.

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Stanciu, Ioana. "Study Rheological Behavior of Rapeseed Oils Compared to Mineral Oil." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 37, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 247–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/370135.

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This article presents the dependence of dynamic temperature viscosity and shear rate for rapeseed oils used as biodegradable lubricant and SAE 10W. The studied rheograms show the dependence of the dynamic shear rate viscosity as well as the dependence of the dynamic temperature viscosity. From the rheograms there is a decrease in the dynamic viscosity with temperature and shear rate for the two oils. The dynamic viscosity of rapeseed oil is most strongly influenced by the shear rate compared to the studied SAE 10W oil. The rheological behavior of rapeseed and mineral oil SAE 10W was studied with the Haake VT 550 viscometer at temperatures between 40 and 1000C.

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KOZDRACH, Rafał. "THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT VEGETABLE DISPERSION PHASES ON THE ROLLING CONTACT FATIGUE OF BIODEGRADABLE LUBRICATING GREASES." Tribologia 270, no. 6 (December 31, 2016): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6716.

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The paper discusses the influence of the vegetable dispersion phase on the rolling contact fatigue of bearings lubricated with ecological lubricating compositions. Four vegetable oils were used for the production of lubricating greases: rapeseed, sunflower, soybean, and castor. For comparison purposes, the synthetic and mineral oils were used as well. The rolling contact fatigue (pitting) of bearings lubricated with particular compositions were investigated and evaluated for each base oil. The tribological tests were carried out using T-03 four-ball machine under high load conditions. Based on the obtained results, it may be concluded that vegetable oils, such as rapeseed, sunflower and castor, as the base of lubricating grease positively affected the rolling contact fatigue of tribosystems lubricated with the above-mentioned compositions in comparison to the control lubricated with greases based on mineral or synthetic oil. There is no favourable change in rolling contact fatigue of tribosystems lubricated with greases based on soybean oil.

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Pei, Hong Jie, Wen Jie Zheng, Gui Cheng Wang, and Hu Qiang Wang. "Application of Biodegradable Cutting Fluids in High Speed Turning." Advanced Materials Research 381 (November 2011): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.381.20.

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Large quantities of coolant-lubricants are still widely used in metal working industry, generating high consumption and discard costs and impacting the environment. An alternative to current practices is to use biodegradable cutting fluids that doesn’t pollute environment or require new setups. In current study, biodegradable base oils, synthetic ester and castor oil, are chosen and compounded into cutting fluids which correspond with the national standards. The tests have been performed to high speed turn AISI 1045 steel in ester-based fluid, castor-based emulsion, kerosene and dry condition. The results indicate that the application of cutting fluids is inevitable in metal machining and can not be replaced by dry machining. The lubricating and cooling properties of the ester-based fluid and castor-based emulsion are better than kerosene and can wholly replace mineral oil.

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Bartkowiak, Marcin, Eugeniusz Milchert, and Łukasz Sałaciński. "Vegetable Oils in the Production of Biodegradable Alkyd Resins." Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry 16, no. 4 (March 19, 2019): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570193x15666181001130019.

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A review of the technological principles of the production of alkyd resins modified with vegetable oils has been presented. Reactions and transformations occurring during the crosslinking in the presence of unsaturated fatty acids and mono-, di- and triglycerides have been described. Influence of the addition of other resins to modified glyptals and pentaphthalates have been presented. Research trends indicate the growing importance of nanomaterials in the preparation of alkyd coatings with improved properties.

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Martins, Ramiro, and Jorge Seabra. "Micropitting performance of mineral and biodegradable ester gear oils." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 60, no. 6 (September 26, 2008): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368790810902223.

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Han, Guocheng, Rui Guo, Zhaohui Yu, and Guangxue Chen. "Progress on biodegradable films for antibacterial food packaging." E3S Web of Conferences 145 (2020): 01036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014501036.

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The applications of common-used antibacterial agents and biodegradable polymer materials in food packaging were reviewed. The research progress on biobased antibacterial agents (such as chitosan, plant essential oils, plant extracts, bacteriocins) in food packaging films synthesized from biodegradable polymer materials (such as starch and its derivatives, chitosan, cellulose, protein) was summarized. Most of the biodegradable antibacterial films are applied in the packaging of postharvest transportation and storage of fruits and vegetables. This work provides guidance to develop new intelligent food packaging materials featured by degradability, bacteriostasis and environmental protection.

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Boran, Sorina, and Sabina Nitu. "Synthesis and Characterization of Some Ester-type Biolubricants of Soiabean Fatty Acids." Materiale Plastice 54, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 386–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.17.2.4856.

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Growing demands from industry for the use of eco-friendly lubricants led research towards finding environmentally friendly products with superior lubricating characteristics. Vegetable oils and synthetic ester oils are competitive base oils used to obtain lubricants with good physico-chemical, rheological and tribotechnical properties, biodegradable lubricants without negative environmental impacts. In this study we aimed the synthesis and characterization of bioesters with lubricant properties, using as acid component the soybean oil fatty acids in conjunction with the following hydroxyl compounds n-buthanol (P1) and 1,2-propilenglycole (P2), respectively. These complex esters were synthesized in a microwave reactor in a single stage in the presence of the catalyst at the reflux temperature. Characterization was carried out in the respective of structural point of view and as a lubricant.

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Cecilia, Juan Antonio, Daniel Ballesteros Plata, Rosana Maria Alves Saboya, Francisco Murilo Tavares de Luna, Celio L. Cavalcante, and Enrique Rodríguez-Castellón. "An Overview of the Biolubricant Production Process: Challenges and Future Perspectives." Processes 8, no. 3 (February 25, 2020): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8030257.

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The term biolubricant applies to all lubricants that are easily biodegradable and non-toxic to humans and the environment. The uses of biolubricant are still very limited when compared to those of mineral oils, although this trend is increasing and depends on investment in research and development (R&D). The increase in demand for biodegradable lubricants is related to the evolution of environmental regulations, with more restrictive rules being implemented to minimize environmental impact caused by inappropriate disposal. This study provides an overview of the types, production routes, properties, and applications of biolubricants. Biolubricants are classified as either natural or synthetic oils according to chemical composition. Natural oils are of animal or vegetable origin and are rarely used because they are unstable at high temperatures and form compounds that are harmful to equipment and machines. Synthetic oils are obtained from chemical reactions and are the best lubricants for demanding applications. They are obtained by various routes, mainly by obtaining straight or branched-chain monoesters, diesters, triesters, and polyol esters from vegetable oils. The conversion of triglyceride to esters can be followed or preceded by one or more reactions to improve reactions such as epoxidation and hydrogenation.

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Nowak, Paulina, Judyta Kosińska, Marta Glinka, and Marian Kamiński. "The Thin-Layer Microchromatography (μTLC) and TLC–FID Technique as a New Methodology in the Study of Lubricating Oils." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 100, no. 4 (July 1, 2017): 922–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.17-0167.

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Abstract This paper concerns the possibility of using TLC coupled with a flame ionization detector (FID) and micro-TLC (μTLC) as precursors for microfluidized devices of analytical techniques to identify and determine the presence and content of the petroleum/vegetable oil base in the lubricating oils applied in cutting devices (chainsaws). This research is related to the problem of ensuring, in compliance with the requirements of environmental protection, a sufficient level of biodegradability of lubricating oils emitted to the environment during operation of equipment lubricated with these oils. Such oils include those mainly used in cutting devices and emitted in the form of a mist into the environment during the operation of those devices. When oil components are eco-toxic, contamination of the environment occurs. New methodologies for the identification and determination of the petroleum oil base, which is very difficult to biodegrade, as well as the easily biodegradable ingredients of vegetable origin in the lubricating oils, are presented. The described procedures indicate in an indisputable way whether the oil contains the oil base originating from crude oil and whether it contains adequate enriching additives. The procedures also allow the assessment of the content of particular groups of constituents (μTLC) or the determination of the group composition (TLC–FID).

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de Andrade, Michelle Félix, Gelsoneide da Silva Gois, Sônia Maria da Silva Garcia, Ivo Diego Lima da Silva, Viviane Fonseca Caetano, Yêda Medeiros Bastos de Almeida, Tomás Jeferson Alves de Melo, and Glória Maria Vinhas. "Active Packaging Using Orange Oil Incorporated into PBAT Biodegradable Films." Materials Science Forum 930 (September 2018): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.930.283.

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The use of essential oils as additives to biodegradable polymers has been widely investigated for application in active packaging with a focus on food preservation. The purpose of this article is to observe the changes caused by orange oil in different concentrations (5, 10 and 15 %), when incorporated into thin PBAT films. The results showed that the rheological behavior of PBAT did not change with the addition of 5% oil, the torque remained constant. The oil did not significantly alter the Tm of all the films, remained close to pure PBAT (117.91 °C), but an addition of 5% oil increased Tc of approximately 2.6 °C (4%). TGA maintained degradation temperature for the samples with initial degradation temperature (T0) of approximately 388 °C and maximum degradation temperature of 429.25 °C. Stress at break, Elastic modulus and Specific deformation decreased with increasing oil content. Given this, we concluded that the oil does not alter the thermal properties of PBAT observed in TGA, but making it more flexible and fragile by acting as a plasticizer in the PBAT structure.

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Surajudeen Adekunle, A., A. Akanni Adeleke, P. Pelumi Ikubanni, K. Adekunle Adebiyi, and O. Adekunle Adewuyi. "Effectiveness of biodegradable oils as quenching media for commercial aluminium." Materiali in tehnologije 54, no. 5 (October 16, 2020): 607–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17222/mit.2019.186.

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Cardoso, N. F. R., R. C. Martins, and J. H. O. Seabra. "Micropitting of carburized gears lubricated with biodegradable low-toxicity oils." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 223, no. 3 (March 2009): 481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/13506501jet495.

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ZHORNIK, Viktor I., Andrey V. ZAPOLSKY, Anton V. IVAKHNIK, and Alexander M. PARNITSKY. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPONENT COMPOSITION OF THE BIODEGRADABLE LIQUID LUBRICANT FOR SAW CHAINS." Mechanics of Machines, Mechanisms and Materials 3, no. 56 (September 2021): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.46864/1995-0470-2021-3-56-70-82.

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The procedure of working out of the component composition of the biodegradable liquid lubricant for the saw chains is shown. The experimental statistical mathematical model is developed for the optimization of the formulation of the main base taking into account the necessary viscosity and temperature parameters. At the same time the kinematic viscosity of the base body at the temperature of 40 °C and its pure point are chosen as the optimization criteria and the following three factors are used as the optimization parameters: the content of vegetable (rapeseed) oil in the composition, the viscosity of mineral oil at the temperature of 40 °C and the content of an adhesive additive in the base composition. The component composition of the lubricant is adjusted to achieve the required level of tribological properties of the saw chain oil and to ensure the stability of all its characteristics during storage (at least 12 months) and operation at a given level of biodegradability (at least 90 %). In particular, the biodegradable calcium sulfonate grease OIMOL KSC BIO was selected as an additive to improve tribological parameters. The special adhesive additive for vegetable oils of the Petrolad 484BD brand is used to increase the sedimentation stability, and the highly refined oil of group III according to the API standard is recommended to use as a mineral component. The developed lubricant has the following characteristics: density at 15 °C — 926 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity at 40 °C — 47.3 mm2/s, kinematic viscosity at 100 °C — 9.9 mm2/s, viscosity index — 202, pour point — –28 °C, flash point — 272 °C, critical load — 872 N, welding load — 1,600 N, wear index at 200 N — 0.39 mm, biodegradability — 93 %.

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Mohamed, Abdellatif A., S. Hussain, M. S. Alamri, M. A. Ibraheem, and Akram A. Abdo Qasem. "Thermal Degradation and Water Uptake of Biodegradable Resin Prepared from Millet Flour and Wheat Gluten Crosslinked with Epoxydized Vegetable Oils." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (November 29, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7050514.

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The degradation temperatures (DTs), heat stability (IPDT), degradation kinetics, and water uptake of epoxy resin were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis. Epoxy resins were prepared by crosslinking epoxydized oils with vital wheat gluten (VG) and millet flour. The reactions included three oils (cottonseed, sesame, and sunflower) and three levels of zinc chloride (ZC) (1, 2, and 3%). The apparent activation energy (Ea) was calculated using the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method. The DT increased at higher heating rates within the same ZC level of the same oil type. Cottonseed oil exhibited the highest DT. The highest IPDT was 637°C of the sunflower oil/millet resin (3% ZC), and the least was the cottonseed/millet (1% ZC) at 479°C. The sesame-millet resin exhibited the highest Ea (622 KJ/mol) followed by sunflower-gluten (496 KJ/mol) and sesame-gluten (454 KJ/mol). The profiles of all resins point to a multistep degradation, but some of the profiles display two dominant kinetic processes, and the remaining resins showed three processes. The variation in crosslinking density between the oils is attributable to the different amounts of oxirane rings which are associated with the double bonds of the fatty acid of the oils. Like other parameters, the water uptake was affected by the ZC content, where most of the resins did not reach water uptake equilibrium. Nonetheless, the 3% ZC resin reached equilibrium after 5 days of immersion.

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Miranda, Cíntia Alvarenga Santos Fraga de, Maria das Graças Cardoso, Maria Laene Moreira de Carvalho, Marcos De Sousa Gomes, Juliana De Andrade Santiago, Wilder Douglas Santiago, Maria Luiza Teixeira, and David Lee Nelson. "EVALUATION OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM THREE SPECIES OF ASTERECEAE AGAINST SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING VIGOR OF LETTUCE." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 11, no. 6 (September 16, 2015): 3669–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v11i6.855.

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The allelopathic properties of the essential oils have been exploited because they are biodegradable natural compounds that can be used in combination or as prototypes for new bioherbicides. The objectives of this study were to chemically characterize the essential oils from B. dracunculifolia, C. bonariesis and T. diversifolia and to evaluate their allelopathic potential. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and their chemical compositions were determined by GC-MS. Allelopathic activities were determined by methods that evaluate the effects of volatile compounds and direct contact of those compounds on the seed germination and seedling vigor of lettuce. The principal constituents of the essential oil from B. dracunculifolia were limonene, trans-nerolidol and β-pinene; those in the oil from C. bonariesis were limonene, trans-β-ocimene and cis-verbenol (4.4%); and those in the oil from T. diversifolia were β-pinene, α-pinene and limonene. Minor differences in the germination and vigor of lettuce seedlings were observed when they were exposed to the volatile essential oils from the leaves of the three species of the Asteraceae family. However, upon direct contact with these oils, those of C. bonariesis presented the greatest allelopathic potential, which was attributed to its higher content of oxygenated monoterpenes.

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Lee, DongJu, and Sung Ho Song. "Investigation of Epoxidized Palm Oils as Green Processing Aids and Activators in Rubber Composites." International Journal of Polymer Science 2019 (May 5, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2152408.

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Epoxidized palm oil (EPO) is environmentally friendly, biodegradable, and a relatively less costly processing aid. In this study, we investigated the suitability of EPO in place of aromatic processing oils in styrene butadiene rubber. The curing properties, mechanical properties, abrasion resistance, and heat buildup properties of rubber composites with EPO were compared with those of the standard with aromatic oils. The rubber composites with EPO showed enhanced mechanical properties including modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break. This is ascribed to the improved dispersion of fillers in the rubber matrix and interaction between the filler and the polymer. Furthermore, EPO in the rubber matrix showed remarkable abrasion resistance, rebound resilience, and heat buildup at low loadings. EPO in a rubber composite presents feasibility as a renewable raw material that can serve as an alternative to petrochemical oils in various applications.

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Barnat-Hunek, Danuta, and Małgorzata Szafraniec. "Influence of Biodegradable Release Oils on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Light-Colored Architectural Concrete." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 4630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164630.

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In the article, unique formulations of biodegradable, non-toxic, edible oil-based release oils were developed and tested on architectural concrete. The produced agents have physicochemical properties similar to diesel fuel, but at the same time, are renewable and biodegradable products. An ultrasound was used to properly combine the liquid phase of edible oil and the liquid phase of glyceryl trioleate and/or water. Based on the PN-B-19305 standard, seven-component configurations were designed and then tested. The wettability of the concrete was determined by contact angle (CA) analysis. After the application of the formulations produced, the architectural concrete still had good wettability. The vapor permeability test showed that the tested release agents did not inhibit water vapor diffusion from the tested samples. The O65G35 (65% unique edible oil formula and 35% glyceryl trioleate) concrete had the best absorption. In this case, the CA was 56° after oil application and 46° before. The new agents did not impair the adhesion of the plaster to concrete. The O90W10 concrete showed the best adhesion of plasters made with it—51.9 kN/m2. The study also showed that the concrete surface had excellent paint absorption despite the use of release agents. The architectural concrete was evenly covered with paint without any problem. There were no difficulties in applying it, e.g., greasy places preventing the concrete from being coated with emulsion. The suitability of the produced release oils for lightweight architectural concrete structures intended for facades was confirmed. The best results were obtained after using formulations O65T35 and O90W10.

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Chrobak, Justyna, Jolanta Iłowska, Rafał Grabowski, Michał Szmatoła, Hanna Studnik, Kamil Korasiak, and Jolanta Drabik. "The use of modified vegetable oil from Crambe abyssinica as a lubricant base for the food industry." Environmental Protection and Natural Resources 31, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2020-0002.

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Abstract Lubricants that are based on vegetable oils and other renewable resources are the subject of many research studies and can be used in various applications, especially in the food industry, which is characterized by the high quality requirements related to the necessity to develop biodegradable lubricants that are environmentally friendly and do not contain harmful components and are safe to use for people. The objective of the described research was to obtain a base oil with a certain viscosity, which is higher than the viscosity of the initial vegetable oil, and certain lubricating properties. The initial oil derived from Crambe abyssinica was subjected to oxidation in the presence of N-hydroxyphthalimide with or without supercritical CO2 as a solvent. As a final result of this study, base oils meeting the viscosity requirements and having high biodegradability were obtained. The Raman spectra of the modified vegetable oils were evaluated and they were used for the initial assessment of the composition and the evaluation of the presence of harmful chemical compounds.

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Stoleru, Elena, Cornelia Vasile, Anamaria Irimia, and Mihai Brebu. "Towards a Bioactive Food Packaging: Poly(Lactic Acid) Surface Functionalized by Chitosan Coating Embedding Clove and Argan Oils." Molecules 26, no. 15 (July 26, 2021): 4500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154500.

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Here we introduce a new method aiming the immobilization of bioactive principles onto polymeric substrates, combining a surface activation and emulsion entrapment approach. Natural products with antimicrobial/antioxidant properties (essential oil from Syzygium aromaticum—clove and vegetal oil from Argania spinosa L—argan) were stabilized in emulsions with chitosan, a natural biodegradable polymer that has antimicrobial activity. The emulsions were laid on poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a synthetic biodegradable plastic from renewable resources, which was previously activated by plasma treatment. Bioactive materials were obtained, with low permeability for oxygen, high radical scavenging activity and strong inhibition of growth for Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli bacteria. Clove oil was better dispersed in a more stable emulsion (no separation after six months) compared with argan oil. This leads to a compact and finely structured coating, with better overall properties. While both clove and argan oils are highly hydrophobic, the coatings showed increased hydrophilicity, especially for argan, due to preferential interactions with different functional groups in chitosan. The PLA films coated with oil-loaded chitosan showed promising results in retarding the food spoilage of meat, and especially cheese. Argan, and in particular, clove oil offered good UV protection, suitable for sterilization purposes. Therefore, using the emulsion stabilization of bioactive principles and immobilization onto plasma activated polymeric surfaces we obtained a bioactive material that combines the physical properties and the biodegradability of PLA with the antibacterial activity of chitosan and the antioxidant function of vegetal oils. This prevents microbial growth and food oxidation and could open new perspectives in the field of food packaging materials.

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Belabbes, Rania, Imane R. Mami, Mohammed E. A. Dib, Kenza Mejdoub, Boufeldja Tabti, Jean Costa, and Alain Muselli. "Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oils of Echinops spinosus and Carlina vulgaris Rich in Polyacetylene Compounds." Current Nutrition & Food Science 16, no. 4 (July 13, 2020): 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401315666190206142929.

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Background: The essential oils of aromatic plants are increasingly used as new biocontrol alternative agents against microbial strains and insect pests of fruits and vegetables, because of their specificity of biodegradable nature. Objective: This work, treats for the first time the chemical composition, antioxidant, antifungal and insecticidal activities of the essential oils obtained from Echinops spinosus and Carlina vulgaris from Algeria. Methods: The chemical compositions of oils were investigated using GC-FID and GC/MS. Antioxidant activity was assessed using three methods (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and β-carotene assay). Fumigation toxicity of E. spinosus and C. vulgaris essential oils was tested against Bactrocera oleae pests of olives. Results: Eighteen and thirteen components representing 95.4 and 97.9% were identified in root essential oils from Echinops spinosus and Carlina vulgaris, respectively. Polyacetylenes were the majority compounds of essential oils. 5 (But-1-yn-3-enyl).2,2'bithiophene and α-terthienyle were highly dominants in the E. spinosus essential oil from the roots (54.4 and 26.3%, respectively). Roots of C. vulgaris produce an essential oil dominated by carlina oxide (33.7%) and 13-methoxy carlina oxide (11.5%). Comparison of the antioxidant activity of E. spinosus essential oil showed more important antioxidant effect than C. vulgaris essential oil and the synthetic antioxidant (BHT). Evaluation of the antifungal activity showed an interesting efficiency of both essential oils against P. expansum and A. niger with EC50s varied from 5 to 14.5 mg/L. C. arvensis essential oil exhibited good larvicidal properties. At the concentration of 325 μL/L air, the oil caused mortality of 100% for Bactrocera Oleae adults after 24 h of exposure. Conclusion: Both essential oils rich to polyacetylenes and polythiophenes.components have shown interesting biological activities, which suggests that plants have the potential to be used as biopesticides and provide an alternative to chemical pesticides.

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Rahim, E. A., Norfazillah Talib, Amiril Sahab Abdul Sani, Samion Syahrullail, and Zazuli Mohid. "Tribological Evaluation on Various Formulation of Modified RBD Palm Olein as Sustainable Metalworking Fluids for Machining Process." Materials Science Forum 882 (January 2017): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.882.13.

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Sustainable manufacturing has become popular among manufacturers and industrialists due to the increase in environmental issues, health impacts and stringent law enforcement. The use of vegetable oils as metalworking fluids is one way to implement manufacturing sustainability. Palm oils are commonly used as cooking oils. Further, palm oil is also the main oil sources in Southeast Asia besides petroleum. Therefore, the potential use of palm oil as functional lubricant for future replacement of petroleum-based oil is indeed important. In this study, the refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm olein has been formulated into various properties of modified RBD palm oil (MRPO) by transesterification process at different molar ratio of RBD methyl ester (FAME) with trimethylolpropane (TMP). Next, the MRPOs are compared with synthetic ester on lubrication and tribology tests according to standard based on American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The results observed that MRPO have outstanding performance in lubrication and tribological behavior. MRPO2 recorded the highest viscosity index and the lowest coefficient of friction which are 496 and 0.06, respectively. MRPO2 showed to be an alternative biodegradable cutting fluid in promoting sustainable manufacturing activities by reducing the bad impact on environment and health.

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Martín, Ángel, Salima Varona, Alexander Navarrete, and María José Cocero. "Encapsulation and Co-Precipitation Processes with Supercritical Fluids: Applications with Essential Oils." Open Chemical Engineering Journal 4, no. 1 (March 25, 2010): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874123101004010031.

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Essential oils have important commercial applications as preservatives and flavours, and more recently as natural antimicrobial agents. These applications require a suitable formulation constituted by biodegradable compounds that protect the essential oil from degradation and evaporation at the same time that allows for a sustained release. Microcapsules of biopolymers loaded with essential oils meet these requirements. Such microcapsules can be prepared with different processes such as spray-drying, freeze-drying and coacervation, and supercritical fluids are an advantageous medium for this purpose. Some supercritical fluid-based precipitation processes have already been applied to produce these microcapsules. Amongst them, the results obtained with Particles from Gas Saturated Solutions (PGSS), PGSS-drying and Concentrated Powder Form (CPF) processes are particularly promising. Recent developments in the preparation of formulations with supercritical fluids include the preparation of liposomes and micelles, which can be suitable carriers for essential oils.

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Karmakar, Gobinda, Koushik Dey, Pranab Ghosh, Brajendra K. Sharma, and Sevim Z. Erhan. "A Short Review on Polymeric Biomaterials as Additives for Lubricants." Polymers 13, no. 8 (April 19, 2021): 1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081333.

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With increasing environmental concerns and the depletion of petroleum resources, the development of lubricant additives from bioresources has attracted much attention recently. In this review, we reported a few polymers and polymer composites that are synthesized from vegetable oils (soybean oil, sunflower oil, rice bran oil, and castor oil) and used as multifunctional additives in the formulation of eco-friendly lubricant compositions. We mentioned the preparation of vegetable oil-based homo- and copolymers and their characterization by different spectral techniques (FTIR/NMR). The average molecular weights of the polymers are determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Performance evaluations of the polymeric materials mainly as a viscosity index improver (VII), pour point depressant (PPD), and most importantly antifriction additives when blended with lubricating base oils are indicated. Standard ASTM methods have been applied to evaluate their performances. The findings have shown that all the additives discussed are non-toxic, biodegradable, and showed excellent performances compared to commercial petroleum-based additives.

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Kokina, Mariia, Ana Kalušević, Viktor Nedović, Miomir Nikšić, Mark Shamtsyan, Katarina Šavikin, Dejan Pljevljakušić, Milan Pantić, Steva Lević, and Ana Salević. "Characterization, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils and Their Encapsulation into Biodegradable Material Followed by Freeze Drying." Food technology and biotechnology 57, no. 2 (2019): 282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17113/ftb.57.02.19.5957.

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The study assessed the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of commonly used and commercially available essential oils as an alternative to synthetic preservatives. The plant sources were as follows: lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), bergamot (Citrus bergamia) and peppermint (Mentha piperita). The antioxidant activity of essential oils was tested by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2´-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods. The microdilution broth susceptibility assay revealed that lavender and bergamot essential oils were more efficient in inhibiting the bacterial growth than other tested oils, with the minimum inhibitory concentration of 5 μg/mL. This study also reports the successful implementation of an electrostatic extrusion technique for encapsulating essential oils into alginate beads, which enables the essential oils to maintain their free radical scavenging ability over time.

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Chairul, Imran Sutan, Sharin Ab Ghani, Nur Hakimah Ab Aziz, Mohd Shahril Ahmad Khiar, Muhammad Syahrani Johal, and Mohd Aizzat Azmi. "Effect of electrical discharge on the properties of natural esters insulating fluids." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i3.pp1281-1288.

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Vegetable oils have been an alternative to mineral oil for oil-immersed transformers due to concern on less flammable, environmental-friendly, biodegradable, and sustainable resources of petroleum-based insulating oil. This paper presents the effect of electrical discharges (200 up to 1000 discharges) under 50 Hz inhomogeneous electric field on the properties (acidity, water content, and breakdown voltage) of two varieties of vegetable based insulating oils; i) natural ester (NE) and ii) low viscosity insulating fluids derived from a natural ester (NELV). Results show the water content, acidity and breakdown voltage of NE fluctuate due to applied discharges, while NELV display insignificant changes. Hence, results indicate that the low viscosity insulating fluids derived from natural ester tend to maintain their properties compared to natural ester.

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Khemchandani, B., A. K. Jaiswal, E. Sayanna, B. Hinton, and M. Forsyth. "Evaluation of corrosion behaviour of biodegradable base oils using electrochemical techniques." Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology 50, no. 2 (June 13, 2014): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743278214y.0000000198.

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Martins, R., N. Cardoso, and J. Seabra. "Gear power loss performance of biodegradable low-toxicity ester-based oils." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 222, no. 3 (March 2008): 431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/13506501jet345.

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Majdan, R., M. Olejár, R. Abrahám, V. Šarac, D. Uhrinová, M. Jánošová, and J. Nosian. "Pressure Surge Analysis of a Test Bench for Biodegradable Hydraulic Oils." Tribology in Industry 40, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24874/ti.2018.40.02.02.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Biodegradable oils'

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