Relevant bibliographies by topics / Biochemical interactions

Academic literature on the topic 'Biochemical interactions'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Biochemical interactions"

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Taylor, K. "Immune–biochemical interactions in schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Research 44, no. 3 (September 2000): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00194-2.

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Netter, K. J. "Chronopharmacology — Cellular and biochemical interactions." Toxicology 61, no. 2 (April 1990): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-483x(90)90022-9.

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Thomas, Brian F. "Interactions of Cannabinoids With Biochemical Substrates." Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 11 (January 1, 2017): 117822181771141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178221817711418.

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Recent decades have seen much progress in the identification and characterization of cannabinoid receptors and the elucidation of the mechanisms by which derivatives of the Cannabis sativa plant bind to receptors and produce their physiological and psychological effects. The information generated in this process has enabled better understanding of the fundamental physiological and psychological processes controlled by the central and peripheral nervous systems and has fostered the development of natural and synthetic cannabinoids as therapeutic agents. A negative aspect of this decades-long effort is the proliferation of clandestinely synthesized analogs as recreational street drugs with dangerous effects. Currently, the interactions of cannabinoids with their biochemical substrates are extensively but inadequately understood, and the clinical application of derived and synthetic receptor ligands remains quite limited. The wide anatomical distribution and functional complexity of the cannabinoid system continue to indicate potential for both therapeutic and side effects, which offers challenges and opportunities for medicinal chemists involved in drug discovery and development.
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Kirkpatrick, Laura L., Martin M. Matzuk, D'Nette C. Dodds, and Mark S. Perin. "Biochemical Interactions of the Neuronal Pentraxins." Journal of Biological Chemistry 275, no. 23 (March 28, 2000): 17786–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m002254200.

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Simionescu, Maya. "Biochemical Interactions at the Endothelium.Anthony Cryer." Quarterly Review of Biology 60, no. 1 (March 1985): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/414203.

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Seidensticker, Martin J., and Jürgen Behrens. "Biochemical interactions in the wnt pathway." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research 1495, no. 2 (February 2000): 168–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4889(99)00158-5.

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Mills, E. N. Clare, Marcos J. C. Alcocer, and Michael R. A. Morgan. "Biochemical interactions of food-derived peptides." Trends in Food Science & Technology 3 (January 1992): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-2244(92)90132-g.

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Belak, Zachery R., Andrew Ficzycz, and Nick Ovsenek. "Biochemical characterization of Yin Yang 1 – RNA complexes." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 86, no. 1 (February 2008): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o07-155.

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YY1 (Yin Yang 1) is present in the Xenopus oocyte cytoplasm as a constituent of messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes (mRNPs). Association of YY1 with mRNPs requires direct RNA-binding activity. Previously, we have shown YY1 has a high affinity for U-rich RNA; however, potential interactions with plausible in vivo targets have not been investigated. Here we report a biochemical characterization of the YY1–RNA interaction including an investigation of the stability, potential 5′-methylguanosine affinity, and specificity for target RNAs. The formation of YY1–RNA complexes in vitro was highly resistant to thermal, ionic, and detergent disruption. The endogenous oocyte YY1–mRNA interactions were also found to be highly stable. Specific YY1–RNA interactions were observed with selected mRNA and 5S RNA probes. The affinity of YY1 for these substrates was within an order of magnitude of that for its cognate DNA element. Experiments aimed at determining the potential role of the 7-methylguanosine cap on RNA-binding reveal no significant difference in the affinity of YY1 for capped or uncapped mRNA. Taken together, the results show that the YY1–RNA interaction is highly stable, and that YY1 possesses the ability to interact with structurally divergent RNA substrates. These data are the first to specifically document the interaction between YY1 and potential in vivo targets.
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Giese, M., M. Albrecht, and K. Rissanen. "Experimental investigation of anion–π interactions – applications and biochemical relevance." Chemical Communications 52, no. 9 (2016): 1778–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc09072e.

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Wright, Gavin J., Stephen Martin, K. Mark Bushell, and Christian Söllner. "High-throughput identification of transient extracellular protein interactions." Biochemical Society Transactions 38, no. 4 (July 26, 2010): 919–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0380919.

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Protein interactions are highly diverse in their biochemical nature, varying in affinity and are often dependent on the surrounding biochemical environment. Given this heterogeneity, it seems unlikely that any one method, and particularly those capable of screening for many protein interactions in parallel, will be able to detect all functionally relevant interactions that occur within a living cell. One major class of interactions that are not detected by current popular high-throughput methods are those that occur in the extracellular environment, especially those made by membrane-embedded receptor proteins. In the present article, we discuss some of our recent research in the development of a scalable assay to identify this class of protein interaction and some of the findings from its application in the construction of extracellular protein interaction networks.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biochemical interactions"

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Fergus, Andrew Paul. "The biochemical interactions of the chloroquines." Thesis, Northumbria University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358281.

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Ljunggren, Joel. "Biochemical Interactions of Some Saproxylic Fungi." Licentiate thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för naturvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-25068.

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Interactions are all around us, and as humans we may use words and gestures to communicate our intentions. At the micro level of fungi, communications are replaced by chemical signals and structure. These interactions fall into three distinctive categories: synergistic, where organisms help each other, as is the case with ectomycorrhizal fungi and tree roots, deadlock, or combat, where organisms fight for or defend a resource. When it comes to fungi-tree interactions, the fungi group of basidiomycetes fall into the latter category. At the onset of fungal infection, a living tree defends itself by producing resinous substances such as terpenes. These compounds are frequently found in hydrodistilled turpentine, which makes turpentine a prime source of antifungal compounds. A D-optimal design of fractionated turpentine together with gas chromatography (GC) coupled to a mass spectrometer was employed to find the most biologically active constituent of turpentine. Growth rate of Coniophora puteana was used to assess the efficacy of the mixed fractions. The partial least squares projection model had an excellent predictive power (R2 = 0.988, Q2 = 0.825) and validity. A putative sesquiterpene was identified as the most active compound for inhibiting fungal growth. The model was corroborated by an external validation assay employing preparative GC. After the death of a tree, fungi are no longer hindered by secondary metabolites from the tree. Instead, other interspecies interactions and intraspecies interactions, such as fungi-fungi interactions, occur. We found that when the white-rot fungus Heterobasidion parviporum and brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum sepiarium interact with each other, amino acids are used to a higher extent. Amino acids may be used to produce antifungal compounds to hinder the other species from growing. Lysine in particular was utilized to a greater extent during interaction. Glutamine was the only amino acid that increased in concentration. Glutamine might be exuded or converted by enzymes from already existing glutamic acid. Dry weights suggest that the fungi were in a deadlock and that nutrient limitation might be a determining factor. It seemed that H. parviporum was favoured by a decrease in pH while the opposite pattern may be true for G. sepiarium.
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Wang, Shao-Fang. "Biochemical and biophysical studies of MDM2-ligand interactions." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9527.

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MDM2, murine double minute 2, is a RING type-E3 ligase protein and also an oncogene. MDM2 plays a critical role in determining the steady levels and activity of p53 in cells using two mechanisms. The N-terminal domain of MDM2 binds to the transactivation domain of p53 and inhibits its transcriptional activity. The RING domain of MDM2 plays a role in the ubiquitination (and degradation) of p53. Several proteins are responsible for the ubiquitination mechanism including the ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) and ubiquitin ligase (E3). Since the E2-E3 interaction is essential for ubiquitination, the protein-protein recognition site is a potential drug target. Two different MDM2 RING constructs were expressed and purified: MDM2RING (residues 386-491) and MDM2RING△C (residues 386-478). Both constructs were characterised using dynamic light scattering, size exclusion chromatography, mass spectrometry, NMR and electron microscopy. E3 ligase activity in vitro was also studied. Taken together these results showed that the MDM2RING construct formed a concentration-dependent oligomeric structure. In contrast, the MDM2RING△C construct formed a dimer at all concentrations. Both MDM2RING and MDM2RING △ C retain E3 ligase activity. However, the MDM2RING△C construct is less active. Full length E2 enzyme UbcH5a was also purified. Various biophysical techniques were used to study its interaction with MDM2 as well as with potential small molecule inhibitors as in principle, small molecules which disrupt the interaction between MDM2 and UbcH5a, could prevent/promote ubiquitination of p53. The dimerisation of MDM2 is important for its E3 activity and the C8-binding site potentially provides a second druggable site. In this work, peptide 9, which has the same sequence as the C-terminus of MDMX (an MDM2 homologue) was found to inhibit MDM2 E3 activity. Various biological techniques including NMR, fluorescence anisotropy, and electrospray mass spectrometry were used to investigate the interaction between two inhibitory peptides and MDM2. A major part of project involved virtual screening (VS) to search for small molecules which can affect MDM2-dependent ubiquitination. Three potential targets were considered: (1) the C8-binding site of MDM2; (2) the UbcH5a-binding site of MDM2; and (3) the MDM2-binding site of UbcH5a. Several small molecules were identified using our virtual screening database-mining and docking programs that were shown to affect MDM2-dependent ubiquitination of p53. In terms of understanding the complex biochemical mechanism of MDM2 this work provides two interesting and functionally relevant observations: (i) the MDM2 RING△C construct is a dimer as this would not be expected form the existing studies, and has less E3 ligase activity than MDM2RING; (ii) small molecules that bind MDM2 on the E2 binding site enhanced E3 ligase activity. One model to explain these observations is that binding of small molecule activators family to the RING induces a change in the conformation of the Cterminal tail residues which may enhance E2 binding.
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Peters, Daniel. "Structural and biochemical investigation of protein-RNA interactions." Thesis, University of York, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6784/.

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Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are nucleic acids that do not code for protein. Rather, they have evolved highly specialised secondary structures and catalytic mechanisms that place them at the heart of regulating gene expression. The function of ncRNAs is often mediated or dependent on their interactions with RNA binding proteins. The study of both the structure and function of these proteins is crucial for understanding the biological role of the protein-RNA complexes. In this thesis, the structure and function of two RNA binding proteins: Lin28 and dihydrouridine synthase C (DusC) were investigated using X-ray crystallography and biophysical techniques. In both systems, the specific recognition of target molecules is important for function. The aim of the study was therefore to use structural and functional data to elucidate the molecular basis of these protein-RNA interactions. There are three main findings: (1) specific recognition of microRNAs by Lin28 is dependent on the interaction of the Zinc Knuckle domain of the protein with a 3’ GGAG motif; (2) non-specific, electrostatic interactions between the cold-shock domain of Lin28 and RNA suggest a transcriptome scanning mechanism for recognising Lin28 targets; and (3) modification of specific nucleotide positions within tRNA by DusC is dependent on the orientation in which the tRNA is bound, which is determined by minor changes in the protein structure. These findings have helped to elucidate the mechanisms, and hence biological functions, of these RNA binding proteins. Both proteins have been previously associated with cancer. Through greater understanding of the molecular basis of these protein-RNA interactions, the production of novel therapeutic agents can be informed, which can help to combat disease. This data will therefore aid future efforts to treat and prevent the cancers caused by the aberrant actions of these RNA binding proteins.
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Dehner, Alexander. "Protein interactions studied by biochemical and NMR spectroscopic methods." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=972765476.

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Que, Jaimmie. "Biochemical protein interactions of Gliotactin at the tricellular junction." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/32230.

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The septate junction is an occluding junction in invertebrates, similar in function to tight junctions, playing a role in epithelial barriers, and in apical/basal polarity. Septate junction interactions are still being characterized as new component proteins are discovered. One septate junction protein, Gliotactin, was discovered in Drosophila to correlate with the mislocalization of characteristic septate junction proteins in a Gliotactin null animal. However, Gliotactin is the only component found exclusively at the level of septate junctions at tricellular junctions in epithelia. The tricellular junctions are the structure at the convergence of three cells and a potential organizing factor of the septate junction. This led to the question, what is Gliotactin's role in the organization of the tricellular and septate junctions? To study this, we looked at Gliotactin interactors, and attempted to elucidate a model of tricellular and septate junction protein interactions. Previous attempts at finding Gliotactin interactors were made using in vitro systems or by using transgenic animals using an over-expressed epitope-tagged Gliotactin, that showed that Gliotactin interacts with known septate junction proteins in a calcium dependent manner. This thesis aims to further explore Gliotactin interactions with the hypothesis that native Gliotactin in Drosophila interacts in a calcium dependant manner with septate junction proteins, Discs Large, and Neurexin IV. Using co-immunoprecipitation and GST pulldowns, on native Gliotactin protein in Drosophila, I have shown that Gliotactin does not interact with Neurexin IV but does interact with Discs Large in a calcium-dependent manner. This is significant in that, to date, there has been no known interactor of Discs Large or of native Gliotactin at the tricellular junction. I also present data on unidentified potential Gliotactin interactors seen in a GST pulldown assay. The data presented in this thesis has contributed to a new working model of the tricellular junction and the role of Gliotactin.
Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate
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Torvinen, Maria. "Adenosine receptor/dopamine receptor interactions : molecular and biochemical aspects /." Stockholm, 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-298-1/.

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Chandrasekaran, Aarthi. "Glycans in host-pathogen interactions : an integrated biochemical investigation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/61219.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biological Engineering, 2009.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
The epithelial cell-extracellular matrix interface primarily comprises of complex glycans and glycoconjugates. The widespread distribution of these glycans on the epithelial cell surface makes them ideal targets for interaction with microbial pathogens. In this thesis, a framework of integrated approaches was developed to characterize the structure-function relationships of host cell surface glycans and examine their role in mediating hostpathogen interactions. The first part of the thesis involves a study of the effect of secreted bacterial sphingomyelinases on the epithelial cell surface proteoglycan (a large glycan- protein conjugate), syndecan-1 and on epithelial tight junctions. The findings presented in this work suggest mechanisms by which sphingomyelinases could enhance bacterial virulence by regulating epithelial cell function. The second part of the thesis investigates the glycan binding requirements that govern the human adaptation and transmission of influenza A viruses by characterizing the molecular interactions between sialylated glycan-receptors and viral hemagglutinin (HA). The study puts forth the concept that the topology or shape (going beyond the chemical c2-3 versus a2-6 sialic acid linkage) adopted by the sialylated glycans is the critical determinant for efficient human adaptation of these viruses. In conclusion, this thesis provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions and enables development of improved strategies for targeted antimicrobial therapies.
by Aarthi Chandrasekaran.
Ph.D.
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Lo, Thomas Tzan Hong. "Structural and biochemical analyses of BRCA2 and RAD51 interactions." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616022.

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Vo, Uybach. "Biochemical and biophysical studies to characterise the Ras:Sos:nucleotide interactions." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/biochemical-and-biophysical-studies-to-characterise-the-rassosnucleotide-interactions(691827f9-00d8-445a-ab3f-e5b236f918ba).html.

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Ras proteins are mutated in 30% of all human tumours contributing to several malignant phenotypes including abnormal cell growth, proliferation and apoptosis. The activity of Ras is controlled by the inter-conversion between GTP- and GDP- bound forms. This conversion is partly regulated by the binding of protein Son of Sevenless (Sos), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor. The mechanism of Ras activation via its interactions with Sos remains unclear making it challenging as an effective drug target. The aim of this work is to use Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and other biophysical methods to understand the molecular activation of Ras via its interactions with Sos. In this thesis, the backbone and Cβ, as well as the partial side-chain NMR assignment for human K-Ras•GDP were completed at pH 7.4. We also revealed significant chemical shift differences between apo, GDP and GTPϒS-bound H-Ras states from the TROSY spectra. In addition, the monitoring of shift perturbations for H-Ras reveals several residues that appear to be central in Sos binding and may provide a starting point in the search for possible inhibition sites for future drug design. To gain a further understanding into the binding events of the Ras:Sos complex, we have expressed and purified the Sos construct containing the REM and Cdc25 domains (SosCat) for titration studies. Here, we have implemented a relatively novel approach to study large complexes (Stoffregen et al. 2012), by selectively labelling the [13C-] Met and Ile methyl groups of SosCat. This approach has provided an assignment for eight reporter signals. In addition, monitoring the shift perturbations of Met [13C-] methyls in the NMR spectra allowed us to examine individual residues at the two Ras binding sites (allosteric and catalytic sites) of SosCat. Disruption of H-Ras•GTPγS binding at the allosteric site (via SosCat W729E mutant) significantly weakens the interactions of Ras at the catalytic site. The data suggests a positive co-operative binding mechanism between the allosteric and catalytic sites, which is consistent with the allosteric feedback model. We have also measured the binding affinities of SosCat (by NMR spectroscopy and fluorescence) with wild type and Ras mutants using different GTP analogues. Our 15N-relaxation data of the H-Ras•GTPϒS:SosCat complex reveal dynamical changes in several regions of Ras other than the P-loop, switch I and II regions. In addition, the backbone NMR relaxation studies revealed that a complex between H-Ras•GTPϒS and SosCat proteins is dynamic and transiently formed. The reported work could be a significant step towards understanding the activation of Ras via its interactions with Sos; and in time the data may influence new anti-cancer treatments.
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Books on the topic "Biochemical interactions"

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Biochemical pharmacology. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2012.

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Jeeves, Mark. NMR and biochemical studies of TRP repressor: DNA interactions. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1998.

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1970-, Bailey Christine, and Institute for Functional Medicine, eds. The functional nutrition cookbook: Addressing biochemical imbalances through diet. London: Singing Dragon, 2012.

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J, Massaro Edward, and Rogers John M, eds. The skeleton: Biochemical, genetic, and molecular interactions in development and homeostasis. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press, 2004.

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Robert, Stroud, and Finer-Moore Janet, eds. Computational and structural approaches to drug discovery: Ligand-protein interactions. Cambridge: RSC Publishing, 2008.

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Biochemical Pharmacology Symposium (4th 1989 New Haven, Conn.). NMR methods for elucidating macromolecule-ligand interactions: An approach to drug design : proceedings of the Fourth Biochemical Pharmacology Symposium, New Haven, CT, 27-29 July 1989. Edited by Handschumacher Robert E, Armitage Ian M, and Welch Arnold D. Oxford, U.K: Pergamon Press, 1990.

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Nakanishi, Toshio. Etiology and Morphogenesis of Congenital Heart Disease: From Gene Function and Cellular Interaction to Morphology. Cham: Springer Nature, 2016.

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Ismailov, Nariman, Samira Nadzhafova, and Aygyun Gasymova. Bioecosystem complexes for the solution of environmental, industrial and social problems (on the example of Azerbaijan). ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1043239.

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A key objective of the modern development of society is the observance of ecological and socio-economic unity in human life and comprehensive improvement of environment and quality of life should be considered in close connection with the quality of the natural landscape. The formation of scientific understanding of the unity of society and nature is driven by the need for practical implementation of such unity. This defines the focus of this monograph. Given the overall assessment of the current state of the environment in Azerbaijan, considers the scenarios for the future development of the area. The prospects of the use of biotechnology in integrated environmental protection. In the framework of the above to address complex social, environmental and production problems in Azerbaijan developed scientific basis of integrated system of industrial farms — biclusters with a closed production cycle through effective utilization of regional biological resources, whose interactions and relationships take on the character of vzaimodeistvie components for obtaining focused final result with high practical importance. Microbiological, biochemical and technological processes are the basis of all development of biotechnology. Presents the development will help strengthen the ties between science and production, establishing mechanisms to conduct applied research in the field of innovation and creation of knowledge-based technologies in solving current and future environmental problems in Azerbaijan. We offer innovative ideas distinguishes the potential need for their materialization into new products, technologies and services, including the widespread use of digital technologies to design dynamic digital environmental map in space and in time. For students, scientific and engineering-technical workers, students and specializing in environmental technology, environmental protection.
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Björn, Lemmer, ed. Chronopharmacology: Cellular and biochemical interactions. New York: M. Dekker, 1989.

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Biochemical interactions [recurso electrónico] - 3. ed. Editorial Médica Panamericana, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Biochemical interactions"

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Zacheo, Giuseppe. "Biochemical Reactions and Interactions." In Cyst Nematodes, 163–77. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2251-1_9.

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Prot, Jean-Claude. "Biochemical and genetic basis of fungus-nematode interactions." In Nematode Interactions, 288–301. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1488-2_14.

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Ehrenfeucht, A., and G. Rozenberg. "Modeling Interactions between Biochemical Reactions." In Applications and Theory of Petri Nets, 7. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68746-7_2.

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Laurenzi, Ian J. "Stochastic Approach to Biochemical Kinetics." In Multiscale Modeling of Particle Interactions, 243–85. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470579831.ch9.

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Goyet, Catherine, and Peter G. Brewer. "Biochemical Properties of the Oceanic Carbon Cycle." In Modelling Oceanic Climate Interactions, 271–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84975-6_8.

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Kuppusamy, Pandiyan, Samadhan Yuvraj Bagul, Sudipta Das, and Hillol Chakdar. "Microbe-Mediated Abiotic Stress Alleviation: Molecular and Biochemical Basis." In Plant Biotic Interactions, 263–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26657-8_16.

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Bailey, James E. "Host-vector interactions in Escherichia coli." In Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, 29–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0007195.

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Lonakadi, Priyanka, Renitta Jobby, Nitin Desai, and Pamela Jha. "Biochemical Dynamics of Plant-Microbe Interactions." In Plant Microbiome Paradigm, 267–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50395-6_14.

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Piwnica-Worms, Helen, Sue Atherton-Fessler, Margaret S. Lee, Scott Ogg, and Laura L. Parker. "Toward an Understanding of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle: A Biochemical Approach." In Ovarian Cell Interactions, 60–78. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8336-9_5.

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Enna, S. J. "Biochemical Approaches for Evaluating Drug—Receptor Interactions." In Drug Discovery and Development, 151–76. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4828-6_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Biochemical interactions"

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Chou, Chun-Ho, Nian-Ting Wu, Bo-Shun Jiang, and Jian-Jang Huang. "IGZO Thin Film Transistors for Monitoring Biotin-Protein Biochemical Interactions." In 2019 Compound Semiconductor Week (CSW). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciprm.2019.8819169.

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Ryaby, J. T., S. Tannenbaum, J. Sy, and A. A. Pilla. "Biochemical interactions of low frequency pulsing electromagnetic fields on melanoma cells." In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1988.95247.

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Arora, Rajan, Georgi I. Petrov, Vladislav V. Shcheslavskiy, and V. V. Yakovlev. "Noninvasive high-speed optical imaging of biochemical interactions in microfluidic devices." In Biomedical Optics (BiOS) 2008, edited by Jörg Enderlein, Zygmunt K. Gryczynski, and Rainer Erdmann. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.764544.

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Sun, H., J. Winkler, M. Minasyan, H. Pan, O. Desai, A. Pellowe, J. Li, X. Peng, A. Gonzalez, and E. Herzog. "Physical and biochemical interactions drive fibrocytes accumulation in the scleroderma lung matrix." In ERS International Congress 2018 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2018.lsc-1176.

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Van, Que, William K. Gillette, Dominic Esposito, Rodolfo Ghirlando, Frank Heinrich, and Andrew G. Stephen. "Abstract 1879: Structural and biochemical characterization of farnesylated and methylated KRAS-membrane interactions." In Proceedings: AACR 107th Annual Meeting 2016; April 16-20, 2016; New Orleans, LA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-1879.

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Rabara, Dana, Robert Stephens, and Matthew Holderfield. "Abstract B03: Biologic and biochemical interactions of NF1 GAP on KRAS G13x mutations." In Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on Targeting RAS-Driven Cancers; December 9-12, 2018; San Diego, CA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1557-3125.ras18-b03.

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Orabona, Emanuele, Ilaria Rea, Ivo Rendina, and Luca De Stefano. "Modelling biochemical interactions in a microfluidic assisted porous silicon microarray for optical sensing." In 2011 International Workshop on Biophotonics. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwbp.2011.5954860.

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Thorpe, Stephen D., Conor T. Buckley, Andrew J. Steward, and Daniel J. Kelly. "Cell-Matrix Interactions Modulate Mesenchymal Stem Cell Response to Dynamic Compression." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53334.

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Unconfined cyclic compressive loading has been shown to promote the chondrogenic differentiation of agarose encapsulated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the absence of chondrogenic growth factors [1, 2]. However, in general robust chondrogenesis has not been reported as a result of mechanical stimulation alone; with biochemical stimulation through TGF-β supplementation yielding a more potent pro-chondrogenic effect [2, 3].
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Maillart, Emmanuel, Nathalie Bassil, Pierre Lecaruyer, Michael Canva, and Yves Levy. "Surface plasmon resonance imaging and versatile surface functionalization for real time comparisons of biochemical interactions." In Photonics Europe, edited by Michel D. Faupel and Patrick Meyrueis. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.554998.

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Frank, Rudiger, Bernd Mohrle, Dieter Frohlich, and Gunter Gauglitz. "A label-free detection method of biochemical interactions with low-cost plastic and other transparent transducers." In OPTO-Ireland, edited by Hugh J. Byrne, Elfed Lewis, Brian D. MacCraith, Enda McGlynn, James A. McLaughlin, Gerard D. O'Sullivan, Alan G. Ryder, and James E. Walsh. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.605431.

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Reports on the topic "Biochemical interactions"

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Fink, Pamela K., and Jeffrey W. Oliver. Computational Modeling of Laser-Cell Biochemical Interactions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada537818.

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Weiss, Shimon. Biochemical and Physiological Characterization: Development & Apply Optical Methods for Charaterizing Biochemical Protein-Protein Interactions in MR-1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/890585.

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Chamovitz, A. Daniel, and Georg Jander. Genetic and biochemical analysis of glucosinolate breakdown: The effects of indole-3-carbinol on plant physiology and development. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597917.bard.

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Genetic and biochemical analysis of glucosinolate breakdown: The effects of indole-3-carbinol on plant physiology and development Glucosinolates are a class of defense-related secondary metabolites found in all crucifers, including important oilseed and vegetable crops in the Brassica genus and the well-studied model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Upon tissue damage, such as that provided by insect feeding, glucosinolates are subjected to catalysis and spontaneous degradation to form a variety of breakdown products. These breakdown products typically have a deterrent effect on generalist herbivores. Glucosinolate breakdown products also contribute to the anti-carcinogenic effects of eating cabbage, broccoli and related cruciferous vegetables. Indole-3-carbinol, a breakdown product of indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate, forms conjugates with several other plant metabolites. Although some indole-3-carbinol conjugates have known functions in defense against herbivores and pathogens, most play as yet unidentified roles in plant metabolism, and possibly also plant development. At the outset, our proposal had three main hypotheses: (1) There is a specific detoxification pathway for indole-3-carbinol; (2) Metabolites derived from indole-3-carbinol are phloem-mobile and serve as signaling molecules; and (3) Indole-3-carbinol affects plant cell cycle and cell-differentiation pathways. The experiments were designed to enable us to elucidate how indole-3-carbinol and related metabolites affect plants and their interactions with herbivorous insects. We discovered that indole-3- carbinol rapidly and reversibly inhibits root elongation in a dose-dependent manner, and that this inhibition is accompanied by a loss of auxin activity in the root meristem. A direct interaction between indole-3-carbinol and the auxin perception machinery was suggested, as application of indole-3-carbinol rescued auxin-induced root phenotypes. In vitro and yeast-based protein interaction studies showed that indole-3-carbinol perturbs the auxin-dependent interaction of TIR1 with Aux/IAA proteins, supporting the notion that indole-3-carbinol acts as an auxin antagonist. Furthermore, transcript profiling experiments revealed the influence of indole-3-carbinol on auxin signaling in root tips, and indole-3-carbinol also affected auxin transporters. Brief treatment with indole-3-carbinol led to a reduction in the amount of PIN1 and to mislocalization of PIN2. The results indicate that chemicals induced by herbivory, such as indole-3-carbinol, function not only to repel herbivores, but also as signaling molecules that directly compete with auxin to fine tune plant growth and development, which implies transport of indole-3- carbinol that we are as yet unsuccessful in detecting. Our results indicate that plant defensive metabolites also have secondary functions in regulating aspects of plant metabolism, thereby providing diversity in defense-related plant signaling pathways. Such diversity of of signaling by defensive metabolites would be beneficial for the plant, as herbivores and pathogens would be less likely to mount effective countermeasures. We propose that growth arrest can be mediated directly by the herbivory-induced chemicals, in our case, indole-3-carbinol. Thus, glucosinolate breakdown to I3C following herbivory would have two outcomes: (1) Indole-3-carbinaol would inhibit the herbivore, while (2) at the same time inducing growth arrest within the plant. Thus, our results indicate that I3C is a defensive phytohormone that modulates auxin signaling, leading to growth arrest.
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Chamovitz, Daniel A., and Zhenbiao Yang. Chemical Genetics of the COP9 Signalosome: Identification of Novel Regulators of Plant Development. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7699844.bard.

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This was an exploratory one-year study to identify chemical regulators of the COP9 signalosome. Chemical Genetics uses small molecules to modify or disrupt the function of specific genes/proteins. This is in contrast to classical genetics, in which mutations disrupt the function of genes. The underlying concept is that the functions of most proteins can be altered by the binding of a chemical, which can be found by screening large libraries for compounds that specifically affect a biological, molecular or biochemical process. In addition to screens for chemicals which inhibit specific biological processes, chemical genetics can also be employed to find inhibitors of specific protein-protein interactions. Small molecules altering protein-protein interactions are valuable tools in probing protein-protein interactions. In this project, we aimed to identify chemicals that disrupt the COP9 signalosome. The CSN is an evolutionarily conserved eight-subunit protein complex whose most studied role is regulation of E3 ubiquitinligase activity. Mutants in subunits of the CSN undergo photomorphogenesis in darkness and accumulate high levels of pigments in both dark- and light-grown seedlings, and are defective in a wide range of important developmental and environmental-response pathways. Our working hypothesis was that specific molecules will interact with the CSN7 protein such that binding to its various interacting proteins will be inhibited. Such a molecule would inhibit either CSN assembly, or binding of CSN-interacting proteins, and thus specifically inhibit CSN function. We used an advanced chemical genetic screen for small-molecule-inhibitors of CSN7 protein-protein interactions. In our pilot study, following the screening of ~1200 unique compounds, we isolated four chemicals which reproducibly interfere with CSN7 binding to either CSN8 or CSN6.
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Droby, Samir, Michael Wisniewski, Ron Porat, and Dumitru Macarisin. Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Tritrophic Interactions in Postharvest Biocontrol Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7594390.bard.

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To elucidate the role of ROS in the tri-trophic interactions in postharvest biocontrol systems a detailed molecular and biochemical investigation was undertaken. The application of the yeast biocontrol agent Metschnikowia fructicola, microarray analysis was performed on grapefruit surface wounds using an Affymetrix Citrus GeneChip. the data indicated that 1007 putative unigenes showed significant expression changes following wounding and yeast application relative to wounded controls. The expression of the genes encoding Respiratory burst oxidase (Rbo), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK), G-proteins, chitinase (CHI), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS) and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL). In contrast, three genes, peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), were down-regulated in grapefruit peel tissue treated with yeast cells. The yeast antagonists, Metschnikowia fructicola (strain 277) and Candida oleophila (strain 182) generate relatively high levels of super oxide anion (O2−) following its interaction with wounded fruit surface. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy we observed that the application of M. fructicola and C. oleophila into citrus and apple fruit wounds correlated with an increase in H2O2 accumulation in host tissue. The present data, together with our earlier discovery of the importance of H₂O₂ production in the defense response of citrus flavedo to postharvest pathogens, indicate that the yeast-induced oxidative response in fruit exocarp may be associated with the ability of specific yeast species to serve as biocontrol agents for the management of postharvest diseases. Effect of ROS on yeast cells was also studied. Pretreatment of the yeast, Candida oleophila, with 5 mM H₂O₂ for 30 min (sublethal) increased yeast tolerance to subsequent lethal levels of oxidative stress (50 mM H₂O₂), high temperature (40 °C), and low pH (pH 4). Suppression subtractive hybridization analysis was used to identify genes expressed in yeast in response to sublethal oxidative stress. Transcript levels were confirmed using semi quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Seven antioxidant genes were up regulated. Pretreatment of the yeast antagonist Candida oleophila with glycine betaine (GB) increases oxidative stress tolerance in the microenvironment of apple wounds. ROS production is greater when yeast antagonists used as biocontrol agents are applied in the wounds. Compared to untreated control yeast cells, GB-treated cells recovered from the oxidative stress environment of apple wounds exhibited less accumulation of ROS and lower levels of oxidative damage to cellular proteins and lipids. Additionally, GB-treated yeast exhibited greater biocontrol activity against Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea, and faster growth in wounds of apple fruits compared to untreated yeast. The expression of major antioxidant genes, including peroxisomal catalase, peroxiredoxin TSA1, and glutathione peroxidase was elevated in the yeast by GB treatment. A mild heat shock (HS) pretreatment (30 min at 40 1C) improved the tolerance of M. fructicola to subsequent high temperature (45 1C, 20–30 min) and oxidative stress (0.4 mol-¹) hydrogen peroxide, 20–60 min). HS-treated yeast cells showed less accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) than non-treated cells in response to both stresses. Additionally, HS-treated yeast exhibited significantly greater (P≥0.0001) biocontrol activity against Penicillium expansum and a significantly faster (Po0.0001) growth rate in wounds of apple fruits stored at 25 1C compared with the performance of untreated yeast cells. Transcription of a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene (TPS1) was up regulated in response to HS and trehalose content also increased.
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Freeman, Stanley, and Russell J. Rodriguez. The Interaction Between Nonpathogenic Mutants of Colletotrichum and Fusarium, and the Plant Host Defense System. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573069.bard.

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The intent of this proposal was to study the interaction between nonpathogenic mutants of Colletotrichum magna and Fusarium oxysporum, and the cucurbit host defense system. We had shown previously that a nonpathogenic endophytic mutant path- 1 of C. magna, caused no visible disease symptoms but protected watermelon seedlings from disease caused by the wildtype isolate and F. o. niveum. Objectives were: 1) Determine the microscopic, biochemical and molecular genetic interaction between "protected" (path- 1 colonized) cucurbit hosts and wildtype isolates of C. magna; 2) Isolate non-pathogenic mutants of F.o. melonis and test feasibility for protecting plants against fungal diseases. We found that path-1 caused no visible disease symptoms in cucurbit seedlings but conferred disease resistance against pathogenic isolates of C. magna, C. orbiculare, and F. oxysporum. Disease resistance conferred by path-1 correlated to a decrease in the time of activation of host defense systems after exposure of path-1 colonized plants to virulent pathogens. This was determined by monitoring the biochemical activity of PAL and peroxidase, and the deposition of lignin. It appears that path-1-conferred disease resistance is a multigenic phenomenon which should be more difficult for pathogen to overcome than single gene conferred resistance. Based on the benefits conferred by path-1, we have defined this mutant as expressing a mutualistic lifestyle. REMI (restriction enzyme-mediated integration) nonpathogenic mutants were also isolated using pHA1.3 plasmid linearized with Hind III and transformed into wildtype C. magna. The integrated vector and flanking genomic DNA sequences in REMI mutant R1 was re-isolated and cloned resulting in a product of approximately 11 kb designated pGMR1. Transformations of wildtype C. magna with pGMR1 resulted in the same non-pathogenic phenotype. A nonpathogenic mutant of F.o. melonis (pathogenic to melon) was isolated that colonized melon plants but elicited no disease symptoms in seedlings and conferred 25 - 50% disease protection against the virulent wildtype isolate. Subsequently, nonpathogenic mutant isolates of F.o. niveum (pathogenic to watermelon) were also isolated. Their protection capacity against the respective wildtype parent is currently under investigation. This research has provided information toward a better understanding of host-parasite interactions; specifically, endophytes, pathogens and their hosts. It will also allow us to assess the potential for utilizing nonpathogenic mutants as biological control agents against fungal pathogens and isolating molecular genetic factors of pathogenicity in Fusarium.
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Steffens, John, Eithan Harel, and Alfred Mayer. Coding, Expression, Targeting, Import and Processing of Distinct Polyphenoloxidases in Tissues of Higher Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, November 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7613008.bard.

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Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) catalyzes the oxidation of phenols to quinones at the expense of O2. PPOs are ubiquitous in higer plants, and their role in oxidative browning of plant tissues causes large annual losses to food production. Despite the importance of PPOs to agriculture, the function(s) of PPOs in higher plants are not understood. Among other roles, PPOs have been proposed to participate in aspects of chloroplast metabolism, based on their occurrence in plastids and high Km for O2. Due to the ability of PPO to catalyze formation of highly reactive quinones, PPOs have also been proposed to be involved in a wide array of defensive interactions with insect, bacterial, and fungal pests. Physiological and biochemical studies of PPO have provided few answers to the major problems of PPO function, subcellular localization, and biochemical properties. This proposal achieved the following major objectives: cloning of PPO cDNAs in potato and tomato; characterization of the tomato PPO gene family; antisense downregulation of the tomato PPO gene family; and reduction in post-harvest enzymic browning of potato through expression of antisense PPO genes under the control of tuber-specific promoters. In addition, we established the lumenal localization of PPO, characterized and clarified the means by which PPOs are imported and processed by chloroplasts, and provided insight into the factors which control localization of PPOs. This proposal has thereby provided fundamental advances in the understanding of this enzyme and the control of its expression.
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Chamovitz, Daniel A., and Xing-Wang Deng. Developmental Regulation and Light Signal Transduction in Plants: The Fus5 Subunit of the Cop9 Signalosome. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586531.bard.

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Plants adjust their growth and development in a manner optimal for the prevailing light conditions. The molecular mechanisms by which light signals are transduced and integrated with other environmental and developmental signals are an area of intense research. (Batschauer, 1999; Quail, 2002) One paradigm emerging from this work is the interconnectedness of discrete physiological responses at the biochemical level, for instance, between auxin and light signaling (Colon-Carmona et al., 2000; Schwechheimer and Deng, 2001; Tian and Reed, 1999) and between light signaling and plant pathogen interactions (Azevedo et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2002). The COP9 signalosome (CSN) protein complex has a central role in the light control of plant development. Arabidopsis mutants that lack this complex develop photomorphogenically even in the absence of light signals (reviewed in (Karniol and Chamovitz, 2000; Schwechheimer and Deng, 2001). Thus the CSN was hypothesized to be a master repressor of photomorphogenesis in darkness, and light acts to bypass or eliminate this repression. However, the CSN regulates more than just photomorphogenesis as all mutants lacking this complex die near the end of seedling development. Moreover, an essentially identical complex was subsequently discovered in animals and yeast, organisms whose development is not light responsive, exemplifying how plant science can lead the way to exciting discoveries in biomedical model species (Chamovitz and Deng, 1995; Freilich et al., 1999; Maytal-Kivity et al., 2002; Mundt et al., 1999; Seeger et al., 1998; Wei et al., 1998). Our long-term objective is to determine mechanistically how the CSN controls plant development. We previously that this complex contains eight subunits (Karniol et al., 1998; Serino et al., 1999) and that the 27 ilia subunit is encoded by the FUS5/CSN7 locus (Karniol et al., 1999). The CSN7 subunit also has a role extraneous to the COP9 signalosome, and differential kinase activity has been implicated in regulating CSN7 and the COP9 signalosome (Karniol et al., 1999). In the present research, we further analyzed CSN7, both in terms of interacting proteins and in terms of kinases that act on CSN7. Furthermore we completed our analysis of the CSN in Arabidopsis by analyzing the remaining subunits. Outline of Original Objectives and Subsequent Modifications The general goal of the proposed research was to study the CSN7 (FUS5) subunit of the COP9 signalosome. To this end we specifically intended to: 1. Identify the residues of CSN7 that are phosphorylated. 2. Monitor the phosphorylation of CSN7 under different environmental conditions and under different genetic backgrounds. 3. Generate transgenic plants with altered CSN7 phosphorylation sites. 4. Purify CSN7 kinase from cauliflower. 5. Clone the Arabidopsis cDNA encoding CSN7 kinase 6. Isolate and characterize additional CSN7 interacting proteins. 7. Characterize the interaction of CSN7 and the COP9 signalosome with the HY5-COP1 transcriptional complex. Throughout the course of the research, emphasis shifted from studying CSN7 phosphorylation (Goals 1-3), to studying the CSN7 kinase (Goal 4 and 5), an in depth analysis of CSN7 interactions (Goal 6), and the study of additional CSN subunits. Goal 7 was also abandoned as no data was found to support this interaction.
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Chamovitz, Daniel, and Albrecht Von Arnim. Translational regulation and light signal transduction in plants: the link between eIF3 and the COP9 signalosome. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7696515.bard.

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The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is an eight-subunit protein complex that is highly conserved among eukaryotes. Genetic analysis of the signalosome in the plant model species Arabidopsis thaliana has shown that the signalosome is a repressor of light dependent seedling development as mutant Arabidopsis seedlings that lack this complex develop in complete darkness as if exposed to light. These mutant plants die following the seedling stage, even when exposed to light, indicating that the COP9 signalosome also has a central role in the regulation of normal photomorphogenic development. The biochemical mode of action of the signalosome and its position in eukaryotic cell signaling pathways is a matter of controversy and ongoing investigation, and recent results place the CSN at the juncture of kinase signaling pathways and ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. We have shown that one of the many CSN functions may relate to the regulation of translation through the interaction of the CSN with its related complex, eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF3). While we have established a physical connection between eIF3 subunits and CSN subunits, the physiological and developmental significance of this interaction is still unknown. In an effort to understand the biochemical activity of the signalosome, and its role in regulating translation, we originally proposed to dissect the contribution of "h" subunit of eIF3 (eIF3h) along the following specific aims: (i) Isolation and phenotypic characterization of an Arabidopsis loss-of-function allele for eIF3h from insertional mutagenesis libraries; (ii) Creation of designed gain and loss of function alleles for eIF3h on the basis of its nucleocytoplasmic distribution and its yeast-two-hybrid interactions with other eIF3 and signalosome partner proteins; (iii) Determining the contribution of eIF3h and its interaction with the signalosome by expressing specific mutants of eIF3h in the eIF3h- loss-of function background. During the course of the research, these goals were modified to include examining the genetic interaction between csn and eif3h mutations. More importantly, we extended our effort toward the genetic analysis of mutations in the eIF3e subunit, which also interacts with the CSN. Through the course of this research program we have made several critical scientific discoveries, all concerned with the apparent diametrically opposed roles of eIF3h and eIF3e. We showed that: 1) While eIF3e is essential for growth and development, eIF3h is not essential for growth or basal translation; 2) While eIF3e has a negative role in translational regulation, eIF3h is positively required for efficient translation of transcripts with complex 5' UTR sequences; 3) Over-accumulation of eIF3e and loss-of-function of eIF3h both lead to cop phenotypes in dark-grown seedlings. These results were published in one publication (Kim et al., Plant Cell 2004) and in a second manuscript currently in revision for Embo J. Are results have led to a paradigm shift in translation research – eIF3 is now viewed in all systems as a dynamic entity that contains regulatory subuits that affect translational efficiency. In the long-term agronomic outlook, the proposed research has implications that may be far reaching. Many important plant processes, including developmental and physiological responses to light, abiotic stress, photosynthate, and hormones operate in part by modulating protein translation [23, 24, 40, 75]. Translational regulation is slowly coming of age as a mechanism for regulating foreign gene expression in plants, beginning with translational enhancers [84, 85] and more recently, coordinating the expression of multiple transgenes using internal ribosome entry sites. Our contribution to understanding the molecular mode of action of a protein complex as fundamental as eIF3 is likely to lead to advances that will be applicable in the foreseeable future.
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Fridman, Eyal, and Eran Pichersky. Tomato Natural Insecticides: Elucidation of the Complex Pathway of Methylketone Biosynthesis. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696543.bard.

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Plant species synthesize a multitude of specialized compounds 10 help ward off pests. and these in turn may well serve as an alternative to synthetic pesticides to reduce environmental damage and health risks to humans. The general goal of this research was to perform a genetic and biochemical dissection of the natural-insecticides methylketone pathway that is specific to the glandular trichomes of the wild species of tomato, Solanumhabrochaites f. glabratum (accession PI126449). Previous study conducted by us have demonstrated that these compounds are synthesized de novo as a derivate pathway of the fatty acid biosynthesis, and that a key enzyme. designated MethylketoneSynthase 1 (MKS 1). catalyzes conversion of the intermediate B-ketoacyl- ACPs to the corresponding Cn-1 methylketones. The approach taken in this proposed project was to use an interspecific F2 population. derived from the cross between the cultivated lV182 and the wild species PIl26449. for three objectives: (i) Analyze the association between allelic status of candidate genes from the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway with the methylketone content in the leaves (ii) Perform bulk segregant analysis of genetic markers along the tomato genome for identifying genomic regions that harbor QTLs for 2TD content (iii) Apply differential gene expression analysis using the isolated glands of bulk segregant for identifying new genes that are involved in the pathway. The genetic mapping in the interspecific F2 population included app. 60 genetic markers, including the candidate genes from the FAS pathway and SSR markers spread evenly across the genome. This initial; screening identified 5 loci associated with MK content including the candidate genes MKS1, ACC and MaCoA:ACP trans. Interesting observation in this genetic analysis was the connection between shape and content of the glands, i.e. the globularity of the four cells, typical to the wild species. was associated with increased MK in the segregating population. In the next step of the research transcriptomic analysis of trichomes from high- and 10w-MK plants was conducted. This analysis identified a new gene, Methy1ketone synthase 2 (MKS2), whose protein product share sequence similarity to the thioesterase super family of hot-dog enzymes. Genetic analysis in the segregating population confirmed its association with MK content, as well as its overexpression in E. coli that led to formation of MK in the media. There are several conclusions drawn from this research project: (i) the genetic control of MK accumulation in the trichomes is composed of biochemical components in the FAS pathway and its vicinity (MKS 1 and MKS2). as well as genetic factors that mediate the morphology of these specialized cells. (ii) the biochemical pathway is now realized different from what was hypothesized before with MKS2 working upstream to I\1KS 1 and serves as the interface between primary (fatty acids) and secondary (MK) metabolism. We are currently testing the possible physical interactions between these two proteins in vitro after the genetic analysis showed clear epistatic interactions. (iii) the regulation of the pathway that lead to specialized metabolism in the wild species is largely mediated by transcription and one of the achievements of this project is that we were able to isolate and verify the specificity of the MKS1 promoter to the trichomes which allows manipulation of the pathways in these cells (currently in progress). The scientific implications of this research project is the advancement in our knowledge of hitherto unknown biochemical pathway in plants and new leads for studying a new family in plants (hot dog thioesterase). The agricultural and biotechnological implication are : (i) generation of new genetic markers that could assist in importing this pathway to cultivated tomato hence enhancing its natural resistance to insecticides, (ii) the discovery of MKS2 adds a new gene for genetic engineering of plants for making new fatty acid derived compounds. This could be assisted with the use of the isolated and verified MKS1 promoter. The results of this research were summarized to a manuscript that was published in Plant Physiology (cover paper). to a chapter in a proceeding book. and one patent was submitted in the US.
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