Relevant bibliographies by topics / Biochemical Components

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Biochemical Components'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Biochemical Components"

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Gaffney, Betty Jean. "Chemical and biochemical crosslinking of membrane components." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Biomembranes 822, no. 3-4 (December 1985): 289–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4157(85)90012-7.

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Ehsani-Moghaddam, B., S. Khanizadeh, and J. A. Sullivan. "Biochemical components of advanced selections and raspberry cultivars." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 88, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p06-124.

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Commercially grown raspberry cultivars (Rubus idaeus L.) (Festival, Boyne, Nova and Killarney) and advanced selections (88–18, 88–117, 88–134, SJR942-7) from the University of Guelph and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) were evaluated for total antioxidant capacity, soluble solids content and acidity. The crude, hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant content of berries were measured using the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) method. Significant variations were observed among crude, hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant content of the different advanced selections. Selection 88–18, had the highest crude, hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant capacity, while SJR942-7 had the highest soluble solids. The study shows the importance of genetic background in determining the antioxidant potential in raspberry and the possibility of developing new lines rich in phytochemicals. Key words: Hydrophilic, lipophilic, total antioxidants, TEAC, Trolox, soluble solids
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Chua, Lee Suan, and Nur Ardawati Adnan. "Biochemical and nutritional components of selected honey samples." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/j.afs.2014.2.6.

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Asciogul, T. K., F. Sen, S. Nemli, D. Esiyok, M. K. Bozokalfa, and M. B. Tanyolaç. "Biochemical components of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1297 (November 2020): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2020.1297.40.

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Bowen, John M. "Element composition and biochemical components of Dirofilaria immitis." Veterinary Parasitology 96, no. 1 (March 2001): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4017(00)00416-7.

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Hou, Min, Jiheng Ni, and Hanping Mao. "Effects of Airflow Disturbance on the Content of Biochemical Components and Mechanical Properties of Cucumber Seedling Stems." Agriculture 13, no. 6 (May 26, 2023): 1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061125.

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In order to explore the changes in biochemical components and mechanical properties of cucumber seedlings with dwarfing characteristics under airflow disturbance treatment, ‘Jinyou No. 1’ cucumber seedlings were used as experimental materials and the split-plot design was used. The cucumber seedlings were treated with airflow disturbance with two airflow temperatures of 25 ± 5 °C and 35 ± 5 °C as the main factors and four airflow velocities of 1, 3, 6 and 9 m/s as the secondary factors. At the same time, cucumber seedlings without airflow disturbance were used as controls to study the effects of airflow temperature and velocity on the biochemical components and mechanical properties of cucumber seedling stems. The results showed that with the increase in airflow velocity, the content of the stems’ biochemical components increased to varying degrees, and the bending load, shear load, elastic modulus, bending strength and shear strength of the seedling stems also increased. Under the same airflow velocity, the biochemical component content and the accepted load of seedlings under the 25 ± 5 °C airflow temperature treatment were larger than those under the 35 ± 5 °C airflow greenhouse treatment, but the elastic modulus, bending strength and shear strength of seedlings under the 25 ± 5 °C airflow temperature treatment were lesser than those under the 35 ± 5 °C airflow temperature treatment. Using the grey relational analysis method, the correlation degree between the biochemical components of the stem and the mechanical properties of the stem was different. The correlation degree between the biochemical components of the seedling stem and the mechanical properties under different airflow temperature treatments was significant. The correlation degree between the biochemical components of the seedling stem and the mechanical properties under different airflow velocity treatments was greater than 0.60, indicating that the biochemical components of the seedling stem under airflow velocity treatments had a greater influence on the mechanical properties. In summary, airflow disturbance significantly affected the biochemical components and mechanical properties of cucumber seedlings. The biochemical components and mechanical properties of seedlings were negatively correlated with airflow temperature and positively correlated with airflow velocity. With a decrease in airflow temperature and an increase in airflow velocity, the biochemical components and mechanical properties of seedlings increased.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Biochemical Study of Gallstones Compositions in Iraqipatients." Baghdad Science Journal 7, no. 1 (March 7, 2010): 663–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.7.1.663-670.

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The aim of this study is to determine the organic and inorganic components of bile and gallstones in Iraqi patients. Forty seven patients were included in this study with mean age (53+7) years and BMI (30.82+4.18) Kg/m2. Bile was classified according to its corresponding stones into: Bile of Mixed stones and Bile of pigment stones. IR spectra were studied for both types of stones and their bile in addition to biochemical analysis for organic and inorganic components. The organic components include: (cholesterol, bilirubin, bile salts, and phospholipids), while inorganic components include salts of: (calcium, phosphorus, iron, cupper and magnesium). The results reveal to there was significant low levels (p
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Owens, J. M., and D. P. Chynoweth. "Biochemical Methane Potential of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Components." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 2 (January 1, 1993): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0065.

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The biochemical methane potential of several MSW fractions was determined in order to compare extents and rates of their conversion to methane. Based on MSW samples analyzed, the methane yield of MSW was estimated to be as high as 0.20 m3 kg−1 VS added, which indicates that more than 50% of the VS in MSW can be destroyed in anaerobic processing. Yard waste fractions of MSW can be expected to exhibit a high variability in yields due to the variety of plant materials which can be included. While some yard waste components, such as grass, exhibited yields as high as 0.21 m3 kg−1 VS, yields for mixed yard waste were much lower, in the range of 0.14 m kg−1. The make-up of the paper fraction can strongly affect the methane yields of MSW due to variations in methane yields of different paper classes. Bleached kraft papers, regardless of coating, exhibited maximum methane yields of 0.37 m3 kg−1 VS, indicating complete conversion. Unbleached kraft paper found in corrugated box-board exhibited a yield of 0.28 m3 kg−1 VS, while newsprint exhibited yields as low as 0.08 m3 kg−1 VS. Inks used in newsprint did not lower methane yields over unprinted newsprint. The paper used in food packaging was highly biodegradable and its degradation was not affected by polymer coatings when samples were finely ground. These results provide a data base on extent and rates of the major biodegradable organic components of MSW and should be considered when contemplating anaerobic bioconversion of MSW.
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Kumar, Abhay. "Impact of arsenic on biochemical components of Abelmoschus esculentus." Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications 13, no. 3 (August 25, 2020): 1301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21786/bbrc/13.3/48.

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Jahan, Nargis, and AMM Golam Adam. "Changes In Biochemical Components Of Rice Following Naa Application." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Science 40, no. 2 (December 30, 2014): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v40i2.46015.

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An investigation on the effect of Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on the changes of biochemical components of two varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.), BRR1 dhan 29 and BRRI dhan 50 was carried out. Two concentrations of NAA, 100 and 200 ppm were used as foliar spray. In BRRI dhan 29, significant increases in chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents of leaf were observed due to both the treatments at the flowering stage, whereas, carotenoids at the grain filling stage only. But in BRRI dhan 50, the total leaf pigments decreased at the flowering and grain filling stage, but was significant in case of chlorophyll a at the flowering stage. Significant increases in protein content of leaf were recorded at the tillering and flowering stage of BRRI dhan 29 following 100 ppm NAA treatment. In BRRI dhan 50, the only significant increase was recorded at grain filling stage due to 200 ppm NAA treatment. In both the varieties carbohydrates, protein, fat, and energy content of grain increased due to both the treatments and the maximum increase in all the cases was recorded due to 100 ppm NAA treatment. Ash and moisture content of grain reduced following both the treatments in both the varieties, the maximum reduction was due to 100 ppm NAA treatment Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 40(2): 173-178, December 2014
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biochemical Components"

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Josefsson, Peter. "Biochemical modification of wood components." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH, the Royal Institute of Technology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4171.

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Gosh, D. "Structural and biochemical investigation of tat components." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune, 2019. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/6031.

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Chavan, Uttam Dnyanu. "Chemical and biochemical components of Beach pea (Lathyrus maritimus L.) /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0021/NQ54844.pdf.

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Hutchinson, Lisa. "Biochemical analysis of components of the wingless/WNT signalling pathway." Thesis, Institute of Cancer Research (University Of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395976.

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Anderson, Shona M. L. "Biochemical and immunological studies of surface components of Fasciola hepatica throughout development." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335984.

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Liu, Jing. "Biochemical and structural studies of key components in the Wnt signaling pathway /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5685.

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Delgado, Callisaya Pedro Angel. "Biochemical components of seminal plasma of llamas (Lama glama) at three ages." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2002. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5357.

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This study was conducted at the installation of the Rural Academic Unit-Tiahuanaco of the BCU, located in the community of Achaca, third municipal section of Ingavi province, department of La Paz. It is 57 km from the La Paz-Desaguadero international highway, at 68 degrees 42 minutes 28 seconds latitude South by 16 degrees 35 minutes 41 seconds longitude West, at an altitude of 3856 meters above sea level. The study went from October 2000 to September 2001. The study consisted of determining the concentrations of the biochemical components in llama seminal plasma at three ages. Components studied were glucose, inorganic phosphate, creatinine, total protein, albumin, globulins, cholesterol, calcium, potassium, sodium, and magnesium. Twelve male llamas of 3, 4, and 5 years were selected and acquired from the Choquecota area of the Carangas province, department of Oruro. Four animals were chosen at each age and were subjected to a training period of semen collection during 2 months, using the artificial hindquarters designed for this effect. The 6 that best responded to the training were used for the investigation. Eight collections were obtained from each animal over the course of the study, and they were used for laboratory analysis. The results were analyzed using a hierarchical factorial design that involved a mixed analysis (nested and crossed) of the factors of age and collections. (The averages of two collections corresponding to each week were analyzed.) Each weekly collection average per age was an experimental unit. Four experimental units were obtained for each age, and the analysis of the data was done with the SAS statistics package version 6.12. From the analyses done the following results were obtained: the concentrations of glucose (6.246 [plus or minus] 0.716 mg/dl), creatinine (3.459 [plus or minus] 1.27 mg/dl), cholesterol (67.28 [plus or minus] 18.21 mg/dl), potassium (8.249 [plus or minus] 1.78 mEq/L), and sodium (123.187 [plus or minus] 18.39 mEq/L) did not show significant differences between ages or collections (p>0.05). The concentrations of calcium (12.138 [plus or minus] 3.64 mg/dl) and magnesium (1.943 [plus or minus] 0.52 mEq/L) showed significant (p<0.05) differences in age only and not in collections. Globulins (1.574 [plus or minus] 0.51 g/dl) showed differences between collections (p<0.05) but not between ages. Total protein (3.732 [plus or minus] 0.45 g/dl), albumin (2.158 [plus or minus] 0.46 g/dl), and inorganic phosphate (9.42 [plus or minus] 2.42 mg/dl) showed differences both between ages and between collections (p<0.05).
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Shao, Dongmin. "Structural and biochemical studies of the components of the NADPH oxidase in human neutrophils." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398014.

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Chen, Jui-Lin. "Biochemical Identification of Molecular Components Required for Cyanide Assimilation in Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIMB 11764." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278624/.

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Utilization of cyanide as a nutritional nitrogen source in P. fluorescens NCIMB 11764 was shown to involve a novel metabolic mechanism involving nonenzymatic neutralization outside of cells prior to further enzymatic oxidation within. Several cyanide degrading enzymes were produced by NCIMB 11764 in response to growth or exposure to cyanide, but only one of these cyanide, oxygenase (CNO), was shown to be physiologically required for assimilation of cyanide as a growth substrate.
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Choudhury, Jayanta. "Studies on the antioxidative and other beneficial properties of some plants from wetlands of North Bengal." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2017. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/hdl.handle.net/123456789/2662.

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Books on the topic "Biochemical Components"

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Chemical and biochemical engineering: New materials and developed components. Oakville, Canada: Apple Academic Press, 2015.

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International Conference on Microreaction Technology (1st 1997). Microreaction technology: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Microreaction Technology. Berlin: Springer, 1998.

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Ismailov, Nariman, Samira Nadzhafova, and Aygyun Gasymova. Bioecosystem complexes for the solution of environmental, industrial and social problems (on the example of Azerbaijan). ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1043239.

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A key objective of the modern development of society is the observance of ecological and socio-economic unity in human life and comprehensive improvement of environment and quality of life should be considered in close connection with the quality of the natural landscape. The formation of scientific understanding of the unity of society and nature is driven by the need for practical implementation of such unity. This defines the focus of this monograph. Given the overall assessment of the current state of the environment in Azerbaijan, considers the scenarios for the future development of the area. The prospects of the use of biotechnology in integrated environmental protection. In the framework of the above to address complex social, environmental and production problems in Azerbaijan developed scientific basis of integrated system of industrial farms — biclusters with a closed production cycle through effective utilization of regional biological resources, whose interactions and relationships take on the character of vzaimodeistvie components for obtaining focused final result with high practical importance. Microbiological, biochemical and technological processes are the basis of all development of biotechnology. Presents the development will help strengthen the ties between science and production, establishing mechanisms to conduct applied research in the field of innovation and creation of knowledge-based technologies in solving current and future environmental problems in Azerbaijan. We offer innovative ideas distinguishes the potential need for their materialization into new products, technologies and services, including the widespread use of digital technologies to design dynamic digital environmental map in space and in time. For students, scientific and engineering-technical workers, students and specializing in environmental technology, environmental protection.
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Zaikov, Gennady E., A. K. Haghi, and Ali Pourhashemi. Chemical and Biochemical Engineering: New Materials and Developed Components. Apple Academic Press, Incorporated, 2015.

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Pap, Thomas, Adelheid Korb, Marianne Heitzmann, and Jessica Bertrand. Joint biochemistry. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0056.

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Synovial joints are composed of different morphological structures that have their distinct cellular and biochemical properties. Articular cartilage and synovial membrane are key components of synovial joints and show a number of peculiarities that makes them different from other tissues in our body. An in-depth knowledge of these structural and biochemical peculiarities is not only important for understanding key features of articular function but also provides explanations for important characteristics of both degenerative and inflammatory joint diseases. This chapter reviews the structure and biochemical composition of cartilage and synovium and points to important links between physiology and pathological conditions, particularly arthritis.
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Balagansky, Igor A., Ivan A. Bataev, and Anatoliy A. Bataev. Explosion Systems with Inert High-Modulus Components: Increasing the Efficiency of Blast Technologies and Their Applications. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2019.

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Balagansky, Igor A., Ivan A. Bataev, and Anatoliy A. Bataev. Explosion Systems with Inert High-Modulus Components: Increasing the Efficiency of Blast Technologies and Their Applications. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2019.

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Kong, China) International Conference on Advances in Structural Dynamics (2000 :. Hong. Microreaction Technology: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Microreaction Technology. Springer, 1998.

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KHATEFOV, E. B., V. I. KHOREVA, and YU A. KERV. MAIZE: SOURCE MATERIAL OF CHINESE ORIGIN FOR FEED AND FOOD MAIZE BREEDING IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/978-5-907145-22-1.

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The catalogue presents the results of a study conducted on 424 maize accessions from China (Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning Provinces) with phenotypic description according to 24 characters and assessment of nutritive value involving 3 major biochemical components of the kernel. It is addressed to geneticists, plant breeders and agronomists as a useful aid in the search for source material suitable for breeding feed and food maize cultivars in the Russian Federation.
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Lopez, Berenice, and Patrick J. Twomey. Biochemical investigation of rheumatic diseases. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0062.

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It is important for rheumatologists to have an understanding of biochemical tests including an awareness of their limitations. The biological variability of an analyte both within and between individuals, the limitations of the measurement technology, the sensitivity of laboratory internal quality control and external quality assurance procedures, as well as interlaboratory variations in practices including sample collection procedures, may all impact on the interpretation of a result. Biochemical tests are often requested to monitor organ-specific dysfunction arising as an adverse consequence of pharmacotherapy or as a component of a systemic rheumatic disease, although dysfunction may also reflect infection or coincidental pathology. Patients with rheumatic diseases are at high risk of renal and hepatic disease. Serum creatinine and its derivative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are the most readily available surrogate markers of GFR and are used to assess renal impairment and monitor its course. However, the use of creatinine alone lacks sensitivity and a substantial loss of function must occur before creatinine levels are increased. Additional biochemical screening for kidney damage can be performed by assessment of glomerular integrity, including proteinuria or albuminuria and haematuria. A wide spectrum of rheumatic diseases can affect the liver with various degrees of involvement and hepatic pathology. These often present with cholestatic or hepatitic biochemical profiles. The medical management of rheumatic diseases also involves medications that are hepatotoxic, and routine monitoring of liver function is recommended. This approach is not problem-free and may be improved by quantitative determinations of non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis in the future. Together with imaging techniques, biochemical tests play an important role in the assessment and differential diagnosis of metabolic bone disease.
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Book chapters on the topic "Biochemical Components"

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Kuhz, Henning, Anja Kuenz, Ulf Prüße, Thomas Willke, and Klaus-Dieter Vorlop. "Products Components: Alcohols." In Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, 339–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/10_2016_74.

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Jackson, J. F. "The Nucleus — Cytological Methods and Isolation for Biochemical Studies." In Cell Components, 353–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82587-3_17.

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Schram, Karl H. "Mass Spectrometry of Nucleic Acid Components." In Methods of Biochemical Analysis, 203–88. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470110553.ch4.

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Evtugyn, Gennady. "Biochemical Components Used in Biosensor Assemblies." In Lecture Notes in Chemistry, 21–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40241-8_2.

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Robins, Simon P. "Analysis of the Crosslinking Components in Collagen and Elastin." In Methods of Biochemical Analysis, 329–79. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470110485.ch8.

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Fujii, Michihiro, Toru Kawakami, Masayuki Taniguchi, and Taira Homma. "Fractionation of Cellulase Components by Affinity Precipitation — Production of Cellobiose by Enzymatic Hydrolysis." In Biochemical Engineering for 2001, 118–20. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68180-9_30.

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Ni, Lisheng, and Xuelian Luo. "Structural and Biochemical Analyses of the Core Components of the Hippo Pathway." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 239–56. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8910-2_18.

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Zhou, Dayong, Yanchao Wang, Jie Xu, Sang Moo Kim, and Yaoguang Chang. "Nutritional Components of Sea Cucumber and the Biochemical Characteristics of Autolytic Enzymes." In Advances in Marine Bioprocesses and Bioproducts, 21–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16512-2_2.

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Buntru, Matthias, Simon Vogel, Ricarda Finnern, and Stefan Schillberg. "Plant-Based Cell-Free Transcription and Translation of Recombinant Proteins." In Recombinant Proteins in Plants, 113–24. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2241-4_8.

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AbstractPlant cell-free lysates contain all the cellular components of the protein biosynthesis machinery, providing an alternative to intact plant cells, tissues, and whole plants for the production of recombinant proteins. Cell-free lysates achieve rapid protein production (within hours or days) and allow the synthesis of proteins that are cytotoxic or unstable in living cells. The open nature of cell-free lysates and their homogeneous and reproducible performance is ideal for protein production, especially for screening applications, allowing the direct addition of nucleic acid templates encoding proteins of interest, as well as other components such as enzyme substrates, chaperones, artificial amino acids, or labeling molecules. Here we describe procedures for the production of recombinant proteins in the ALiCE (Almost Living Cell-free Expression) system, a lysate derived from tobacco cell suspension cultures that can be used to manufacture protein products for molecular and biochemical analysis as well as applications in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Shimizu, Y., and T. Ishiguro. "Effects of Light or Moderate Smoking on Birth Weight or on Serum Biochemical Components in Infants of Japanese Women." In Indoor Air Quality, 167–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83904-7_19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Biochemical Components"

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Popescu, Sofia. "CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPONENTS IN MULBERRY FRUITS." In 15th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2015/b61/s25.045.

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Hollenstein, Marcel, and Christian J. Leumann. "Synthesis and biochemical characterization of tricyclo-dTTP." In XVIth Symposium on Chemistry of Nucleic Acid Components. Prague: Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/css201414276.

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Ravindran, R., J. A. Sadie, K. E. Scarberry, H. S. Yang, M. S. Bakir, J. F. McDonald, and J. D. Meindl. "Biochemical sensing with an arrayed silicon nanowire platform." In 2010 Proceedings 60th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ectc.2010.5490826.

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Xu, Zikai, Khem Raj Ghusinga, and Abhyudai Singh. "Noise analysis in biochemical complex formation from stochastically produced components." In 2020 American Control Conference (ACC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc45564.2020.9147925.

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Rydzik, Anna, Joanna Zuberek, Joanna Kowalska, Edward Darżynkiewicz, and Jacek Jemielity. "Bisphosphonate modification in tetraphosphate 5'mRNA cap analogs – synthesis and biochemical properties." In XIVth Symposium on Chemistry of Nucleic Acid Components. Prague: Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/css200810444.

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Kim, Brian, Shilpi Goenka, Srikara V. Peelukhana, Keith F. Stringer, Jay H. Kim, and Rupak K. Banerjee. "Dependence of Higher Frequency Components on Bone Tissue Alterations in the Rat-Tail Model." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14538.

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Through a recently conducted rat-tail vibration experiment, we have been able to determine that the tested frequencies of vibration have a significant effect on biochemical damage signified by nitro-tyrosine (NT) staining on trabecular bone, while structural damage quantified through a Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain on cortical bone exhibited statistical significance only for the 250 Hz group compared to the control group. These results seem to indicate a relationship between the growing quantities of biochemical damage when increasing the excitation frequency, thus further experimentation for frequencies between 250 Hz and 400 Hz is recommended.
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Pawlak, Joel J. "Review: Biochemical Additives for Papermaking." In Advances in Pulp and Paper Research, Oxford 2009, edited by S. J. I’Anson. Fundamental Research Committee (FRC), Manchester, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/frc.2009.1.113.

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Biochemical additives encompass materials added to the papermaking operation that are derived from biological origins. Other than starch, the majority of the biochemical additives currently used in the paper industry are enzymatic. Enzymes are protein structures that speed a particular chemical reaction. The enzymes are not consumed during the reaction and can be used repeatedly. The enzymes used in the paper industry typically target one of the four major components of wood: cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin or extractives. Enzymes have been used industrially to aid in bleaching, reduce pitch, enhance strength, alter pulp freeness, and aid in paper machine cleaning. This review focuses on the use of enzymes in the papermaking operation, but also addresses the use of enzymes in other areas of the pulp and paper mill. There has also been considerable work in the use of fungus for improving both mechanical and chemical pulping operations. This is considered a separate topic and is only briefly addressed in this review. The future of biochemical additives may extend well beyond the current use of enzymes and a few notes on potential application are given.
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Jemielity, Jacek, Joanna Zuberek, Janusz Stępiński, Magdalena Lewdorowicz, Anna Niedzwiecka, Dorota Haber, Fowler Tolvert, Ryszard Stolarski, Robert E. Rhoads, and Edward Darżynkiewicz. "Synthesis, physico-chemical and biochemical properties of the novel tri-, tetra- and pentaphosphate mRNA cap analogues." In XIIth Symposium on Chemistry of Nucleic Acid Components. Prague: Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/css200205159.

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Kalek, Marcin, Jacek Jemielity, Ewa Grudzien, Joanna Zuberek, Zbigniew M. Darzynkiewicz, Elzbieta Bojarska, Janusz Stępiński, et al. "Synthesis and biochemical properties of the novel, enzymatically stable mRNA cap analogues with versatile potential applications." In XIIIth Symposium on Chemistry of Nucleic Acid Components. Prague: Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/css200507355.

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Pryse, Kenneth M., Teresa M. Abney, Guy M. Genin, and Elliot L. Elson. "Probing Cytoskeletal Mechanics Using Biochemical Inhibitors." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19451.

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Quantifying the mechanics of the cytoskeletons of living cells is important for understanding several physiologic and pathologic cellular functions, such as wound healing and cellular migration in cancer. Our laboratory develops three-dimensional tissue constructs for assaying cytoskeletal mechanics in controlled conditions. These tissue constructs consist of defined components such as chick embryo fibroblasts and reconstituted rat tail collagen; fibroblasts remodel the collagen extracellular matrix (ECM) and develop a structural environment representative of that which would exist in a natural tissue. Our protocol for quantifying the microscale mechanics of the proteins that comprise the cytoskeleton involves mechanical testing of a tissue construct first in a bath that contains nutrition medium to support the active physiologic functioning of the cells, and next in the presence of inhibitors that selectively eliminate specific cytoskeletal structures. By solving an inverse homogenization problem, the mechanical functioning of these proteins at the cellular level can be estimated. Here, we present a combination of mechanical testing and imaging results to quantify the effects of specific inhibitors on cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix form and function.
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Reports on the topic "Biochemical Components"

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Crisosto, Carlos, Susan Lurie, Haya Friedman, Ebenezer Ogundiwin, Cameron Peace, and George Manganaris. Biological Systems Approach to Developing Mealiness-free Peach and Nectarine Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592650.bard.

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Peach and nectarine production worldwide is increasing; however consumption is flat or declining because of the inconsistent eating quality experienced by consumers. The main factor for this inconsistent quality is mealiness or woolliness, a form of chilling injury that develops following shipping periods in the global fruit market today. Our research groups have devised various postharvest methods to prolong storage life, including controlled atmosphere and delayed storage; however, these treatments only delay mealiness. Mealiness texture results from disruption of the normal ripening process involving disassembly of cell wall material, and creates a soft fruit texture that is dry and grainy instead of juicy and smooth. Solving this problem is a prerequisite for increasing the demand for fresh peach and nectarine. Two approaches were used to reveal genes and their associated biochemical processes that can confer resistance to mealiness or wooliness. At the Volcani Center, Israel, a nectarine cultivar and the peach cultivar (isogenetic materials) from which the nectarine cultivar spontaneously arose, and at the Kearney Agricultural Center of UC Davis, USA, a peach population that segregates for quantitative resistance to mealiness was used for dissecting the genetic components of mealiness development. During our project we have conducted research integrating the information from phenotypic, biochemical and gene expression studies, proposed possible candidate genes and SNPs-QTLs mapping that are involved in reducing peach mealiness susceptibility. Numerous genes related to ethylene biosynthesis and its signal transduction, cell wall structure and metabolism, stress response, different transcription factor families were detected as being differentially accumulated in the cold-treated samples of these sensitive and less sensitive genotypes. The ability to produce ethylene and keep active genes involved in ethylene signaling, GTP-binding protein, EIN-3 binding protein and an ethylene receptor and activation of ethyleneresponsive fruit ripening genes during cold storage provided greater resistance to CI. Interestingly, in the functional category of genes differentially expressed at harvest, less chilling sensitive cultivar had more genes in categories related to antioxidant and heat sock proteins/chaperones that may help fruit to adapt to low temperature stress. The specific objectives of the proposed research were to: characterize the phenotypes and cell wall components of the two resistant systems in response to mealiness- inducing conditions; identify commonalities and specific differences in cell wall proteins and the transcriptome that are associated with low mealiness incidence; integrate the information from phenotypic, biochemical, and gene expression studies to identify candidate genes that are involved in reducing mealiness susceptibility; locate these genes in the Prunus genome; and associate the genes with genomic regions conferring quantitative genetic variation for mealiness resistance. By doing this we will locate genetic markers for mealiness development, essential tools for selection of mealiness resistant peach lines with improved fruit storability and quality. In our research, QTLs have been located in our peach SNPs map, and proposed candidate genes obtained from the integrated result of phenotypic, biochemical and gene expression analysis are being identified in our QTLs as an approach searching for consistent assistant markers for peach breeding programs.
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Bennett, Alan, and Arthur Schaffer. Sucrose Metabolism in Developing Fruit of Wild and Cultivated Lycopersicon Species. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613009.bard.

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The project focused on a strategy to enhance tomato fruit soluble solids by evaluating components of carbohydrate metabolism in fruit of wild tomato species that accumulate sucrose rather than hexose and have extremely high soluble sugar contents. The overall goal was to determine the extent to which sucrose accumulation contributes to elevated soluble solids levels and to understand the underlying genetic and biochemical basis of the trait. The research objectives were to evaluate near isogenic L. esculentum lines segregating for sucrose- and hexose-accumulation, determine the biochemical basis of sucrose accumulation and develop molecular genetic strategies to enhance sucrose accumulation in fruit. The inheritance of the sucrose accumulation gene (sucr) was evaluated in both L. chmielewskii and L. hirsutum and shown to be conferred by a single recessive gene in each species. Stable L. esculentum lines homozygous for the sucr gene from L. chmieliewskii and L. hirsutum were well characterized on a genetic and physiological basis and have been introduced into breeding programs to modify fruit sugar composition. The metabolic basis of sucrose accumulation was determined to result from the lack of sucrose hydrolytic capacity. The invertase gene was cloned and its analysis indicated that it is transcriptionally silent in sucrose-accumulating fruit. Transgenic plants expressing an antisense invertase gene were produced and shown to accumulate high levels of sucrose, confirming the role of invertase as the primary determinant of sucrose accumulation and demonstrating the feasibility of a general strategy to genetically engineer sugar composition.
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Epel, Bernard L., Roger N. Beachy, A. Katz, G. Kotlinzky, M. Erlanger, A. Yahalom, M. Erlanger, and J. Szecsi. Isolation and Characterization of Plasmodesmata Components by Association with Tobacco Mosaic Virus Movement Proteins Fused with the Green Fluorescent Protein from Aequorea victoria. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573996.bard.

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The coordination and regulation of growth and development in multicellular organisms is dependent, in part, on the controlled short and long-distance transport of signaling molecule: In plants, symplastic communication is provided by trans-wall co-axial membranous tunnels termed plasmodesmata (Pd). Plant viruses spread cell-to-cell by altering Pd. This movement scenario necessitates a targeting mechanism that delivers the virus to a Pd and a transport mechanism to move the virion or viral nucleic acid through the Pd channel. The identity of host proteins with which MP interacts, the mechanism of the targeting of the MP to the Pd and biochemical information on how Pd are alter are questions which have been dealt with during this BARD project. The research objectives of the two labs were to continue their biochemical, cellular and molecular studies of Pd composition and function by employing infectious modified clones of TMV in which MP is fused with GFP. We examined Pd composition, and studied the intra- and intercellular targeting mechanism of MP during the infection cycle. Most of the goals we set for ourselves were met. The Israeli PI and collaborators (Oparka et al., 1999) demonstrated that Pd permeability is under developmental control, that Pd in sink tissues indiscriminately traffic proteins of sizes of up to 50 kDa and that during the sink to source transition there is a substantial decrease in Pd permeability. It was shown that companion cells in source phloem tissue export proteins which traffic in phloem and which unload in sink tissue and move cell to cell. The TAU group employing MP:GFP as a fluorescence probe for optimized the procedure for Pd isolation. At least two proteins kinases found to be associated with Pd isolated from source leaves of N. benthamiana, one being a calcium dependent protein kinase. A number of proteins were microsequenced and identified. Polyclonal antibodies were generated against proteins in a purified Pd fraction. A T-7 phage display library was created and used to "biopan" for Pd genes using these antibodies. Selected isolates are being sequenced. The TAU group also examined whether the subcellular targeting of MP:GFP was dependent on processes that occurred only in the presence of the virus or whether targeting was a property indigenous to MP. Mutant non-functional movement proteins were also employed to study partial reactions. Subcellular targeting and movement were shown to be properties indigenous to MP and that these processes do not require other viral elements. The data also suggest post-translational modification of MP is required before the MP can move cell to cell. The USA group monitored the development of the infection and local movement of TMV in N. benthamiana, using viral constructs expressing GFP either fused to the MP of TMV or expressing GFP as a free protein. The fusion protein and/or the free GFP were expressed from either the movement protein subgenomic promoter or from the subgenomic promoter of the coat protein. Observations supported the hypothesis that expression from the cp sgp is regulated differently than expression from the mp sgp (Szecsi et al., 1999). Using immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, it was determined that paired wall-appressed bodies behind the leading edge of the fluorescent ring induced by TMV-(mp)-MP:GFP contain MP:GFP and the viral replicase. These data suggest that viral spread may be a consequence of the replication process. Observation point out that expression of proteins from the mp sgp is temporary regulated, and degradation of the proteins occurs rapidly or more slowly, depending on protein stability. It is suggested that the MP contains an external degradation signal that contributes to rapid degradation of the protein even if expressed from the constitutive cp sgp. Experiments conducted to determine whether the degradation of GFP and MP:GFP was regulated at the protein or RNA level, indicated that regulation was at the protein level. RNA accumulation in infected protoplast was not always in correlation with protein accumulation, indicating that other mechanisms together with RNA production determine the final intensity and stability of the fluorescent proteins.
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Barkan, Alice, and Zach Adam. The Role of Proteases in Regulating Gene Expression and Assembly Processes in the Chloroplast. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7695852.bard.

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Chloroplasts house many biochemical processes that are essential for plant viability. Foremost, among these is photosynthesis, which requires the protein-rich thylakoid membrane system. The activation of chloroplast genes encoding thylakoid membrane proteins and the targeting and assembly of these proteins together with their nuclear-encoded partners are essential for the elaboration of the thylakoid membrane. Several nuclear-encoded proteins that regulate chloroplast gene expression and that mediate the targeting of proteins to the thylakoid membrane have been identified in recent years, and many more remain to be discovered. The abundance of such proteins is critical and is likely to be determined to a significant extent by their stability, which in turn, is influenced by chloroplast protease activities. The primary goal of this project was to link specific proteases to specific substrates, and in particular, to specific regulatory and assembly proteins. We proposed a two-pronged approach, involving genetic analysis of the consequences of the mutational loss of chloroplast proteases, and biochemical analysis of the degradation pathways of specific proteins that have been shown to control chloroplast gene expression. Our initial bioinformatic analysis of chloroplast proteases allowed us to identify the set of pro teases that is targeted to the chloroplast. We used that information to recover three Arabidopsis mutants with T - DNA insertions in specific chloroplast protease genes. We carried out the first analysis of the stability of a regulator of chloroplast gene expression (CRS2), and found that the protein is much less stable than are typical components of the photosynthetic apparatus. Genetic reagents and analytical methods were developed that have set the stage for a rapid advancement of our understanding of chloroplast proteolysis. The results obtained may be useful for manipulating the expression of transgenes in the chloroplast and for engineering plants whose photosynthetic activity is optimized under harsh environmental conditions.
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Cramer, Grant R., and Nirit Bernstein. Mechanisms for Control of Leaf Growth during Salinity Stress. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570555.bard.

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In the project "Mechanisms for Control of Leaf Growth during Salinity Stress" ionic and enzymatic changes in the cells and cell walls of the expanding region of salt-stressed maize leaves were evaluated. Conventional numerical techniques for REG estimation were reevaluated; 'Greens' method was recommended and applied throughout the project for growth intensity estimation. Salinity slowed leaf development and reduced leaf size, but increased cell development within the leaf-growing zone. Leaf elongation rate was most affected by salinity from the region of maximal growth to the distal end; the basal region was largely unaffected. Creep assays indicated that the physical properties of the cell wall were not altered. Furthermore, pH or protein concentrations in the apoplastic space were not altered. Salinity decreased in half the concentrations of putative oligosaccharides in both the apoplast and the Golgi vesicles, suggesting that salinity reduced oligosaccharide biosynthesis. Salinity significantly increased solute concentrations in the vacuoles, but the ion concentrations tested remain unchanged in the vacuole. Most importantly, salinity increased the ion concentrations in the apoplast, particularly Cl-concentrations. The evidence obtained clearly points to the biochemical and ionic components of the apoplast as otential factors controlling leaf elongation of salt-stressed plants.
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Fridman, Eyal, and Eran Pichersky. Tomato Natural Insecticides: Elucidation of the Complex Pathway of Methylketone Biosynthesis. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696543.bard.

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Plant species synthesize a multitude of specialized compounds 10 help ward off pests. and these in turn may well serve as an alternative to synthetic pesticides to reduce environmental damage and health risks to humans. The general goal of this research was to perform a genetic and biochemical dissection of the natural-insecticides methylketone pathway that is specific to the glandular trichomes of the wild species of tomato, Solanumhabrochaites f. glabratum (accession PI126449). Previous study conducted by us have demonstrated that these compounds are synthesized de novo as a derivate pathway of the fatty acid biosynthesis, and that a key enzyme. designated MethylketoneSynthase 1 (MKS 1). catalyzes conversion of the intermediate B-ketoacyl- ACPs to the corresponding Cn-1 methylketones. The approach taken in this proposed project was to use an interspecific F2 population. derived from the cross between the cultivated lV182 and the wild species PIl26449. for three objectives: (i) Analyze the association between allelic status of candidate genes from the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway with the methylketone content in the leaves (ii) Perform bulk segregant analysis of genetic markers along the tomato genome for identifying genomic regions that harbor QTLs for 2TD content (iii) Apply differential gene expression analysis using the isolated glands of bulk segregant for identifying new genes that are involved in the pathway. The genetic mapping in the interspecific F2 population included app. 60 genetic markers, including the candidate genes from the FAS pathway and SSR markers spread evenly across the genome. This initial; screening identified 5 loci associated with MK content including the candidate genes MKS1, ACC and MaCoA:ACP trans. Interesting observation in this genetic analysis was the connection between shape and content of the glands, i.e. the globularity of the four cells, typical to the wild species. was associated with increased MK in the segregating population. In the next step of the research transcriptomic analysis of trichomes from high- and 10w-MK plants was conducted. This analysis identified a new gene, Methy1ketone synthase 2 (MKS2), whose protein product share sequence similarity to the thioesterase super family of hot-dog enzymes. Genetic analysis in the segregating population confirmed its association with MK content, as well as its overexpression in E. coli that led to formation of MK in the media. There are several conclusions drawn from this research project: (i) the genetic control of MK accumulation in the trichomes is composed of biochemical components in the FAS pathway and its vicinity (MKS 1 and MKS2). as well as genetic factors that mediate the morphology of these specialized cells. (ii) the biochemical pathway is now realized different from what was hypothesized before with MKS2 working upstream to I\1KS 1 and serves as the interface between primary (fatty acids) and secondary (MK) metabolism. We are currently testing the possible physical interactions between these two proteins in vitro after the genetic analysis showed clear epistatic interactions. (iii) the regulation of the pathway that lead to specialized metabolism in the wild species is largely mediated by transcription and one of the achievements of this project is that we were able to isolate and verify the specificity of the MKS1 promoter to the trichomes which allows manipulation of the pathways in these cells (currently in progress). The scientific implications of this research project is the advancement in our knowledge of hitherto unknown biochemical pathway in plants and new leads for studying a new family in plants (hot dog thioesterase). The agricultural and biotechnological implication are : (i) generation of new genetic markers that could assist in importing this pathway to cultivated tomato hence enhancing its natural resistance to insecticides, (ii) the discovery of MKS2 adds a new gene for genetic engineering of plants for making new fatty acid derived compounds. This could be assisted with the use of the isolated and verified MKS1 promoter. The results of this research were summarized to a manuscript that was published in Plant Physiology (cover paper). to a chapter in a proceeding book. and one patent was submitted in the US.
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Naim, Michael, Andrew Spielman, Shlomo Nir, and Ann Noble. Bitter Taste Transduction: Cellular Pathways, Inhibition and Implications for Human Acceptance of Agricultural Food Products. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695839.bard.

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Historically, the aversive response of humans and other mammals to bitter-taste substances has been useful for survival, since many toxic constituents taste bitter. Today, the range of foods available is more diverse. Many bitter foods are not only safe for consumption but contain bitter constituents that provide nutritional benefits. Despite this, these foods are often eliminated from our current diets because of their unacceptable bitterness. Extensive technology has been developed to remove or mask bitterness in foods, but a lack of understanding of the mechanisms of bitterness perception at the taste receptor level has prevented the development of inhibitors or efficient methods for reducing bitterness. In our original application we proposed to: (a) investigate the time course and effect of selected bitter tastants relevant to agricultural products on the formation of intracellular signal molecules (cAMP, IP3, Ca2+) in intact taste cells, in model cells and in membranes derived therefrom; (b) study the effect of specific bitter taste inhibitors on messenger formation and identify G-proteins that may be involved in tastant-induced bitter sensation; (c) investigate interactions and self-aggregation of bitter tastants within membranes; (d) study human sensory responses over time to these bitter-taste stimuli and inhibitors in order to validate the biochemical data. Quench-flow module (QFM) and fast pipetting system (FPS) allowed us to monitor fast release of the aforementioned signal molecules (cGMP, as a putative initial signal was substituted for Ca2+ ions) - using taste membranes and intact taste cells in a time range below 500 ms (real time of taste sensation) - in response to bitter-taste stimulation. Limonin (citrus) and catechin (wine) were found to reduce cellular cAMP and increase IP3 contents. Naringin (citrus) stimulated an IP3 increase whereas the cheese-derived bitter peptide cyclo(leu-Trp) reduced IP3 but significantly increased cAMP levels. Thus, specific transduction pathways were identified, the results support the notion of multiple transduction pathways for bitter taste and cross-talk between a few of those transduction pathways. Furthermore, amphipathic tastants permeate rapidly (within seconds) into liposomes and taste cells suggesting their availability for direct activation of signal transduction components by means of receptor-independent mechanisms within the time course of taste sensation. The activation of pigment movement and transduction pathways in frog melanophores by these tastants supports such mechanisms. Some bitter tastants, due to their amphipathic properties, permeated (or interacted with) into a bitter tastant inhibitor (specific phospholipid mixture) which apparently forms micelles. Thus, a mechanism via which this bitter taste inhibitor acts is proposed. Human sensory evaluation experiments humans performed according to their 6-n-propyl thiouracil (PROP) status (non-tasters, tasters, super-tasters), indicated differential perception of bitterness threshold and intensity of these bitter compounds by different individuals independent of PROP status. This suggests that natural products containing bitter compounds (e.g., naringin and limonin in citrus), are perceived very differently, and are in line with multiple transduction pathways suggested in the biochemical experiments. This project provides the first comprehensive effort to explore the molecular basis of bitter taste at the taste-cell level induced by economically important and agriculturally relevant food products. The findings, proposing a mechanism for bitter-taste inhibition by a bitter taste inhibitor (made up of food components) pave the way for the development of new, and perhaps more potent bitter-taste inhibitors which may eventually become economically relevant.
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Morrison, Mark, and Joshuah Miron. Molecular-Based Analysis of Cellulose Binding Proteins Involved with Adherence to Cellulose by Ruminococcus albus. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695844.bard.

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At the beginning of this project, it was clear that R. albus adhered tightly to cellulose and its efficient degradation of this polysaccharide was dependent on micromolar concentrations of phenylacetic acid (PAA) and phenylpropionic acid (PPA). The objectives for our research were: i) to identify how many different kinds of cellulose binding proteins are produced by Ruminococcus albus; ii) to isolate and clone the genes encoding some of these proteins from the same bacterium; iii) to determine where these various proteins were located and; iv) quantify the relative importance of these proteins in affecting the rate and extent to which the bacterium becomes attached to cellulose. BARD support has facilitated a number of breakthroughs relevant to our fundamental understanding of the adhesion process. First, R. albus possesses multiple mechanisms for adhesion to cellulose. The P.I.'s laboratory has discovered a novel cellulose-binding protein (CbpC) that belongs to the Pil-protein family, and in particular, the type 4 fimbrial proteins. We have also obtained genetic and biochemical evidence demonstrating that, in addition to CbpC-mediated adhesion, R. albus also produces a cellulosome-like complex for adhesion. These breakthroughs resulted from the isolation (in Israel and the US) of spontaneously arising mutants of R. albus strains SY3 and 8, which were completely or partially defective in adhesion to cellulose, respectively. While the SY3 mutant strain was incapable of growth with cellulose as the sole carbon source, the strain 8 mutants showed varying abilities to degrade and grow with cellulose. Biochemical and gene cloning experiments have been used in Israel and the US, respectively, to identify what are believed to be key components of a cellulosome. This combination of cellulose adhesion mechanisms has not been identified previously in any bacterium. Second, differential display, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (DD RT-PCR) has been developed for use with R. albus. A major limitation to cellulose research has been the intractability of cellulolytic bacteria to genetic manipulation by techniques such as transposon mutagenesis and gene displacement. The P.I.'s successfully developed DD RT- PCR, which expanded the scope of our research beyond the original objectives of the project, and a subset of the transcripts conditionally expressed in response to PAA and PPA have been identified and characterized. Third, proteins immunochemically related to the CbpC protein of R. albus 8 are present in other R. albus strains and F. intestinalis, Western immunoblots have been used to examine additional strains of R. albus, as well as other cellulolytic bacteria of ruminant origin, for production of proteins immunochemically related to the CbpC protein. The results of these experiments showed that R. albus strains SY3, 7 and B199 all possess a protein of ~25 kDa which cross-reacts with polyclonal anti-CbpC antiserum. Several strains of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Ruminococcus flavefaciens strains C- 94 and FD-1, and Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 produced no proteins that cross-react with the same antiserum. Surprisingly though, F. intestinalis strain DR7 does possess a protein(s) of relatively large molecular mass (~200 kDa) that was strongly cross-reactive with the anti- CbpC antiserum. Scientifically, our studies have helped expand the scope of our fundamental understanding of adhesion mechanisms in cellulose-degrading bacteria, and validated the use of RNA-based techniques to examine physiological responses in bacteria that are nor amenable to genetic manipulations. Because efficient fiber hydrolysis by many anaerobic bacteria requires both tight adhesion to substrate and a stable cellulosome, we believe our findings are also the first step in providing the resources needed to achieve our long-term goal of increasing fiber digestibility in animals.
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Lewinsohn, Efraim, Eran Pichersky, and Shimon Gepstein. Biotechnology of Tomato Volatiles for Flavor Improvement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575277.bard.

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The main objectives of the research project were: 1. The manipulation, by genetic engineering techniques, of the terpenoid pathway in tomato fruit. Specifically, to test the hypothesis whether overexpression of linalool synthase in tomato fruits will result in the diversion of intermediates of the carotene biosynthetic pathway to linalool, demonstrating that linalool synthase is a key regulatory enzyme, and possibly improving tomato flavor. 2. The elucidation of the biochemical pathway leading to eugenol and methyl eugenol, and the manipulation of this pathway to determine key enzymes and to improve flavor in tomato. Background, conclusions and implications The different proportions of volatile components present in foods often determine their flavor properties. Two of the ten most important flavor compounds in tomatoes, linalool and eugenol, are emitted by the flowers of Clarkia breweri, (Onagraceae), a plant native to California, and are also present in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum, Lamiaceae). We have studied the key enzymes and genes involved in the production of these flavorants. Linalool synthase, the key enzyme in linalool biosynthesis and its corresponding gene were isolated and characterized from Clarkia breweri. The gene was coupled to a fruit-specific tomato promotor (E8) and was used to transform tomatoes. The transgenic tomatoes produced S-linalool and 1-hydroxylinalool, compounds absent from the fruits of controls. The transgenesis did not adversely affect the overall appearance of the plants nor the levels of other terpenoids present such as carotenoids and vitamin E. Our work has proven that the terpenoid pathway in tomatoes can be modified by the introduction and expression of foreign genes coding for the enzymes controlling the production of monoterpenoid flavor compounds. We have also isolated novel enzymes and genes that are involved in the formation of eugenol and methyl eugenol from Clarkia breweri and basil. An EST library of basil glandular trichomes (the site of eugenol and methyl eugenol biosynthesis) was prepared. More than 1,200 genes have been preliminary characterized and a few of them have been confirmed by functional expression, to be involved in eugenol and methyl eugenol biosynthesis. These genes have augmented the still small repertoire of genes that are available to modify the aroma of agricultural produce by genetic engineering.
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Sessa, Guido, and Gregory Martin. MAP kinase cascades activated by SlMAPKKKε and their involvement in tomato resistance to bacterial pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699834.bard.

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The research problem: Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) and Xanthomonas campestrispv. vesicatoria (Xcv) are the causal agents of tomato bacterial speck and spot diseases, respectively. These pathogens colonize the aerial parts of the plant and cause economically important losses to tomato yield worldwide. Control of speck and spot diseases by cultural practices or chemicals is not effective and genetic sources of resistance are very limited. In previous research supported by BARD, by gene expression profiling we identified signaling components involved in resistance to Xcvstrains. Follow up experiments revealed that a tomato gene encoding a MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKKe) is required for resistance to Xcvand Pststrains. Goals: Central goal of this research was to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which MAPKKKεand associated MAP kinase cascades regulate host resistance. Specific objectives were to: 1. Determine whether MAPKKKεplays a broad role in defense signaling in plants; 2. Identify components of MAP kinase cascades acting downstream of MAPKKKε; 3. Determine the role of phosphorylation-related events in the function of MAPKKKε; 4. Isolate proteins directly activated by MAPKKKε-associatedMAPK modules. Our main achievements during this research program are in the following major areas: 1. Characterization of MAPKKKεas a positive regulator of cell death and dissection of downstream MAP kinase cascades (Melech-Bonfil et al., 2010; Melech-Bonfil and Sessa, 2011). The MAPKKKεgene was found to be required for tomato resistance to Xcvand Pstbacterial strains and for hypersensitive response cell death triggered by different R gene/effector gene pairs. In addition, overexpression analysis demonstrated that MAPKKKεis a positive regulator of cell death, whose activity depends on an intact kinase catalytic domain. Epistatic experiments delineated a signaling cascade downstream of MAPKKKεand identified SIPKK as a negative regulator of MAPKKKε-mediated cell death. Finally, genes encoding MAP kinase components downstream of MAPKKKεwere shown to contribute to tomato resistance to Xcv. 2. Identification of tomato proteins that interact with MAPKKKεand play a role in plant immunity (Oh et al., 2011). We identified proteins that interact with MAPKKKε. Among them, the 14-3-3 protein TFT7 was required for cell death mediated by several R proteins. In addition, TFT7 interacted with the MAPKK SlMKK2 and formed homodimersin vivo. Thus, TFT7 is proposed to recruit SlMKK2 and MAPKKK client proteins for efficient signal transfer. 3. Development of a chemical genetic approach to identify substrates of MAPKKKε-activated MAP kinase cascades (Salomon et al., 2009, 2011). This approach is based on engineering the kinase of interest to accept unnatural ATP analogs. For its implementation to identify substrates of MAPKKKε-activated MAP kinase modules, we sensitized the tomato MAP kinase SlMPK3 to ATP analogs and verified its ability to use them as phosphodonors. By using the sensitized SlMPK3 and radiolabeled N6(benzyl)ATP it should be possible to tag direct substrates of this kinase. 4. Development of methods to study immunity triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in tomato and N. benthamiana plants (Kim et al., 2009; Nguyen et al. 2010). We developed protocols for measuring various PTI-associatedphenotypes, including bacterial populations after pretreatment of leaves with PAMPs, induction of reporter genes, callose deposition at the cell wall, activation of MAP kinases, and a luciferase-based reporter system for use in protoplasts. Scientific and agricultural significance: Our research activities discovered and characterized a signal transduction pathway mediating plant immunity to bacterial pathogens. Increased understanding of molecular mechanisms of immunity will allow them to be manipulated by both molecular breeding and genetic engineering to produce plants with enhanced natural defense against disease. In addition, we successfully developed new biochemical and molecular methods that can be implemented in the study of plant immunity and other aspects of plant biology.
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