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Journal articles on the topic 'Biochar characterisation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 19 May 2023

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1

Singh, Balwant, Bhupinder Pal Singh, and Annette L. Cowie. "Characterisation and evaluation of biochars for their application as a soil amendment." Soil Research 48, no. 7 (2010): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr10058.

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Biochar properties can be significantly influenced by feedstock source and pyrolysis conditions; this warrants detailed characterisation of biochars for their application to improve soil fertility and sequester carbon. We characterised 11 biochars, made from 5 feedstocks [Eucalyptus saligna wood (at 400°C and 550°C both with and without steam activation); E. saligna leaves (at 400°C and 550°C with activation); papermill sludge (at 550°C with activation); poultry litter and cow manure (each at 400°C without activation and at 550°C with activation)] using standard or modified soil chemical procedures. Biochar pH values varied from near neutral to highly alkaline. In general, wood biochars had higher total C, lower ash content, lower total N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Al, Na, and Cu contents, and lower potential cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable cations than the manure-based biochars, and the leaf biochars were generally in-between. Papermill sludge biochar had the highest total and exchangeable Ca, CaCO3 equivalence, total Cu, and potential CEC, and the lowest total and exchangeable K. Water-soluble salts were higher in the manure-based biochars, followed by leaf, papermill sludge, and wood biochars. Total As, Cd, Pb, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the biochars were either very low or below detection limits. In general, increase in pyrolysis temperature increased the ash content, pH, and surface basicity and decreased surface acidity. The activation treatment had a little effect on most of the biochar properties. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the presence of whewellite in E. saligna biochars produced at 400°C, and the whewellite was converted to calcite in biochars formed at 550°C. Papermill sludge biochar contained the largest amount of calcite. Water-soluble salts and calcite interfered with surface charge measurements and should be removed before the surface charge measurements of biochar. The biochars used in the study ranged from C-rich to nutrient-rich to lime-rich soil amendment, and these properties could be optimised through feedstock formulation and pyrolysis temperature for tailored soil application.

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2

Adekanye, Timothy, Oluwasogo Dada, Kolapo Jegede, and Makun Aderinto. "Pyrolysis of maize cob at different temperatures for biochar production: Proximate, ultimate and spectroscopic characterisation." Research in Agricultural Engineering 68, No. 1 (March 23, 2022): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/106/2020-rae.

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Adopting the concept of the waste to wealth approach, agricultural waste from maize cob could be transformed into a renewable form of energy through thermo-chemical methods of treating the biomass. This method can be utilised for biochar production. The utilisation of biochar has several significant applications. These applications include the enhancement of the soil through amendment, stimulation of crop production by a variety nutrient inputs in the soil, etc. In this research work, a biochar was obtained through a slow pyrolysis process of maize cob waste. This experiment was carried out using a small-scale muffle furnace and subjecting the feedstock to heating at different temperatures (300, 400, 500 °C). The biochar was produced and characterised by a proximate analysis, scan electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, while the surface area was determined by Saer's method. The effect of the temperature on the yield of the biochar was investigated. The results show that the biochar yield decreases with an increasing temperature for the maize cob biochar at 300, 400 and 500 °C. The results of the physiochemical properties showed that the temperature has a great impact on the physicochemical properties of the biochar. The biochar produced at 300 °C has the highest fixed carbon content of 60.5%. The largest surface area was (281.8 m2·g<sup>–1</sup>) at 500 °C.

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Som, A. Md, Z. Wang, and A. Al-Tabbaa. "Palm frond biochar production and characterisation." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 103, no. 1 (March 2012): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691012000035.

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ABSTRACTPalm oil has been the world's main source of oil and fats since 2004, producing over 45 million tonnes in 2009. Malaysia alone has over 4·5 million hectares planted with oil palm and, based on common practice, ∼300 palm fronds are pruned per hectare per year. This agricultural waste is currently either being used as roughage feed or, more frequently, being left between rows of palm trees to prevent soil erosion, or for nutrient recycling purposes. This paper proposes an alternative use for palm frond as a source of biochar. A traditional method commonly use by gardeners in Malaysia to improve soil fertility was used to produce the biochar. A shallow earth pit was dug in the ground for the carbonisation process. The process is described and the impact of carbonisation on the earth wall is analysed and presented. The process was later re-assessed by using TGA-FTIR. Most of the hemicelluloses had fully disintegrated, but the depolymerisation of the cellulose was still incomplete at the carbonisation temperature. Most of the lignin aromatic structure was still present in the biochar. The carbonisation process was repeated in the laboratory and biochar was characterised by using BET, SEM and FTIR. An adsorption isotherm study was conducted and the experimental data were fitted to the Langmuir model. The model predicted Pb2+ adsorption rates of 83·3 mg/g, Cu2+ 41·4 mg/g, Ni2+ 13·0 mg/g and Zn2+ 19·7 mg/g.

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Idowu, Gideon A., and Ashleigh J. Fletcher. "The Manufacture and Characterisation of Rosid Angiosperm-Derived Biochars Applied to Water Treatment." BioEnergy Research 13, no. 1 (November 21, 2019): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-019-10074-x.

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AbstractMarabu (Dichrostachys cinerea) from Cuba and aspen (Populus tremula) from Britain are two rosid angiosperms that grow easily, as a weed and as a phytoremediator, respectively. As part of scientific efforts to valorise these species, their barks and woods were pyrolysed at 350, 450, 550 and 650 °C, and the resulting biochars were characterised to determine the potential of the products for particular applications. Percentage carbon composition of the biochars generally increased with pyrolysis temperature, giving biochars with highest carbon contents at 650 °C. Biochars produced from the core marabu and aspen wood sections had higher carbon contents (up to 85%) and BET surface areas (up to 381 m2 g−1) than those produced from the barks. The biochar porous structures were predominantly mesoporous, while micropores were developed in marabu biochars produced at 650 °C and aspen biochars produced above 550 °C. Chemical and thermal activation of marabu carbon greatly enhanced its adsorption capacity for metaldehyde, a molluscicide that has been detected frequently in UK natural waters above the recommended EU limit.

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5

Najmi, N. H., Nur Farhana Diyana Mohd Yunos, Norinsan Kamil Othman, and Muhammad Asri Idris. "Characterisation of Reduction of Iron Ore with Carbonaceous Materials." Solid State Phenomena 280 (August 2018): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.280.433.

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An investigation on the reduction of iron ore with carbonaceous material as a reductant was carried out at 1550°C. Iron ore was mixed with biochar from palm shell and coke as a reference at C/O molar ratio of 1.0. Characterisation of raw materials was performed using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Fourier Transmittance Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM-EDX). The samples after reduction were characterised to study the phase transformation and structural properties. The XRD results revealed the iron ore contained hematite as its main composition. After reduction at high temperature, the hematite has been successfully reduced to metallic iron using biochar as a reductant. It was found that the reaction proceeded in a stepwise reduction of iron oxide. The SEM micrographs proved the formation of metallic iron in the sample after reduction at 1550°C. Through characterisation, the biochar from palm shell has physical properties suitable to be an alternative carbon reductant to replace coke.

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6

Arun, Sija, and Payal Maharathi. "Characterisation of Biochar Obtained from Organic Material and its Application for Removal of Ciprofloxacin." Oriental Journal of Chemistry 35, no. 3 (June 14, 2019): 1086–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/350323.

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Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic compound that is used for various health issues like headaches, nervousness, nausea, vomiting etc. Ciprofloxacin is the second generation of quinolones in the different categories of antibiotics. After using this antibiotic, some percentages of the compound are not metabolized in the body and is excreted along with the urine and excreta. This will reach the treatment plant and the conventional treatment method is not designed to treat these micropollutants, so it is released into the environment. The presence of ciprofloxacin is detected in surface water samples collected from different areas of the world. This study is conducted to find an effective adsorbent that can remove the ciprofloxacin from wastewater. Biochar produced from agricultural waste is highly rich in carbon and made from the process called pyrolysis. Pyrolysis of biomass is carried out under lower temperatures and low oxygen content. Biochar is used to remove antibiotic compounds, naphthalene, and heavy metals. Biochar is economical and does not have any adverse effects on the environment. Biochar can be prepared from different types of organic biodegradable waste. Since, the quantity of municipal solid waste reaching the landfill site is increasing day by day, converting the organic waste into biochar can reduce the amount of waste reaching the landfill site. In this study, biochar prepared from rice husk at 300°C is the best adsorbent to remove ciprofloxacin from aqueous solution. The adsorption of ciprofloxacin is studied for various conditions. The samples were analyzed in the UV-Vis spectrophotometer and it shows good removal efficiency.

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7

Chia, Chee Hung, Paul Munroe, Stephen Joseph, and Yun Lin. "Microscopic characterisation of synthetic Terra Preta." Soil Research 48, no. 7 (2010): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr10012.

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Amazonian Dark Earths (Terra Preta) are anthropogenic soils with high organic carbon content and the ability to sustain higher fertility than adjacent, intensely weathered, acidic soils. Consequently, the microstructural development of biochar–mineral complexes, termed synthetic Terra Preta (STP), has been investigated. Here, biochar–mineral complexes are produced at elevated temperatures to mimic the structure of Terra Preta. These materials, if added to soils, may then also improve fertility. The raw materials used in STP were organic biowaste, such as sawdust, chicken manure, and blood and bone, and inorganic minerals such as kaolinite, bentonite, and cement kiln dust (which consists mainly of calcite). The STP samples were characterised using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and associated microchemical analytical methods, to gain an understanding of the interactions that occurred during processing between the organic and inorganic phases. The STP specimens exhibited microstructures that closely resemble Terra Preta. SEM and TEM revealed a complex aggregation of phases, together with evidence of the interfacial reactions, especially at higher processing temperatures. It is anticipated then that STP may be as effective in promoting plant growth and in sequestering carbon as Terra Preta

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8

Lepak-Kuc, Sandra, Mateusz Kiciński, Przemyslaw P. Michalski, Krystian Pavlov, Mauro Giorcelli, Mattia Bartoli, and Malgorzata Jakubowska. "Innovative Biochar-Based Composite Fibres from Recycled Material." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 5304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185304.

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Carbon materials are becoming crucial in several industrial sectors. The drawbacks of these materials include their high cost and oil-based essence. In recent years, recycled materials have become possible alternative sources of carbon with several advantages. Firstly, the production of this alternative source of carbon may help to reduce biomass disposal, and secondly, it contributes to CO2 sequestration. The use of carbon derived from recycled materials by a pyrolysis treatment is called biochar. Here, we present composite materials based on different biochar filler contents dispersed in several thermoplastic polymer matrixes. Electrical conductivity and tensile break strength were investigated together with the material characterisation by DTA/TGA, XRD, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. Materials with good flexibility and electrical conductivity were obtained. The local ordering in composites resembles both biochar and polymer ordering. The similarity between biochar and carbon nanotubes’ (CNTs) XRD patterns may be observed. As biochar is highly cost-effective, the proposed composites could become a valid substitute for CNT composites in various applications.

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9

Cerqueira, Wildson V., Tatiana F. Rittl, Etelvino H. Novotny, and Annibal D. Pereira Netto. "High throughput pyrogenic carbon (biochar) characterisation and quantification by liquid chromatography." Analytical Methods 7, no. 19 (2015): 8190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay01242b.

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Gao, Zhan, Franz-Hubert Haegel, Johan A. Huisman, Odilia Esser, Egon Zimmermann, and Harry Vereecken. "Spectral induced polarization for the characterisation of biochar in sand." Near Surface Geophysics 15, no. 6 (October 1, 2017): 645–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2017045.

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11

Bardalai, M., and D. K. Mahanta. "Characterisation of Biochar Produced by Pyrolysis from Areca Catechu Dust." Materials Today: Proceedings 5, no. 1 (2018): 2089–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.09.205.

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12

Manikandan, A. "Urea Intercalated Biochar–a Slow Release Fertilizer Production and Characterisation." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 6, no. 12 (December 20, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2013/v6i12.11.

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13

Illingworth, James, Paul T. Williams, and Brian Rand. "Characterisation of biochar porosity from pyrolysis of biomass flax fibre." Journal of the Energy Institute 86, no. 2 (May 1, 2013): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743967112z.00000000046.

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14

Dutta, Baishali, Vijaya G. S. Raghavan, Valérie Orsat, and Michael Ngadi. "Surface characterisation and classification of microwave pyrolysed maple wood biochar." Biosystems Engineering 131 (March 2015): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2015.01.002.

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15

Purevsuren, Barnasan, Otgonchuluun Dashzeveg, Ariunaa Alyeksandr, Narangerel Janchig, and Jargalmaa Soninkhuu. "Pyrolysis of pine wood and characterisation of solid and liquid products." Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 19, no. 45 (December 28, 2018): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v19i45.1086.

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Pyrolysis of pine wood was carried out at different temperatures and the yields of solid (biochar), liquid (tar and pyrolysed water) and gas products were determined. Temperature around 500 ºC was determined as an optimal heating temperature of pyrolysis and approximately 27.1% hard residue (biochar), 21.46% tar, 20.04% pyrolysed water and 31.30% gas were obtained by pyrolysis. The thermal stability indices of pine wood are relatively low, which are indications of its low thermal stability and high yield of volatile matter (Vdaf = 90.3%). The thermal stability indices of pyrolysis of solid residue show that it is characterised by a very high thermal stability than its initial sample, for example, there was an increase of Т5% 7.7 and Т15% 3.8 times. The chemical composition of pyrolysed tar of pine wood has also been determined. Were obtained 4 different fractions with varying boiling temperature ranges of pine wood pyrolysed tar and have determined the yields of each fraction. Neutral tar was analysed by GC/MS and 20 aliphatic compounds, 25 aromatic compounds and 18 polar compounds were determined.

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16

Mediavilla, Irene, Raquel Bados, Lillian Barros, Virginie Xavier, Tiane C. Finimundy, Tania C. S. P. Pires, Sandrina A. Heleno, et al. "Assessment of the Use of Common Juniper (Juniperus communis L.) Foliage following the Cascade Principle." Molecules 28, no. 10 (May 10, 2023): 4008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28104008.

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Juniperus communis L. is a species commonly grown in regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and is a good candidate to be cultivated in marginal lands. Plants coming from a pruning performed in a natural population located in Spain were used to assess the yield and quality of different products obtained following the cascade principle. A total of 1050 kg of foliage biomass were crushed, steam-distilled, and separated into fractions to produce biochar and absorbents for the pet industry using pilot plants. The obtained products were analysed. The essential oil, with a yield of 0.45% dry basis and a qualitative chemical composition similar to that described for the berries in international standards or monographs, showed antioxidant activity with promising CAA results (inhibition of 89% of the cell’s oxidation). However, regarding antibacterial and antifungal activities, it only inhibited the growth of microorganisms at the maximum concentration tested, 2.5%. Concerning the hydrolate, it did not show bioactivity. Regarding the biochar, whose yield was 28.79% dry basis, interesting results were obtained for its characterisation as a possible soil improver for agronomic purposes (PFC 3(A)). Finally, promising results were obtained regarding the use of common juniper as absorbent, taking into account the physical characterisation and odour control capacity.

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17

Li, Guowan, Zhujian Huang, Chengyu Chen, Hongcan Cui, Yijuan Su, Yang Yang, and Lihua Cui. "Simultaneous adsorption of trace sulfamethoxazole and hexavalent chromium by biochar/MgAl layered double hydroxide composites." Environmental Chemistry 16, no. 1 (2019): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en18132.

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Environmental contextWater contamination by antibiotics and heavy metals entails potential risks to both the environment and human health. Composite materials based on MgAl-layered double hydroxides and biochar simultaneously adsorbed the toxic sulfamethoxazole and CrVI metal species. These findings indicate that biochar/metal hydroxide composites could be valuable adsorbents for the simultaneous removal of trace antibiotics and metals from water. AbstractWater contamination by antibiotics and heavy metals has drawn wide attention because of the potential risks it poses to both the environment and human health. In this study, a series of adsorbents was successfully synthesised based on MgAl-layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and biochar (BC) derived from Pennisetum sinese Roxb. The batch adsorption experiment results showed that the obtained composites could effectively adsorb trace sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and CrVIsimultaneously. The simultaneous adsorption of trace SMX and CrVI are well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetics and Freundlich isotherm models. Characterisation of the composites after adsorption showed that the composites adsorbed SMX mainly by π-π bonds, hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. Electrostatic interaction, anion exchange, intraparticle diffusion and hydrogen bonding are the main mechanisms for CrVI adsorption onto the composites. This study indicates that the biochar/MgAl layered double hydroxide composites are promising adsorbents for the simultaneous removal of trace antibiotics and CrVI.

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18

Das, Oisik, Ajit K. Sarmah, Zoran Zujovic, and Debes Bhattacharyya. "Characterisation of waste derived biochar added biocomposites: chemical and thermal modifications." Science of The Total Environment 550 (April 2016): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.062.

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Lopicic, Zorica, Jelena Avdalovic, Jelena Milojkovic, Anja Antanaskovic, Marija Ljesevic, Nikoleta Lugonja, and Tatjana Sostaric. "Removal of diesel pollution by biochar - support in water remediation." Chemical Industry 75, no. 6 (2021): 329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind210514029l.

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Water contaminated with diesel oil represents one of the greatest challenges in waste water management. Water soluble fraction (WSF) is of particular interest because of its toxicity to aquatic organisms and discharge regulations set by environmental authorities. Biochar sorbents have attracted great attention, due to their low cost origin and advantageous properties as well as high sorption capacities in sorption processes. In this study, we have reported the synthesis and characteristics of novel biochar sorbent made from waste lignocellulosic biomass (peach stones (PS)) and evaluated its possible application in removal of diesel WSF from synthetic water. Physiochemical characteristics of the biochar sample were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer?Emmett?Teller (BET) method, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), along with the elemental analysis. Characterisation of PS biochar (PS-B) indicated high multi porous surface area (159.1 m2 g-1) with the average pore diameter 2.7 nm. FTIR results indicated higher presence of aromatic compounds in PS-B as compared to PS. The sorption experiments performed in a batch system using PS-B resulted in more than 95 % removal of diesel WSF, reaching equilibrium after 5 h. Equilibrium data were well fitted by Freundlich isotherm, while the pseudo-second order equation fitted well the kinetic data, indicating chemisorption involving valency forces through the sharing/exchange of electrons between the sorbent and PS-B. Applications of ecotoxicology tests based on a microbial biosensor (Aliivibrio fischeri) have shown a significant toxicity reduction of water sample after the treatment with biochar.

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Calvelo Pereira, R., J. Kaal, M. Camps Arbestain, R. Pardo Lorenzo, W. Aitkenhead, M. Hedley, F. Macías, J. Hindmarsh, and J. A. Maciá-Agulló. "Contribution to characterisation of biochar to estimate the labile fraction of carbon." Organic Geochemistry 42, no. 11 (December 2011): 1331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.09.002.

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21

Jindo, Keiji, Koki Suto, Kazuhiro Matsumoto, Carlos García, Tomonori Sonoki, and Miguel A. Sanchez-Monedero. "Chemical and biochemical characterisation of biochar-blended composts prepared from poultry manure." Bioresource Technology 110 (April 2012): 396–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.120.

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22

Intani, Kiatkamjon, Sajid Latif, Zebin Cao, and Joachim Müller. "Characterisation of biochar from maize residues produced in a self-purging pyrolysis reactor." Bioresource Technology 265 (October 2018): 224–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.05.103.

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23

He, Liwenze, Yu Chen, Yanjun Li, Fei Sun, Yuting Zhao, and Shunsheng Yang. "Adsorption of Congo red and tetracycline onto water treatment sludge biochar: characterisation, kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic study." Water Science and Technology 85, no. 6 (March 9, 2022): 1936–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2022.085.

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Abstract In this study, readily available inexpensive water treatment sludge (WTS) was used to prepare adsorbent for the removal of Congo red (CR) and tetracycline (TC) from aqueous solutions. The structural characteristics and adsorption properties of WTS biochar were characterised via scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy. In batch experiments, the adsorption factors, kinetics, isothermal curves and thermodynamics of the adsorption properties were investigated. The optimum preparation condition of WTS biochar was 400 °C for 4 h under O2-limited pyrolysis, which exhibited increased specific surface area and pore structures. The best adsorption was observed when the pH of the CR and TC solutions was 7 and 4, respectively. The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order model, indicating that the main control step was the chemical adsorption process. Isotherm data were best described by the Langmuir model, and the maximum adsorption capacities for CR and TC were 116.4 and 58.5 mg·g−1, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. According to the analysis, the adsorption mechanism of CR could be attributed to electrostatic attraction, π–π conjugation and hydrogen bonding, whereas that of TC was potentially associated with cation exchange, complex precipitation, π–π conjugation and hydrogen bonding.

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Mašek, Ondřej, Wolfram Buss, Audrey Roy-Poirier, Walter Lowe, Clare Peters, Peter Brownsort, Dimitri Mignard, Colin Pritchard, and Saran Sohi. "Consistency of biochar properties over time and production scales: A characterisation of standard materials." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 132 (June 2018): 200–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.02.020.

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Wang, Tao, Marta Camps Arbestain, Mike Hedley, and Peter Bishop. "Chemical and bioassay characterisation of nitrogen availability in biochar produced from dairy manure and biosolids." Organic Geochemistry 51 (October 2012): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2012.07.009.

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Najmudeen, Theparambil Mohamed, Mary Antony Arakkal Febna, Girindran Rojith, and Pariyappanal Ulahannan Zacharia. "Characterisation of Biochar From Water Hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes and the Effects of Biochar on the Growth of Fish and Paddy in Integrated Culture Systems." Journal of Coastal Research 86, sp1 (November 7, 2019): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/si86-033.1.

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Premchand, Premchand, Francesca Demichelis, David Chiaramonti, Samir Bensaid, and Debora Fino. "Biochar production from slow pyrolysis of biomass under CO2 atmosphere: A review on the effect of CO2 medium on biochar production, characterisation, and environmental applications." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 11, no. 3 (June 2023): 110009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.110009.

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Akgül, Gökçen, Ayten Ateş, Gökhan Yaşar, and Hakan Hatipoğlu. "Production and characterisation of biochar from tea waste and its nickel removal capacity from aqueous solutions." Progress in Industrial Ecology, An International Journal 11, no. 2 (2017): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/pie.2017.088846.

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Yaşar, Gökhan, Hakan Hatipoğlu, Gökçen Akgül, and Ayten Ateş. "Production and characterisation of biochar from tea waste and its nickel removal capacity from aqueous solutions." Progress in Industrial Ecology, An International Journal 11, no. 2 (2017): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/pie.2017.10009811.

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30

Antunes, Elsa, James Schumann, Graham Brodie, Mohan V. Jacob, and Philip A. Schneider. "Biochar produced from biosolids using a single-mode microwave: Characterisation and its potential for phosphorus removal." Journal of Environmental Management 196 (July 2017): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.080.

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31

He, Jing, Vladimir Strezov, Tao Kan, Haftom Weldekidan, and Ravinder Kumar. "Slow pyrolysis of metal(loid)-rich biomass from phytoextraction: characterisation of biomass, biochar and bio-oil." Energy Procedia 160 (February 2019): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.134.

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32

Zambon, Ilaria, Fabrizio Colosimo, Danilo Monarca, Massimo Cecchini, Francesco Gallucci, Andrea Proto, Richard Lord, and Andrea Colantoni. "An Innovative Agro-Forestry Supply Chain for Residual Biomass: Physicochemical Characterisation of Biochar from Olive and Hazelnut Pellets." Energies 9, no. 7 (July 9, 2016): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en9070526.

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33

Attard, George, Agnello Alessandro, Antonio Comparetti, Oliver Fenech, Carlo Greco, and Denise Grima Connell. "Manure as a potential source of renewable energy: The behaviour and characterisation of biofuels generated from three animal manure types when subjected to pyrolysis." RIVISTA DI STUDI SULLA SOSTENIBILITA', no. 2 (January 2020): 331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/riss2019-002-s1021.

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Regions with high livestock density lack sufficient land on which to apply manure without exceeding the legal limits set by the European Union Directives. The lack of manure processing alternatives aggravates the situation, especially in the case of islands. Consequently, manure becomes a liability rather than an asset. Results indicate that pyrolysis is an option for manure processing. However, a significant limitation is the moisture content of the starting material, that could compromise the process efficiency. Yields of biogas, bio-oil and biochar, all of which have a potential use as biofuels, are particular to animal type and manure handling system. The conversion of manure to biofuels contributes to the development of a bio-based economy.

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Simansky, Vladimir, Jan Horak, Martin Juriga, and Dusan Srank. "Soil structure and soil organic matter in water-stable aggregates under different application rates of biochar." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 40, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/2/11090.

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The effects of biochar and biochar combined with N-fertilizer on the content of soil organic matter in water-stable aggregates were investigated. A field experiment was conducted with different biochar application rates: B0 control (0 t ha-1), B10 (10 t ha-1) and B20 (20 t ha-1) and 0 (no N), 1st and 2nd levels of nitrogen fertilization on silt loam Haplic Luvisol (Dolna Malanta, Slovakia), in 2014. The N doses of level 1 were calculated on required average crop production using balance method. Level 2 included additional 100% of N in year 2014 and additional 50% of N in year 2016. The effects were investigated during the growing seasons of spring barley and spring wheat in 2014 and 2016, respectively. Results indicate that the B20N2 treatment significantly increased the proportion of water-stable macro-aggregates (WSAma) and reduced water-stable micro-aggregates (WSAmi). Aggregate stability increased only in the B20N1 treatment. The B20N2 treatment showed a robust decrease by 27% in the WSAma of 0.5-0.25 mm. On the other hand, an increase by 56% was observed in the content of WSAma with fractions 3-2 mm compared to the B0N0 treatment. The effect of N fertilizer on WSAma was confirmed only in the case of the B10N2 treatment. The proportion of WSAma with fractions 3-2 mm decreased by 42%, while the size fraction of 0.5-0.25 mm increased by 30% compared to the B10N0 treatment. The content of WSAma with fractions 1-0.5 mm decreased with time. On the contrary, the content of WSAma with particle sizes above 5 mm increased with time in all treatments except the B10N2 and B20N2 treatments. A statistically significant trend was identified in the proportion of WSA in the B10N2 and B20N2 treatments, which indicates that biochar with higher application levels of N fertilizer stabilizes the proportion of water-stable aggregates. In all treatments, the content of soil organic carbon (SOC) and labile carbon (CL) in WSAmi was lower than those in WSAma. A considerable decrease of SOC in the WSAma >5 mm and an increase of SOC in WSAmi were observed when biochar was applied at the rate of 10 t ha-1. Contents of SOC in WSAmi increased as a result of adding biochar combined with N fertilizer at first level. CL in WSA significantly increased in all size fractions of WSA.References Abiven S., Hund A., Martinsen V., Cornelissen G., 2015. Biochar amendment increases maize root surface areas and branching: a shovelomics study in Zambia. Plant Soil, 342, 1-11. Agegnehu G., Bass A.M., Nelson P.N., and Bird M.I., 2016. Benefits of biochar, compost and biochar–compost for soil quality, maize yield and greenhouse gas emissions in a tropical agricultural soil. Sci. Tot. Environ., 543, 295-306. Angers D.A., Samson N., Legere A., 1993. Early changes in water-stable aggregation induced by rotation and tillage in a soil under barley production. Can. J. Soil Sci., 73, 51-59. Atkinson Ch.J., Fitzgerald J.D., Hipps N.A., 2010. Potential mechanisms for achieving agricultural benefits from biochar application to temperate soils: a review. Plant Soil, 337, 1-18. Balashov E., Buchkina N., 2011. Impact of short- and long-term agricultural use of chernozem on its quality indicators. Int. Agrophys., 25, 1-5. Barrow C.J., 2012. Biochar: potential for countering land degradation and for improving agriculture. Appl. Geogr., 34, 21-28. Barthes B.G., Kouakoua E.T., Larre-Larrouy M.C., Razafimbelo T.M., De Luca E.F., Azontonde A., Neves C.S.V.J., De Freitas P.L., Feller C.L., 2008. Texture and sesquioxide effects on water-stable aggregates and organic matter in some tropical soils. Geoderma, 143, 14-25. Benbi D.K., Brar K., Toor A.S., Sharma S., 2015. Sensitivity of labile soil organic carbon pools to long-term fertilizer, straw and manure management in rice-wheat system. Pedosphere, 25, 534-545. Benbi D.K., Brar K., Toor A.S., Singh P., Singh H., 2012. Soil carbon pools under poplar-based agroforestry, rice-wheat, and maize-wheat cropping systems in semi-arid India. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 92, 107-118. Blanco-Canqui H., Lal L., 2004. Mechanisms of carbon sequestration in soil aggregates. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 23, 481-504. Brevik E.C., Cerda A., Mataix-Solera J., Pereg L., Quinton J.N., Six J., Van Oost K., 2015. The interdisciplinary nature of SOIL. SOIL, 1, 117-129. Brodowski S., John B., Flessa H., Amelung W., 2006. Aggregate-occluded black carbon in soil. Eur. J. Soil Sci., 57, 539-546. Bronick C.J., Lal R., 2005. The soil structure and land management: a review. Geoderma, 124, 3-22. Chenu C., Plante A., 2006. Clay-sized organo-mineral complexes in a cultivation chronosequece: revisiting the concept of the “primary organo-mineral complex”. Eur. J. Soil Sci., 56, 596-607. Dziadowiec H., Gonet S.S., 1999. Methodical guide-book for soil organic matter studies. Polish Society of Soil Science, Warszawa, 65p. Elliott E.T., 1986. Aggregate structure and carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in native and cultivated soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 50, 627-633. Fischer D., Glaser B., 2012. Synergisms between compost and biochar for sustainable soil amelioration, In: Kumar S. (ed.): Management of Organic Waste, In Tech Europe, Rijeka, 167-198. Glaser B., Lehmann J., Zech W., 2002. Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal - a review. Biol. Fertil. Soils., 35, 219-230. Heitkotter J., and B. Marschner, 2015. Interactive effects of biochar ageing in soils related to feedstock, pyrolysis temperature, and historic charcoal production. Geoderma, 245-246, 56-64. Herath H.M.S.K., Camps-Arbestain M., Hedley M., 2013. Effect of biochar on soil physical properties in two contrasting soils: an Alfisol and an Andisol. Geoderma, 209-210, 188-197. Hillel D., 1982, Introduction to soil physics. Academic Press, San Diego, CA , 364 p. Chenu C., Plante A., 2006. Clay-sized organo-mineral complexes in a cultivation chronosequence: revisiting the concept of the “primary organo-mineral complex”. Eur. J. Soil Sci., 56, 596-607. IUSS Working Group WRB., 2014. World reference base for soil resources 2014. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. World Soil Resources Reports, 106, FAO, Rome., 112p. Jeffery S., Verheijen F.G.A., Van der Velde M., Bastos A.C., 2011. A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis. Agr. Ecosys. Environ., 144, 175-187. Jien S.H., Wang Ch.S., 2013. Effects of biochar on soil properties and erosion potential in a highly weathered soil. Catena, 110, 225-233. Kammann C., Linsel S., Goßling J., Koyro H.W., 2011. Influence of biochar on drought tolerance of Chenopodium quinoa Willd and on soil-plant relations. Plant Soil, 345, 195-210. Kodesova R., Nemecek K., Zigova A., Nikodem A., Fer M., 2015. Using dye tracer for visualizing roots I pact on soil structure and soil porous system. Biologia, 70, 1439-1443. Krol, A., Lipiec, J., Turski, M., J. Kuoe, 2013. Effects of organic and conventional management on physical properties of soil aggregates. Int. Agrophys., 27, 15-21. Kurakov A.V., Kharin S.A., 2012. The Formation of Water-Stable Coprolite Aggregates in Soddy-Podzolic Soils and the Participation of Fungi in This Process. Eur. Soil Sci., 45, 429-434. Loginow W., Wisniewski W., Gonet S.S., Ciescinska B., 1987. Fractionation of organic carbon based on susceptibility to oxidation. Pol. J. Soil Sci., 20, 47-52. Lynch, J.M., and E. Bragg, 1985. Microorganisms and soil aggregate stability. Adv. Soil Sci., 2, 133-171. MHYPERLINK "about:blank"unkholm L.J., Schjonning P., Debosz K., Jensen H.E., Christensen B.T., 2002. Aggregate strength and mechanical behaviour of a sandy loam soil under long-term fertilization treatments. Eur. J. Soil Sci., 53, 129-137. Paradelo R., Van Oort F., Chenu C., 2013. Water-dispersible clay in bare fallow soils after 80 years of continuous fertilizer addition. Geoderma, 200-201, 40-44. Purakayastha T.J., Kumari S., Pathak H., 2015. Characterisation, stability, and microbial effects of four biochars produced from crop residues. Geoderma, 239-240, 293-303. Rees F., Germain C., Sterckeman T., Morel J.L., 2015. Plant growth and metal uptake by a non-hyperaccumulating species (Lolium perenne) and a Cd-Zn hyperaccumulator (Noccaea caerulescens) in contaminated soils amended with biochar. Plant Soil, 395, 57-73. Saha D., Kukal S.S., Sharma S., 2011. Land use impacts on SOC fractions and aggregate stability in typic Ustochrepts of Northwest India. Plant Soil, 339, 457-470. Six J., Bossuyt H., Degryze S., Denef K., 2004. A history of research on the link between (micro)aggregates, soil biota, and soil organic matter dynamics. Soil Till. Res., 79, 7-31. Six J., Elliott E.T., Paustian K., 2000. Soil macroaggregate turnover and microaggregate formation: A mechanism for C sequestration under no-tillage agriculture. Soil Biol. Biochem., 32, 2099-2103. Soinne H., Hovi J., Tammeorg P., Turtola E., 2014. Effect of biochar on phosphorus sorption and clay soil aggregate stability. Geoderma, 219-220, 162-167. Simansky V., 2013. Soil organic matter in water-stable aggregates under different soil management practices in a productive vineyard. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci., 59(9), 1207-1214. Simansky V., Jonczak J., 2016. Water-stable aggregates as a key element in the stabilization of soil organic matter in the Chernozems. Carp. J. Earth Environ. Sci., 11, 511-517. Simon T., Javurek M., Mikanova O., Vach M., 2009. The influence of tillage systems on soil organic matter and soil hydrophobicity. Soil Till, Res., 105, 44-48. Tiessen H., Stewart J.W.B., 1988. Light and electron microscopy of stainedmicroaggregates: the role of organic matter and microbes in soil aggregation. Biogeochemistry, 5, 312-322. Tisdall J.M., Oades J.M., 1980. The effect of crop rotation on aggregation in a red-brown earth. Austr. J. Soil Res., 18, 423-433. Vadjunina A.F., Korchagina Z.A., 1986. Methods of Study of Soil Physical Properties. Agropromizdat, Moscow, 415p. Vaezi A.R., Sadeghi S.H.R., Bahrami H.A., Mahdian M.H., 2008. Modeling the USLE K-factor for calcareous soils in northwestern Iran. Geomorphology, 97, 414-423. Von Lutzow M., Kogel-Knabner I., Ekschmitt K., Matzner E., Guggenberger G., Marschner B., Flessa H., 2006. Stabilization of organicmatter in temperate soils:mechanisms and their relevance under different soil conditions a review. Eur. J. Soil Sci., 57, 426-445.

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35

López-Cano, Inés, María Cayuela, Claudio Mondini, Chibi Takaya, Andrew Ross, and Miguel Sánchez-Monedero. "Suitability of Different Agricultural and Urban Organic Wastes as Feedstocks for the Production of Biochar—Part 1: Physicochemical Characterisation." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 2, 2018): 2265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072265.

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36

Dune, Kingdom Kponanyie, Falilat Taiwo Ademiluyi, Godwin Chukwuma Jacob Nmegbu, Kenneth Dagde, and Adaobi Stephenie Nwosi-Anele. "Production, Activation and Characterisation of PKS-Biochar from Elaeis Guineensis Biomass activated with HCl for Optimum Produced Water Treatment." International Journal of Recent Engineering Science 9, no. 1 (February 25, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23497157/ijres-v9i1p101.

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37

Chaukura, Nhamo, Edna C. Murimba, and Willis Gwenzi. "Synthesis, characterisation and methyl orange adsorption capacity of ferric oxide–biochar nano-composites derived from pulp and paper sludge." Applied Water Science 7, no. 5 (February 15, 2016): 2175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0392-5.

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38

Stanger, Rohan, Terry Wall, John Lucas, and Merrick Mahoney. "Dynamic Elemental Thermal Analysis (DETA) – A characterisation technique for the production of biochar and bio-oil from biomass resources." Fuel 108 (June 2013): 656–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.02.065.

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39

Suhaimi, Nabilah, Muhammad Raziq Rahimi Kooh, Chee Ming Lim, Chung-Ting Chou Chao, Yuan-Fong Chou Chau, Abdul Hanif Mahadi, Hai-Pang Chiang, Nurul Hazimah Haji Hassan, and Roshan Thotagamuge. "The Use of Gigantochloa Bamboo-Derived Biochar for the Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution." Adsorption Science & Technology 2022 (February 14, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8245797.

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In this study, locally grown bamboo (Gigantochloa spp.) was used as feedstock for pyrolysis production of biochar under various pyrolysis temperatures (400–800°C). The resultant biochars were tested for their performance in adsorptive removal of the methylene blue (MB) dye. The scope of the adsorption experiment includes the effects of adsorbent dosage, solution pH, initial adsorbate concentration, and contact time. The adsorption data confirmed that pyrolysis temperature has a significant effect on adsorptive performance, whereas biochar pyrolysed at 500°C (BC500) has the highest adsorptive performance with the maximum adsorption capacity (derived from the Langmuir model) being 86.6 mg g-1. Basic characterisations (SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, and BET) were carried out for BC500 where FTIR and SEM confirmed the adsorption of MB onto the biochar, while the BET data showed the reduction of the BET surface area, total pore volume, and pore diameter after the adsorption process.

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40

Tarpilga, Moussa dit Corneille, Bétaboalé Naon, and François Ouedraogo. "Characterisation of Biomasses for Their Valorisation in Energy and Biochar Production: Case of Cotton Stalks, Maize Rachis and Rice Husk." Engineering 14, no. 05 (2022): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/eng.2022.145017.

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41

Huang, Wen, Min Zhang, Yinhai Wang, Jiao Chen, and Jianqiang Zhang. "Biochars prepared from rabbit manure for the adsorption of rhodamine B and Congo red: characterisation, kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamic studies." Water Science and Technology 81, no. 3 (February 1, 2020): 436–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.100.

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Abstract Biochar was prepared from rabbit faeces (RFB550) at 550 °C through pyrolysis and was characterised using elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The related factors, kinetics, isothermal curves and thermodynamics of the adsorption behaviours were investigated by conducting batch experiments. The results revealed the adsorption equilibrium of rhodamine B (RhB) and Congo red (CR) onto RFB550 with initial concentrations of 30 mg · L−1 at 25 °C and 210 min, and the best adsorption was observed when the pH of the RhB and CR solutions was 3 and 5, respectively. Pseudo-second-order kinetics was the most suitable model for describing the adsorption of RhB and CR onto RFB550, indicating that the rate-limiting step was mainly chemical adsorption. The isotherm data were best described by the Freundlich model, and the adsorption process was multi-molecular layer adsorption. Thermodynamic parameters revealed the spontaneous adsorption of RhB and CR onto RFB550. According to the results of the FTIR analysis, the oxygen-containing functional groups and aromatic structures on the surface of RFB550 provided abundant adsorption sites for RhB and CR, and the adsorption mechanism was potentially related to the hydrogen bonds and π–π bonds.

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Dominguez, Eva Leones, Arasu Uttran, Soh Kheang Loh, Marie-Hélène Manero, Richard Upperton, Musa Idris Tanimu, and Robert Thomas Bachmann. "Characterisation of industrially produced oil palm kernel shell biochar and its potential as slow release nitrogen-phosphate fertilizer and carbon sink." Materials Today: Proceedings 31 (2020): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.143.

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43

Chai, Yi Jun, Yee Sern Ng, Katrina Pui Yee Shak, and Law Yong Ng. "Adsorption of Iron with Biosorbents derived from Longan Peel, Pomelo Peel and Jackfruit Peel." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 945, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/945/1/012057.

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Abstract High iron (Fe2+) concentration in groundwater is a severe issue in many regions of the world. This study attempts to investigate the effectiveness of biosorbents derived from longan peel (LP), pomelo peel (PP) and jackfruit peel (JP) for the adsorption of Fe2+ from aqueous solution in various forms. A batch adsorption study was carried out with an initial Fe2+ concentration of 10 mg/L for 2 h. The results showed that the highest removal efficiency was achieved for PP and its biochar at 97.38% and 99.45%, respectively. High removal efficiency implied that PP contained favourable characteristics for the adsorption of Fe2+. Under the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the surface structure of PP displayed visible dimensions with a relatively large pore size compared with LP and JP. Characterisation study using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) reveals that the carboxylate groups and ester carbonyl band participated in the adsorption process. At higher initial pH of 5.83, adsorption of Fe2+ using PP gives higher removal efficiency due to lower competition on electrostatic interaction between positive ions in the solution and the surface of biosorbents. Furthermore, adsorption uptake of 83.0 mg/g was attainable with an initial concentration of 100 mg/L. This study has proven the feasibility of PP as a low cost biosorbents for removing Fe2+ in an aqueous solution.

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Alias, A. B., D. Qarizada, N. S. A. Malik, N. M. R. Noraini, and Z. A. Rashid. "Comparison of hydrogel- and xerogel-based sorbent from Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB)." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 118, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2579.

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This paper focuses on the synthesis and comparison of hydrogel- and xerogel-based sorbents from EFB.Hydrogels were synthesised by polymerisation of EFB biochar with acrylamide (AAm) as a monomer, N, N'-Methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as cross-linker and ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator, as well as by internal gelation method of sodium alginate, empty fruit bunch (EFB), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and glucono delta-lactone (GDL). From the alginate hydrogels obtained, xerogels were synthesised via the oven-drying method. Then, EFB-based hydrogel and xerogel sorbents were analysed and compared based on characterisation analysis by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), BrunauerEmmettTeller (BET), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).The xerogel-based EFB is a better adsorbent than the hydrogel-based EFB because it has a larger pore volume (0.001449 cm3/g), larger pore size (63.7987 nm), higher moisture content (7.97%), lower ash content (12.55%), and is more thermally stable.The research is to compare two new adsorbents, namely Hydrogel and Xerogel, from EFB in terms of their characteristics.Both adsorbents show a highly toxic material uptake, especially EFB xerogel. This adsorbent is comparable with the other commercialised adsorbent. Thus, this product can be a highly potential adsorbent for gas and wastewater adsorption.The authenticity results of this article were found to be 15% similar. The novelty of this paper is to compare the two adsorbents, namely hydrogel and xerogel, that originated from EFB.

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Song, Xiaoming, Yuewen Zhang, Nan Cao, Dong Sun, Zhipeng Zhang, Yunlong Wang, Yujuan Wen, Yuesuo Yang, and Tao Lyu. "Sustainable Chromium (VI) Removal from Contaminated Groundwater Using Nano-Magnetite-Modified Biochar via Rapid Microwave Synthesis." Molecules 26, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010103.

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This study developed a nano-magnetite-modified biochar material (m-biochar) using a simple and rapid in situ synthesis method via microwave treatment, and systematically investigated the removal capability and mechanism of chromium (VI) by this m-biochar from contaminated groundwater. The m-biochar was fabricated from reed residues and magnetically modified by nano-Fe3O4. The results from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterisations confirmed the successful doping of nano-Fe3O4 on the biochar with an improved porous structure. The synthesised m-biochar exhibited significantly higher maximum adsorption capacity of 9.92 mg/g compared with that (8.03 mg/g) of the pristine biochar. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model and the intraparticle diffusion model, which indicated that the overall adsorption rate of Cr(VI) was governed by the processes of chemical adsorption, liquid film diffusion and intramolecular diffusion. The increasing of the pH from 3 to 11 significantly affected the Cr(VI) adsorption, where the capabilities decreased from 9.92 mg/g to 0.435 mg/g and 8.03 mg/g to 0.095 mg/g for the m-biochar and pristine biochar, respectively. Moreover, the adsorption mechanisms of Cr(VI) by m-biochar were evaluated and confirmed to include the pathways of electrostatic adsorption, reduction and complexation. This study highlighted an effective synthesis method to prepare a superior Cr(VI) adsorbent, which could contribute to the effective remediation of heavy metal contaminations in the groundwater.

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Godina, Daniela, Kristine Meile, and Aivars Zhurinsh. "Obtaining lignocellulosic biomass-based catalysts and their catalytic activity in cellobiose hydrolysis and acetic acid esterification reactions." RSC Advances 11, no. 30 (2021): 18259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra02824c.

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In this work different biochars that were obtained as a by-product from birch chip fast pyrolysis and carbonization were used as is or chemically/physically treated. The characterisation was done using CB hydrolysis and acetic acid esterification.

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Das, Oisik, Debes Bhattacharyya, David Hui, and Kin-Tak Lau. "Mechanical and flammability characterisations of biochar/polypropylene biocomposites." Composites Part B: Engineering 106 (December 2016): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.09.020.

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48

Hanoğlu, Alper, Ahmet Çay, and Jale Yanık. "Production of biochars from textile fibres through torrefaction and their characterisation." Energy 166 (January 2019): 664–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.123.

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49

Shen, Zhengtao, Yiyun Zhang, Fei Jin, Oliver McMillan, and Abir Al-Tabbaa. "Qualitative and quantitative characterisation of adsorption mechanisms of lead on four biochars." Science of The Total Environment 609 (December 2017): 1401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.008.

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50

Purakayastha, T. J., Savita Kumari, and H. Pathak. "Characterisation, stability, and microbial effects of four biochars produced from crop residues." Geoderma 239-240 (February 2015): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.11.009.

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