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Journal articles on the topic 'Biocement'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

DEAN, MARIA, JOHN WELCH, CASSIDY BRANDT, and THOMAS TAUER. "Surface analyses of biocements from Pectinaria gouldii (Polychaeta: Pectinariidae) and Phragmatopoma lapidosa (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae)." Zoosymposia 2, no. 1 (August 31, 2009): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.2.1.23.

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Pectinaria gouldii and Phragmatopoma lapidosa are marine polychaetes that reside in protective structures built from sand grains bound together using proteinaceous cement secreted from specialized glands. P. gouldii constructs a solitary, ice-cream-cone-like structure. The smaller, gregarious P. lapidosa forms a large, reef-like mound. This study investigates the physical features of these two polychaete biocements, linking structure and function in two marine environments. The surface structures of hydrated biocement samples were analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the surface structures and composition of dehydrated biocement samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Atomic force analyses indicate that (in their native states) the surface roughness, adhesion, and stiffness of P. gouldii biocement are greater than P. lapidosa biocement. The surface of P. gouldii resembled “cottage cheese,” while the surface of P. lapidosa had smoother features. SEM revealed “popped bubble” features that indicated a solid foam-like material for both biocements. EDS confirmed the presence of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorous in both biocements, with varying amounts of these three elements at different locations on the same sample.

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2

Hang, Lei, Enjie Yang, Yundong Zhou, Wenzhi Song, and Jia He. "Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) for Stabilization of Desert Sand against the Wind-induced Erosion: A Parametric Study." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 11, 2022): 11409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811409.

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Biocementation, based on microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP), is a novel soil improvement method, which can form a cemented layer on the surface of desert sand to resist wind-induced erosion. In this work, the surface penetration resistance test and wind tunnel test were conducted to evaluate the various influential factors for the resistance of biocemented desert sand to wind-induced erosion, including the treatment factors, such as treatment temperature and biocement solution concentration, and durability factors such as the development of time, freezing–thawing cycles, and drying–wetting cycles. The test results demonstrated that the erosion resistance of biocemented desert sand was improved by the increase of treatment temperature and the concentration of biocement solution, which was manifested in the increase of surface penetration resistance of biocemented samples. In addition, the resistance of biocemented desert sand to wind-induced erosion decreased with the increased number of drying–wetting cycles, to lesser extents, with the development of time and the increased number of freezing–thawing cycles.

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3

Štulajterová, R., L. Medvecký, M. Giretová, T. Sopčák, and J. Briančin. "Influence of Sodium Alginate on Properties of Tetracalcium Phosphate/Nanomonetite Biocement." Powder Metallurgy Progress 19, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pmp-2019-0001.

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AbstractThe tetracalcium phosphate/nanomonetite (TTCPMH) biocements with the addition of sodium alginate were prepared by mechanical homogenization of powder mixture with hardening liquid containing sodium alginate. The effect of various viscosity of different alginates on properties of TTCPMH cement mixture was investigated. The medium viscous (MED) alginate had a more negative effect on setting process and compressive strength than low viscous (LOW) alginate. An approx. 50% decrease in mechanical properties (compressive strengths, Young´s modulus, work of fracture (WOF)) was revealed after an addition of 0.25 wt % with rapid fall above 1 wt % of LOW alginate in biocement. A statistically significant difference in the WOF was found between of 0.25 and 0.5 LOW alginate biocements (p<0.035) whereas no statistical differences were revealed between WOF of 0.5 and 1 LOW alginate biocements (p˃0.357). In the microstructure of composite cements, the increased amounts of granular or finer needle-like nanohydroxyapatite particles arranged into the form of more separated spherical agglomerates were observed. A low cytotoxicity of cement extracts based on measurement of cell proliferation was revealed.

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4

Chu, Jian, Volodymyr Ivanov, Viktor Stabnikov, Jia He, Bing Li, and Maryam Naemi. "Biocement: Green Building- and Energy-Saving Material." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 4051–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.4051.

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Cement and chemical grouts have often been used for soil strengthening. However, high cost, energy consumption, and harm to environment restrict their applications. Biocement could be a new green building- material and energy-saving material. Biocement is a mixture of enzymes or microbial biomass with inorganic chemicals, which can be produced from cheap raw materials. Supply of biocementing solution to the porous soil or mixing of dry biocement with clayey soil initiate biocementation of soil due to specific enzymatic activity. Different microorganisms and enzymes can be used for production of biocement.

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5

Gao, Yaqing, Chen Hua, and Tong Ke. "Field Test on Soybean-Urease Induced Calcite Precipitation (SICP) for Desert Sand Stabilization against the Wind-Induced Erosion." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 15474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215474.

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Soybean-urease induced calcite precipitation (SICP) is an effective method for the improvement of sand, which forms a biocemented layer on the desert sand surface to resist erosion induced by the wind. Under this study, field tests were carried out to determine how the SICP approach may enhance the resistance of the desert to wind-induced erosion and the durability of SICP treatment in southeastern margin of Tengger Desert, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. The experimental results demonstrated that the erosion resistance of desert sand was significantly enhanced due to the SICP treatment, and the improvement effect was enhanced with the increase of the biocement solution concentration and dosage and the number of treatment cycles. Furthermore, it was also found that the resistance of SICP-treated sand to erosion induced by the wind reduced as the development of time reduced. Based on the test results in this paper, larger biocement solution concentration and dosage and multiple treatment cycles are proposed in the areas where severe wind-induced erosion takes place in order to improve the ductility of SICP treatment.

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6

Franczak, Priscila Ferraz, Nelson Heriberto Almeida Camargo, Nelson Levandowski, and Daiara Floriano da Silva. "Synthesis and Characterization of Three Hydrated Calcium Phosphates Used as Biocement Precursors." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 712–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.712.

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Calcium phosphates biocements are biomaterials that present crystallographic and mineralogical characteristics similar to human skeletal structure. This has led to the development of new calcium phosphates biomaterials for biomedical applications, especially biomaterials for repairing defects and bone reconstruction. Calcium phosphates biocements are a promising alternative in biomedical applications, for they are easy to mold, they have good wettability, hydration and hardening capacity during its application in biological environment. This work aimed at the synthesis of hydrated calcium phosphates powder, precursor to late biocements development. Three calcium phosphates compositions were produced via CaCO3/phosphoric acid reactive method in the ratios Ca/P = 1,5; 1,6 e 1,67 molar. The presented results are associated to hydrated powder morphology and synthesis process control. Field Electronic Microscope helped with the morphological characterization of the powders, Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) gave support to the identification of H2O e PO43- grouping vibrational bands and x-ray diffractometry (XRD) served on crystallographic characterization of hydrated calcium phosphates. The work showed that for the different powder compositions the hydrated calcium phosphate phase is formed by clustered fine particles. This demonstrated that the chosen synthesis method permits the obtaining nanoparticles of hydrated calcium phosphates, precursors for later biocement production.

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7

Yin, Jie, Jian-Xin Wu, Ke Zhang, Mohamed A. Shahin, and Liang Cheng. "Comparison between MICP-Based Bio-Cementation Versus Traditional Portland Cementation for Oil-Contaminated Soil Stabilisation." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010434.

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In recent years, oil spills and leakages have often occurred during oil exploration, transportation, handling, usage, and processing, causing serious global environmental problems. Microbially-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is an emerging green, environmentally friendly, and sustainable technology that has proven to be a promising alternative for soil stabilisation. This paper provides a comparison between the mechanical performance of oil-polluted sand treated with biocement and traditional Portland cement. A series of laboratory tests, including permeability, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and triaxial consolidated undrained (CU) tests, was conducted. Even though oil contamination deteriorates the bonding strength of treated soil for both biocement and Portland cement soils, the biocement-treated oil-contaminated sand was found to achieve higher strength (up to four times) than cement-treated soil in the presence of similar content of cementing agent. After eight treatment cycles, the UCS value of oil-contaminated sand treated with biocement reached 1 MPa, demonstrating a high potential for oil-contaminated soil stabilisation in regions of oil spills and leakages.

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8

Lee, Chungmin, Hyesun Lee, and Ok Kim. "Biocement Fabrication and Design Application for a Sustainable Urban Area." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 7, 2018): 4079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114079.

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Recently, designers have begun to pursue sustainability through the fabrication of materials from living organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae in order to address environmental issues. Based on the potential of materials from living organisms, this study has explored a sustainable design application using biocement formed thorough microbially-induced calcite precipitation (MICP), which produces minerals by bacterial metabolic activity. Since most of the studies on MICP thus far have focused on limited fields such as engineering, biotechnology, and geo-technology, this study has focused more on improving the application of biocement in design. We optimized MICP conditions using two parameters (i.e., concentration of urea-CaCl2 and bacterial cell density) through water percolation testing, compressive strength testing, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Then, based on the optimized conditions, material compatibility testing and scalability testing were performed, and design application research was conducted as well. As a result, biocement has been identified as a potential sustainable design material, based on its 40% compressive strength compared to conventional concrete, improved material finish, aesthetic aspects, and environmental impact. This paper contributes to the development of biocement applications in the environmental design field through multidisciplinary research ranging from biological experiments to design applications.

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9

Jebamalar, J., and Priya Iyer. "Production of Biocement from Microalgae." International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology 3, no. 1 (January 6, 2016): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcrbp.2016.301.013.

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10

Cox, Sophie C., Sarika Patel, Uwe Gbureck, Adrian J. Wright, and Liam M. Grover. "A cohesive premixed monetite biocement." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 100, no. 3 (December 30, 2016): 1241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.14699.

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11

Li, Meng Meng, Satoru Kawasaki, Qiu Zhuo Zhang, and Varenyam Achal. "Novel Microbial Based Low Energy Green Building Material Production Technology." Advanced Materials Research 1090 (February 2015): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1090.96.

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The present world cannot be imagined without construction industry. On other hand we are not able to prevent impact of construction on the environment due to usage of its key component that is cement, which plays a greater role in the emission of greenhouse gases. Every tonne of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) that is produced releases on average a similar amount of CO2into the atmosphere, or in total roughly 6% of all man-made carbon emissions. One of the purposes of research should be to lower the amount of cement during construction without compromising the quality of building structure. Microbial metabolic activities often contribute to selective cementation by biomineralization. In the present study, a novel microbial based low energy green building material based on microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) has been reported that is known as “biocement”. Biocement has enormous potential and usage in building materials and structures with potential to partially replace the cement. The research demonstrates that production of biocement can enhance the durability of building structures in addition to have least impact on the environment.

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12

Piriyakul, Keeratikan, and Janjit Iamchaturapatr. "Application of Non-Destructive Testing for Measurement of Strength Development of Biocemented Sand." Advanced Materials Research 747 (August 2013): 660–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.747.660.

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Soil biocementation is the new technology using biological process to initiate the crystal forms of carbonates to bind the soil particles resulting in soil mechanical improvement. This research examines the feasibility of microorganisms capable of hydrolyzing ammonia with production of carbonate collected from natural soil. The biocement was prepared by a mixture of calcium salt, urea, and microbial suspension collected from natural water samples. The urease activity was measured by the concentration of NH4+ in solution. The physico-chemical properties including the effects of Ca2+ concentrations, soil pH and crystal forming shapes were studied. The strength development of biocemented soil samples was measured by non-destructive test using shear wave velocity method. Formation of calcite layer on sand surface could be useful for the stabilization of the sand or earth structures.

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13

Franczak, Priscila Ferraz, Nelson Heriberto Almeida Camargo, Pricyla Corrêa, and Enori Gemelli. "Synthesis and Characterization of Hydrated Calcium Phosphate: Precursors for Obtaining Biocements." Materials Science Forum 798-799 (June 2014): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.798-799.443.

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Calcium phosphates biocements are biomaterials that present crystallographic and mineralogical characteristics similar to human skeletal structure. This has led to the development of new calcium phosphates biomaterials for biomedical applications, especially biomaterials for repairing defects and bone reconstruction. Calcium phosphates biocements are a promising alternative in biomedical applications, for they are easy to mold, they have good wettability, hydration and hardening capacity during its application in biological means. This work aimed at the synthesis of hydrated calcium phosphates powder, through a simple reactive method, which will be the basis for the production of calcium phosphate biocimentos with self-setting reaction. Three calcium phosphates compositions were produced via CaCO3/phosphoric acid reactive method in the ratios Ca/P = 1,5; 1,6 e 1,67 molar. The presented results are associated to hydrated powder morphology and synthesis process control. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) helped with the morphological characterization of the powders, the laser analysis method was used for determining particle size and the Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) gave support to the identification of H2O e PO43-grouping vibrational bands. The work showed that for the different powder compositions the hydrated calcium phosphate phase is formed by clustered fine particles. This demonstrated that the chosen synthesis method permits the obtention of hydrated calcium phosphates, precursors for later biocement production.

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14

Medvecky, Lubomir, Radoslava Štulajterová, Maria Giretova, Lenka Luptakova, and Tibor Sopčák. "Injectable Enzymatically Hardened Calcium Phosphate Biocement." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 11, no. 4 (October 12, 2020): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb11040074.

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(1) Background: The preparation and characterization of novel fully injectable enzymatically hardened tetracalcium phosphate/monetite cements (CXI cements) using phytic acid/phytase (PHYT/F3P) hardening liquid with a small addition of polyacrylic acid/carboxymethyl cellulose anionic polyelectrolyte (PAA/CMC) and enhanced bioactivity. (2) Methods: Composite cements were prepared by mixing of calcium phosphate powder mixture with hardening liquid containing anionic polyelectrolyte. Phase and microstructural analysis, compressive strength, release of ions and in vitro testing were used for the evaluation of cement properties. (3) Results: The simple possibility to control the setting time of self-setting CXI cements was shown (7–28 min) by the change in P/L ratio or PHYT/F3P reaction time. The wet compressive strength of cements (up to 15 MPa) was close to cancellous bone. The increase in PAA content to 1 wt% caused refinement and change in the morphology of hydroxyapatite particles. Cement pastes had a high resistance to wash-out in a short time after cement mixing. The noncytotoxic character of CX cement extracts was verified. Moreover, PHYT supported the formation of Ca deposits, and the additional synergistic effect of PAA and CMC on enhanced ALP activity was found, along with the strong up-regulation of osteogenic gene expressions for osteopontin, osteocalcin and IGF1 growth factor evaluated by the RT-qPCR analysis in osteogenic αMEM 50% CXI extracts. (4) Conclusions: The fully injectable composite calcium phosphate bicements with anionic polyelectrolyte addition showed good mechanical and physico-chemical properties and enhanced osteogenic bioactivity which is a promising assumption for their application in bone defect regeneration.

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15

Kresakova, Lenka, Jan Danko, Katarina Vdoviakova, Lubomir Medvecky, Zdenek Zert, Eva Petrovova, Maros Varga, et al. "In Vivo Study of Osteochondral Defect Regeneration Using Innovative Composite Calcium Phosphate Biocement in a Sheep Model." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 10, 2021): 4471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164471.

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This study aimed to clarify the therapeutic effect and regenerative potential of the novel, amino acids-enriched acellular biocement (CAL) based on calcium phosphate on osteochondral defects in sheep. Eighteen sheep were divided into three groups, the treated group (osteochondral defects filled with a CAL biomaterial), the treated group with a biocement without amino acids (C cement), and the untreated group (spontaneous healing). Cartilages of all three groups were compared with natural cartilage (negative control). After six months, sheep were evaluated by gross appearance, histological staining, immunohistochemical staining, histological scores, X-ray, micro-CT, and MRI. Treatment of osteochondral defects by CAL resulted in efficient articular cartilage regeneration, with a predominant structural and histological characteristic of hyaline cartilage, contrary to fibrocartilage, fibrous tissue or disordered mixed tissue on untreated defect (p < 0.001, modified O’Driscoll score). MRI results of treated defects showed well-integrated and regenerated cartilage with similar signal intensity, regularity of the articular surface, and cartilage thickness with respect to adjacent native cartilage. We have demonstrated that the use of new biocement represents an effective solution for the successful treatment of osteochondral defects in a sheep animal model, can induce an endogenous regeneration of cartilage in situ, and provides several benefits for the design of future therapies supporting osteochondral defect healing.

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16

Stabnikov, Viktor. "Production of Bioagent for Calcium-Based Biocement." International Journal of Biotechnology for Wellness Industries 5, no. 2 (August 15, 2016): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1927-3037.2016.05.02.5.

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17

Tothova, Csilla, Jaroslav Novotny, Oskar Nagy, Petra Hornakova, Zdenek Zert, Maros Varga, Lubomir Medvecky, Katarina Vdoviakova, Jan Danko, and Eva Petrovova. "Changes in the Acute-Phase Protein Concentrations and Activities of Some Enzymes in Pigs Following the Repair of Experimentally Induced Articular Cartilage Defects Using Two Types of Biocement Powder." Animals 9, no. 11 (November 7, 2019): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110931.

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The objective of the study was to assess the usefulness of acute-phase proteins (APPs) and serum enzymes in the evaluation of post-operative state after cartilage reconstruction in an animal model (Sus scrofa domesticus). Fifteen clinically healthy female pigs were evaluated during the first 30 days after the repair of experimentally induced articular cartilage defects using two types of biocement powders. Animals were divided into groups according to the type of biocement powder used: CAK—with amino acids (n = 6), C—without amino acids (n = 6) and the control group (Ctr) was without biocement (n = 3). The concentrations of selected APPs—serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp) and C-reactive protein (CRP), and the activities of some serum enzymes—creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LD) were measured one day before the surgery and on days 7, 14, and 30 after the surgical intervention. The most significant changes during the evaluated period were observed in the concentrations of SAA (p < 0.001) and Hp (p < 0.001), with marked increase of values 7 days after surgery. There was a numerical, but not statistically significant, difference between CAK, C and Ctr groups (p > 0.05). Marked variations were observed also in the activities of the evaluated enzymes, with the most significant changes in the activity of AP in the CAK group (p < 0.001). Presented results suggest possible usefulness of some APPs and serum enzymes in the evaluation of post-operative inflammatory state after the reconstruction of articular cartilage defects.

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18

Omoregie, Armstrong Ighodalo, Ghazaleh Khoshdelnezamiha, Dominic Ek Leong Ong, and Peter Morin Nissom. "MICROBIAL-INDUCED CARBONATE PRECIPITATION USING A SUSTAINABLE TREATMENT TECHNIQUE." International Journal of Service Management and Sustainability 2, no. 1 (June 24, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/ijsms.v2i1.6045.

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Biocementation is a green treatment technique which makes use of microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) process to enhance the geotechnical features of sub-standard soils. The objective of this study was to conduct a biocement test in laboratory-scale using native urease-producing bacteria to improve the surface strength of poorly graded soil. Selected sand samples were pre-mixed with native bacterial culture and the cementation solution before being compacted into their respective columns. After completing the biocement process, all the sand columns were allowed to air-dry at room temperature (26oC) for 14 days before the treated sands were removed from their respective moulds. Unconfined compression strength (UCS) test was performed on the moulds to determine their strengths, while quick acid test and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content measurement were conveyed to analyse the precipitated CaCO3 minerals. The results showed that the native urease-producing bacteria could bind soil particles together. The proficiency of this treatment process to improve the strength of soil samples varied among the specimen samples, leading to a non-homogeneous distribution of CaCO3 contents in the specimens. The UCS test showed that the sand treated with native isolate NB 28 had the highest strength (0.219 N/mm2), sustaining a force of 1.020 kN, while the control strain (Sporosarcina pasteurii DSM 33) had the lowest strength (0.143 N/mm2) with a sustaining force of 0.697 kN. The findings in this study suggest that the native urease-producing bacteria isolated from Sarawak limestone cave can be used as alternative MICP agents for the biocement application for sustainability in the construction industry.

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19

Medvecky, L., M. Giretova, and T. Sopcak. "Preparation and properties of tetracalcium phosphate–monetite biocement." Materials Letters 100 (June 2013): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2013.03.025.

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20

Felício, Filipe, Vania Silverio, Sofia Duarte, Ana Galvão, Gabriel Monteiro, Susana Cardoso, and Rafaela Cardoso. "Preliminary tests on a microfluidic device to study pore clogging during biocementation." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 11018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199211018.

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Soil improvement using ureolytic bacteria or other biological agents is a promising technique currently under investigation. It is based on the precipitation of calcium carbonate (biocement) due to the enzymatic hydrolysis of urea. The biocement produced clogs the soil pores, consequently bonding the soil grains and increasing overall strength and stiffness while reducing permeability. This study focused mainly on pore clogging effects. The effect of the enzyme and feeding solution concentrations was studied in small test tubes to find the maximum amount of precipitate found when changing the concentrations of both. Based on it, selected concentrations of enzyme and feeding solution were tested in a microfluidic device conceived to mimic a two-dimensional uniform porous size medium. Qualitatively, the amount of precipitate was proportional to that of the concentrations used. The location of the precipitate was clearly related with the direction of fluid flow during inoculation. These preliminary results highlight the fact that the use of alternative testing devices such as the one developed is a potential tool for the study of clogging phenomena occurring during this treatment.

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21

Porter, Hannah, Abhijit Mukherjee, Rabin Tuladhar, and Navdeep Kaur Dhami. "Life Cycle Assessment of Biocement: An Emerging Sustainable Solution?" Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 15, 2021): 13878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413878.

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Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) is a natural biocementation that takes place in corals, stromatolites and beach rocks. In recent years, researchers have explored the emulation of this process as a sustainable alternative of engineered cement. Although the natural process is undoubtedly sustainable, its engineered variant deviates substantially from the natural process. In this paper, we investigate the environmental and economic performance of the engineered biocementation process vis-à-vis present manufacturing of calcium carbonate. SimaPro 8.0 software and the Ecoinvent V2.2 database were used for materials inputs and AUSLCI along with Cumulative Energy Demand 2.01 software were used for carbon footprint and eutrophication potential. Our results show that different metabolic pathways of MICP have considerably varying environmental impact. We observe that nature performs MICP sustainably at ambient conditions and geological time scales utilizing naturally occurring sources of carbon and calcium at micromoles concentrations. Due to the mandate on duration of construction projects, highly purified reactants in a high concentration are used in the engineered process. This has a negative environmental impact. We conclude that the sustainability of engineered MICP is directly impacted by the metabolic pathway of bacteria as well as the purity of the input chemicals. A few biotic processes are superior to the present industrial process for manufacturing calcium carbonate if ingredients of laboratory grade purity are replaced by industrial grade products. A bigger dividend can be obtained by introducing industry by-products as nutrients. The results of this study help to direct future research for developing sustainable biocement for the construction industry.

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22

Jia, Junfeng, Huanjun Zhou, Jie Wei, Xin Jiang, Hong Hua, Fangping Chen, Shicheng Wei, Jung-Woog Shin, and Changsheng Liu. "Development of magnesium calcium phosphate biocement for bone regeneration." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 7, no. 49 (February 24, 2010): 1171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0559.

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Magnesium calcium phosphate biocement (MCPB) with rapid-setting characteristics was fabricated by using the mixed powders of magnesium oxide (MgO) and calcium dihydrogen phosphate (Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 ·H 2 O). The results revealed that the MCPB hardened after mixing the powders with water for about 7 min, and the compressive strength reached 43 MPa after setting for 1 h, indicating that the MCPB had a short setting time and high initial mechanical strength. After the acid–base reaction of MCPB containing MgO and Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 ·H 2 O in a molar ratio of 2 : 1, the final hydrated products were Mg 3 (PO 4 ) 2 and Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 . The MCPB was degradable in Tris–HCl solution and the degradation ratio was obviously higher than calcium phosphate biocement (CPB) because of its fast dissolution. The attachment and proliferation of the MG 63 cells on the MCPB were significantly enhanced in comparison with CPB, and the alkaline phosphatase activity of MG 63 cells on the MCPB was significantly higher than on the CPB at 7 and 14 days. The MG 63 cells with normal phenotype spread well on the MCPB surfaces, and were attached in close proximity to the substrate, as seen by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrated that the MCPB had a good ability to support cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation, and exhibited good cytocompatibility.

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23

Iezzi, Brian, Richard Brady, Selim Sardag, Benjamin Eu, and Steven Skerlos. "Growing bricks: Assessing biocement for lower embodied carbon structures." Procedia CIRP 80 (2019): 470–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2019.01.061.

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24

Varalakshmi, Varalakshmi, and Anchana devi. "Isolation and Characterization of Urease Utilizing Bacteria to Produce Biocement." IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology 8, no. 4 (2014): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2402-08425257.

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25

Yang, Yang, Jian Chu, Liang Cheng, and Hanlong Liu. "Utilization of carbide sludge and urine for sustainable biocement production." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 10, no. 3 (June 2022): 107443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.107443.

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26

Stulajterova, Radoslava, Lubomir Medvecky, Maria Giretova, Tibor Sopcak, Lenka Luptakova, Radovan Bures, and Eva Szekiova. "Characterization of Tetracalcium Phosphate/Monetite Biocement Modified by Magnesium Pyrophosphate." Materials 15, no. 7 (March 31, 2022): 2586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15072586.

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Magnesium pyrophosphate modified tetracalcium phosphate/monetite cement mixtures (MgTTCPM) were prepared by simple mechanical homogenization of compounds in a ball mill. The MgP2O7 was chosen due to the suitable setting properties of the final cements, in contrast to cements with the addition of amorphous (Ca, Mg) CO3 or newberite, which significantly extended the setting time even in small amounts (corresponding ~to 1 wt% of Mg in final cements). The results showed the gradual dissolution of the same amount of Mg2P2O7 phase, regardless of its content in the cement mixtures, and the refinement of formed HAP nanoparticles, which were joined into weakly and mutually bound spherical agglomerates. The compressive strength of composite cements was reduced to 14 MPa and the setting time was 5–10 min depending on the composition. Cytotoxicity of cements or their extracts was not detected and increased proliferative activity of mesenchymal stem cells with upregulation of osteopontin and osteonectin genes was verified in cells cultured for 7 and 15 days in cement extracts. The above facts, including insignificant changes in the pH of simulated body fluid solution and mechanical strength close to cancellous bone, indicate that MgTTCPM cement mixtures could be suitable biomaterials for use in the treatment of bone defects.

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Stabnikov, Viktor, Maryam Naeimi, Volodymyr Ivanov, and Jian Chu. "Formation of water-impermeable crust on sand surface using biocement." Cement and Concrete Research 41, no. 11 (November 2011): 1143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.06.017.

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Al-Sayed, Fatema Aziz, Radwa Hamed Hegazy, Zeinab Amin Salem, and Hanan Hassan El-Beheiry. "COMBINED USE OF HYALURONIC ACID WITH NANO-BIOACTIVE GLASS ENHANCED BIOCEMENT BASED SILICATE STIMULATED BONE REGENERATIVE CAPACITY IN TIBIAL BONE DEFECTS OF RABBITS: IN-VIVO STUDY." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 9, no. 5 (October 30, 2021): 630–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2021.9(5).630.638.

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An ideal biomaterial for bone regeneration is a longstanding quest nowadays. This study aimed to evaluate the osteogenic potentiality of nano-bioactive glass enhanced biocement based silicate with or without hyaluronic acid seeded in rabbits’ tibial bone defects. For this, 24 male rabbits with two 5 mm defects (1 defect per tibia) were divided into three equal groups. Among the predefined three groups, for the rabbits of group 1(control) bone defects were left untreated while for the members of group 2 defects received nano-bioactive glass enhanced biocement based silicate cement, and group 3 defects received nano-bioactive glass cement mixed with hyaluronic acid. Animals of each group were divided equally for euthanization after 3 and 6 weeks. Bone specimens were processed and examined histologically with histomorphometrically analysis of new bone area percentage. The bone defects in group 3 showed significantly improved osseous healing histologically as compared to the group 1&2. The morphometric analysis also revealed a significant increase in the new bone area percentage in group 3 as compared to the group 1 and 2 (P < 0.05). The results of the present study can be concluded that bone defects could be treated with nano-bioactive glass and hyaluronic acid cement. Although, nano-bioactive glass alone was capable of bone regeneration the combination of both had significant regenerative capacity.

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Liang, Haixia, Yunqi Liu, Baohua Tian, Zhu Li, and Hengan Ou. "A sustainable production of biocement via microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 172 (August 2022): 105422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2022.105422.

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Anitha, V. "Bacillus cereus KLUVAA Mediated Biocement Production Using Hard Water and Urea." Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly 32, no. 2 (July 6, 2018): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15255/cabeq.2017.1096.

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31

Medvecky, Lubomir, Maria Giretova, Radoslava Stulajterova, Lenka Luptakova, and Tibor Sopcak. "Tetracalcium Phosphate/Monetite/Calcium Sulfate Hemihdrate Biocement Powder Mixtures Prepared by the One-Step Synthesis for Preparation of Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite Biocement-Properties and In Vitro Evaluation." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 2137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092137.

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A modified one-step process was used to prepare tetracalcium phosphate/monetite/calcium sulfate hemihydrate powder cement mixtures (CAS). The procedure allowed the formation of monetite and calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH) in the form of nanoparticles. It was hypothesized that the presence of nanoCSH in small amounts enhances the in vitro bioactivity of CAS cement in relation to osteogenic gene markers in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The CAS powder mixtures with 15 and 5 wt.% CSH were prepared by milling powder tetracalcium phosphate in an ethanolic solution of both orthophosphoric and sulfuric acids. The CAS cements had short setting times (around 5 min). The fast setting of the cement samples after the addition of the liquid component (water solution of NaH2PO4) was due to the partial formation of calcium sulfate dihydrate and hydroxyapatite before soaking in SBF with a small change in the original phase composition in cement powder samples after milling. Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite biocement was produced by soaking of cement samples after setting in simulated body fluid (SBF). The fast release of calcium ions from CAS5 cement, as well as a small rise in the pH of SBF during soaking, were demonstrated. After soaking in SBF for 7 days, the final product of the cement transformation was nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite. The compressive strength of the cement samples (up to 30 MPa) after soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF) was comparable to that of bone. Real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed statistically significant higher gene expressions of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteonectin (ON) and osteopontin (OP) in cells cultured for 14 days in CAS5 extract compared to CSH-free cement. The addition of a small amount of nanoCSH (5 wt.%) to the tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP)/monetite cement mixture significantly promoted the over expression of osteogenic markers in MSCs. The prepared CAS powder mixture with its enhanced bioactivity can be used for bone defect treatment and has good potential for bone healing.

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Centeno Dias, Francisco, Inês Borges, Sofia O. D. Duarte, Gabriel A. Monteiro, and Rafaela Cardoso. "Comparison of experimental techniques for biocementation of sands considering homogeneous volume distribution of precipitated calcium carbonate." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 05004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019505004.

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Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP), or biocementation, consists in using microorganisms living in the soil to produce calcium carbonate (biocement). This mineral bonds the grains and therefore improves the soil hydro-mechanical properties. When using this technique, one of the challenges is to ensure homogeneous treatment in the entire volume. In this study, an experimental device was developed to apply this treatment in cylindrical soil samples with 7.2 cm diameter and 12 cm height. Two distinct sample preparation techniques were tested: (i) pre-mixing the soil with bacteria, and then inject the feeding solution; (ii) inject bacteria followed by injecting the feeding solution. In both, the injection conditions varied in two distinct ways: (i) infiltration column, from the top and (ii) injecting through a perforated central tube. The homogeneity of the biocement in the volume was evaluated using X-ray and SEM images from small samples taken from different locations in the specimens and analysing different parameters. Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and CaCO3 dissolution tests revealed uneven distribution of CaCO3 content between the top and bottom sections, as well as along radial direction. The most homogeneous samples were found when bacteria were premixed with the soil before injecting the feeding solution. Unconfined compression tests (UCS) were also performed in samples with and without treatment. The treatment increased stiffness and strength significantly and soil rupture occurred mostly near the bottom, where the lowest CaCO3 contents were detected.

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Sahibulla, S. M. Mohamed. "The Consistency, Setting Time and Compression Strength of Pozzolanic Materials: A Taguchi Gray Validation." Journal of Cement Based Composites 3, no. 1 (May 22, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.36937/cebacom.2022.5627.

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Currently, the focus of research is on biocement mortar and concrete. To lower the cement substance by up to 40%, lime, fly ash, metakaolin, and silica fume are utilised. The major purpose of this study was to see if adding pozzolanic materials to biocement mortar may increase its setting time, consistency, and compressive strength, as well as the interaction of these pozzolanic components with cement mortar and concrete. The pozzolanic particles by sieving interaction to affirm the uniform molecule size equivalent to 1 µm. The compressive strength, consistency, and final setting time were estimated after the fruitful maturing of concrete blocks for around 28 days. As indicated by Taguchi investigation, the exploratory arrangement Level 10 gives the general best position among other trial designs with the GRG of 0.805. Besides, the weight level of metakaolin straightforwardly impacts the general exhibition of concrete substantial shapes rather than silica smoke, lime, and fly debris particles. The affirmation concentrates on uncovered improvement in the dark social grade of 1.92%, which is equivalent to the high compressive strength of 51.285 MPa, consistency territory between 29.5 to 38.5, and final setting time is 525 min. the impact of different pozzolanic substances on the concrete's consistency and setting time. It uncovered that by supplanting the 40% normal Portland concrete (OPC) with bio concrete, the concrete's consistency improves and the level of pozzolanic materials comparative with the level of OPC can build the concrete consistency restricts and lessen the use of bio concrete with minimal expense.

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Fukue, Masaharu, Zbigniew Lechowicz, Yuichi Fujimori, Kentaro Emori, and Catherine N. Mulligan. "Incorporation of Optical Density into the Blending Design for a Biocement Solution." Materials 15, no. 5 (March 6, 2022): 1951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15051951.

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The engineering practices for applying the microbial precipitation of carbonates require a design of the blending biocement solution (BCS). The BCS is usually blended with concentrated strains NO-A10, reaction media, such as urea and CaCl2, and a solvent, i.e., water or seawater. To characterize the BCS, the unknown microbial characteristics, such as the cell viability, are complex factors. Therefore, the optical density (OD) was redefined as Rcv OD*, in which OD* was the tentative OD of the BCS used and Rcv was the conversion rate concerning the cell viability. To determine Rcv values, a standard precipitation curve based on the precipitation rate at 24 h was determined. It was found that the curve was expressed by λ1 OD+ λ2 OD2, in which λ1 and λ2 were 8.46 M and −17.633 M, respectively. With this, the Rcv and OD values of unknown BCS were estimated from the results of precipitation tests using arbitrary OD* values. By extending the testing time, the second order term of OD or OD* was negligible. Accordingly, the precipitation amount is expressed as 8.46 OD, in which the OD can be estimated by precipitation tests using arbitrary OD* values of BCSs. Unless the Ca2+ value is dominant, the optimum blending of BCS can be determined by OD. Thus, it is concluded that the blending design of BCS is achieved using 8.46 OD, or 8.46 Rcv OD*, and the standard precipitation curve was defined in this study.

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Medvecky, L., R. Stulajterova, M. Giretova, and M. Faberova. "Properties of Powder Composite Polyhydroxybutyrate–Chitosan-Calcium Phosphate System." Powder Metallurgy Progress 17, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pmp-2017-0001.

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Abstract Prepared powder polyhydroxybutyrate – chitosan - calcium phosphate composite system with 10 wt % of biopolymer component can be utilized as biocement which is characterized by the prolonged setting time and achieves wash out resistance after 5 minutes of setting. The origin powder tetracalcium phosphate/nanomonetite agglomerates were coated with the thin layer of biopolymer which decelerates both the transformation rate of calcium phosphates and hardening process of composites. The porosity of hardened composite was around 62% and the compressive strength (8 MPa) was close to trabecular bone. No cytotoxicity of composite resulted from live/dead staining of osteoblasts cultured on substrates.

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36

Achal, Varenyam, Mengmeng Li, and Qiuzhuo Zhang. "Biocement, recent research in construction engineering: status of China against rest of world." Advances in Cement Research 26, no. 5 (October 2014): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/adcr.13.00044.

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37

Li, X., Y. Niu, H. Guo, H. Chen, F. Li, J. Zhang, W. Chen, et al. "Preparation and osteogenic properties of magnesium calcium phosphate biocement scaffolds for bone regeneration." Journal of Instrumentation 8, no. 07 (July 31, 2013): C07010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/8/07/c07010.

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38

Madani Hosseini, Mahsa, Yixin Shao, and Joann K. Whalen. "Biocement production from silicon-rich plant residues: Perspectives and future potential in Canada." Biosystems Engineering 110, no. 4 (December 2011): 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2011.09.010.

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39

Khodadadi Tirkolaei, Hamed, and Huriye Bilsel. "Statistical Modeling of Environmental Factors on Microbial Urea Hydrolysis Process for Biocement Production." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/340930.

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Calcium carbonate is a widely used raw material by many industries. It can be precipitated through microbial process within soil pores as cementitious bonding agent between grains for geotechnical applications. It is called microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP). Designing an appropriate biogrout material for injection into soil is essential for controlling the amount, type, time, and place of the biocement production within pores. For this purpose, understanding the active reactions and the kinetics of bacterial growth and urea hydrolysis is necessary. A conductometric method and spectrophotometry were used in this study to, respectively, monitor the urea hydrolysis reaction progress and bacterial growth inS. pasteurii-inoculated urea-NB-NH4Cl solution at different level of the environmental factors that are initial cell concentration, urea concentration, and temperature. Variation in conductivity of the solution versus logarithmic scale of time was depicted as microbial ureolysis characteristic curve (MUCC) through which lag duration, specific rate, and potential of urea hydrolysis at each condition were obtained. Central composite face-centered (CCF) design, which is one of the response surface methodologies, was employed to statistically fit polynomial models explaining the bacterial growth and the characteristics obtained from MUCCs in terms of the environmental factors and their interactions. An optimization analysis based on the urea-normalized responses was also carried out.

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Horiuchi, Shinya, Masahiro Hiasa, Akihiro Yasue, Kazumitsu Sekine, Kenichi Hamada, Kenzo Asaoka, and Eiji Tanaka. "Fabrications of zinc-releasing biocement combining zinc calcium phosphate to calcium phosphate cement." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 29 (January 2014): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.09.005.

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41

Wu, Fan, Yung Ngothai, Jie Wei, Changsheng Liu, Brian O’Neill, and Yuequn Wu. "Premixed, injectable PLA-modified calcium deficient apatite biocement (cd-AB) with washout resistance." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 92 (April 2012): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.11.037.

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42

Wang, Lei, Jian Chu, Shifan Wu, and Hao Wang. "Stress–dilatancy behavior of cemented sand: comparison between bonding provided by cement and biocement." Acta Geotechnica 16, no. 5 (February 5, 2021): 1441–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11440-021-01146-4.

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43

Li, X., Y. Niu, H. Guo, H. Chen, F. Li, J. Zhang, W. Chen, et al. "Erratum: Preparation and osteogenic properties of magnesium calcium phosphate biocement scaffolds for bone regeneration." Journal of Instrumentation 8, no. 10 (October 25, 2013): E10001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/8/10/e10001.

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44

Tan, Y., Y. Liu, G. Birdi, L. M. Grover, H. Li, and K. Li. "Calcium silicate/calcium aluminate composite biocement for bone restorative application: synthesis, characterisation andin vitrobiocompatibility." Advances in Applied Ceramics 115, no. 7 (April 6, 2016): 384–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17436753.2016.1163006.

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45

Medvecky, Lubomir, Maria Giretova, Radoslava Stulajterova, Lenka Luptakova, Tibor Sopcak, and Vladimir Girman. "Osteogenic potential and properties of injectable silk fibroin/tetracalcium phosphate/monetite composite powder biocement systems." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 110, no. 3 (September 27, 2021): 668–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.34945.

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46

Xiang, Junchen, Jingping Qiu, Yuguang Wang, and Xiaowei Gu. "Calcium acetate as calcium source used to biocement for improving performance and reducing ammonia emission." Journal of Cleaner Production 348 (May 2022): 131286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131286.

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47

Levett, Alan, Emma J. Gagen, Yitian Zhao, Paulo M. Vasconcelos, and Gordon Southam. "Biocement stabilization of an experimental-scale artificial slope and the reformation of iron-rich crusts." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 31 (July 21, 2020): 18347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001740117.

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Novel biotechnologies are required to remediate iron ore mines and address the increasing number of tailings (mine waste) dam collapses worldwide. In this study, we aimed to accelerate iron reduction and oxidation to stabilize an artificial slope. An open-air bioreactor was inoculated with a mixed consortium of microorganisms capable of reducing iron. Fluid from the bioreactor was allowed to overflow onto the artificial slope. Carbon sources from the bioreactor fluid promoted the growth of a surface biofilm within the artificial slope, which naturally aggregated the crushed grains. The biofilms provided an organic framework for the nucleation of iron oxide minerals. Iron-rich biocements stabilized the artificial slope and were significantly more resistant to physical deformation compared with the control experiment. These biotechnologies highlight the potential to develop strategies for mine remediation and waste stabilization by accelerating the biogeochemical cycling of iron.

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Tay, Joo‐Hwa, and Kuan‐Yeow Show. "Innovative Civil Engineering Material from Sewage Sludge: Biocement and Its Use as Blended Cement Material." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 6, no. 1 (February 1994): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(1994)6:1(23).

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Knepper-Nicolai, B., A. Reinstorf, I. Hofinger, K. Flade, R. Wenz, and W. Pompe. "Influence of osteocalcin and collagen I on the mechanical and biological properties of Biocement D." Biomolecular Engineering 19, no. 2-6 (August 2002): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1389-0344(02)00036-9.

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Sanfilippo, Rossana, Antonietta Rosso, Adelaide Mastandrea, Alfio Viola, Claudia Deias, and Adriano Guido. "Sabellaria alveolata sandcastle worm from the Mediterranean Sea: new insights on tube architecture and biocement." Journal of Morphology 280, no. 12 (November 4, 2019): 1839–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21069.

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