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1
Séguin, François A., Bruno Tremblay, Ronald Zaloum, Pierre Lavallée, and Serge Lapointe. "Biofiltration Pilot Test at the Daishowa Pulp and Paper Mill Using the Biocarbone Process." Water Quality Research Journal 28, no. 3 (August 1, 1993): 621–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1993.032.
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Abstract As a result of increasing industrial activity and stricter application of environmental standards, pressure is being brought on Industries to improve the quality of their effluents. To achieve these goals, cost-efficient and high-performance wastewater treatment processes are needed. Recently, tests were completed on the treatment of ground wood, TMP and de-inking process effluents at the Daishowa, Quebec, pulp and paper mill. The biological treatment used was a fixed-film process known as the “Biocarbone” process. These tests demonstrated conclusively the high effectiveness of the Biocarbone process at COD loads of up to 10 kg/m3.day. This represents a major savings of space when compared to conventional waste activated sludge processes with COD loads of 2-3 kg/m3.day. The object of the test was to verify BOD5 levels, TSS removal and toxicity levels with respect to existing environmental standards. At all times and for all conditions tested, the Biocarbone process met the accepted standards of 5 kg/t of BOD5, 8 kg/t of TSS, and total removal of toxicity on a monthly basis
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Rogalla, F., A. Lamouche, W. Specht, and B. Kleiber. "High rate aerated biofilters for plant upgrading." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 12 (December 1, 1994): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0612.
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Biocarbone aerated biofilters were developed more than ten years ago. Almost one hundred plants worldwide provide complete treatment in very short hydraulic retention time. This allows to construct compact plants in sensitive areas such as inner cities, sea or mountain resorts. The filters can be adapted to high effluent qualities expected by the European directive on wastewater treatment. Full oxidation of ammonia can be achieved in less than two hours. A plant for complete removal of nitrogen has been operated for more than a year in Denmark to meet Europe's most stringent effluent requirements by using an anoxic biofilter in series with the Biocarbone. A new aerated biofilter, turning the Biocarbone principle upside down, is presented : a synthetic floating material allows enhanced performance, simplified backwash and a combination of anoxic and aerobic zones in one reactor. Effluent quality of less than 10 mg/l for all components (BOD, SS, TN) was demonstrated in a one-year long on-site test in Denmark and the first facility for 60 000 population equivalents is under startup. Full scale results of the upflow floating filter, Biostyr, are presented for nitrogen and phosphorus removal according to the European directive.
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Dillon, G. R., and V. K. Thomas. "A Pilot-Scale Evaluation of the ‘Biocarbone Process' for the Treatment of Settled Sewage and for Tertiary Nitrification of Secondary Effluent." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1990): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0156.
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The BIOCARBONE process is a recently developed method for wastewater treatment. High concentrations of active biomass attach to an expanded shale medium in an aerated, packed-bed filter. High-rate biological treatment and in-situ removal of suspended solids are claimed as advantages of the process. The pilot-scale evaluation aimed to assess the performance of the process and its economic feasibility for use in the UK. Carbonaceous oxidation of settled sewage and tertiary nitrification of secondary effluent were investigated in two pilot-scale reactors. Carbonaceous oxidation produced a good-quality effluent at volumetric loading rates up to 4.1 kg BOD5/m3.d (9.2 kg COD/m3,d). Automatic backwashing of the filter was required and problems were encountered with blockages of the process aeration grid. Tertiary nitrification achieved greater than 90% ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) removal at volumetric loading rates up to 0.58 kg NH3-N/m3.d (0.63 kg KJN/m3.d). The economic evaluation indicated that costs of sewage treatment using the BIOCARBONE process would be comparable to those of the activated sludge process for sewage treatment works greater than 50,000 population equivalent. The results show that the BIOCARBONE process is suitable for both the carbonaceous oxidation of settled sewage and the tertiary nitrification of secondary effluent. The process may be an economic option for large sewage treatment works in the UK.
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Hagedorn-Olsen, C., I. H. Møller, H. Tøttrup, and P. Harremoës. "Oxygen reduces denitrification in biofilm reactors." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1994): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0749.
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The mechanism for the nitrate removal from wastewater in a submerged fixed film filter is reviewed and evaluated to demonstrate that the denitrification process is significantly reduced by the presence of oxygen. The kinetics were developed for a fully nitrate penetrated biofilm, influenced by oxygen. It was demonstrated that there is a linear reduction of the denitrification rate with depth of oxygen penetration, proportional to the oxygen concentration to the half power. For a partly nitrate penetrated biofilm the influence of oxygen is a function of the ratio between the penetration of oxygen and the penetration of nitrate without the influence of oxygen. The phenomenon was investigated in laboratory scale with biocarbone and biostyr as media and at a full scale biocarbone plant. The investigation was performed with organic matter in excess on a thin biofilm taken directly from a full scale plant. The results of the experiments with influence of oxygen fit the kinetic concepts well.
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Khalil, Roger A., Sethulakshmy Jayakumari, Halvor Dalaker, Liang Wang, Pål Tetlie, and Øyvind Skreiberg. "Catalytic Methane Decomposition for the Simultaneous Production of Hydrogen and Low-Reactivity Biocarbon for the Metallurgic Industry." Energies 18, no. 3 (January 24, 2025): 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030558.
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To reach agreed-on climate goals, it is necessary to develop new energy carriers and industrial materials that are carbon-neutral. To combat global warming and keep Earth’s temperature from increasing by 1.5 °C, some of these solutions need to be carbon-negative. This study fulfills this criterion by producing clean hydrogen and biocarbon suitable for the metallurgic industry through the thermal decomposition of methane using biocarbon as a catalyst. Five different biomass samples were used to prepare biocarbons at a pyrolysis temperature of 1000 °C with a holding time of 90 min. When methane was cracked at 1100 °C with a holding time of 90 min, the highest hydrogen production was 105 mol/kg biocarbon, achieved using birch bark. The lowest hydrogen yield, of 68 mol/kg biocarbon, was achieved with steam-explosion pellets. All the biocarbons showed substantial carbon deposition from cracked methane on their surfaces, with the highest deposition on birch bark and spruce wood biocarbons of 42% relative to the biocarbon start weight. The carbon deposition increased with the decomposition temperature, the methane share in the purge gas and the holding time. The steam-explosion pellets, after deactivation, had a CO2 reactivity that was comparable to coke, a reducing agent that is commonly used in manganese-producing industries. About 90% of the potassium and sodium were removed from the biocarbon during catalytic decomposition of methane performed at 1100 °C. The alkali removal was calculated relative to the biocarbon produced under the same conditions, but with 100% N2 purge instead of CH4. After catalytic decomposition, the surface area of the biocarbon was reduced by 11–34%, depending on the biocarbon type.
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Gaona Chanalata, Jose, and Salomón Barrezueta-Unda. "Caracterización física y química de dos biocarbones obtenidos en diferentes condiciones de pirólisis." Conference Proceedings (Machala) 7, no. 1 (September 11, 2023): 152–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.48190/cp.v7n1a12.
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El propósito de esta investigación fue comparar las propiedades físicas y químicas de dos biocarbones en diferentes condiciones de pirólisis. En un reactor pirolítico se obtuvieron los biocarbones a partir de cáscara de cacao (BCA) y estiércol bovino (BSB). Las condiciones de pirólisis fueron: 200ºC/60 minutos; 250ºC/30 minutos(E2); 300ºC/30 minutos. El biocarbón se dejó enfriar, para luego tamizar, proceder con los análisis. El mayor rendimiento del BCA fue de 35,56% y del BSB de 71,11%. Los valores de pH de todos los ensayos fueron altamente alcalinos con rangos de 8,23 – 10,04. En la prueba de hidrofobicidad los valores fueron: 65,73 s biocarbón de cacao y 228,3 s biocarbón de bovino. El mayor porcentaje de ceniza fue el estiércol bovino con 89,94 %. El análisis de Infrarrojo indicó picos de grupos funcionales carboxílicos en ambos biocarbones a 300ºC por 30 minutos.
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Rogalla, F., and J. Sibony. "Biocarbone Aerated Filters - Ten Years After: Past, Present, and Plenty of Potential." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0657.
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About ten years ago, the first full scale Biocarbone aerated filter went into service in Soissons (France) for a capacity of 40 000 population equivalents. This compact wastewater treatment system combines aerobic biodegradation and filtration in one unit, eliminating the need for clarifiers and achieving high removal rates through fixed biomass. Since, a number of independent investigations have been performed to establish dimensioning criteria and process performance. This article summarises the reports of the US EPA, the Japanese JSWA, and the British WRC, as well as experiences acquired by cities and water authorities. In pilot and demonstration scale, reactor kinetics, sludge production and energy consumption was measured. Most reports agree on removal rates up to 4 kg BOD/m3 d or nitrification rates around 0.6 kg N/m3 d. Sludge yields ranged consistently around 0.8 kg SS / kg BOD removed, but oxygen transfer measurements varied from 7 % to 15 %. Full scale experience confirms these values, and operation results from large plants in North America are given. Several examples of using the Biocarbone process for low pollution residuals are demonstrated, including plants in Britain, Denmark and Switzerland. As tertiary installation fed with clarified secondary effluent, final residuals below 1 mg/l N-NH4 and 5 mg/l for SS and BOD can be achieved in a hydraulic detention time around one hour. On settled sewage, two hours detention time results in advanced secondary effluent quality below 5 mg/l N-NH4 and around 10 mg/l for BOD and SS. If an anoxic reactor is added, total nitrogen residuals below 10 mg/l can be achieved in about three and a half hours.
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Quosai, Peter, Andrew Anstey, Amar K. Mohanty, and Manjusri Misra. "Characterization of biocarbon generated by high- and low-temperature pyrolysis of soy hulls and coffee chaff: for polymer composite applications." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 8 (August 2018): 171970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171970.
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The physical properties of biocarbon vary widely with the biomass used, and the temperature and duration of pyrolysis. This study identifies the effects of feedstock characteristics and pyrolysis conditions on the production of biocarbon and the corresponding properties for industrial applications. For coffee chaff and soy hulls, ash content and carbon content increased with pyrolysis temperature and duration. Ash content increased thermal conductivity and specific heat, and decreased electrical conductivity. Change in surface area with pyrolysis conditions was dependent on type of feedstock. Increased surface area corresponded with increased thermal and electrical conductivity. Increased carbon content corresponded with increased graphitization and thermal stability and decreased surface functionality. Properties of soy hull biocarbons were found to be similar to the properties of other biocarbons with industrial applications such as incorporation into polymer composites.
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Rogalla, Frank, and Marie-Marguerite Bourbigot. "New Developments in Complete Nitrogen Removal with Biological Aerated Filters." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1990): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0153.
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Biological aerated filters combine bacterial degradation of pollution by fixed biomass with physical filtration in a single reactor.Several full-size plants with the BIOCARBONE process have established the compactness, ease of operation and high removal rates achievable with this advanced treatment system. Based on large-scale industrial experiences, a new biofilter design offering simplified operation and increased performance is presented. Design data for carbon and nutrient removal were collected during extensive pilot tests. Hydraulic conditions and pollution loadings were varied in order to optimize the biological and operational parameters of the filter. Carbon and ammonia oxidation as well as denitrification and suspended solids retention could be achieved with an overall hydraulic retention time of two hours.
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Yu, Min, Theo Saunders, Taicao Su, Francesco Gucci, and Michael Reece. "Effect of Heat Treatment on the Properties of Wood-Derived Biocarbon Structures." Materials 11, no. 9 (September 2, 2018): 1588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11091588.
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Wood-derived porous graphitic biocarbons with hierarchical structures were obtained by high-temperature (2200–2400 °C) non-catalytic graphitization, and their mechanical, electrical and thermal properties are reported for the first time. Compared to amorphous biocarbon produced at 1000 °C, the graphitized biocarbon-2200 °C and biocarbon-2400 °C exhibited increased compressive strength by ~38% (~36 MPa), increased electrical conductivity by ~8 fold (~29 S/cm), and increased thermal conductivity by ~5 fold (~9.5 W/(m·K) at 25 °C). The increase of duration time at 2200 °C contributed to increased thermal conductivity by ~12%, while the increase of temperature from 2200 to 2400 °C did not change their thermal conductivity, indicating that 2200 °C is sufficient for non-catalytic graphitization of wood-derived biocarbon.
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Rogalla, F., G. Roudon, J. Sibony, and F. Blondeau. "Minimising Nuisances by Covering Compact Sewage Treatment Plants." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1992): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0515.
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Stringent effluent quality programs to limit wastewater discharges into receiving waters require extensive upgrading of conventional wastewater treatment plants. Large facilities built some decades ago are now often located in densely urbanised areas where land is unavailable. Since nitrogen and phophorus removal often require additional unit processes, innovative solutions have to be found to upgrade existing plants for nutrient removal. This paper shows large scale examples of compact technology and the additional upgrading flexibility provided. New facilities are implemented in sensitive neighborhoods by creative siting under sports stadiums, parks or buildings. In covered plants, air emission control becomes of primary importance. To reduce visual impacts and facilitate odour control, more and more underground treatment plants are constructed, allowing multiple use of plant surfaces. Several plants are illustrated in inner-city locations, avoiding infrastructure cost to pump sewage to remote sites. Most of the presented plants incorporate spacesaving settling facilities and high rate biological reactors to reduce the ‘footprints' of the installations and thus favour coverage. Parallel plates in primary setllers reduce the surface to about one tenth of conventional systems. Biocarbone aerated filters combine biodegradation with very high removal rates and retention of particles in one reactor, without additional clarification or filtration. Air treatment for large plant is mostly performed by chemical scrubbing, completely eliminating environmental nuisances. Performance results of both air and water treatment technology are given. Examples include recent sewage treatment plants on the French Mediterranean Coast. A physico-chemical treatment plant for 1 Million p.e. has operated since 1987 under a stadium in Marseille. In Monaco, the sewage treatment plant for 100 000 p.e.is located in the city center underneath a building of 3000 m2. Primary lamella settlers are followed by biological treatment on Biocarbone aerated filters and air is chemically deodourised. Similar technology is used in Antibes' 200 000 p.e. plant, integrated underneath a park close to the beach.
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Jepsen, Svend-Erik, and Jes la Cour Jansen. "Biological Filters for Post-Denitrification." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1993): 369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0515.
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Nitrifying wastewater treatment plants exist in many European countries. These plants can be extended for Total-Nitrogen removal by a post-denitrification stage using an external carbon source. A compact solution for this process is submerged biological filters. Two pilot plants have been used as post-denitrification reactors, a down-flow filter with expanded slate as carrier material (Biocarbone) and an up-flow filter with polystyrene pellets as carrier material (Biostyr). Nitrified wastewater was treated to a stable effluent quality from both pilot plants to below the Danish effluent standard which is 8 mg Tot-N/l. The pilot plants have been operated at different loading rates with acetate as external carbon source. Stable removal with effluent nitrate less than 5 mg NO3-N/l was obtained for loading rates up to more than 4 kg NO3-N/m3 d at 10-17°C. The removal capacity of the pilot plants has been shown to be independent of time from last backwash. The removal rate over different sections of the filters does not change within one operation cycle. The backwash removes the excess biomass and particles which cause the head loss, but the removal capacity remains in the filter. The head loss development in the two systems is quite different. In the Biostyr system, the head loss raises close to linear with time (load), while the Biocarbone shows slow increase in head loss with time until the surface is clogged by incoming particles and biomass growth. When this occurs, the nitrogen bubbles, which are produced in the lower part of the filter, are trapped just below the top layer. The void volume of the filter is occupied by nitrogen gas and the head loss increases very fast to the terminal head loss. This investigation has shown that both kinds of submerged filters are capable to serve as post-denitrification reactors to remove nitrate to the most stringent effluent standards.
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LILLY, W., G. BOURN, H. CRABTREE, J. UPTON, and V. THOMAS. "The Production of High-Quality Effluents in Sewage Treatment Using the Biocarbone Process." Water and Environment Journal 5, no. 2 (April 1991): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1991.tb00598.x.
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Oré Cierto, Luis Eduardo, Christye Marjorie Silva Guerrero, and Wendy Caroline Loarte Aliaga. "Producción de biocarbón a partir de la cáscara de Theobroma cacao L., cascarilla de Oryza sativa y Coffea arabica." Qantu Yachay 2, no. 2 (November 28, 2022): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54942/qantuyachay.v2i2.31.
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El biocarbón es un carbón estable y altamente poroso producido por medio de la descomposición térmica de la biomasa, bajo un sistema de suministro limitado de oxígeno (O2) y ante temperaturas medias (<700°C); la investigación consistió en producir y caracterizar el biocarbón obtenido a partir de tres tipos de biomasa residual agrícola: cáscara de Theobroma cacao L., cascarilla de Oryza sativa y cascarilla de Coffea arabica; para ello se procesio a la selección y recolección de la biomasa residual, acondicionamiento de la biomasa, diseño y construcción del horno pirolitico a escala, operación y mantenimiento del horno y caracterización del biocarbon a partir de la norma ASTM (1984) D1762-84:Standard Test Method for Chemical Analysis of Wood Charcoal. Como resultado se tuvo que el rendimiento de la producción de biocarbon a partir de la cascarilla de C. arabica fue de 46,05%, cascarilla de O. sativa fue de 44,40% y de la cascara de T. cacao fue de 9,70%; el porcentaje de material volátil fue inferior al 30% para los diferentes tipos de biocarbón, en cuanto al porcentaje de ceniza, el biocarbón producido a partir de la cáscarilla de O. sativa presentó un porcentaje elevado a diferencia del biocarbón de cascarilla de C. arabica, que obtuvó un porcentaje mínimo; el biocarbón de la cascara de T. cacao registró el valor más alto con un pH = 9,47. En la conductividad electrica se puede apreciar valores extremos desde 0,28 dS/m para el biocarbón de la cascarilla de O. sativa hasta un valor promedio de 2,53 dS/m correspondiente al biocarbón producido a partir de la cascarilla de C. arabica, por lo que se determino que existe hetorogeneidad en las propiedades fisicoquímicas, composición elemental y características microestructurales del biocarbón relacionado con la materia prima.
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Janning, K. F., P. Harremoës, and M. Nielsen. "Evaluating and modelling the kinetics in a full scale submerged denitrification filter." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 8 (October 1, 1995): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0276.
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Experimental data in forms of vertical concentration profiles has been provided from a full scale submerged denitrification filter with biocarbone as filter material. Denitrification rates were determined in full scale under different loads of nitrate and methanol with methanol in excess. Vertical concentration profiles of nitrate and methanol have verified kinetics in the half-order region with removal rate constants in the range of k0.5A = 0.13-0.21 g N0.5 m−0.5 d−1 (0.5 order for partial penetration in the 0 order intrinsic concentration range). The removal rates found are low with methanol as carbon source as compared to information from literature. The experience with detailed mathematical modelling is that “best fit” can be achieved by different sets of parameters with the computer program AQUASIM. Full scale experiments have to be supplemented with dedicated laboratory scale experiments to determine all important parameters.
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Paffoni, C., B. Védry, and M. Gousailles. "Tertiary Nitrification Pilot Plants on Parisian Waste Water." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1990): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0159.
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The Paris Metropolitan area, which contains over eight million inhabitants, has a daily output of about 3 M cu.meters of wastewater, the purification of which is achieved by SIAAP (Paris Metropolitan Area Sewage Service) in both Achères and Valenton plants. The carbon pollution is eliminated from over 2 M cu.m/day at Achères. In order to improve the quality of output water, its tertiary nitrification in fixed-bed reactors has been contemplated. The BIOFOR (Degremont) and BIOCARBONE (OTV) processes could be tested in semi-industrial pilot reactors at the CRITER research center of SIAAP. At a reference temperature of 13°C, the removed load is approximately 0.5 kg N NH4/m3.day. From a practical point of view, it may be asserted that in such operating conditions as should be at the Achères plant, one cubic meter of filter can handle the tertiary nitification of one cubic meter of purified water per hour at an effluent temperature of 13°C.
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Orlova, Tatiana S., Vitaly V. Shpeizman, Nadejda V. Glebova, AndreyA Nechitailov, Andrey A. Spitsyn, Dmitry A. Ponomarev, Antonio Gutierrez-Pardo, and Joaquin Ramirez-Rico. "Environmentally Friendly Monolithic Highly-Porous Biocarbons as Binder-Free Supercapacitor Electrodes." REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE 55, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rams-2018-0027.
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Abstract A simple, low-cost and environmentally friendly method has been used to obtain highly porous biomorphic carbon monoliths with a good combination of interconnected macro-, mesoand microporosity, and good electrical conductivity and mechanical strength, making these biocarbon materials interesting for electrochemical applications as binder-free electrodes. Highly porous monolithic biocarbons were obtained from beech wood precursors through pyrolysis and subsequent surface modification in a steam heated to 970°C with different activation times. The obtained biocarbons demonstrated good electrical conductivity and mechanical strength. They were studied as electrodes for supercapacitors in half cell experiments, demonstrating maximum gravimetric capacitance of 200 F g-1 in a basic media at scan rate 1 mV s-1. Galvanostatic charge-discharge experiments showed maximum capacitance of 185 F g-1 at current density of 0.15 A g-1 and ~100 F g-1 at current density of 0.75 A g-1. It has been shown that in addition to the developed porous surface, the micropores with diameters exceeding 1 nm play a key role for the enhanced electrochemical capacity. Long-cycling experiments demonstrated excellent stability of the monolithic biocarbon electrodes with no reduction of the initial capacitance values after 600 cycles in voltammetry.
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Bazan-Wozniak, Aleksandra, Judyta Cielecka-Piontek, Agnieszka Nosal-Wiercińska, and Robert Pietrzak. "Microporous Biocarbons Derived from Inonotus obliquus Mushroom and Their Application in the Removal of Liquid and Gaseous Impurities." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 24 (December 13, 2022): 15788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415788.
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Biocarbons were obtained by physical and chemical activation of the residue of the extraction of chaga fungi (Inonotus obliquus). The residue was subjected to heat treatment carried out in a microwave oven and in a quartz tubular reactor. The materials were characterized by elemental analysis, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, determination of pH, and the contents of acidic and basic oxygen functional groups on the surface of biocarbons by the Boehm method. The final biocarbon adsorbents have surface areas varying from 521–1004 m2/g. The physical activation of the precursor led to a strongly basic character of the surface. Chemical activation of Inonotus obliquus promoted the generation of acid functional groups. All biocarbons were used for methyl red sodium salt adsorption from the liquid phase. The sorption capacities of biocarbons towards the organic dye studied varied from 77 to 158 mg/g. The Langmuir model was found to better describe the experimental results. The results of the kinetic analysis showed that the adsorption of methyl red sodium salt on the biocarbons followed the pseudo-second-order model. The acidic environment was conducive to the adsorption of the dye on the obtained biocarbons. Moreover, thermodynamic studies confirmed that the organic dye adsorption on the biocarbons was a spontaneous endothermic process. The biocarbons obtained were also tested as adsorbents of hydrogen sulfide in dry and wet conditions. The sorption capacities towards hydrogen sulfide varied in the range of 21.9–77.9 mg. The results have shown that the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide depends on the process conditions and the activation procedure of biocarbons (method of activation and thermochemical treatment of samples). It has been shown that the initial material used can be a new precursor for obtaining cheap and—more importantly—universal bioadsorbents characterized by high effectiveness in the removal of air and water pollutants.
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Wolski, Robert, Aleksandra Bazan-Wozniak, and Robert Pietrzak. "Adsorption of Methyl Red and Methylene Blue on Carbon Bioadsorbents Obtained from Biogas Plant Waste Materials." Molecules 28, no. 18 (September 20, 2023): 6712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28186712.
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In this study, biocarbon was obtained from the waste material corn digest. Carbon adsorbents were obtained by physical activation of the precursor with CO2. Detailed physicochemical characterization of the biocarbon was carried out using low-temperature nitrogen adsorption/desorption, Boehm titration, zero-charge point (pHpzc) and iodine number. In addition, the sorption capacity of the biocarbon agents towards an aqueous solution of methylene blue and methyl red was determined, and the kinetics of the adsorption process were determined. The biocarbon adsorbents were characterized by an average developed specific surface area covering the range from 320 to 616 m2/g. The sorption capacity of the biocarbon adsorbents against methylene blue ranged from 40 mg/g to 146 mg/g, and for methyl red it covered the range from 31 mg/g to 113 mg/g. It was shown that the efficiency of organic dye removal by the obtained biocarbons depends on the initial concentration of the adsorbate solution, its mass, shaking rate, adsorbent–adsorbate contact time and temperature. The results obtained from the Langmuir and Freundlich kinetic models showed that the Langmuir model is the most suitable model for describing the adsorption of the studied pollutants on biocarbon. In turn, the adsorption kinetics of dyes is described according to the pseudo-second-order model. Adsorption studies also showed that as the process temperature increases, the removal efficiency of methylene blue and methyl red increases.
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Bazan-Wozniak, Aleksandra, Sultan Yagmur-Kabas, Agnieszka Nosal-Wiercińska, and Robert Pietrzak. "Microwave-Assisted Fabrication of Fugus-Based Biocarbons for Malachite Green and NO2 Removal." Materials 16, no. 24 (December 7, 2023): 7553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16247553.
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The aim of the current study was to produce biocarbons through the activation of carbon dioxide with the extraction residues of the fungus Inonotus obliquus. To achieve this goal, a microwave oven was used to apply three different activation temperatures: 500, 600, and 700 °C. Low-temperature nitrogen adsorption/desorption was employed to determine the elemental composition, acid-base properties, and textural parameters of the resulting carbon adsorbents. Subsequently, the produced biocarbons were evaluated for their efficiency in removing malachite green and NO2. The adsorbent obtained by activation of the precursor in 700 °C had a specific surface area of 743 m2/g. In the aqueous malachite green solution, the highest measured sorption capacity was 176 mg/g. Conversely, under dry conditions, the sorption capacity for NO2 on this biocarbon was 21.4 mg/g, and under wet conditions, it was 40.9 mg/g. According to the experimental findings, surface biocarbons had equal-energy active sites that interacted with the dye molecules. A pseudo-second-order kinetics model yielded the most accurate results, indicating that the adsorption of malachite green was driven by chemisorption. Additionally, the study demonstrates a clear correlation between the adsorption capacity of the biocarbons and the pH level of the solution, as it increases proportionately.
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Tamayao, Paul, Tim A. McAllister, Kim Ominski, Gabriel Ribeiro, Erasmus Okine, Atef Saleem, and Emma McGeough. "81 Effects of engineered biocarbons on total gas and methane production, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in a semi continuous fermentation system (RUSITEC)." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 72–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.150.
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Abstract This study investigated the effects of engineered biocarbon on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, total gas and methane (CH4) emissions, and microbial protein synthesis in a rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) fed a barley silage-based TMR. The basal diet consisted of 60% barley silage, 27% barley grain, 10% canola meal and 3% minerals. Three pine-based biocarbon products CP016, CP024 and CP028. were added at 2% of substrate DM. Biocarbons differed in bulk density, surface area, pore volume, pH, but had similar chemical compositions. Treatments were assigned to sixteen vessels (n = 4/treatment) in two RUSITEC apparatuses in a randomized block design. The experiment period was 17 d, with a 10-d adaptation and 7-d sample collection period. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED in SAS, with treatment (T), day (D) and TxD interactions as fixed effects and RUSITEC apparatus and fermenters as random effects. Compared to the control, biocarbon did not affect total gas (P = 0.98), the amount of CH4 produced per unit of DM incubated (P = 0.48) or per unit of DM digested (P = 0.27). Biocarbon treatments averaged 6.5 g of CH4 /g DM incubated and 9.06 g CH4 /g DM digested as compared to 7.1 g of CH4 /g DM incubated and 10.46 g CH4 / g DM digested in the control, respectively. Biocarbon CP024 had the greatest numerical reduction, followed by CP028 then CP016 in all CH4 associated parameters. Biocarbon addition did not affect the disappearance of DM (P = 0.63), OM (P = 0.34), CP (P = 0.48), NDF (P = 0.12), or VFA (P = 0.65) and ammonia N levels (P = 0.99) and protozoal counts (P = 0.72). The amount of bacterial nitrogen (mg/d) associated with feed particles increased (P < 0.003), suggesting that biocarbon may have enhanced colonization. In conclusion, engineered biocarbon did not reduce CH4 emissions in the RUSITEC.
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Tamayao, Paul, Tim A. McAllister, Kim Ominski, Gabriel Ribeiro, Erasmus Okine, and Emma McGeough. "74 Effects of particle size and levels of inclusion of selected engineered biocarbon on methane emission and rumen fermentation of barley-silage based diet in batch culture." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.148.
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Abstract This in vitro study assessed the effects of three pine-based engineered biocarbons (CP002, CP016, CP023) that differed in particle size (< 0.5, 0.5–2.0, < 2.0 mm) at two inclusion levels (0.25 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml) on total gas and CH4 production as well as rumen fermentation parameters when added to a barley silage-based total mixed ration diet. Biocarbon products differed in bulk density, surface area, pore volume, and pH but had similar chemical compositions. The control consisted of the barley-silage diet only. In each jar, 0.5g DM of the total mixed ration was supplemented with the above biocarbon treatments. These jars were incubated for 48 hr at 39 °C. Gas samples were collected at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hr. Data were analysed by using PROC MIXED in SAS in a randomized complete block design with treatment, rate, and particle size as fixed effects and run and replicate as random effects. Methane production was not affected by treatment (P = 0.37), inclusion rate (P = 0.57) or particle size (P = 0.39). Gas production linearly increased (P < 0.01) with biocarbon. Digested DM was not affected (P = 0.23) by biocarbon addition. Additionally, treatment, rate and particle size had no effect (P > 0.05) on pH, VFA and ammonia N concentrations. In conclusion, the amount of biocarbon differing particle sizes at different rates did not affect CH4 emissions but did increase gas production.
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Suárez, Andrés Sebastián Zalamea, Luis Mario Almache Sanchez, and Manuel Salvador Alvarez Vera. "Diseño de hormigón hidráulico con biocarbon." South Florida Journal of Development 4, no. 7 (October 26, 2023): 2927–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv4n7-030.
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El biocarbono es una alternativa ambiental viable para mitigar la contaminación de la biomasa residual. Esta investigación busca reducir el impacto ambiental de materiales como cemento, mortero y hormigones hidráulicos al encapsular carbono estable en biocarbón. Se evaluó la aplicabilidad del biocarbón producido en nuestra región y su incorporación en hormigones hidráulicos, sin afectar su rendimiento. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de investigaciones similares para obtener información sobre las dosificaciones de materiales utilizados en experimentos similares y los factores que intervienen en el proceso. Se diseñó una mezcla base de hormigón y se agregó biocarbón en diferentes proporciones. Se fabricaron probetas de hormigón y se sometieron a pruebas de carga axial. Se utilizó biocarbón en porcentajes de 1,5%, 3,0%, 4,5% y 25,0%; lo que resultó en aumentos de resistencia a la compresión del hormigón a los 28 días de 19%, 15%, 14% y -77%, respectivamente, en comparación con el hormigón de control sin biocarbón. Se concluye que el uso de biocarbón aumenta la resistencia a la compresión del hormigón en diferentes dosificaciones. Se sugiere investigar el comportamiento del hormigón con dosificaciones de biocarbón entre 0,1% y 2,0% del peso del cemento, para optimizar sus características. También se debe estudiar las propiedades y beneficios adicionales de estos hormigones. La viabilidad comercial del biocarbón en compuestos de cemento depende de factores como la disponibilidad y el tipo de materia prima, y la escala de producción. Algunas investigaciones indican que el hormigón con biocarbón añadido puede generar beneficios económicos netos positivos.
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Li, Ruiping, and Ali Reza Kamali. "Carbonization of Corn Leaf Waste for Na-Ion Storage Application Using Water-Soluble Carboxymethyl Cellulose Binder." Gels 9, no. 9 (August 30, 2023): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9090701.
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Hard carbon materials are considered to be the most practical anode materials for sodium ion batteries because of the rich availability of their resources and potentially low cost. Here, the conversion of corn leaf biomass, a largely available agricultural waste, into carbonaceous materials for Na-ion storage application is reported. Thermal analysis investigation determines the presence of exothermic events occurring during the thermal treatment of the biomass. Accordingly, various temperatures of 400, 500, and 600 °C are selected to perform carbonization treatment trials, leading to the formation of various biocarbons. The materials obtained are characterized by a combination of methods, including X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, surface evaluation, Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical characterizations. The Na-ion storage performances of these materials are investigated using water-soluble carboxymethyl cellulose binder, highlighting the influence of the carbonization temperature on the electrochemical performance of biocarbons. Moreover, the influence of post-mechanochemical treatment on the Na-ion storage performance of biocarbons is studied through kinetic evaluations. It is confirmed that reducing the particle sizes and increasing the carbon purity of biocarbons and the formation of gel polymeric networks would improve the Na-ion storage capacity, as well as the pseudocapacitive contribution to the total current. At a high-current density of 500 mA g−1, a specific Na-ion storage capacity of 134 mAh g−1 is recorded on the biocarbon prepared at 600 °C, followed by ball-milling and washing treatment, exhibiting a reduced charge transfer resistance of 49 Ω and an improved Na-ion diffusion coefficient of 4.8 × 10−19 cm2 s−1. This article proposes a simple and effective technique for the preparation of low-cost biocarbons to be used as the anode of Na-ion batteries.
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Wiśniewska, Małgorzata, Magdalena Marciniak, Marlena Gęca, Karolina Herda, Robert Pietrzak, and Piotr Nowicki. "Activated Biocarbons Obtained from Plant Biomass as Adsorbents of Heavy Metal Ions." Materials 15, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 5856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15175856.
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This paper deals with the adsorption of heavy metal ions on the surface of carbonaceous materials obtained via the chemical activation of biomass. Waste plum stones, pine sawdust and horsetail herb were used as the precursors of carbonaceous adsorbents. The effect of the precursor type and preparation procedure on the physicochemical properties of activated biocarbons and their sorption abilities towards Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions have been checked. The obtained micro-mesoporous activated biocarbons were characterized by determination of elemental composition and ash content, the number of surface functional groups and pH of water extracts as well as textural study based on low temperature nitrogen adsorption/desorption and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, the electrokinetic studies including solid surface charge density and zeta potential determination were performed. Moreover, the adsorption data modelling (equilibrium and kinetics), XPS results analysis and comparison of parameters characterizing electrical double layer formed at the solid-liquid interface enabled the specification of the mechanism of heavy metals binding with the activated biocarbons surface. The maximum adsorption capacity towards copper and lead ions (177.5 and 178.1 mg/g, respectively) was found for plum stone-based activated biocarbon. For all carbonaceous materials, better fit to the experimental data was achieved with a Langmuir isotherm than a Freundlich one. In turn, a better fit of the kinetics data was obtained using the pseudo-second order model.
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Desbos, Gilbert, Frank Rogalla, Jacques Sibony, and Marie-Marguerite Bourbigot. "Biofiltration as a Compact Technique for Small Waste Water Treatment Plants." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1990): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0195.
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Biological aerated filters combine bacterial degradation of pollution by fixed biomass with physical filtration in a single reactor. Removal rates become independent of clarification and sludge setueability limits, and concentration of biomass is increased. Nitrifiers attach to the media, allowing nitrogen removal without sludge age constraints. Several fullsize plants with the BIOCARBONE process for industrial and municipal wastewater treatment have established the compacity, ease of operation and high removal rates achievable with this advanced treatment system. A new biofilter design offering simplified operation and increased performance is presented, which allows implementation of biofiltration for small wastewater treatment plants. Design data for carbon and nutrient removal were collected during extensive pilot tests. Hydraulic conditions and pollution loadings were varied in order to optimize the biological and operational parameters of the filter. The combination of an anaerobic and an aerobic zone eliminates the need for primary sedimentation. Pollution removal rates up to 20 kg COD/m3 d could be achieved, and a widely fluctuating load of up to twice that average loading can be treated without major effluent deterioration. If lower carbon loadings are used, nitrification is achieved in the upper aerated zone. By recirculating the effluent into the non-aerated lower zone, carbon and ammonia oxidation as well as denitrification and suspended solids retention could be achieved with an overall hydraulic retention time of four hours in one reactor.
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CAVALLARI, R. V., N. B. DE LIMA, J. C. M. SILVA, V. S. BERGAMASHI, and J. C. FERREIRA. "PREPARATION OF CATALYST SUPPORT FROM BIO CARBON." Periódico Tchê Química 15, no. 30 (August 20, 2018): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v15.n30.2018.118_periodico30_pgs_115_126.pdf.
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The overuse of non-renewables resources in the last decades has generated negative consequences for the society, which have boosting the search for mitigating the damage caused in the environment. Aiming to contribute to the expansion of the strategies to control the pollutants in the environment thought the development of low-cost technologies, the mean goal of present work is to develop active materials with high thermic resistance and suitable specific area to adsorption and impregnation of metals. In this regard, it was studied three different routes of treatment of the biocarbons. The biocarbons materials were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis (BET). The three different strategies of treatment resulted in changes in the carbonaceous structure of the biocarbon, resulting in suitable characteristics for support material for catalysts, such as activities sites with negative charge to promote the attachment of the metals on the carbon surface. It was also observed the enhancement of the specific surface area, that ranges from 341.4 to 749.7 m2 g-1, changes of D and G band of carbon and high temperature resistance, which promote catalytic reactions with catalyst loss.
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Saletnik, Bogdan, Aneta Saletnik, Grzegorz Zaguła, Marcin Bajcar, and Czesław Puchalski. "The Use of Wood Pellets in the Production of High Quality Biocarbon Materials." Materials 15, no. 13 (June 22, 2022): 4404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15134404.
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Biomass is one of the most important sources of renewable energy. One of the most widely used biomass biofuels is wood pellets. It is an economical, homogeneous and easy-to-use raw material. Biomass is used to generate low-emission energy utilizing the pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis allows for higher energy efficiency with the use of commonly available substrates. This thesis presents the results of research on the possibility of using the pyrolysis process to produce high-energy biocarbons from wood pellets. Data on basic energy parameters and explosivity of biocarbon dust were compiled as criteria for the attractiveness of the solution in terms of energy utility. The research used pellets made of oak, coniferous, and mixed sawdust, which were subjected to a pyrolysis process with varying temperature and time parameters. Carbon, ash, nitrogen, hydrogen, volatile substances, heavy metals, durability and calorific value of the tested materials were carried out. The highest increase in calorific value was determined to be 63% for biocarbons obtained at 500 ℃ and a time of 15 min, compared with the control sample. The highest calorific value among all analyzed materials was obtained from coniferous pellet biocarbon at 31.49 MJ kg−1. Parameters such as maximum explosion pressure, Pmax, maximum pressure increase over time, (dp/dt)max, and explosion rates, Kst max, were also analyzed. It was noted that biomass pyrolysis, which was previously pelletized, improved the energy parameters of the fuel and did not increase the risk class of dust explosion. The lowest and highest recorded values of Kst max for the analyzed materials were 76.53 and 94.75 bar s−1, respectively. The study concluded that the process used for processing solid biofuels did not affect the increase in the danger of dust explosion. The results presented in this article form the basis for further research to obtain detailed knowledge of the safety principles of production, storage, transport and use of these new fuels.
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Gilles, P. "Industrial-Scale Applications of Fixed Biomass on the Mediterranean Seaboard. Design, Operating Results." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1990): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0154.
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The technology that consists of treating sewage on submerged granular filters is now far beyond the stages of research and testing on pilot units. Fifteen or so full-scale facilities are in operation in France using, as a biological treatment stage, the fixed biomass technology as realised by the Biocarbone process, particularly for the treatment of sewage from built-up areas along the seaboard. These are cases where the advantages of this technique can be put to decisive use. The Mediterranean seaboard is an ideal site for this technology. Cases in point are the waterworks of Sanary Bandol (pop.60,000) and Perpignan (pop.160,000), that have been in operation for two years and one year respectively. Waterworks in Monaco (pop.100,000) and Antibes (pop.170,000) will be commissioned in 1989 using the same technology. Results obtained during intensive controls show that the fixed biomass, designed with a suitable industrial technology, is capable of producing in routine conditions, on full industrial-scale plant, a very good quality effluent. (COD : 70 mg/l, TSS : 20 mg/l) for pollutant loads in the order of 8 kg COD/m3 day. It enables the fluctuations in the daily flow-rate and pollution load of the influent to be absorbed. The units currently being built are examples of what can be done in compact roofed facilities incorporating a fixed biomass treatment stage, with the objective of reaching a no-nuisance level.
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Janning, K. F., K. Mesterton, and P. Harremoës. "Hydrolysis and degradation of filtrated organic particulates in a biofilm reactor under anoxic and aerobic conditions." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 1 (July 1, 1997): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0065.
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Two experiments were performed in order to investigate the anoxic and the aerobic degradation of filtrated organic matter in a biofilter. In submerged lab. scale reactors with Biocarbone media as filter material, accumulated particulate organic matter from pre-settled wastewater served as the only carbon source for anoxic and aerobic degradation respectively. In order to utilise the accumulated organic matter, the bacteria in the biofilm had to produce extracellular hydrolytic enzymes for the hydrolysis process. In the first experiment with anoxic degradation, a significant denitrification occurred. The maximum nitrate removal rate, with particulate organic matter as carbon source, was found to 1 g NO3-N/ (m2d), declining exponentially as rA.NO3-N = 1.04 e −4t g NO3-N/(m2d) (t = days). A significant release of soluble organic matter (< 0.45 μm) and production of inorganic carbon to the bulk liquid was observed as an indication of hydrolysis taking place. The second experiment was designed as a series of on-line OUR batch experiments in a biofilm reactor with recirculation, in order to investigate further the degradation of particulate organic matter. After the biofilm had been starved in order to remove the original organic matter, particulate organic matter was added and the degradation kinetics recorded. The initial removal rate was high, rA.02 = 2.1 g O2/(m2d) though fast declining towards endogenous respiration. The respiration ratio between removed oxygen and produced carbon dioxide was declining from 1.3 to 1.0 g O2/g CO2 during the degradation of organic particulates. The respiration ratio during endogenous respiration was determined to be 0.7 g O2/g CO2 indicating a thorough mineralisation of biomass.
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Dahal, Raj Kumar, Bishnu Acharya, and Animesh Dutta. "The Interaction Effect of the Design Parameters on the Water Absorption of the Hemp-Reinforced Biocarbon-Filled Bio-Epoxy Composites." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 7 (March 23, 2023): 6093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076093.
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Natural fiber-reinforced composites perform poorly when exposed to moisture. Biocarbon has been proven to improve the water-absorbing behavior of natural fiber composites. However, the interaction effect of the design parameters on the biocarbon-filled hemp fiber-reinforced bio-epoxy composites has not been studied. In this study, the effects of the design parameters (pyrolysis temperature, biocarbon particle size, and filler loading) on the water absorptivity and water diffusivity of hemp-reinforced biopolymer composites have been investigated. Biocarbon from the pyrolysis of hemp and switchgrass was produced at 450, 550, and 650 °C. Composite samples with 10 wt.%, 15 wt.%, and 20 wt.% of biocarbon fillers of sizes below 50, 75, and 100 microns were used. The hemp fiber in polymer composites showed a significant influence in its water uptake behavior with the value of water absorptivity 2.41 × 10−6 g/m2.s1/2. The incorporation of biocarbon fillers in the hemp biopolymer composites reduces the average water absorptivity by 44.17% and diffusivity by 42.02%. At the optimized conditions, the value of water absorptivity with hemp biocarbon and switchgrass biocarbon fillers was found to be 0.72 × 10−6 g/m2.s1/2 and 0.73 × 10−6 g/m2.s1/2, respectively. The biocarbon at 650 °C showed the least composite thickness swelling due to its higher porosity and lower surface area. Biocarbon-filled hemp composites showed higher flexural strength and energy at the break due to the enhanced mechanical interlocking between the filler particles and the matrix materials. Smaller filler particle size lowered the composite’s water diffusivity, whereas the larger particle size of the biocarbon fillers in composites minimizes the water absorption. Additionally, higher filler loading results in weaker composite tensile energy at the break due to the filler agglomeration, reduced polymer-filler interactions, reduced polymer chain mobility, and inadequate dispersion of the filler.
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Mousa, Elsayed, Mania Kazemi, Mikael Larsson, Gert Karlsson, and Erik Persson. "Potential for Developing Biocarbon Briquettes for Foundry Industry." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24 (December 4, 2019): 5288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9245288.
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The foundry industry is currently facing challenges to reduce the environmental impacts from application of fossil fuels. Replacing foundry coke with alternative renewable carbon sources can lead to significant decrease in fossil fuel consumption and fossil CO2 emission. The low bulk density, low energy density, low mechanical strength and the high reactivity of biocarbon materials are the main factors limiting their efficient implementation in a cupola furnace. The current study aimed at designing, optimizing and developing briquettes containing biocarbon, namely, biocarbon briquettes for an efficient use in cupola furnace. Laboratory hydraulic press with compaction pressure of about 160 MPa and stainless-steel moulds (Ø = 40 mm and 70 mm) were used for compaction. The density, heating value, energy density, mechanical strength and reactivity of biocarbon briquettes were measured and evaluated. The compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of biocarbon briquettes were measured by a compression device. The reactivity of biocarbon briquettes was measured under controlled conditions of temperature and gas atmosphere using the thermogravimetric analysis technique (TGA). Different types of binders were tested for the compaction of commercial charcoal fines with/without contribution of coke breeze. The effect of charcoal ratio, particle size, binder type, binder ratio, moisture content and compaction pressure on the quality of the biocarbon briquettes was investigated. Molasses with hydrated lime and cement were superior in enhancing the biocarbon briquettes strength and energy density among other tested binders and additives. The briquettes’ strength decreased as the biocarbon content increased. The optimum recipes consisted of 62% charcoal fines, 20% molasses, 10% hydrated lime and 8% cement. Cement is necessary to develop the tensile strength and hot mechanical strength of the briquettes. The charcoal with high ash content showed higher strength of briquettes but lower heating value compared to that with low ash content. Dispersion of silica suspension on charcoal particles during the mixing process was able to reduce the reactivity of biochar in the developed biocarbon briquettes. The biocarbon briquettes density and strength were increased by increasing the compaction pressure. Commercial powder hydrated lime was more effective in enhancing the briquettes’ strength compared to slaked burnt lime. Upscaling of biocarbon briquettes (Ø = 70 mm) and testing of hot mechanical strength under load indicated development of cracks which significantly reduced the strength of briquettes. Further development of biocarbon briquettes is needed to fulfil the requirements of a cupola furnace.
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Ertane, Ertan G., Annett Dorner-Reisel, Ozlem Baran, Thomas Welzel, Viola Matner, and Stefan Svoboda. "Processing and Wear Behaviour of 3D Printed PLA Reinforced with Biogenic Carbon." Advances in Tribology 2018 (August 1, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1763182.
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For the first time, biocarbon reinforced polylactide (PLA) filaments were available for the 3D printing. Biocarbon is the carbon obtained from trees, plants, and soils to naturally absorb and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. One of the most important features is renewability. Because of this, it has been decided to reinforce PLA with biocarbon to obtain 100% recyclable material. Although PLA has been used in 3D printing for a long time, more applications like housings or structural interior of automobiles or other vehicles can be realised, if the mechanical and tribological properties are improved. Because the new PLA/biocarbon reinforced composites are degradable, they can be used as soil improvement after end of life as a structural material. The filaments were produced by compounding the biocarbon with polylactide granulate. Biocarbon was produced by pyrolysis of wheat stems at 800°C. The biomass were collected from different regions in Germany, Europe. As shown by Raman spectroscopy, the in-plane crystallite size of pyrolysed wheat stems from different regions is almost similar and amounts to 2.35 ±0.02 nm. Biocarbon particles were successfully integrated into the polylactide. Filaments of 1.75 mm diameter were produced for 3D (3-dimensional) printing. Filaments with 5 vol.-%, 15 vol.-%, and 30 vol.-% biocarbon were extruded. The fused deposition modelling (FDM) printing process was slightly hindered at higher biocarbon loading. Based on optical and scanning electron microscopy, a very homogeneous particle distribution can be observed. Single carbon particles stick out of the filament surface, which may be a reason for enhanced nozzle wear during 3D printing. Friction is more stable for 30 vol.-% reinforced PLA in comparison to unreinforced PLA and composites with lower particle fraction. This effect could be caused by some topographical effects due to void generation at the surface of PLA with 30 vol.-% biocarbon. In general, the tribological resistance increases with higher volume fraction of biocarbon.
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MOLENDA, Jarosław, Zbigniew PAWELEC, Ewa PAWELEC, and Bernadetta KAŹMIERCZAK. "THE INFLUENCE OF BIOCARBON ADDITIVES ON GREASE FUNCTIONALITY." Tribologia 290, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3739.
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The article presents the results of tests on tribological and physicochemical properties of plastic greases, in which the dispersing phase was highly refined mineral oil and the dispersed phase (thickener) lithium stearate. The functional additives were biocarbon, which were obtained in the pyrolysis process of waste of natural origin, i.e. stems with corn leaves, wheat straw, flax straw, and cherry stones. The compositions containing 5% m/m biocarbon were prepared. Their evaluated on the functional properties of plastic greases was assessed. Tribological characteristics of the greases compositions were determined using the T-02 tester in accordance with the requirements of the subject standards. The effect of biocarbon used on anti-wear (Goz) and anti-seizing (Pt, poz) plastic greases was determined. An assessment was also made of the effect of plant biocarbon on changes in basic physicochemical properties of the composition of plastic greases, i.e. penetration, dropping temperature, and thermo-oxidative stability. It was found that some of the biocarbon significantly improve the tribological properties of plastic greases without significantly affecting the change of key physicochemical parameters. The most beneficial impact of the tested additives on the operational properties of plastic greases was observed when using biocarbon from wheat straw. In some cases, a lower oxidative resistance of biocarbon grease is observed compared to grease without the addition of biocarbon.
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Carvajal Granizo, Willian Francisco, and Daniel Antonio Chuquin Vasco. "MODELAMIENTO ESTADÍSTICO DEL EFECTO DEL BIO CARBONO EN LA MORFOLOGÍA Y PRODUCCIÓN DE SOLANUM LICOPERSICUM, L, HÍBRIDO PIETRO, BAJO CUBIERTA." Revista Científica Multidisciplinaria InvestiGo 5, no. 13 (December 2, 2024): 218–40. https://doi.org/10.56519/ajs1xy88.
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Este artículo muestra los resultados de la influencia del biocarbono en el desarrollo morfológico y la producción de tomates bajo condiciones controladas. Se utilizó un enfoque experimental con modelamiento estadístico para evaluar las diferencias en parámetros morfológicos y productivos de las plantas tratadas con distintas concentraciones de biocarbono. El estudio examinó la capacidad del biocarbono para mejorar la retención de agua, incrementar la disponibilidad de nutrientes y mejorar la estructura del suelo, lo que afectó directamente el crecimiento y rendimiento de las plantas. Se aplicaron varias dosis de biocarbono y se evaluaron los efectos en parámetros clave como altura de planta, número de hojas, diámetro del tallo y rendimiento de frutos. El análisis estadístico mostró diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos en cuanto a la morfología y producción del cultivo. Las dosis intermedias de biocarbono generaron un aumento significativo en la altura de las plantas y el número de frutos, mientras que dosis más altas mostraron un efecto decreciente en algunos parámetros. El modelo estadístico permitió identificar la dosis óptima de biocarbono para maximizar la producción sin comprometer la calidad del fruto ni la salud del cultivo. Además, se discutió el papel del biocarbono como enmienda en sistemas agrícolas sostenibles, destacando su potencial para mitigar los efectos del cambio climático debido a su capacidad de secuestrar carbono en el suelo. El artículo concluyó que el uso de biocarbono, en dosis adecuadas, puede mejorar significativamente la producción de tomate bajo condiciones de cultivo protegido, aunque se recomendó realizar más estudios a largo plazo para evaluar su impacto en la salud del suelo y la productividad en ciclos agrícolas sucesivos. El biocarbono se presentó como una alternativa prometedora para optimizar la producción agrícola, con aplicaciones potenciales en diversos sistemas de cultivo sostenibles.
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SAKAWA, Mitsuhiro. "Biocarbon." Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy 86, no. 9 (2007): 736–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3775/jie.86.736.
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Abdelwahab, Mohamed A., Arturo Rodriguez-Uribe, Manjusri Misra, and Amar K. Mohanty. "Injection Molded Novel Biocomposites from Polypropylene and Sustainable Biocarbon." Molecules 24, no. 22 (November 7, 2019): 4026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224026.
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Achieving sustainability in composite materials for high-performance applications is a key issue in modern processing technologies. In this work, the structure-property relationships of injection molded polypropylene (PP)/biocarbon composites were investigated with a focus on the thermal properties and specific emphasis on the coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CLTE). Biocomposites were produced using 30 wt.% biocarbon in a PP matrix, and two different sources of biocarbon produced at ~650 and 900 °C were used. The overall results were compared with 30 wt.% glass- and talc-filled PP composites. Due to the lamellar morphology of the talc developed during the extrusion-injection molding processing, talc-filled composites showed an increase in the CLTE in the normal direction (ND), and a reduction in the flow direction (FD) with respect to the neat polymer. Glass fiber composites also showed an improvement in the CLTE with respect to the neat polymer. However, the biocarbon-based composites showed the best properties in the ND, with improved values in biocarbon produced at higher temperature. The FD values for both biocarbon composites were improved with respect to the matrix, while biocarbon created at lower temperature showed slightly lower expansion values. A comprehensive explanation of these overall phenomena is supported by a series of morphological, thermal, mechanical and rheological tests.
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Roy, Poritosh, Arturo Rodriguez-Uribe, Amar K. Mohanty, Devashish Pujari, Mike Tiessen, Atul Bali, and Manjusri Misra. "Production Cost of Biocarbon and Biocomposite, and Their Prospects in Sustainable Biobased Industries." Sustainability 16, no. 13 (June 30, 2024): 5633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16135633.
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This study evaluated the economic prospects of biocarbon and biocomposite in the automotive industry and bioeconomy. The production cost of biocarbon produced from Miscanthus (a perennial grass), biocarbon-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composite (hereafter referred to as biocomposite), and automotive components are determined. The production cost of biocomposite was compared with inorganic filler-reinforced polymer composite (a conventional composite, i.e., talc reinforced PP composite). The production cost of biocarbon and biocomposite is estimated to be $513.1/ton and between $3536.7–$3647.3/ton, respectively (all dollar figures are in Canadian dollars). On the other hand, the cost of the conventional composite is likely to be $3544.8/ton. However, the production cost of an automotive component can be reduced by 9–11% compared with the conventional component if the components are produced from biocomposite. Further, this study determined the net present values (NPV) of a biocarbon plant and a composite manufacturing plant. The NPV of a biocarbon plant ($42.9 million) and a composite manufacturing plant ($34.0–$34.8 million for biocomposite and $34.7 million for conventional composite) showed that both the biocarbon and composite manufacturing phases are economically attractive. We concluded that by taking an industrial symbiosis approach, the biocomposite industry can be financially more attractive and contribute more to the bioeconomy.
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Tamayao, Paul, Kim Ominski, Gabriel Ribeiro, and Emma McGeough. "PSI-1 Effects of source and level of inclusion of engineered biocarbon in a total mixed beef cattle diet on in vitro methane emissions and fermentation parameters." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 290–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.588.
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Abstract This in vitro study evaluated seven different engineered biocarbon products supplied at three levels (0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 mg/ml inoculum) to determine their effects on total gas, methane production, and fermentation parameters when added to a barley silage-based diet. The biocarbon sources were derived from either coconut (CP001 and CP014) or pine (CP002, CP015, CP016, CP023, CP024) and differed in their physical properties and chemical composition. The coconut biocarbon sources were lower in pore space, particle size distribution and surface area but higher in bulk density than the pine products. The control consisted of only the barley-silage diet. The in vitro batch culture jars were incubated for 24 h at 39°C at the above inclusion levels in 0.5 g of diet. Gas samples were collected at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 h and DM disappearance, pH, VFA and ammonia concentrations post incubation were measured. Data were analysed using the PROC MIXED in SAS as a randomized complete block design with treatment and rate as fixed effects and run and replicate as random effects. Total gas production was not affected by source of biocarbon (P = 0.85) and inclusion rate (P = 0.91). Cumulative methane (ml/g DM) had no response to biocarbon addition (P = 0.40) at any inclusion level (P = 0.48). Additionally, concentration of total VFA was not affected by treatment (P = 0.31) or inclusion rates (P = 0.25). NH3-N concentrations responded quadratically (P < 0.001) to all types of biocarbon. Higher inclusion rates of biocarbon linearly (P < 0.002) decreased feed digestibility, particularly the coconut-based biocarbon sources CP001 and CP014. In conclusion, supplementation of biocarbon to a TMR diet did not reduce methane emissions, but at higher levels of inclusion diet digestibility was negatively affected.
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Barai, Divya, Sohan Parbat, and Bharat Bhanvase. "Synthesis and thermal conductivity of functionalized biocarbon-Fe3O4 nanocomposite-based green nanofluid for heat transfer applications." E3S Web of Conferences 321 (2021): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132101003.
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Bio-based graphitic carbon was synthesized in this work by one-step carbonization of bamboo waste at low temperature. This bio-based carbon was then functionalized in order to decorated it with Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The functionalized biocarbon-Fe3O4 (f-biocarbon-Fe3O4) nanocomposite was synthesized using ultrasound-assisted coprecipitation method which was then confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffractometry. Water-based nanofluid was prepared using the synthesized f-biocarbon-Fe3O4 nanocomposite particles. Thermal conductivity of this nanofluid was analyzed at different concentrations and temperatures. A thermal conductivity enhancement of almost 80% was recorded at 35°C for nanofluid containing 0.1 vol.% of f-biocarbon-Fe3O4 nanocomposite particles compared to water. Also, empirical model is developed for prediction of thermal conductivity as a function of concentration and temperature of bamboo waste-derived f-biocarbon-Fe3O4 nanocomposite-based green nanofluid.
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Pahnila, Mika, Aki Koskela, Petri Sulasalmi, and Timo Fabritius. "A Review of Pyrolysis Technologies and the Effect of Process Parameters on Biocarbon Properties." Energies 16, no. 19 (October 3, 2023): 6936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16196936.
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Biomass-based solutions have been discussed as having the potential to replace fossil-based solutions in the iron and steel industry. To produce the biocarbon required in these processes, thermochemical treatment, pyrolysis, typically takes place. There are various ways to produce biocarbon, alongside other products, which are called pyrolysis oil and pyrolysis gas. These conversion methods can be divided into conventional and non-conventional methods. In this paper, those techniques and technologies to produce biocarbon are summarized and reviewed. Additionally, the effect of different process parameters and their effect on biocarbon yield and properties are summarized. The process parameters considered were final pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, reaction atmosphere, pressure, catalyst, use of binders, and particle size. Finally, the effect of different reactor configurations is discussed. Understanding the combination of these methods, technology parameters, and reactor configurations will help to produce biocarbon with the desired quality and highest yield possible.
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Pahnila, Mika, Aki Koskela, Petri Sulasalmi, and Timo Fabritius. "Biocarbon Production Using Three-Stage Pyrolysis and Its Preliminary Suitability to the Iron and Steel Industry." Energies 17, no. 13 (June 25, 2024): 3131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17133131.
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There has been a rising interest in the iron and steel industry in replacing fossil-based carbon carriers in their processes because they are the main origin of the anthropogenic carbon emissions within the industry. The use of bio-based carbon carriers could be one solution to partly tackle this challenge. Conventionally, biocarbon is produced by pyrolysis with fixed heating rate, pyrolysis temperature, and retention time. Although the mechanisms behind the formation of biocarbon and the decomposition temperatures of the main compounds of biomass-based materials are known, this knowledge is rarely being utilized in the design of commercial pyrolysis reactors, even though the pyrolysis mechanism-based approach increases the biocarbon yield. In this study, the mechanistic pathway of carbonization of lignocellulosic biomass is taken into account to produce biocarbon with higher yield and quality than conventional pyrolysis with the same process time. Results show that when the process time is the same in both methods, segmented pyrolysis increases biocarbon yield up to 5.4% within a pyrolysis temperature range from 300 °C to 900 °C. Also, fixed carbon yield increased 1.5% in this temperature area. When using segmented pyrolysis, the most suitable pyrolysis temperature is 700 °C based on the characteristics of the produced biocarbon.
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Wyzińska, Marta, Adam Kleofas Berbeć, and Jerzy Grabiński. "Impact of Biochar Dose and Origin on Winter Wheat Grain Quality and Quantity." Agriculture 14, no. 1 (December 24, 2023): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14010039.
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The agricultural application of biocarbons (biochar) derived from different biomass sources in the process of pyrolysis is a promising solution for crop productivity and quality, soil health improvement, and carbon sequestration. In a three-year study, the effects of low doses of biochar (1 t∙ha−1 and 3 t∙ha−1) of different origins on winter wheat grain quantity and quality were tested. Six different biochar types were used: biochar derived from wheat husk (WHB), (2) extracted medical plant biomass biochar (MPB), (3) wood chip biochar (WCB), (4) wood sawdust biochar (SB), (5) biochar made from straw of rye (RSB), and (6) meat and bone biochar (MBMB). Higher doses of biocarbon had a positive effect only on wet gluten content. The use of different types of biochar showed a significant impact on grain parameters; however, the results were different in different years of this study. Among the tested biochars, SB (Saw Dust biochar) showed rather good results for most of the parameters tested (the highest grain yield in 2018, the highest weight of 1000 g in 2019, the lowest wet gluten content and gluten index in 2020, the lowest falling number in 2019, and the highest Zellenys index in 2019). MBMB biochar was one of the highest yielders in 2018, had the highest wet gluten content in 2018, and the highest gluten index in 2019 and 2020; the lowest Zelleny’s sedimentation index in 2019; and one of the lowest in 2020. Those made SB and MBMB the most promising biochars tested in this study.
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Dijs, Ivo J., Eric van der Windt, Lauri Kaihola, and Klaas van der Borg. "Quantitative Determination by 14C Analysis of the Biological Component in Fuels." Radiocarbon 48, no. 3 (2006): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200038777.
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Radiocarbon analysis was performed by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) to assess whether the content of biological components in hydrocarbon fuels could be derived. Different fuel mixtures were prepared containing bioethanol, fossil ethanol, and fossil gasoline. The specific 14C activity of these mixtures was obtained from LSC measurements and directly related to the concentration of carbon originating from the bioethanol (biocarbon). The results were checked via standardized carbon dating procedures and AMS. A good linear correlation exists between the fuel mixture's specific 14C activity and the concentration of biocarbon. Also, the biocarbon fraction of the fuel mixture (the ratio biocarbon : total carbon) and the normalized fraction of biocarbon (%M) showed good linear correlation. Therefore, both relations provide a possibility to quantitatively determine a fuel's biocarbon content by 14C analysis. When the sample composition is known (e.g. resolved by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy [GC-MS] and nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR]), the amount of particular biological components in a fuel sample can be derived subsequently. For mixtures of bioethanol, fossil ethanol, and gasoline with bioethanol contents in the range of 0.5–2% m/m, it was found that errors in the normalized fraction of biocarbon (%M) were in the range of 25–10%, respectively. For samples with a higher bioethanol content (up to pure bioethanol), the errors in %M were <10%. Errors might be larger if substantial changes in the concentration of atmospheric 14C took place during the growth period of the biofuel feedstock. By taking into account the variation in specific 14C activity of carbon over the last decades, and by modeling simple tree-growth, it could be illustrated that this effect becomes significant only if the biofuel feedstock stopped growing more than 1 decade ago, e.g. with wood from constructions.
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Wawrzaszek, Barbara, Barbara Charmas, Katarzyna Jedynak, and Ewa Skwarek. "Impact of Mechanochemical Activation (MChA) on Characteristics and Dye Adsorption Behavior of Sawdust-Based Biocarbons." Materials 17, no. 18 (September 11, 2024): 4458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17184458.
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The increase in environmental pollution due to the development of industry and human activity has resulted in intensive development of research on the possibility of its purification. A very effective method is the pollutants’ adsorption from the air and water environment. For adsorption to be effective, materials with a specific structure and a well-developed surface decorated with numerous functionalities, e.g., biocarbons (BC), are necessary. An effective method of activating biocarbons is mechanochemical milling, an environmentally friendly procedure. This paper describes the possibility of using mechanochemical activation (MChA) of non-porous biocarbons to develop surface and porosity for their use in processes of pollutant adsorption. BC was characterized based on N2 adsorption, thermogravimetry (TGA), SEM/EDS imaging, Fourier (ATR-FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies, as well as titration using the Boehm method and determination of zeta potential. The adsorption capacity of BC for methylene blue (MB) was studied. It was proven that the solvent-free MChA made it possible to obtain microporous biocarbons, causing an intensive increase in the surface area and pore volume and the generation of oxygen functionalities. The biocarbons had predominantly acidic (mainly carboxylic) or basic functionalities and exhibited an amorphous structure. BC proved to be effective in adsorbing MB from aqueous solutions.
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Pawelec, Zbigniew, Jarosław Molenda, and Bernadetta Kaźmierczak. "THE EFFECT OF THE BIOCARBON TYPE ON THE TRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GREASES MANUFACTURED WITH VEGETABLE AND SYNTHETIC BASE OILS." Tribologia 294, no. 6 (April 12, 2021): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8337.
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The article presents the tribological characteristics of plastic greases in which the dispersing phase was vegetable (rapeseed) oil or synthetic ester oil (Priolube). The lithium stearate was used as a thickener in an amount sufficient to obtain a composition in the second consistency class, and the functional additives were biocarbon produced in the process of pyrolysis of the following plant waste: flax straw, wheat straw, corn leaves and stalks, and cherry stones. The compositions containing 5% m/m of biocarbon were prepared and the influence of the type of biocarbon on the tribological properties of the obtained plastic greases was assessed. The tribological characteristics of the grease compositions were determined using the T-02 tester in accordance with the requirements of the relevant standards. The influence of the applied biocarbon on the anti-wear (Goz) and anti-seize (Pt, poz) properties of plastic greases made with vegetable and synthetic basis was determined. It was found that some of the biocarbon, especially those derived from the pyrolysis of corn waste, significantly improve the tribological properties of plastic greases, both those based on plant and synthetic sources.
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Sahile, Kibebe, S. Venkatesa Prabhu, and Abebe Worku. "Development of Enhanced Ultraviolet Resistance Hybrid Cotton Fabric using Functionalized Biocarbon derived from Teff (Eragrostis tef) Hay." Asian Journal of Chemistry 35, no. 6 (2023): 1477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2023.27898.
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Due to the depletion of ozone atmosphere, there is a progressive increase in impact of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on human skin. The continual exposure of UV radiation results in serious adverse effects, such as photodermatosis, abnormal skin aging, erythema and skin cancer. Present study aimed to develop an improved UV resisting cotton fabric using the biocarbon derived from the abundantly available biomass residue of teff (Eragrostis tef) hay. The biocarbon had its surface functionalized, and then it was deposited onto the cotton using polyaniline as a grafting medium. In situ polymerization method was adopted for preparing the enhanced UV shielding fabric. The required functionalized biocarbon and polyaniline were optimized for attaining the maximum possible UV protection factor of the cotton. From the results, the UV protecting ability of the developed cotton fabric was found to be improved by 21 times higher as compared to ultraviolet protection factor (UPF = 66.3) than the original cotton (UPF = 3.1). In addition, the developed cotton fabric was observed to be exhibited excellent tensile strength. The morphological and structural studies were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for pure cotton fabric and hybrid material coated by biocarbon. Experimentation results revealed that the biocarbon obtained from teff hay could be a used for developing the enhanced UV protecting textile material. Hence, the acquired material can perform for better ultraviolet protection.
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Miteva, Kalina, Georgi Georgiev, Ivanka Stoycheva, Nartzislav Petrov, Bilyana Petrova, Andrei Sarbu, and Boyko Tsyntsarski. "BIOCARBON FROM DIFFERENT BIOMASS PRECURSORS." Ecological Engineering and Environment Protection 2021, no. 3/2021 (December 15, 2021): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32006/eeep.2021.3.3437.
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Thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass is considered as a good opportunity to obtain liquid raw materials for biofuels and biochemicals. During this pyrolysis process a solid product, biocarbon, is obtained. Nowadays there is a growing interest in biocarbon, due to the potential benefits of its application in soil as a stimulant and CO2 trap. The physicochemical and porous properties of biocarbon are suitable for development of effective and inexpensive sorbents for the removal of contaminants from water. Biocarbon has promising sorption properties for various pollutants in water, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals. Banana and orange peels, as well as cocoa flakes, were used as precursors. The carbonization was carried out at temperatures from 500 ° C to 900 ° C. Some of the samples were subjected to physical and chemical activation. The obtained carbon adsorbents are characterized by adsorption of iodine, BET, etc. It is planned to study the possibilities for the successful application of the obtained carbon materials as adsorbents for water and air purification, catalysts, hydrogen depots, etc.
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Rosas, David, B. Escobar, Karina Suarez-Alcantara, Carlos Pacheco, and Romeli Barbosa. "Functional Sulfur-Doped Biocarbon for Hydrogen Storage: Development of Nanomaterials for Energy Applications." Processes 12, no. 12 (December 1, 2024): 2715. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122715.
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This research focuses on the synthesis and characterization of advanced materials for hydrogen storage. Two biocarbon samples were synthesized from Sargassum spp. The first was activated with KOH (SKPT) and the second was doped with sulfur (SSKTP); both were obtained through pyrolysis at 900 °C. The sulfur-doped biocarbon (SSKTP), with its high specific surface area (2377 m2 gࢤ1), exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic properties, making it an efficient candidate for hydrogen storage applications. Various characterization techniques were employed to study the relationship between physicochemical properties and hydrogen uptake. The presence of micropores and sulfur doping significantly improved hydrogen uptake at 45 °C and 50 bar, where SSKTP achieved 0.40 wt%. In comparison, the non-doped biocarbon (SKPT) showed a lower hydrogen storage capacity of 0.33 wt%, with a specific surface area of 1620 m2 gࢤ1. The results highlight the potential of sulfur-doped activated biocarbon as a functional material in energy conversion systems, specifically for electrocatalytic hydrogen storage processes. This study demonstrates a sustainable approach to utilizing biomass waste for advanced electrocatalysts, contributing to renewable energy solutions.
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Li, Zonglin, Christoff Reimer, Tao Wang, Amar K. Mohanty, and Manjusri Misra. "Thermal and Mechanical Properties of the Biocomposites of Miscanthus Biocarbon and Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV)." Polymers 12, no. 6 (June 6, 2020): 1300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061300.
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Miscanthus biocarbon (MB), a renewable resource-based, carbon-rich material, was melt-processed with poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) to produce sustainable biocomposites. The addition of the biocarbon improved the Young’s modulus of PHBV from 3.6 to 5.2 GPa at 30 wt % filler loading. An increase in flexural modulus, up to 48%, was also observed. On the other hand, the strength, elongation-at-break and impact strength decreased. Morphological study of the impact-fractured surfaces showed weak interaction at the interface and the existence of voids and agglomerates, especially with high filler contents. The thermal stability of the PHBV/MB composites was slightly reduced compared with the neat PHBV. The biocarbon particles were not found to have a nucleating effect on the polymer. The degradation of PHBV and the formation of unstable imperfect crystals were revealed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Higher filler contents resulted in reduced crystallinity, indicating more pronounced effect on polymer chain mobility restriction. With the addition of 30 wt % biocarbon, the heat deflection temperature (HDT) became 13 degrees higher and the coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CLTE) decreased from 100.6 to 75.6 μm/(m·°C), desired improvement for practical applications.