Academic literature on the topic 'Biobased ingredients'

Ensuring a sustainable supply of food for the world’s fast growing population is a major challenge in today’s economy, as modern lifestyle and increasing consumer concern with maintaining a balanced and nutritious diet is an important challenge for the agricultural sector worldwide. This market niche for healthier products, especially fruits and vegetables, has increased their production, consequently resulting in increased amounts of agri-food surplus, waste, and loss (SWL) generated during crop production, transportation, storage, and processing. Although many of these materials are not utilized, negatively affecting the environmental, economic, and social segments, they are a rich source of valuable compounds that could be used for different purposes, thus preventing the losses of natural resources and boosting a circular economy. This review aimed to give insights on the efficient management of agri-food SWL, considering conventional and emerging recovery and reuse techniques. Particularly, we explored and summarized the chemical composition of three worldwide cultivated and consumed vegetables (carrots, broccoli and lettuce) and evaluate the potential of their residues as a sustainable alternative for extracting value-added ingredients for the development of new biodynamic products.

Due to its effectiveness, ibuprofen is one of the most popular anti-inflammatory drugs worldwide. However, the poor water solubility of this active ingredient severely limits its spectrum of pharmaceutical formulations (and often results in severe adverse effects due to high administered doses). To overcome these limitations, in this work, we enzymatically synthesized more hydrophilic derivatives of ibuprofen through its covalent attachment to two biobased polyalcohols: erythritol and glycerol. Herein, we report the optimized reaction conditions to produce an IBU–erythritol ester (82% ± 4% of conversion) by using Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB). Furthermore, we also report the enantioselective solventless esterification of (S)-ibuprofen with glycerol (83% ± 5% of conversion), exploiting immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase as a biocatalyst. The full NMR characterizations of the prodrug esters were performed via 1H, 13C-NMR, DEPT, COSY, HSQC, and HMBC-NMR. The approach reported in this work can be extended to a large variety of poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).

Recent data suggest that dandruff might be associated with dysbiosis of the scalp microbiome. This mini review summarizes the microbiome changes seen with the dandruff condition, as well as different solutions for dandruff control and their effects on the scalp microbiome in relation to in vivo efficacy. Since zinc pyrithione has been banned from cosmetics in the EU, the medium-chain fatty acid ester propanediol caprylate is a new option, in addition to the remaining conventional ingredients: piroctone olamine, climbazole, and salicylic acid. The ester is rapidly cleaved by Malassezia hydrolases in the external milieu, thereby releasing active caprylic acid. In addition to its auto-regulatory effects on Malassezia, propanediol caprylate is also able to influence the bacterial microbiota towards a healthier scalp microbiome. In vivo data have shown an efficacy comparable to climbazole and piroctone olamine. In vivo additive and synergistic effects in different combinations allow reductions in the concentration of conventional agents. Surprisingly, a new effect of a lasting healthier scalp has been identified in connection with ester use, in contrast to the usual return of dandruff experienced upon the discontinuation of anti-dandruff shampoo with conventional actives. We also report on new data from an unpublished comparative study on two propanediol monoesters confirming the long-lasting effect.

The use of vegetable oils and their derivatives for polymer synthesis has been a major focus in recent years due to their universal availability, low production costs and biodegradability. In this study, the enzymatic synthesis of oligoesters of ricinoleic acid obtained from castor oil combined with three aromatic natural derivatives (cinnamyl alcohol, sinapic acid, and caffeic acid) was investigated. The formation of the reaction products was demonstrated by FT-IR, MALDI-TOF MS and NMR spectroscopy and for the oligo (ricinoleyl)-caffeate the thermal properties and biodegradability in sweet water were analyzed and a rheological characterization was performed. The successful enzymatic synthesis of oligoesters from ricinoleic acid and aromatic monomers using lipases not only highlights the potential of biocatalysis in green chemistry but also contributes to the development of sustainable and biodegradable methods for synthesizing products with potential applications as cosmetic ingredients.

The black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) is a sustainable ingredient for feed applications, biofuels, composite materials and other biobased products. Processing BSFL to obtain lipid and protein fractions with enhanced functional properties as a suitable replacement for conventional feed ingredients has gained considerable momentum. In this regard, a novel and sustainable wet mode fractionation (WMF) scheme for BSFL was explored. Fresh BSFL were steam blanched and pulped to obtain BSFL juice and juice press cake. Subsequent treatment of BSFL juice employing homogenization or enzyme incubation and further centrifugation resulted in the obtention of four different BSFL fractions (Lipid—LF; Cream—CF; Aqueous—AF; and Solid—SF). Total energy consumption for a batch BSFL (500 g) WMF process was 0.321 kWh. Aqueous and solid fractions were the predominant constituents of BSFL juice. Lauric acid (44.52–49.49%) and linoleic acid (19.12–20.12%) were the primary fatty acids present in BSFL lipids. Lipid hydrolysis was observed in lipids belonging to the solid (free fatty acids > triacylglycerides) and cream fractions. Aqueous fraction proteins (ctrl) displayed superior emulsion stability and foam capacity than other treatments. Juice press cake retained 60% of the total chitin content and the rest, 40%, was found in the solid fraction (ctrl). The material distribution of principal constituents in different fractions of the WMF process and amino acid profile was elucidated. Overall, the versatile WMF process proposed in this study involves simple unit operations to obtain functional ingredients from BSFL, which can be further explored by researchers and industry stakeholders.

Vitamin C is one of the most sensitive cosmetic active ingredients. To avoid its degradation, its encapsulation into biobased carriers such as dendrimers is one alternative of interest. In this work, we wanted to evaluate the potential of two biobased glycerodendrimer families (GlyceroDendrimers-Poly(AmidoAmine) (GD-PAMAMs) or GlyceroDendrimers-Poly(Propylene Imine) (GD-PPIs)) as a vitamin C carrier for topical application. The higher encapsulation capacity of GD-PAMAM-3 compared to commercial PAMAM-3 and different GD-PPIs, and its absence of cytotoxicity towards dermal cells, make it a good candidate. Investigation of its mechanism of action was done by using two kinds of biomimetic models of stratum corneum (SC), lipid monolayers and liposomes. GD-PAMAM-3 and VitC@GD-PAMAM-3 (GD-PAMAM-3 with encapsulated vitamin C) can both interact with the lipid representatives of the SC lipid matrix, whichever pH is considered. However, only pH 5.0 is suggested to be favorable to release vitamin C into the SC matrix. Their binding to SC-biomimetic liposomes revealed only a slight effect on membrane permeability in accordance with the absence of cytotoxicity but an increase in membrane rigidity, suggesting a reinforcement of the SC barrier property. Globally, our results suggest that the dendrimer GD-PAMAM-3 could be an efficient carrier for cosmetic applications.

At the beginning of the 20th century, over 40% by weight of all the materials consumed through the production of goods within the United States were comprised of renewable resources (Matos and Wagner 1998). In contrast, by the end of the 20th century renewable material usage had dropped to less than 8% by weight (Matos and Wagner 1998). Combined with both an increase in the overall rate at which we consume resources as well as growing awareness of the inherently finite availability of nonrenewable resources, the early decades of the 21st century may mark the beginning of a shift back to an increased use of biobased materials. While the relative proportion of the demand for biobased materials has changed over the past century, one factor that has remained constant is that a majority of renewable and nonrenewable resources consumed in the U.S. is used in the construction industry (Matos and Wagner 1998). Although the utilization of biobased products is increasing throughout all sectors, their popularity still lags in the building and construction industry, and they are surpassed by more widely accepted green practices such as the use of pre- and post-consumer recycled materials. There is, however, a great potential benefit to be gained from a resurgence in the use of biobased products, both from general environmental and human health perspectives. Examples of specific sectors that may profit from this include building and construction industries, which account for 40% (Roodman and Lenssen 1995) of global raw material usage, as well as the Federal government, which is the largest real property owner in the U.S. (U.S. General Services Administration 2006). A biobased material is defined as containing some percentage of a biologically renewable resource. According to ASTM E2114-2004, a renewable resource is something “that is grown, naturally replenished, or cleansed, at a rate which exceeds depletion of the usable supply of that resource.” The length of time needed to replace a renewable resource can vary greatly depending upon the resource—for example, it can take 30–100 years for a tree to mature while bamboo can be harvested in as little as 7 years. Rapidly renewable resources are defined, for the purposes of this paper, as those that can be replaced within 10 years. Bamboo, linoleum, and cork are just a few of the more common examples of rapidly renewable resources. The renewable, biobased, component of a material is either derived from a plant or animal, and resource supplies are typically managed in a sustainable fashion, thus ensuring its continued availability. This material may then be used within the product in a fairly unaltered state, it may undergo some chemical or physical transformation, or it may be combined with other products to create an intermediate ingredient in the production or manufacturing process. The decrease in biobased material utilization over the last 100 years has led to an increased use of non-biobased materials, and this development can yield numerous potentially negative impacts that have been fairly well documented in terms of many of their environmental impacts such as eutrophication and air pollution. These, however, only account for a portion of the total sum of potential impacts. In addition to potentially harmful impacts on the exterior environment, various material ingredients and components can negatively affect the interior environment as well through the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other types of indoor air pollutants. VOCs are a concern because their emissions can be an ongoing problem within an interior space, since in addition to the initial release of compounds, surfaces can continually absorb and re-release the compounds back into the environment where they are absorbed by the inhabitants. If this occurs in combination with other problems, like poor building air circulation, the potential can develop for more serious concerns such as “Sick Building Syndrome” (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2010). While some of this can be mitigated through improved ventilation, indoor air quality is still found to be a concern by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Indoor Air Quality, 2010) and other groups. One of the most well known indoor air contaminants is formaldehyde, which is commonly found in the adhesives used in pressed wood products such as furniture, shelving, or particleboard; finishes and coatings on fabrics; paints and coatings; as well as some types of insulation.3 A 2008 study by Papadopoula, Nakos, and Tsiantzi examined the replacement of the formaldehyde-based resins with certain renewably based ones that yielded equivalent, and in some cases superior, performance characteristics in addition to providing a reduction in VOC levels. Another study that investigated school cleaning products found that, on average, the contaminate emission rate for green general cleaners was one fifth that of conventional cleaners (Environmental Working Group 2009). Other studies too, have shown correlations between the use of petroleum-based products and increased VOC levels. A joint report by the Healthy Building Network and Health Care Without Harm (Silas, Hansen, and Lent, 2007) also promotes the use of renewable materials to lessen indoor air quality concerns, and it provides guidelines and information for the health care industry on the benefits of renewable and biobased materials as well as the potential issues associated with petrochemical-based fibers. Additionally, the Healthy Building Network offers biopolymer and bioplastic production and purchasing guidelines. These environmental and health related concerns, as well as the potential market for biobased products, have become the focus of a variety of different areas of legislation and development. In addition to numerous Federal initiatives, an increased awareness of biobased materials and products is also being fostered within the building and construction fields by building rating systems such as Energy Star®, Green Globes, and Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED®).

Plants are the most abundant bioresources, providing valuable materials that can be used as additives in polymeric materials, such as lignocellulosic fibers, nano-cellulose, or lignin, as well as plant extracts containing bioactive phenolic and flavonoid compounds used in the healthcare, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutraceutical industries. The incorporation of additives into polymeric materials improves their properties to make them suitable for multiple applications. Efforts are made to incorporate into the raw polymers various natural biobased and biodegradable additives with a low environmental fingerprint, such as by-products, biomass, plant extracts, etc. In this review we will illustrate in the first part recent examples of lignocellulosic materials, lignin, and nano-cellulose as reinforcements or fillers in various polymer matrices and in the second part various applications of plant extracts as active ingredients in food packaging materials based on polysaccharide matrices (chitosan/starch/alginate).

Bearing grafts based on fatty esters derivatives, lipidyl-cyclodextrins (L-CDs) are compounds able to form water-soluble nano-objects. In this context, bicatenary biobased lipidic-cyclodextrins of low DS were easily synthesized from a fatty ester epoxide by means of alternative methods (ball-milling conditions, use of enzymes). The ring opening reaction of methyl oleate epoxide needs ball-milling and is highly specific of cyclodextrins in solventless conditions. L-CDs are thus composed of complex mixtures that were deciphered by an extensive structural analysis using mainly mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. In addition, as part of their potential use as vectors of active drugs, these products were submitted to an integrity study on in vitro model of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and the intestinal epithelium. No toxicity has been observed, suggesting that applications for the vectorization of active ingredients can be expected.

Chili is one of the important food ingredients. The lack of public knowledge about chili cultivation techniques and good land optimization makes people's interest to grow chili less. In addition, household organic waste management in Tasikmalaya, especially in Sukasari Village, has not been optimal. The objectives of this service activity are 1) To provide knowledge and skills about chili cultivation techniques; 2) Utilization of household organic waste through the technology of processing household organic waste into organic fertilizer that can have economic value (Osama biobased economy); and 3) Educate the public regarding the optimization of yard land. The partners in this activity are the Jaya Mukti Farmers Association and Mukti Farmers Group which are located in adjacent areas with a total of 32 people using a random sampling technique because the sample is homogeneous. The activities carried out were in the form of socialization, demonstration, and practicum on household organic waste processing technology (Osama), chili cultivation techniques and optimization of yard land, as well as distribution of seeds and fertilizers to the community. The data collection technique in this activity uses a questionnaire. The results of this service activity indicate that there is an increase in community knowledge and skills in chili cultivation and the use of household organic waste and home yards.

Les produits cosmétiques sont constitués d’une grande diversité d’ingrédients, chacun apportant des propriétés spécifiques pour assurer la stabilisation, l’efficacité et l’expérience sensorielle désirée par le formulateur. Cependant, ces longues listes d’ingrédients peuvent susciter des réticences chez les consommateurs, en particulier lorsque certains ingrédients sont perçus comme potentiellement dangereux pour la santé ou l’environnement. Lors de ce projet de thèse, nous avons ainsi développer de nouveaux ingrédients biosourcés, permettant l’apport de propriétés multifonctionnelles de protection et de sensorialité. Pour ce faire, nous avons choisi de valoriser l’acide férulique, une molécule présente naturellement dans des co-produits de l’industrie agro-alimentaire, possédant des propriétés fonctionnelles multiples pertinentes pour l’industrie cosmétique. Dans un premier temps, l’acide férulique a été fonctionnalisé en respectant les principes de la chimie verte, par l’ajout de diverses chaînes grasses biosourcées, afin de lui procurer de nouvelles propriétés émollientes. Une bibliothèque de 12 nouveaux monophénols a ainsi été obtenu et leurs propriétés ont été évaluées : ces nouvelles molécules possèdent des propriétés de protection (anti-UVs, antioxydantes, antimicrobiennes) et de texture concurrentielles avec les produits du commerce. Des relations structures-propriétés ont pu être mises en évidence. Ce travail nous a également permis de développer des modèles de prédiction pour trois descripteurs sensoriels par des analyses instrumentales. Enfin, les monophénols ont été incorporés dans diverses matrices cosmétiques. Les retombées de ce projet offrent une avancée significative pour la communauté académique et industrielle du domaine cosmétique
Cosmetic products are composed of a multitude of ingredients selected to bring properties necessary to the stabilization, efficacy and sensory experience desired by the formulator. However, this long ingredient-list can be a deterrent when consumers consider purchasing these products, especially when some are suspected of being dangerous to health and to the environment. For this thesis project, we focused on the development of new biobased ingredients, allowing the input of multifunctional protection and sensory properties. To this end, we decided to valorize a molecule naturally present in agricultural byproducts: ferulic acid, which already possess multiple functional properties, interesting for the cosmetic industry. Following green chemistry principles, ferulic acid was functionalized by adding diverse biobased fatty chains, to procure new emollient properties. A library of 12 new biobased monophenols was obtained and their properties were assessed: these new molecules possess protective (anti-UVs, antioxidant, antimicrobial) and textural properties, competitive to commercial products. Structure-activity relationships were then observed. This work allowed the development of predictive models for three sensory descriptors by instrumental analyses. Finally, the monophenols were integrated into various cosmetic matrices. The outcomes of this project provide a significant advancement for the academic and industrial community in the cosmetic filed

Estolides are biobased materials obtained from synthesis of ingredients derived from agricultural products. They are oligoesters obtained by the reaction of fatty acids and/or methyl esters with a double bond. By varying the chemistries of the starting materials and the reaction conditions, estolides of varying chemical structures, and physical properties are obtained. Estolides have been found to have suitable properties for some lubrication applications. However, the effect of estolide chemical/physical characterstics on its tribological properties have yet to be understood. In this work, the effect of estolide physical/chemical variability on its film-forming properties is examined.

Development and design of sustainable cosmetic products is a key R&D priority across all the cosmetic and personal care companies. This is primarily due to the focus on addressing the strong consumer driver for cosmetic products that do not have a negative environmental footprint. This has led to the rapid development of new formulations where traditional ingredients such as synthetic surfactants, polymers, silicone oils etc are being replaced by more sustainable alternatives such as biosurfactants, biobased surfactants, biopolymers, natural oils. This replacement of traditional ingredients by more sustainable alternatives however is not trivial as re-building the performance of traditional ingredients is highly challenging. This is specifically true of oil-in-water and water-in-oil based emulsion systems which constitute a large majority of cosmetic products. The stability, texture/rheology/sensory has to be re-engineered in these sustainable formulations. This re-engineering of the formulations however does additionally present opportunities to build in new performance attributes and to additionally engineeer in smart or stimuli responsive behavior.This study will report on the formulation design of several novel sustainable emulsion systems-a thermo-responsive whey protein/chitosan oil-in-water emulsion system, a glycolipid/silica particle water-in-oil emulsion system, a thermo-responsive methylcellulose/chitosan hydrogel system incorporating an EGF (epidermal growth factor). The ability to tune the rheology and rheological response to external stimuli to deliver performance benefits will be illustrated.

El almidón es un biopolímero, biodegradable, biocompostable y biobasado, excelente candidato para ser usado como reemplazo de los materiales plásticos convencionales, de origen petroquímico. Sin embargo, su producción a nivel industrial presenta varios retos tecnológicos, dado que se debe entender su comportamiento químico para poder realizar una formulación con los demás ingredientes, que le permitan plastificarse adecuadamente. Esto es, que las cadenas de almidón se desorganicen de la compacta estructura en la que las organiza la naturaleza (ej. almidón de yuca en polvo), el cual si se calienta se degrada y quema. Se debe agregar un solvente y/o plastificante para que las moléculas del almidón se solubilicen, y poder así obtener una mezcla termoplástica. Una de las principales técnicas para el procesamiento de polímeros es la extrusión, ya que es la más conocida, estudiada y económica, y ayudaría a acelerar el cambio a materiales más sostenibles, ya que muchas compañías no utilizan biopolímeros en sus productos porque deberían cambiar toda la maquinaria de la línea de producción si aplican otras nuevas técnicas asociadas con los nuevos biopolímeros. Por ejemplo, una correcta plastificación del almidón se logra usualmente al disolverlo y calentarlo en agua (ej. preparación de maizena), y dicha solución puede agregarse en un recipiente (técnica de moldeo por solvente), pero requiriendo altos tiempos de secado (1-2 días). También se puede aplicar la solución, a través de una boquilla, sobre una cinta que se mueve a una velocidad constante en un túnel de calentamiento, buscando la producción y el secado continuo de una película de almidón termoplástico (técnica de tape casting), pero esta técnica está en evaluación y aún no se usa en la industria de polímeros en la actualidad. Así, el reto tecnológico de este proyecto consiste, en una primera etapa, en encontrar una formulación apropiada para la plastificación correcta del TPS, pero utilizando una máquina de extrusión; en cuyo caso se debe reducir al máximo la adición de agua (ya que ésta generaría vapores indeseados en la máquina). Con base en dicha formulación, se busca producir mezcladores de bebidas y pitillos a partir de la extrusión, determinando las bases del proceso productivo, al igual que desarrollando una evaluación económica del proceso para conocer su viabilidad a nivel industrial. Este proyecto se presenta bajo el grupo de investigación GEA de la ETITC, y su nueva línea de investigación en biopolímeros, y busca ser un primer paso en el desarrollo de la línea de transformación de polímeros en la escuela. Además, este proyecto pretende poder servir de apoyo, e igualmente retroalimentarse del semillero Biopolymers, que se espera su apertura en el 2022-II. Y de igual forma, la expectativa de este proyecto es aumentar la capacidad tecnológica y la formación de recurso humano en la escuela, a través de la dirección de una tesis de pregrado en Ingeniería de Procesos Industriales; al igual que ofrecer a los estudiantes opciones de desarrollo que puedan abarcar desde proyectos de aula y proyectos integradores, hasta emprendimientos o proyectos de vida para nuestros profesionales.