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1

Stielow, Marlena, Adrianna Witczyńska, Natalia Kubryń, Łukasz Fijałkowski, Jacek Nowaczyk, and Alicja Nowaczyk. "The Bioavailability of Drugs—The Current State of Knowledge." Molecules 28, no. 24 (December 11, 2023): 8038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28248038.

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Drug bioavailability is a crucial aspect of pharmacology, affecting the effectiveness of drug therapy. Understanding how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated in patients’ bodies is essential to ensure proper and safe treatment. This publication aims to highlight the relevance of drug bioavailability research and its importance in therapy. In addition to biochemical activity, bioavailability also plays a critical role in achieving the desired therapeutic effects. This may seem obvious, but it is worth noting that a drug can only produce the expected effect if the proper level of concentration can be achieved at the desired point in a patient’s body. Given the differences between patients, drug dosages, and administration forms, understanding and controlling bioavailability has become a priority in pharmacology. This publication discusses the basic concepts of bioavailability and the factors affecting it. We also looked at various methods of assessing bioavailability, both in the laboratory and in the clinic. Notably, the introduction of new technologies and tools in this field is vital to achieve advances in drug bioavailability research. This publication also discusses cases of drugs with poorly described bioavailability, providing a deeper understanding of the complex challenges they pose to medical researchers and practitioners. Simultaneously, the article focuses on the perspectives and trends that may shape the future of research regarding bioavailability, which is crucial to the development of modern pharmacology and drug therapy. In this context, the publication offers an essential, meaningful contribution toward understanding and highlighting bioavailability’s role in reliable patient treatment. The text also identifies areas that require further research and exploration.
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2

HOLLMAN, PETER C. H. "Bioavailability." Nutrition Today 35, no. 5 (September 2000): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00017285-200009000-00006.

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ANB, Singab. "Bioavailability of Natural Products." Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal 3, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000137.

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4

Thilakarathna, Surangi, and H. Rupasinghe. "Flavonoid Bioavailability and Attempts for Bioavailability Enhancement." Nutrients 5, no. 9 (August 28, 2013): 3367–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu5093367.

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5

Rick Mullin. "Confronting bioavailability." C&EN Global Enterprise 100, no. 34 (September 26, 2022): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-10034-feature1.

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6

Hassan, M., P. Ljungman, P. Bolme, O. Ringden, Z. Syruckova, A. Bekassy, J. Stary, I. Wallin, and N. Kallberg. "Busulfan bioavailability." Blood 84, no. 7 (October 1, 1994): 2144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v84.7.2144.2144.

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Abstract Busulfan is widely used as a component of the myeloablative therapy in bone marrow transplantation. Recent studies have shown that the drug disposition is altered in children and is associated with less therapeutic effectiveness, lower toxicities, and higher rates of engraftment failure. We have evaluated the bioavailability of the drug in two groups of patients: eight children between 1.5 and 6 years of age and eight older children and adults between 13 and 60 years. Oral bioavailability showed a large interindividual variation. In children, the bioavailability ranged from 0.22 to 1.20, and for adults, it was within the range 0.47 to 1.03. The elimination half-life after intravenous administration in children (2.46 +/- 0.27 hours; mean +/- SD) did not differ from that obtained for adults (2.61 +/- 0.62 hours). However, busulfan clearance normalized to body weight was significantly higher in children (3.62 +/- 0.78 mL.min-1.kg-1) than that in adults (2.49 +/- 0.52 mL.min-1.kg-1). Also, the distribution volume normalized for body weight was significantly higher in children (0.74 +/- 0.10 L.kg-1) compared with 0.56 +/- 0.10 L. kg-1 in adults. The difference in clearance between children and adults was not statistically significant when normalized to body surface area, which most probably shows that busulfan dosage should be calculated on the basis of surface area rather than body weight. However, to avoid drug-related toxicities, drug monitoring and an individual dose adjustment should be considered because of the variability in busulfan bioavailability.
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7

Hassan, M., P. Ljungman, P. Bolme, O. Ringden, Z. Syruckova, A. Bekassy, J. Stary, I. Wallin, and N. Kallberg. "Busulfan bioavailability." Blood 84, no. 7 (October 1, 1994): 2144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v84.7.2144.bloodjournal8472144.

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Busulfan is widely used as a component of the myeloablative therapy in bone marrow transplantation. Recent studies have shown that the drug disposition is altered in children and is associated with less therapeutic effectiveness, lower toxicities, and higher rates of engraftment failure. We have evaluated the bioavailability of the drug in two groups of patients: eight children between 1.5 and 6 years of age and eight older children and adults between 13 and 60 years. Oral bioavailability showed a large interindividual variation. In children, the bioavailability ranged from 0.22 to 1.20, and for adults, it was within the range 0.47 to 1.03. The elimination half-life after intravenous administration in children (2.46 +/- 0.27 hours; mean +/- SD) did not differ from that obtained for adults (2.61 +/- 0.62 hours). However, busulfan clearance normalized to body weight was significantly higher in children (3.62 +/- 0.78 mL.min-1.kg-1) than that in adults (2.49 +/- 0.52 mL.min-1.kg-1). Also, the distribution volume normalized for body weight was significantly higher in children (0.74 +/- 0.10 L.kg-1) compared with 0.56 +/- 0.10 L. kg-1 in adults. The difference in clearance between children and adults was not statistically significant when normalized to body surface area, which most probably shows that busulfan dosage should be calculated on the basis of surface area rather than body weight. However, to avoid drug-related toxicities, drug monitoring and an individual dose adjustment should be considered because of the variability in busulfan bioavailability.
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8

Peck, Brian. "Calcium Bioavailability." American Journal of Therapeutics 6, no. 6 (November 1999): 323–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00045391-199911000-00006.

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9

Englyst, Klaus N., and Hans N. Englyst. "Carbohydrate bioavailability." British Journal of Nutrition 94, no. 1 (July 2005): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051457.

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There is consensus that carbohydrate foods, in the form of fruit, vegetables and whole-grain products, are beneficial to health. However, there are strong indications that highly processed, fibre-depleted, and consequently rapidly digestible, energy-dense carbohydrate food products can lead to over-consumption and obesity-related diseases. Greater attention needs to be given to carbohydrate bioavailability, which is determined by the chemical identity and physical form of food. The objective of the present concept article is to provide a rational basis for the nutritional characterisation of dietary carbohydrates. Based on the properties of carbohydrate foods identified to be of specific relevance to health, we propose a classification and measurement scheme that divides dietary carbohydrates into glycaemic carbohydrates (digested and absorbed in the small intestine) and non-glycaemic carbohydrates (enter the large intestine). The glycaemic carbohydrates are characterised by sugar type, and by the likely rate of digestion described by in vitro measurements for rapidly available glucose and slowly available glucose. The main type of non-glycaemic carbohydrates is the plant cell-wall NSP, which is a marker of the natural fibre-rich diet recognised as beneficial to health. Other non-glycaemic carbohydrates include resistant starch and the resistant short-chain carbohydrates (non-digestible oligosaccharides), which should be measured and researched in their own right. The proposed classification and measurement scheme is complementary to the dietary fibre and glycaemic index concepts in the promotion of healthy diets with low energy density required for combating obesity-related diseases.
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10

McNulty, Helene, and Kristina Pentieva. "Folate bioavailability." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 63, no. 4 (November 2004): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2004383.

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The achievement of optimal folate status to prevent neural-tube defects, and possibly other diseases, is hindered by the well-recognised incomplete bioavailability of the natural folates found in foods compared with the synthetic vitamin, folic acid. Folate bioavailability from different foods is considered to be dependent on a number of factors, including the food matrix, the intestinal deconjugation of polyglutamyl folates, the instability of certain labile folates during digestion and the presence of certain dietary constituents that may enhance folate stability during digestion. There is conflicting evidence as to whether the extent of conjugation of polyglutamyl folate (in the absence of specific inhibitors of deconjugation in certain foods) is a limiting factor in folate bioavailability. Estimates of the extent of lower bioavailability of food folates compared with folic acid (relative bioavailability) show great variation, ranging anywhere between 10 and 98%, depending on the methodological approach used. The lack of accurate data on folate bioavailability from natural food sources is of particular concern in those countries in which there is no mandatory folic acid fortification, and therefore a greater reliance on natural food folates as a means to optimise status. Apart from the incomplete bioavailability of food folates, the poor stability of folates in foods (particularly green vegetables) under typical conditions of cooking can substantially reduce the amount of vitamin ingested and thereby be an additional factor limiting the ability of food folates to enhance folate status. A recent workshop convened by the Food Standards Agency concluded that gaining a better understanding of folate bioavailability in representative human diets is a high priority for future research.
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11

Davidsson, Lena. "Bioavailability 2001." European Food Research and Technology 214, no. 1 (January 2002): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-001-0395-8.

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12

Hansen, Hanne Solheim, and Knut Hove. "Radiocesium Bioavailability." Health Physics 60, no. 5 (May 1991): 665–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-199105000-00005.

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13

Farago, Peter. "Social bioavailability." Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability 2, no. 1 (April 1990): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09542299.1990.11083121.

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14

Harvey, Linda. "Mineral bioavailability." Nutrition & Food Science 31, no. 4 (August 2001): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346650110392253.

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15

Vaishnavi Tejram Gabhane, Akanksha Ravindra Ashtankar, Swati Vinayak Dongre, Vaibhav P. Uplanchiwar, Vinod M. Thakare, and Abhishek Mohan Pimpale. "Bioavailability enhancement." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 18, no. 2 (May 30, 2023): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.18.2.0769.

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The rate and extent (amount) of unmodified medication absorption from its dose form is referred to as bioavailability. It is one of the critical criteria for achieving optimal medication concentration in the systemic circulation. Bioavailability is a significant factor of a drug's therapeutic efficacy, which is determined by the drug's solubility in gastro intestinal fluid. Poor water solubility, sluggish dissolution rate, poor stability of dissolved drug at physiological pH, poor penetration through biological membrane, and extensive first pass metabolism are all signs of a medication with poor bioavailability. To achieve therapeutic plasma concentrations after oral administration of medicines that are weakly water soluble, substantial doses are required.The main issue is low aqueous solubility. Poor solubility continues to be a key difficulty for the pharmaceutical business, which is increasingly recognised as a critical subject in biomedical research. Any medicine that needs to be absorbed must be in the form of an aqueous solution on the absorption side. This article discusses numerous ways for increasing medication bioavailability. Size reduction, solubilizing excipients, colloidal drug delivery systems, Ph adjustment, solid dispersion, complexation, co-solvency micellarsolubilization, hydrotropy, and other approaches are among them.
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16

Wood, John H. "Controlled Drug Bioavailability, vol. 2: Bioavailability Methodology and Regulation." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 74, no. 7 (July 1985): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600740736.

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17

Hikon, Baba Nwunuji, and Garbunga Gary Yebpella. "Bioavailability of Metals in the Biosphere." Trends in Ecological and Indoor Environmental Engineering 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.62622/teiee.024.2.1.41-49.

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In some areas, soil, sediment, water, and organic materials may exhibit elevated concentrations of various metals. Under certain conditions, these metals can take on most bioavailable forms. To assess the impacts and potential risks associated with elevated element concentrations, understanding the fraction of whole elements in water, sediment, and soil which are bioavailable is very important. The study aims to examine these conditions to accurately assess potential environmental impacts. For the study, searches were carried out using the keywords "bioavailability", "metal" and "environment" in various combinations in English. The search was limited to articles published open access in NCBI or PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The language of the manuscript was not restricted. The complex interactions of these diverse factors highlight the difficulty of assessing and understanding the bioavailability of metals in different environmental matrices. The study identified key factors affecting the bioavailability of the metal. These factors can change over time and among different microorganisms, plants, and animals. Research involving field and laboratory studies conducted at specific locations in soil, sediment, and flora using selective chemical extraction techniques is critical to a detailed understanding of the complex ecological processes associated with the bioavailability of metals to organisms.
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18

M, Vidhya. "Bioavailability – Challenges and Advances in Drug Targeting." Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal 7, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000186.

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It has been a very challenging task in drug development to handle bioavailability of drug molecules during targeting. Foremost challenges include the time span involved apart from various complexities, wrong methods or failure in outcome, increasing manual and financial requirements to be managed in the drug discovery process. Among this bioavailability is one of the biggest challenges handled to successfully identify druggability in a molecule. Various methods of administration and targeting has been used including co-crystallization, micro emulsion, micellar solubilization and other traditionally which has also expanded to other methods as morphous solid dispersion, liposomes, and complexions. To enable precision in availability of drug molecule at the targeted site. There has been an increase in bioavailability of potential drugs. This review comprehensively determines challenges and methods used in drug targeting based on their bioavailability.
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19

Sies, H., and W. Stahl. "BIOAVAILABILITY OF LYCOPENE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 487 (March 1999): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1999.487.63.

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20

MAYERSOHN, M. "Vitamin C Bioavailability." Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 38, Special (1992): 446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.38.special_446.

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21

Fang, Jim. "Bioavailability of anthocyanins." Drug Metabolism Reviews 46, no. 4 (October 27, 2014): 508–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03602532.2014.978080.

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22

Ohrvik, Veronica E., and Cornelia M. Witthoft. "Human Folate Bioavailability." Nutrients 3, no. 4 (April 18, 2011): 475–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu3040475.

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23

Lipworth, B. J., and A. Grove. "Bioavailability of salbutamol." Thorax 49, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.49.11.1183.

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24

Lönnerdal, B. "Bioavailability of copper." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 821S—829S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/63.5.821.

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25

Traber, Maret G. "The bioavailability bugaboo." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 1029–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/71.5.1029.

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26

Marquenie, J. M. "Bioavailability of micropollutants." Environmental Technology Letters 6, no. 1-11 (January 1985): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593338509384352.

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27

Hendrich, Suzanne. "Bioavailability of isoflavones." Journal of Chromatography B 777, no. 1-2 (September 2002): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00347-1.

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28

Stahl, W. "Bioavailability and metabolism." Molecular Aspects of Medicine 23, no. 1-3 (February 2002): 39–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0098-2997(02)00016-x.

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29

Kaşıkcı, Müzeyyen, and Neriman Bağdatlıoğlu. "Bioavailability of Quercetin." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 4, Special-Issue-October (October 7, 2016): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.4.special-issue-october.20.

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Quercetin is generally present as quercetin glycoside in nature and involves quercetin aglycone conjugated to sugar moieties such as glucose or rutinose. Quercetin has been reported to exhibit antioxidative, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-aggregatory and vasodilating effects. Unfortunately, quercetin bioavailability is generally poor and several factors affect its bioavailability. Quercetin bioavailability varies widely between individuals. Gender may affect quercetin bioavailability, but there is no clear evidence. There has been little research looking for the effects of age and vitamin C status on bioavailability of quercetin supplements, but there is no research seeking out the effects of age and vitamin C status on bioavailability of food-derived quercetin. Presence of sugar moieties increases bioavailability and differences in quercetin-conjugated glycosides affect bioavailability. For instance, onion-derived quercetin, which is mainly quercetin glucoside, is more bioavailable than apple-derived quercetin, which contains quercetin rhamnoside and quercetin galactoside. Quercetin is lipophilic compound, thus dietary fat enhances its bioavailability. Nondigestible fiber may also improve quercetin bioavailability. Quercetin bioavailability is greater when it is consumed as an integral food component. This study reviews and discusses factors affecting quercetin bioavailability.
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30

Rojpibulstit, Malee, Srirat Kasiwong, Siwasak Juthong, Narubodee Phadoongsombat, and Damrongsak Faroongsarng. "Ambroxol Lozenge Bioavailability." Clinical Drug Investigation 23, no. 4 (2003): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00044011-200323040-00007.

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31

Faroongsarng, Damrongsak, Malee Rojpibulstit, Srirat Kasiwong, and Narubodee Phadoongsombat. "Ambroxol Lozenge Bioavailability." Clinical Drug Investigation 24, no. 11 (2004): 681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00044011-200424110-00007.

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32

Martin, Yvonne C. "A Bioavailability Score." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 48, no. 9 (May 2005): 3164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm0492002.

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33

Butterworth, KennethR, PhilipN Drewitt, ChristineD Springall, StephenR Moorhouse, Michael Young, and J. T. Hughes. "Bioavailability of aluminium." Lancet 339, no. 8807 (June 1992): 1489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)92094-v.

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34

Mendelson, John, Reese T. Jones, Robert Upton, Peyton Jacob, and E. Thomas Everhart. "Sublingual Buprenorphine Bioavailability." Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 59, no. 2 (February 1996): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.clpt.1996.337.

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35

Walle, Thomas. "Bioavailability of resveratrol." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1215, no. 1 (January 2011): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05842.x.

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36

Castenmiller, J. J. M., and C. E. West. "Bioavailability of carotenoids." Pure and Applied Chemistry 69, no. 10 (January 1, 1997): 2145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199769102145.

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37

Delaney, T. P. "Bioavailability of drugs." BMJ 292, no. 6517 (February 8, 1986): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.292.6517.411-a.

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38

Grove, Mette, Anette Müllertz, Jeanet Løgsted Nielsen, and Gitte Pommergaard Pedersen. "Bioavailability of seocalcitol." European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 28, no. 3 (June 2006): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2006.02.005.

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39

Grove, Mette, Anette Müllertz, Gitte P. Pedersen, and Jeanet L. Nielsen. "Bioavailability of seocalcitol." European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 31, no. 1 (May 2007): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2007.01.007.

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40

Woodcock, B. G., G. Menke, and N. Rietbrock. "Nitroplasters and bioavailability." Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 7 (January 1986): 338–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-6147(86)90378-0.

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41

SHU, H., P. TEITELBAUM, A. S. EBB, L. ARPLE, B. RUNCK, D. EI ROSSI, F. J. URRAY, and D. AUSTENBACH. "Bioavailability of Soil-Bound TCDD: Dermal Bioavailability in the Rat." Toxicological Sciences 10, no. 2 (1988): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/10.2.335.

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SHU, H., D. PAUSTENBACH, F. J. MURRAY, L. MARPLE, B. BRUNCK, D. DEI ROSSI, and P. TEITELBAUM. "Bioavailability of Soil-Bound TCDD: Oral Bioavailability in the Rat." Toxicological Sciences 10, no. 4 (1988): 648–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/10.4.648.

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43

SHU, H. "Bioavailability of soil-bound TCDD: Oral bioavailability in the rat." Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 10, no. 4 (May 1988): 648–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-0590(88)90191-1.

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SHU, H. "Bioavailability of soil-bound TCDD: Dermal bioavailability in the rat." Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 10, no. 2 (February 1988): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-0590(88)90319-3.

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45

Segarra-Newnham, Marisel. "Book Review: Drug Bioavailability: Estimation of Solubility, Permeability, Absorption and Bioavailability." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 38, no. 5 (March 16, 2004): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1d557.

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46

Dressman, Jennifer. "Review of Drug Bioavailability. Estimation of Solubility, Permeability, Absorption and Bioavailability." Journal of Controlled Release 96, no. 3 (May 2004): 510–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.02.005.

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47

Welshman, Ian R., Theresa A. Sisson, Gail L. Jungbluth, Dennis J. Stalker, and Nancy K. Hopkins. "Linezolid absolute bioavailability and the effect of food on oral bioavailability." Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition 22, no. 3 (2001): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdd.255.

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48

Arumugam, Arjun, Geetha Lakshmi, Srinivas G, Nageswara Rao, Chirinos J, Perez M, and Arquímedes Gavino-Gutiérrez. "Bioequivalence of Two Perampanel 12mg Tablets in Healthy, Adult, Human Subjects under Fed Conditions - An Open Label, Cross Over Study." JSM Bioavailability and Bioequivalence 3, no. 1 (March 20, 2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.47739/2641-7812.bioavailability.1009.

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Background: Perampanel is a glutamate non-competitive receptor antagonist that is effective as adjunctive therapy for epilepsy. The main objective of the present research is to compare the bioavailability and to evaluate the bioequivalence between the test and reference product. The secondary objective is to assess the safety and tolerability of the drug
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Kartika Sari, Dewi, Sri Anna Marliyanti, Lilik Kustiyah, Ali Khomsan, and Tommy Marcelino Gantohe. "BIOAVAILABILITAS FORTIFIKAN, DAYA CERNA PROTEIN, SERTA KONTRIBUSI GIZI BISKUIT YANG DITAMBAH TEPUNG IKAN GABUS (Ophiocephalus striatus) DAN DIFORTIFIKASI SENG DAN BESI." Jurnal Agritech 34, no. 04 (February 10, 2015): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agritech.9429.

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This research aimed to evaluate the bioavailability of fortificant, protein digestibility, and nutrition contribution of biscuits supplemented with snakehead fish flour and fortified with Zn and Fe. Randomized complete design was used in this research which consisted of two steps, namely: 1) Zn and Fe microencapsulation, 2) formulation of biscuit supplemented with fish flour 15% which fortified with Zn and Fe. Level of Zn and Fe per serving size were to meet 25%, 50% and 100% of RDA. Based on ANOVA showed that there were no significantly difference on bioavailability of Zn and Fe on various fortification level (p>0.05). Biscuits fortified with Zn and Fe to meet 50% RDA per serving size had the highest bioavailability of 76.32% and 41.80%, respectively. This biscuits was chosen for further analysis namely physical and chemical characteristics and protein digestibility. Result of analysis showed that the chosen biscuits more crunchy than those the commercial biscuits. Each a hundred grams of biscuits contained moisture, ash, protein, fat, carbohydrate, energy, Fe and Zn of about 2.73 g, 2.80 g, 13.34 g, 24.53 g, 57.32 g , 503 kcal, 11.7 % and 8.83%, respectively and had protein digestibility of 78.45%. This biscuits was in range of quality standards for biscuits SNI 01-2973-1992. The contribution of the chosen biscuits on RDA of energy, protein, Fe and Zn were 19,48%; 20,51%; 74,44%; 54.44%, respectively.Keywords: Bioavailability, biscuit of snakehead fish, protein digestability, fortificationABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari bioavailabilitas fortifikan, daya cerna protein, dan kontribusi gizi biskuit ikan gabus yang ditambahkan tepung ikan gabus dan difortifikasi dengan Zn dan Fe. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah RAL. Penelitian terdiri atas dua tahap, yaitu pertama adalah melakukan mikroenkapsulasi mineral Zn dan Fe, kedua formulasi biskuit berbasis 15% tepung ikan gabus yang difortifikasi dengan mineral Zn dan Fe dengan taraf fortifikasi, yaitu sebesar 25%, 50%, dan 100% AKG per serving size. Terhadap biskuit yang dihasilkandilakukan analisis bioavailabilitas Zn dan Fe. Hasil sidik ragam menunjukkan bahwa bioavailabilitas Zn dan Fe tidak berbeda nyata pada berbagai taraf fortifikasi (p>0.05). Biskuit hasil fortifikasi Zn dan Fe sebesar 50% AKG memiliki bioavailabilitas tertinggi, yaitu masing-masing 76,32% dan 41,80%. Formula biskuit ini dipilih untuk dianalisis lebih lanjut, yang meliputi analisis sifat fisik, kimia, dan daya cerna protein. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa biskuit terpilih tersebut lebih renyah daripada biskuit komersial. Dalam 100 g biskuit tersebut terkandung air, abu, protein, lemak, dan karbohidrat berturut-turut sebesar 2,73 g; 2,08 g; 13,34 g; 24,53 g; 57,32 g; serta energi sebesar 503 kkal. Kadar Fe dan Zn biskuit terpilih tersebut adalah 11,7 mg dan 8,83 mg/100 g; dengan daya cerna protein sebesar 78,45%. Biskuit berbasis tepung ikan gabus 15% yang difortifikasi Zn dan Fe sebesar 50% AKG memenuhi standar kualitas biskuit SNI 01-2973-1992. Kontribusi biskuit terpilih terhadap AKG energi, protein, Fe dan Zn berturut-turut adalah 19,48%; 20,51%; 74,44%; 54.44%.Kata kunci: Bioavailabilitas, biskuit ikan gabus, daya cerna protein, fortifikasi
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Kowalczyk, Magdalena, Agata Znamirowska-Piotrowska, Magdalena Buniowska-Olejnik, Grzegorz Zaguła, and Małgorzata Pawlos. "Bioavailability of Macroelements from Synbiotic Sheep’s Milk Ice Cream." Nutrients 15, no. 14 (July 20, 2023): 3230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15143230.

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To determine the potential bioavailability of macroelements (Ca, Mg, P, K), probiotic ice cream samples (Lactaseibacillus paracasei L-26, Lactobacillus casei 431, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5, Lactaseibacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB-12) from sheep’s milk with inulin, apple fiber and inulin, or apple fiber and control samples were submitted to in vitro digestion in the mouth, stomach and small intestine. The bioavailability of calcium in the ice cream samples ranged from 40.63% to 54.40%, whereas that of magnesium was 55.64% to 44.42%. The highest bioavailability of calcium and magnesium was shown for the control samples. However, adding 4% inulin reduced the bioavailability of calcium by about 3–5% and magnesium only by about 5–6%. Adding 4% apple fiber reduced the bioavailability of calcium by as much as 6–12% and magnesium by 7–8%. The highest bioavailability of calcium was determined in ice cream with L. paracasei, and the highest bioavailability of magnesium was determined in ice cream with L. casei. The bioavailability of phosphorus in ice cream ranged from 47.82% to 50.94%. The highest bioavailability of phosphorus (>50%) was in sheep ice cream fermented by B. animalis. In the control ice cream, the bioavailability of potassium was about 60%. In ice cream with inulin, the bioavailability of potassium was lower by 3–4%, and in ice cream with apple fiber, the bioavailability of potassium was lower by up to 6–9%. The bioavailability of potassium was significantly influenced only by the addition of dietary fiber. The results of the study confirmed the beneficial effect of bacteria on the bioavailability of Ca, Mg and P.
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