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1
Ullah, Azeem, Md Kaiser Haider, Fei-fei Wang, Shu Morita, Davood Kharaghani, Yan Ge, Yuji Yoshiko, Jung Soon Lee, and Ick Soo Kim. "“Clay-corn-caprolactone” a novel bioactive clay polymer nanofibrous scaffold for bone tissue engineering." Applied Clay Science 220 (April 2022): 106455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2022.106455.
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Radian, Adi, Dorit Michaeli, Carina Serban, Rachel Nechushtai, and Yael G. Mishael. "Bioactive apo-ferredoxin–polycation–clay composites for iron binding." Journal of Materials Chemistry 20, no. 21 (2010): 4361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0jm00232a.
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Ruiz-Hitzky, Eduardo, Pilar Aranda, Marwa Akkari, Nithima Khaorapapong, and Makoto Ogawa. "Photoactive nanoarchitectures based on clays incorporating TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (May 31, 2019): 1140–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.114.
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Thought as raw materials clay minerals are often disregarded in the development of advanced materials. However, clays of natural and synthetic origin constitute excellent platforms for developing nanostructured functional materials for numerous applications. They can be easily assembled to diverse types of nanoparticles provided with magnetic, electronic, photoactive or bioactive properties, allowing to overcome drawbacks of other types of substrates in the design of functional nanoarchitectures. Within this scope, clays can be of special relevance in the production of photoactive materials as they offer an advantageous way for the stabilization and immobilization of diverse metal-oxide nanoparticles. The controlled assembly under mild conditions of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles with clay minerals to give diverse clay–semiconductor nanoarchitectures are summarized and critically discussed in this review article. The possibility to use clay minerals as starting components showing different morphologies, such as layered, fibrous, or tubular morphologies, to immobilize these types of nanoparticles mainly plays a role in i) the control of their size and size distribution on the solid surface, ii) the mitigation or suppression of the nanoparticle aggregation, and iii) the hierarchical design for selectivity enhancements in the catalytic transformation and for improved overall reaction efficiency. This article tries also to present new steps towards more sophisticated but efficient and highly selective functional nanoarchitectures incorporating photosensitizer elements for tuning the semiconductor–clay photoactivity.
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Marchesi, Stefano, Geo Paul, Matteo Guidotti, Stefano Econdi, Chiara Bisio, and Fabio Carniato. "Impregnation of Synthetic Saponites with Aldehydes: A Green Approach in the Intercalation of Bioactive Principles." Inorganics 10, no. 10 (September 29, 2022): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10100159.
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Synthetic saponite clay was impregnated with either linear saturated or unsaturated aldehydes through an incipient-wetness deposition approach. To increase the aldehyde loading, saponite was also intercalated with positively charged cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA+) species, aiming to expand the clay gallery and to increase the hydrophobic character of the host solid. A multitechnique, physicochemical investigation was performed on the organic–inorganic hybrid solids. The analyses revealed that the aldehydes are mainly adsorbed on the clay particles’ surface, with a small fraction inside the interlayer space. In CTA+-modified saponites, the concentration of saturated aldehydes was higher than the one observed in the pure clay. These features are quite promising for the development of novel layered solids containing bioactive molecules for ecocompatible and economically sustainable applications, especially in agriculture, for the development of innovative hybrid materials for crop protection.
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Zegan, Georgeta, Elena Mihaela Carausu, Loredana Golovcencu, Alina Sodor Botezatu, Eduard Radu Cernei, and Daniela Anistoroaei. "Antibiotic-anionic Clay Matrix Used for Drug Controlled Release." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 2 (March 15, 2018): 321–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.2.6098.
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Anionic clay matrix acting as drug controlled release system have shown in last years a great potential for delivery of bioactive molecules and chemical therapeutics. This organic-inorganic nanohybrid system is high efficient offering an excellent protection of intercalated compounds from degradation. Compared to other nanoparticles used in medical area, anionic clays type layered double hydroxides have found to be biocompatible according to toxicological studies. Ampicillin containing MgAlLDHs and ZnAlLDH samples have been prepared following two routes: anion-exchange procedure and reconstruction from calcined layered double hydroxides. Solid samples have been characterized by FTIR and SEM-EDX highlighting the alteration of pristine LDHs structure when the antibiotic is introduced in the interlayer gallery.
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Vilarinho, Fernanda, Malia Fátima Vaz, and Ana Sanches Silva. "The Use of Montmorillonite (MMT) in Food Nanocomposites: Methods of Incorporation, Characterization of MMT/Polymer Nanocomposites and Main Consequences in the Properties." Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture 11, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212798410666190401160211.
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Background: The clay Montmorillonite (MMT) is among the nanofillers more frequently used in food packaging. The uniform dispersion of nanoparticles in polymers confers considerable improvement of mechanical, thermal, optical, and/or barrier properties in polymer/clay nanocomposites. Objective: The aim is to ascertain the state of the art of the use of MMT for packaging purposes, with special emphasis on food applications. Methods: A literature review was carried out through recent papers and patents that focused on the incorporation of MMT in polymers. Results: This review emphasizes the interaction of MMT with polymers and their levels of incorporation in the nanocomposites. This work also highlights the analytical methodologies used for the characterization of the polymer/clay nanocomposites and the main consequences of the fillers in the properties of nanocomposites. Challenges remain about increasing the compatibility between clays and biopolymers to promote their utilization in food packaging. New strategies for immobilization of oxides, enzymes, essential oils, and other bioactive compounds are needed. Conclusion: MMT-based composite materials are promising to be used in intelligent and active packaging.
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Mousa, Mohamed, Juan Aviles Milan, Oscar Kelly, Jane Doyle, Nicholas D. Evans, Richard O. C. Oreffo, and Jonathan I. Dawson. "The role of lithium in the osteogenic bioactivity of clay nanoparticles." Biomaterials Science 9, no. 8 (2021): 3150–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0bm01444c.
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Bastianini, Maria, Caterina Faffa, Michele Sisani, and Annarita Petracci. "Caffeic Acid-layered Double Hydroxide Hybrid: A New Raw Material for Cosmetic Applications." Cosmetics 5, no. 3 (August 21, 2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics5030051.
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Bioactive ingredients from natural sources possess well-known positive effects in cosmetic applications. Among them, phenolic acids have emerged with very interesting potential. Caffeic acid (CAF) is one of the most promising active compounds because it possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumoral and anti-wrinkle effects. In order to increase its local bioavailability in topical applications, the vehiculation of caffeic acid can lead to a new raw material of cosmetic interest. For this purpose, clay minerals possess excellent properties, such as low or null toxicity and good biocompatibility. Clays are able to host a wide range of active ingredients in the interlayer region, using a green process known as intercalation reaction. The hosting of cosmetic actives into the layered structure of anionic clays allows the preparation of new materials with enhanced stability towards oxidation and photodegradation, better local bioavailability, and easier workability. In this paper, the successful vehiculation of caffeic acid into anionic clay is presented. The obtained hybrid is very promising for the cosmetic market because of its higher bioavailability and prolonged antioxidant activity.
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Kashiri, Mahboobeh, Yahya Maghsoudlo, and Morteza khomeiri. "Incorporating Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil and sodium bentonite nano-clay open a new perspective to use zein films as bioactive packaging materials." Food Science and Technology International 23, no. 7 (May 26, 2017): 582–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013217708526.
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Active zein films with different levels of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil were produced successfully. To enhance properties of this biopolymer for food packaging applications, sodium bentonite clay was used at two levels (2 and 4%). The results indicated that the addition of Z. multiflora Boiss. essential oil caused a reduction in tensile strength and Young’s modulus and slight increase in the percent of elongation at break of the films. Maximum solubility in water and water vapor permeability was observed by incorporation of 10% Z. multiflora Boiss. essential oil in the zein matrix. Transmission electron microscopy micrographs of zein film were verified by the exfoliation of the layers of sodium bentonite clay in the zein matrix. Stronger films with lower water vapor permeability and water solubility were evident of good distribution of sodium bentonite clay in the zein matrix. According to the results, 2% sodium bentonite clay was selected for evaluation of nano active film properties. Water vapor permeability, UV light barrier, tensile strength, and Young’s modulus values of active films were improved by incorporation of 2% sodium bentonite clay. The antibacterial activity of different contents of Z. multiflora Boiss. essential oil in vapor phase demonstrated that use of Z. multiflora Boiss. essential oil in the liquid phase was more effective than in vapor phase. The antibacterial zein-based films showed that active zein film with 5 and 10% Z. multiflora Boiss. essential oil had reductions of 1.68 log and 2.99 log, respectively, against Listeria monocytogenes and 1.39 and 3.07 log against Escherichia coli. Nano active zein film containing 10% Z. multiflora Boiss. essential oil and 2% sodium bentonite clay showed better antibacterial properties against L. monocytogenes (3.23 log) and E. coli (3.17 log).
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Cheikh, Dorsaf, Hatem Majdoub, and Margarita Darder. "An overview of clay-polymer nanocomposites containing bioactive compounds for food packaging applications." Applied Clay Science 216 (January 2022): 106335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2021.106335.
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Gomes, Duanne Mendes, Lyghia Maria Araújo Meirelles, Paulo Monteiro Araujo, Rayran Walter Ramos de Sousa, Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira, Stanley Juan Chavez Gutierrez, Maria das Graças Freire de Medeiros, and Fernanda Nervo Raffin. "Improving Riparin-A Dissolution through a Laponite Based Nanohybrid." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 8 (August 14, 2023): 2136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15082136.
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(1) Background: Riparin-A presents several pharmacological activities already elucidated, such as antimicrobial modulator, antileishmania, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antioxidant. Even with important bioactive effects, the applicability of Riparin-A is limited due to its low solubility in water, impairing its dissolution in biological fluids. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop a nanohybrid based on Riparin-A and Laponite to obtain a better dissolution profile and evaluate its cytotoxic potential. (2) Methods: The formation of a hybrid system was highlighted by X-ray powder diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. Solubility, dissolution, and cytotoxicity studies were performed; (3) Results: An increase in the solubility and aqueous dissolution rate of Riparin-A was observed in the presence of clay. Diffractometric analysis of the hybrid system suggests the amorphization of Riparin-A, and thermal analyses indicated attenuation of decomposition and melting of the Riparin-A after interaction with clay. Furthermore, the nanosystem did not exhibit cytotoxic activity on normal and tumorigenic lines. (4) Conclusions: These results are promising for the development of the Riparin-A/Laponite nanosystem for therapeutic purposes, suggesting an increase in the range of possible routes of administration and bioavailability of this bioactive compound.
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Safakas, Konstantinos, Iro Giotopoulou, Archontoula Giannakopoulou, Katerina Katerinopoulou, Georgia C. Lainioti, Haralambos Stamatis, Nektaria-Marianthi Barkoula, and Athanasios Ladavos. "Designing Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Polyethylene Films with Bioactive Compounds/Clay Nanohybrids for Potential Packaging Applications." Molecules 28, no. 7 (March 25, 2023): 2945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28072945.
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In the present work, direct incorporation of bioactive compounds onto the surface and interlayer of nanoclays before their incorporation into the final polymeric film was conducted, based on a green methodology developed by our group that is compatible with food packaging. This will lead to the higher thermal stability and the significant reduction of the loss of activity of the active ingredients during packaging configuration. On this basis, the essential oil (EO) components carvacrol (C), thymol (T) as well as olive leaf extract (OLE), which is used for the first time, were incorporated onto organo-modified montmorillonite (O) or inorganic bentonite (B) through the evaporation/adsorption method. The prepared bioactive nanocarriers were further mixed with low-density polyethylene (LDPE), via melt compounding, in order to prepare films for potential use as fresh fruit and vegetable packaging material. Characterization of the bioactive nanocarriers and films were performed through XRD, TGA, tensile, antimicrobial and antioxidant tests. Films with organically modified montmorillonite loaded with carvacrol (OC), thymol (OT) and olive leaf extract (OOLE) at 5% wt. showed better results in terms of mechanical properties. The films with polyethylene and organically modified montmorillonite loaded with carvacrol or thymol at 20% wt. (PE_OC20 and PE_OT20), as well as with olive leaf extract at 5 or 10 %wt., clay:bioactive substance ratio 1:0.5 and 10% compatibilizer (PE_OOLE5_MA10 and PE_OOLE10_MA10) exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. The resulting films displayed outstanding antimicrobial properties against Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) with the best results appearing in the films with 10% OC and OT.
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Zhai, Xinyun, Changshun Ruan, Jie Shen, Chuping Zheng, Xiaoli Zhao, Haobo Pan, and William Weijia Lu. "Clay-based nanocomposite hydrogel with attractive mechanical properties and sustained bioactive ion release for bone defect repair." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 9, no. 10 (2021): 2394–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tb00184a.
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Using nanoclay as the physical crosslinker, a novel clay-based nanocomposite hydrogel with attractive mechanical properties has be obtained, and the gradual release of intrinsic Mg2+ and Si4+ endows the system with excellent osteogenesis.
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Zhai, Xinyun, Yufei Ma, Chunyong Hou, Fei Gao, Yinyu Zhang, Changshun Ruan, Haobo Pan, William Weijia Lu, and Wenguang Liu. "3D-Printed High Strength Bioactive Supramolecular Polymer/Clay Nanocomposite Hydrogel Scaffold for Bone Regeneration." ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering 3, no. 6 (May 26, 2017): 1109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00224.
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Lo Dico, Giulia, Bernd Wicklein, Lorenzo Lisuzzo, Giuseppe Lazzara, Pilar Aranda, and Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky. "Multicomponent bionanocomposites based on clay nanoarchitectures for electrochemical devices." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (June 25, 2019): 1303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.129.
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Based on the unique ability of defibrillated sepiolite (SEP) to form stable and homogeneous colloidal dispersions of diverse types of nanoparticles in aqueous media under ultrasonication, multicomponent conductive nanoarchitectured materials integrating halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and chitosan (CHI) have been developed. The resulting nanohybrid suspensions could be easily formed into films or foams, where each individual component plays a critical role in the biocomposite: HNTs act as nanocontainers for bioactive species, GNPs provide electrical conductivity (enhanced by doping with MWCNTs) and, the CHI polymer matrix introduces mechanical and membrane properties that are of key significance for the development of electrochemical devices. The resulting characteristics allow for a possible application of these active elements as integrated multicomponent materials for advanced electrochemical devices such as biosensors and enzymatic biofuel cells. This strategy can be regarded as an “a la carte” menu, where the selection of the nanocomponents exhibiting different properties will determine a functional set of predetermined utility with SEP maintaining stable colloidal dispersions of different nanoparticles and polymers in water.
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Srasra, Ezzeddine, and Imene Bekri-Abbes. "Bentonite Clays for Therapeutic Purposes and Biomaterial Design." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 6 (March 24, 2020): 642–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200203144034.
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Background: Bentonite is a natural clay composed mainly of montmorillonite with other associated minerals such as feldspar, calcite and quartz. Owing to its high cation exchange, large surface area and ability to form thixotropic gels with water and to absorb large quantities of gas, it presents a large medicinal application. Objective: This review focuses on the promising potential of bentonite clays for biomaterial design and for therapeutic purposes. Methods: PubMed, ACS publications and Elsevier were searched for relevant papers. We have also evaluated the references of some pertinent articles. Results: Healing properties of bentonite are derived from the crystalline structure of the smectite group, which is composed of two octahedral alumina sheets localized between two tetrahedral silica sheets. This structure is behind the ability to intercalate cationic bioactive agents and undergoes interaction with various toxic species and exchanging in return species such as Fe3+, Cu2+, Al3+ Ca2+ or Na+, presenting antibacterial activity and providing essential minerals to the body. Furthermore, due to to its layered structure, bentonite has wide application for the design of biomaterials providing, thus, the stability of bioactive agents and preventing them from aggregation. Conclusion: Numerous publications have cited bentonite extensive applications as an alternative and complementary treatment for numerous health conditions as a detoxifying agent and for the preparation of several bionanocomposites.
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Polshettiwar, Vivek, and Rajender S. Varma. "Greener and expeditious synthesis of bioactive heterocycles using microwave irradiation." Pure and Applied Chemistry 80, no. 4 (January 1, 2008): 777–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200880040777.
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The utilization of green chemistry techniques is dramatically reducing chemical waste and reaction times as has recently been proven in several organic syntheses and chemical transformations. To illustrate these advantages in the synthesis of bioactive heterocycles, we have studied various environmentally benign protocols that involve greener alternatives. Microwave (MW) irradiation of neat reactants catalyzed by the surfaces of recyclable mineral supports, such as alumina, silica, clay, or their "doped" versions, enables the rapid one-pot assembly of heterocyclic compounds, such as flavonoids, related benzopyrans, and quinolone derivatives. The strategy to assemble oxygen and nitrogen heterocycles from in situ generated reactive intermediates via enamines or using hypervalent iodine reagents is described. Examples of multicomponent reactions that can be adapted for rapid parallel synthesis include solventless synthesis of dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)-ones (Biginelli reaction), imidazo[1,2-a]annulated pyridines, pyrazines, and pyrimidines (Ugi reaction). The relative advantages of greener pathways, which use MW irradiation and eco-friendly aqueous reaction medium, for the synthesis of various heterocycles, such as N-aryl azacycloalkanes, isoindoles, 1,3-dioxane, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, pyrazole, and diazepines, are also summarized.
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Thummajitsakul, Sirikul, Bongkoj Boonburapong, and Kun Silprasit. "Analysis of flower extract and natural dye solution from Sesbania javanica using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) chemometrics, and determination of its antioxidant and anti-glucosidase activities." International Food Research Journal 29, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 707–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/ifrj.29.3.22.
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Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) chemometrics and determination of antioxidant and anti-glucosidase activities of flower extract and natural dye solution from Sesbania javanica were performed. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were the highest in ethanolic flower extract, while antioxidant activity (1/EC50 = 0.4935) and α-glucosidase inhibition (1/EC50 = 2.9671) were the highest in dye solution, obtained from mixing white clay filler with aqueous dye extract. The correlations of FTIR data, bioactive compound contents, and biological activities were assessed by partial least squares structural equation modelling. Results showed that a strongly positive relationship was significantly demonstrated between FTIR fingerprints and bioactive compound contents (β = 0.825, t = 17.037, p value < 0.05), and between bioactive compound contents and biological activities (β = 0.563, t = 3.000, p value < 0.05). However, a strongly negative relationship was significantly found between FTIR fingerprints and biological activities (β = -1.204, t = 6.065, p value < 0.05). Moreover, the PCA and cluster analysis from FTIR data led to well grouping in PC plots and phylogenetic trees. Interestingly, the PCA and cluster analysis from FTIR data of plant extracts in powdered form provided better separation in PC plots and phylogenetic trees than in liquid form.
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Yu, Shengwu, Anika Singh, Huiying Zhang, and David D. Kitts. "An in vitro Method to Determine Intestinal Bioavailability of Glucosamine Salt Mixture." Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Science 9, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15226/jnhfs.2021.001180.
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Glucosamine is an amino sugar commonly used to improve joint health. It is often available for consumers as specialized supplements, the matrixes of which are formulated with components that facilitate enhancing functionality of the bioactive glucosamine. The primary objective of this study was to determine the in vitro bioaccessibility and bioavailability of a commercial glucosamine sulphate supplement, formulated with a mineral clay mixture. We used a modified a 3-step in vitro digestion procedure that included oral, gastric, and gastrointestinal digestions to assess bioaccessibility. Bioavailability followed using a Caco2 cell permeability test. Glucosamine bioaccessibility was not affected by gastric digestion and only marginally affected by gastrointestinal digestion (e.g., > 90% recovery). Bioavailability was dramatically lower, averaging approximately 15%, but similar for both the glucosamine reference standard and clay mineral mix glucosamine formulated product. Our in vitro bioavailability measurement of glucosamine, corrected for bioaccessibility, agree with values from in vitro rodent models. We conclude that the in vitro 3-step digestion of glucosamine, used to mimic gastrointestinal digestion, followed by the Caco2 permeability assay represents an alternative method to assess digestibility and bioavailability of formulated glucosamine products. Keywords: Glucosamine; Clay Mineral Mix; Bioaccessibility; Bioavailability
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Paientko, Victoria, Olena I. Oranska, Volodymyr M. Gun’ko, and Ewa Skwarek. "Selected Textural and Electrochemical Properties of Nanocomposite Fillers Based on the Mixture of Rose Clay/Hydroxyapatite/Nanosilica for Cosmetic Applications." Molecules 28, no. 12 (June 16, 2023): 4820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28124820.
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In order to improve the properties and characteristics of rose clay composites with acai, hydroxyapatite (HA), and nanosilica, the systems were mechanically treated. This treatment provides the preparation of better nanostructured composites with natural and synthetic nanomaterials with improved properties. The materials were characterized using XRD, nitrogen adsorption and desorption, particle sizing, zeta potential, and surface charge density measurements. For the systems tested in the aqueous media, the pH value of the point of zero charge (pHPZC) ranges from 8 to 9.9. However, the isoelectric point (pHIEP) values for all composites are below pH 2. This large difference between pHPZC and pHIEP is due to the complexity of the electrical double layer (EDL) and the relation of these points to different layers of the EDL. The tested samples as composite/electrolyte solutions are colloidally unstable. The toxicity level of the ingredients and release of anthocyanins as bioactive substances from acai in the composites were determined. The composites demonstrate an enhanced release of anthocyanins. There are some regularities in the characteristics depending on the type of components, morphology, and textural features of solids. The morphological, electrochemical, and structural characteristics of the components have changed in composites. The release of anthocyanins is greater for the composites characterized by minimal confined space effects in comparison with rose clay alone. The morphological, electrochemical, and structural characteristics allow us to expect high efficiency of composites as bioactive systems that are interesting for practical applications in cosmetics.
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Cristiani, Cinzia, Elisabetta Finocchio, Luciana Rossi, Carlotta Giromini, Matteo Dell’Anno, Sara Panseri, and Maurizio Bellotto. "Natural Clays as Potential Amino Acids Carriers for Animal Nutrition Application." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 5669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125669.
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This study has the main purpose of testing natural carriers as more sustainable alternatives to polymeric coating. New clay-based hybrid organic–inorganic materials have been prepared. An innovative procedure for the intercalation of the bioactive molecule is proposed. The synthesis process implies the use of mild operating conditions and does not require the use of organic reactants or solvents. Moreover, the use of natural carriers, and milder environmentally friendly process conditions, fulfill the requirement of a mostly safe, greener production. The capture and the release properties of the final material mainly depend on the carrier morphology. Large zeolite content in the mineral clays can favor the capture of very large methionine loadings, but due to the trapping mechanism, typical of these structures, zeolites prevent a satisfactory release in mild condition and physiological condition. The Freundlich adsorption model has been found to be able to predict the capture behavior. Once the proper carrier is selected, the preparation procedure guarantees the protection of the amino acid in the right form. Neither the structure of the inorganic matrix nor the amino acid structure was changed in the preparation process. Methionine was detected in its zwitterionic form, showing the main IR bands only slightly affected by the interaction. Further studies on methionine bioaccessibility and intestinal absorption from methionine–Adsorbene (MET–ADS) are required to optimize the application of natural clay in in-field animal nutrition.
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Morariu, Simona, Cristina-Eliza Brunchi, Mirela Honciuc, and Manuela-Maria Iftime. "Development of Hybrid Materials Based on Chitosan, Poly(Ethylene Glycol) and Laponite® RD: Effect of Clay Concentration." Polymers 15, no. 4 (February 8, 2023): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15040841.
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In the context of increasing interest in biomaterials with applicability in cosmetics and medicine, this research aims to obtain and characterize some hybrid materials based on chitosan (CS) (antibacterial, biocompatible, and biodegradable), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) (non-toxic and prevents the adsorption of protein and cell) and Laponite® RD (Lap) (bioactive). The rheological properties of the starting dispersions were investigated and discussed related to the interactions developed between components. All samples exhibited gel-like properties, and the storage modulus of CS/PEG dispersion increased from 6.6 Pa to 657.7 Pa by adding 2.5% Lap. Structural and morphological characterization of the films, prepared by solution casting method, was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and polarized light microscopy (POM). These analyses proved the incorporation of Lap into CS/PEG films and revealed the morphological changes of the films by the addition of clay. Thereby, at the highest Lap concentration (43.8%), the “house of cards” structure formed by Lap platelets, which incorporate chitosan chains, as evidenced by SEM and POM. Two stages of degradation between 200 °C and 410 °C were evidenced for the films with Lap concentration higher than 38.5%, explained by the existence of a clay-rich phase (given by the clay network) and chitosan-rich one (due to the intercalation of chitosan in the clay network). CS/PEG film with 43.8% Lap showed the highest swelling degree of 240.7%. The analysis of the obtained results led to the conclusion that the addition of clay to the CS/PEG films increases their stability in water and gives them greater thermal stability.
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Aliabadi, Majid, Roya Dastjerdi, and Kourosh Kabiri. "HTCC-Modified Nanoclay for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Synergistic Cell Growth and Antibacterial Efficiency." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/749240.
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This paper deals with the synthesis of a biocompatible chitosan ammonium salt N-(2-hydroxy) propyl-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride (HTCC) and using it in montmorillonite ion-exchange process. HTCC-modified montmorillonite (Mt) with different chemical ratios was successfully synthesized, and their characteristics have been verified by XRD and FTIR analyses. Produced samples have been evaluated in terms of antibacterial efficiency and biocompatibility (cell culture test). Antibacterial efficiency of synthesized HTCC/Mt samples has been confirmed against both gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). The results disclosed that the antibacterial efficiency of HTCC-modified montmorillonite was unexpectedly even more than HTCC. This excellent synergistic effect has been referred to entrapping bacteria between the intercalated structures of HTCC-modified montmorillonite. Then HTCC on clay layers can seriously attack and damage the entrapped bacteria. An extraordinary biocompatibility, cell attachment, and cell growth even more than tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) have been recorded in the case of this novel kind of modified clay. Due to existing concerns about serious and chronic infections after implant placement, this natural-based bioactive and antibacterial modified clay can be used in electrospun nanofibers and other polymeric implants with promising mechanical properties for tissue engineering applications.
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Cascione, Mariafrancesca, Valeria De Matteis, Francesca Persano, and Stefano Leporatti. "AFM Characterization of Halloysite Clay Nanocomposites’ Superficial Properties: Current State-of-the-Art and Perspectives." Materials 15, no. 10 (May 10, 2022): 3441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15103441.
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Natural halloysite clay nanotubes (HNTs) are versatile inorganic reinforcing materials for creating hybrid composites. Upon doping HNTs with polymers, coating, or loading them with bioactive molecules, the production of novel nanocomposites is possible, having specific features for several applications. To investigate HNTs composites nanostructures, AFM is a very powerful tool since it allows for performing nano-topographic and morpho-mechanical measurements in any environment (air or liquid) without treatment of samples, like electron microscopes require. In this review, we aimed to provide an overview of recent AFM investigations of HNTs and HNT nanocomposites for unveiling hidden characteristics inside them envisaging future perspectives for AFM as a smart device in nanomaterials characterization.
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Simanek, Eric E. "Two Decades of Triazine Dendrimers." Molecules 26, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 4774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164774.
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For two decades, methods for the synthesis and characterization of dendrimers based on [1,3,5]-triazine have been advanced by the group. Motivated by the desire to generate structural complexity on the periphery, initial efforts focused on convergent syntheses, which yielded pure materials to generation three. To obtain larger generations of dendrimers, divergent strategies were pursued using iterative reactions of monomers, sequential additions of triazine and diamines, and ultimately, macromonomers. Strategies for the incorporation of bioactive molecules using non-covalent and covalent strategies have been explored. These bioactive materials included small molecule drugs, peptides, and genetic material. In some cases, these constructs were examined in both in vitro and in vivo models with a focus on targeting prostate tumor subtypes with paclitaxel conjugates. In the materials realm, the use of triazine dendrimers anchored on solid surfaces including smectite clay, silica, mesoporous alumina, polystyrene, and others was explored for the separation of volatile organics from gas streams or the sequestration of atrazine from solution. The combination of these organics with metal nanoparticles has been probed. The goal of this review is to summarize these efforts.
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Darder, Margarita, Jing He, Laurent Charlet, Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky, and Pilar Aranda. "Gentamicin-Montmorillonite Intercalation Compounds as an Active Component of Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose Bionanocomposite Films with Antimicrobial Properties." Clays and Clay Minerals 69, no. 5 (October 2021): 576–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42860-021-00156-3.
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AbstractThe present study introduces an overview of gentamicin-clay mineral systems for applications in biomedicine and then focuses on the development of a series of gentamicin/clay hybrid materials to be used as the bioactive phase of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) to produce bionanocomposite membranes possessing antimicrobial activity of interest in wound-dressing applications. Gentamicin (Gt) was adsorbed from aqueous solutions into a montmorillonite (Cloisite®-Na+) to produce intercalation compounds with tunable content of the antibiotic. The hybrids were characterized by CHN chemical analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, confirming the intercalation of Gt by an ion-exchange mechanism. The release of Gt from the hybrids was tested in water and in buffer solution to check their stability. Hybrids with various amounts of Gt were incorporated into a HPMC matrix at various loadings and processed as films by the casting method. The resulting Gt-clay/HPMC bionanocomposites were characterized by means of field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and were also evaluated for their water-adsorption and mechanical properties to confirm their suitability for wound-dressing applications. The antimicrobial activity of the bionanocomposite films was tested in vitro toward various microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Klebsiella pneumonia), showing a complete bacterial reduction even in films with small Gt contents.
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Oh, Hyeryeon, Jin Sil Lee, Hye Sun Lee, Daekyung Sung, and Won Il Choi. "A Novel Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Stabilized Illite Microparticle with Enhanced Antioxidant and Antibacterial Effect." Polymers 13, no. 24 (December 7, 2021): 4275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13244275.
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Illite is a clay mineral that shows antioxidant and antibacterial activities because of the abundance of important clay elements in its structure. However, illite has low bioactivity due to its low solubility and electron-donating ability in aqueous solutions. Therefore, we aimed to develop polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-stabilized illite microparticles (P-lite MPs) via polymer adsorption on illite surfaces. An increasing amount of PVP was used to coat a fixed amount of illite to prepare P-lite MPs of different hydrodynamic diameters in the range of 4–9 μm. These sizes were maintained for 2 weeks during storage in a biological buffer without any noticeable changes. The stabilization of illite microparticles using a hydrophilic PVP polymer improved their aqueous dispersity and free radical-scavenging activity. Since the large surface area of microparticles provides several sites for interactions, the smallest P-lite MP exhibited the highest antioxidant and antibacterial activities. More importantly, the MPs showed effective free radical-scavenging activity in vitro without any cytotoxicity. Therefore, P-lite MPs with improved bioavailability may represent a suitable bioactive material for various industrial and biomedical applications.
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Lucita, Angie, and Tensiska Tensiska. "ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF TEA, BREADFRUIT, AND PIPER BETLE LEAVES EXTRACTS AGAINST Propionibacterium acnes AND ITS APPLICATION AS ANTI-ACNE MASK." Jurnal Penelitian Pascapanen Pertanian 18, no. 2 (September 30, 2021): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jpasca.v18n2.2021.105-112.
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Tea, breadfruit, and piper betle leaves contain bioactive components that have a function as an antibacterial. The purpose of this study was to determine the type of leaf extract that has the highest inhibition power against Proponibacterium acnes and determine the concentration of the selected extract for mask applications that have good physical characteristics and acceptable to panelists. Extraction of tea, breadfruit, and piper betel leaves were carried out with 96% ethanol solvent using maceration method for 24 hours and concentrated with a rotary evaporator. Thick extracts contribute to antibacterial activity by disk diffusion method and total phenolic content. The selected extract was formulated into a clay mask with concentration of 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%. The result showed that breadfruit leaf extract had the highest inhibition power against Propionibacterium acnes which was 10.844 ± 0.327 mm (strong inhibition category) so that extract can be applied to clay mask. Breadfruit leaf extract concentration of 1.5% was the chosen formulation because it meets the standards, approved by the panelists and the most effective antibacterial for acne problems.
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BUTKAUSKAITĖ, Agnė, Austėja MIKOLAITIENĖ, and Rasa ŠLINKŠIENĖ. "The Influence of Algae as a Bioactive Additive on the Properties of Suspension Fertilizers." Materials Science 26, no. 4 (August 17, 2020): 482–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.26.4.23457.
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Algae contain essential plant nutrients, various microelements and bioactive substances promoting full supply of nutritious substances to plants during their entire vegetation period. They are attractive because their cultivation does not require plots of agricultural land, and they use carbon dioxide as well as nitrogen and phosphorus compounds to accumulate biomass. Besides, they are environment-friendly and their use makes it possible to create a closed cycle. Chemical composition of algae shows that they are suitable for use as a fertilizer component, because they have no aluminium or silicon, and heavy metal concentration does not exceed permitted limits. The particles 106 – 212 μm in size contain mostly (65.4 %) algae, and are irregular in shape. By using algae, fine sediment remains in suspension 4 times longer and settles slowly to the bottom (with 4 % clay additive, the solid phase settles in 40 min, and with 4 % algae – in 130 min). Stable NPK 12-4-18 suspension fertilizers suitable for use during a warm period were obtained with 3.5 % algae additive. The main properties of such suspensions are: pH 6.3; crystallization temperature + 8.21 °C; density – 1226 kg/m3, viscosity – 7.32 mm2/s.
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Barbosa, Raquel de Melo, Aliana Monteiro Leite, Fátima García-Villén, Rita Sánchez-Espejo, Pilar Cerezo, César Viseras, Angela Faccendini, Giuseppina Sandri, Fernanda Nervo Raffin, and Túlio Flávio Accioly de Lima e. Moura. "Hybrid Lipid/Clay Carrier Systems Containing Annatto Oil for Topical Formulations." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14051067.
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Nanocomposites formed by clay and lipid carriers (NLCs) show a high potential for providing controlled release and specific delivery of bioactive molecules and have recently gained attention in the pharmaceutical sector due to their ability to transport hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Recent studies have recognized the biological activity of the oil of Bixa orellana L. (AO) with regards to its healing, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-leishmanial properties. Therefore, the purpose of this study is the preparation and characterization of hybrid systems based on lipid nanocarriers and laponite for the delivery of AO. NLCs were prepared by the fusion-emulsification method, using cetyl palmitate (CP) or myristyl myristate (MM), AO, and Poloxamer 188. The morphology, hydrodynamic diameters, zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), viscosity behavior, and cytotoxicity testing of the hybrid systems were performed. The thermal study and X-ray diffraction analyses (XRD) revealed polymorphic structural changes compatible with the amorphization of the material. Rheological assays highlighted a typical pseudoplastic behavior in all systems (MM and CP with LAP). The hybrid systems’ morphology, size diameters, and PDIs were similar, preset spherical and monodisperse structures (≈200 nm; <0.3), without significant change up to sixty days. The ZP values differed from each other, becoming higher with increasing AO concentration. XEDS spectra and elemental X-ray maps show peaks of lipids (organic components, C and O) and inorganic components O, Mg, and Si. All samples showed cell viability above 60%. The results indicated a stable, biocompatible hybrid system that can be an alternative for topical application.
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Allaoui, Safae, Mohammed Naciri Bennani, Hamid Ziyat, Omar Qabaqous, Najib Tijani, Najim Ittobane, Mohammed Barbouchi, Aziz Bouymajane, and Fouzia Rhazi Filali. "Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Polyphenols Extracted after Adsorption onto Natural Clay “Ghassoul”." Journal of Chemistry 2020 (August 25, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8736721.
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Natural polyphenols contained in olive mill wastewaters (OMW) have been usually associated with great bioactive properties as “antioxidants”. In this work, we recovered the polyphenols after adsorption onto natural clay “ghassoul” by different solvents: water, ethyl acetate, and methanol (PPW, PPA, and PPM, respectively) to avoid environmental pollution. Also, we tested the antioxidant activity of the extracted polyphenols by two methods: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Then, we analyzed antimicrobial activity by the microdilution technique to determine at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The OMW of the Fez-Meknes region has a very acidic pH, considerable amounts of mineral matter, and a high concentration of polyphenols and organic content. The results of the test from DPPH showed good antiradical potential for polyphenols extracted with water, but the TAC showed an important capacity for all extracts unless PPA. The antibacterial activity is not the same on the four bacteria studied (Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis), and all extracts inhibit most tested germs that do not have the same MIC and the same sensitivity. Only the PPW showed the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) that is equal to 0.290 mg/mL for Salmonella sp and Staphylococcus aureus, which confirms that the extraction by water of the adsorbed polyphenols is an original solution to recover the polyphenols and also to obtain a natural phenolic antioxidant which can be used in the pharmaceutical, nourishment, and cosmetic industry.
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Khan, Hurmat, Richa Shri, and Gulshan Bansal. "Effect of Different Abiotic Stresses on Allium Cepa Plants: Results from a Field Study of Two Different Seasons." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 8641–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.8641ecst.
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Abiotic factors have the capacity to influence the nature and quantity of secondary metabolites. Alteration of environmental factors during plant growth can affect the production of bioactive phytoconstituents. A six-month field study was carried out in two different seasons to assess the effect of different abiotic stresses on bioactive compounds, i.e. flavonoids and phenols and plant yield of selected Allium species, i.e. Allium cepa L. (AC). (Family Amaryllidaceae). AC plants were grown for six months from November to April and for another six months from May to October on three different soil types (i.e. black, red, clay-loamy) and various stresses (salinity, water deprivation, flooding, fertilizer, metal, shade) were applied on the plants. At the end of the season, plants were collected, dried, and plant yield was determined. Hydroalcoholic extracts of all samples were prepared. Plant yield, TFC, TPC were determined in all the extracts. The results show varied response of AC plants to different soil types, stresses, and seasons. AC plants cultivated on red soil with fertilization give higher biomass yield in both seasons. AC plants grown in black soil under metal stress have highest TFC, TPC. Hence these conditions may be recommended for incorporation in cultivation practices of these valuable medicinal plants to ensure commercial supply of plants with higher phenol and flavonoid content and better plant yield.
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Nguyen, Trung Do, Hon Nhien Le, Thi Bang Tam Dao, and Chi Nhan Ha Thuc. "Aqueous Extraction of Fine Curcumin for synthesizing Drug Delivery Vehicle of Montmorillonite/ Curcumin." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 27, no. 8 (July 15, 2023): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2708rjce1030114.
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The nutraceutical efficacy of phytochemical curcumin has been utilized in many therapeutic foods and drugs, thanks to their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor and anticancer activities. Therefore, it is necessary to develop green and scalable methods of isolating the natural products from the Curcuma longa plant. This study presents an environmentally friendly method of aqueous extraction to obtain fine curcumin powder with high purity (84.6 % quantified by HPLC). The fine curcumin combines with montmorillonite clay to synthesize an improved drug delivery vehicle. Synthetically, equilibrium adsorption of curcumin on montmorillonite results in a curcumin-loaded montmorillonite structure. The montmorillonite/ curcumin drug delivery vehicle shows good properties of aqueous dispersibility and curcumin stabilization in the environment of neutral water and natural/ ultraviolet lights. The innovative formulation of montmorillonite/curcumin helps to upgrade the bioavailability and stability of bioactive curcumin in nutraceutical delivery applications.
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Amasifuen Guerra, Carlos A., Kirti Patel, Piero G. Delprete, Andréa P. Spina, Juan Grados, Pedro Vásquez-Ocmín, Alice Gadea, Rosario Rojas, Jesús Guzmán, and Michel Sauvain. "Patterns of Plumericin Concentration in Leaves of Himatanthus tarapotensis (Apocynaceae) and Its Interactions with Herbivory in the Peruvian Amazon." Plants 11, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11081011.
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We explored the concentration patterns of the bioactive metabolite plumericin produced by Himatanthus tarapotensis (Apocynaceae) under different edaphic conditions and variations in rainfall intensity, as well as its potential role in the chemical defense against insect herbivores. Values of plumericin concentration from leaves were obtained by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, and evaluated as a function of differences in soil types, variation of precipitation, and variation of the abundance of insect herbivores, using first a Repeated Measures Correlation (rmcorr) and then a Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) analysis. Plumericin concentration is highly variable among plants, but with a significantly higher concentration in plants growing on clay soil compared to that of the white-sand soil habitat (p < 0.001). Plumericin concentration is not affected by precipitation. The caterpillar of Isognathus leachii (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) is the most conspicuous herbivore of H. tarapotensis, and its presence is continuous but not related to plumericin concentration, probably because of its capacity to elude the chemical defense of this plant. Nevertheless, our multivariate model revealed that plumericin concentration is related to the abundance of Hymenoptera (Formicidae), and this relationship is significantly influenced by the soil parameters of carbon percentage, clay percentage, and phosphorous percentage (p < 0.001). Plumericin is a mediating agent in the interaction between H. tarapotensis and its natural environment. Variation in plumericin concentration would be induced by the abundance of Hymenoptera (Formicidae), probably as a chemical response against these insects, and by differences in soil nutrient availability.
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PIKOLI, Megga Ratnasari, Irawan SUGORO, and Suharti SUHARTI. "Diversity Analysis of an Extremely Acidic Soil in a Layer of Coal Mine Detected the Occurrence of Rare Actinobacteria." Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) 17, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 529–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/wjst.2020.4380.
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Studies that explore the diversity of microorganisms in unusual (extreme) environments have become more common. Our research aims to predict the diversity of bacteria that inhabit an extreme environment, a coal mine’s soil with pH of 2.93. Soil samples were collected from the soil at a depth of 12 meters from the surface, which is a clay layer adjacent to a coal seam in Tanjung Enim, South Sumatera, Indonesia. A culture-independent method, the polymerase chain reaction based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, was used to amplify the 16S rRNA gene to detect the viable-but-unculturable bacteria. Results showed that some OTUs that have never been found in the coal environment and which have phylogenetic relationships to the rare actinobacteria Actinomadura, Actinoallomurus, Actinospica, Streptacidiphilus, Aciditerrimonas, and Ferrimicrobium. Accordingly, the highly acidic soil in the coal mine is a source of rare actinobacteria that can be explored further to obtain bioactive compounds for the benefit of biotechnology.
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O'Kelly, Brendan C. "Consolidation properties of a dewatered municipal sewage sludge." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42, no. 5 (October 1, 2005): 1350–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t05-054.
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The consolidation properties of a dewatered municipal sewage sludge were studied using the oedometer, hydraulic consolidation cell, and triaxial apparatus. Bioactive and stabilized test specimens of dried-compacted material and slurry material at different states of biodegradation (LOI = 5570%, where LOI is the loss on ignition) were consolidated under applied stresses of 3400 kPa. The rate of biogas production and the resulting pore pressure response of the unsaturated material were also studied for different specimen drainage conditions. The sludge material largely consisted of organic clay-sized particles, and although highly compressible, the material was practically impermeable (k = 1091011 m/s for slurry material, where k is the coefficient of permeability). Primary consolidation generally constituted only a small part of the overall deformation response for moderately degraded material (LOI [Formula: see text] 70%). Secondary compression was dominant, and for the bioactive material, included a significant contribution as a result of ongoing degradation of the organic solids. The contribution of primary consolidation to the overall deformation response increased for higher levels of treatment (LOI [Formula: see text] 55%) and the coefficient of secondary compression (Csec) values reduced; for example, Csec = 0.100.24 (σa = 35150 kPa, where σa is the applied stress) for moderately degraded material and Csec [Formula: see text] 0.09 (σa = 300 kPa) for strongly degraded material. Biogas evolved from the material at a steady rate of up to 0.33 m3 gas/day/tonne for moderately degraded slurry, which caused the pore pressure to steadily increase to up to 40 kPa/day when the biogas remained trapped within the specimens.Key words: sewage sludge, consolidation, biodegrade, biogas.
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Gitau, Margaret Mukami, Attila Farkas, Benedikta Balla, Vince Ördög, Zoltán Futó, and Gergely Maróti. "Strain-Specific Biostimulant Effects of Chlorella and Chlamydomonas Green Microalgae on Medicago truncatula." Plants 10, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061060.
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Microalgae have been identified to produce a plethora of bioactive compounds exerting growth stimulating effects on plants. The objective of this study was to investigate the plant-growth-promoting effects of three selected strains of eukaryotic green microalgae. The biostimulatory effects of two Chlorella species (MACC-360 and MACC-38) and a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strain (cc124) were investigated in a Medicago truncatula model plant grown under controlled greenhouse conditions. The physiological responses of the M. truncatula A17 ecotype to algal biomass addition were characterized thoroughly. The plants were cultivated in pots containing a mixture of vermiculite and soil (1:3) layered with clay at the bottom. The application of live algae cells using the soil drench method significantly increased the plants’ shoot length, leaf size, fresh weight, number of flowers and pigment content. For most of the parameters analyzed, the effects of treatment proved to be specific for the applied algae strains. Overall, Chlorella application led to more robust plants with increased fresh biomass, bigger leaves and more flowers/pods compared to the control and Chlamydomonas-treated samples receiving identical total nutrients.
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Vinoth, Mani, Sivaprakasam Sivasankari, Abdul Kareem Khaleel Ahamed, Khawla Ibrahim Alsamhary, Nouf Mohammed Al-enazi, Neveen Abdel-Raouf, Reem Mohammed Alharbi, et al. "Bio-Characterization and Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Exopolysaccharides in Biofilm-Producing Cyanobacteria Isolated from Soil Crust: Exploring the Potential of Microalgal Biomolecules." Biology 12, no. 8 (July 30, 2023): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12081065.
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Exopolysaccharide-producing cyanobacterial strains in biological soil crusts are described, in addition to their chemical properties and antioxidant and flocculation activities. The EPSs from Pudukkottai blackish biological soil crusts (PBBSCs) showed significant amounts of total soluble proteins (0.1687 mg/mL) and carbohydrates (0.8056 mg/mL) compared with the Ariyalur blackish biological soil crusts (ABBSCs). LC-MS analysis of the cyanobacterial polysaccharides revealed the presence of natural sugars such as ribose and glucose/mannose, and uronic acids. The FTIR spectrum showed specific peak for OH and –NH stretching, C–H stretching, and carboxylic acids as the dominant groups in EPS. The in vitro DPPH assay of EPSs from PBBSCs showed 74.3% scavenging activity. Furthermore, the reducing power was determined to be 0.59 ata 500 mg/mL concentration, respectively. The extracted EPSs from the biological soil crust flocculated Kaolin clay suspension maximum at 500 mg/mL. Consequently, the cyanobacterial strain and exopolysaccharide characterization from the sacred forest’s biological soil crust were analyzed for their bioactive potential, bio-crust diversity, and distribution.
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Chanama, Manee, Chanwit Suriyachadkun, and Suchart Chanama. "Streptomyces antimicrobicus sp. nov., a novel clay soil-derived actinobacterium producing antimicrobials against drug-resistant bacteria." PLOS ONE 18, no. 5 (May 31, 2023): e0286365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286365.
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A novel actinobacterium, designated strain SMC 277T, was isolated from the clay soil in paddy field of Chonburi Province, Thailand, and characterized using polyphasic taxonomy. Strain SMC 277T formed straight chains of nonmotile cylindrical spores with smooth surface developed on aerial mycelia. The typical chemotaxonomic properties of members of the genus Streptomyces were observed in strain SMC 277T, e.g., cell wall peptidoglycan, whole cell sugars, major menaquinones, cellular fatty acids, and polar lipids. Chemotaxonomic data combined with mycelium and spore morphologies supported the assignment of strain SMC 277T to the genus Streptomyces. The results of comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences confirmed that strain SMC 277T represented a member of the genus Streptomyces. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain SMC 277T shared the highest sequence similarity with Streptomyces bambusae NBRC 110903T (98.8%). Genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 6.55 Mbp and a digital G+C content of 73.4 mol%. In addition to the differences in phenotypic characteristics (morphology and physiology), values of ANI (ANIb and ANIm), AAI and dDDH between strain SMC 277T and its closest relative S. bambusae NBRC 110903T were 81.84, 86.77, 76.91 and 26.1%, respectively. Genome annotation and secondary metabolite gene cluster analysis predicted that SMC 277T contained 35 biosynthetic gene clusters encoding diverse bioactive secondary metabolites. It is in agreement with observed antimicrobial activity against drug-resistant bacteria associated with nosocomial infections (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii). On the basis of these genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, strain SMC 277T can be characterized to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces antimicrobicus is proposed. The type strain is SMC 277T (= TBRC 15568T = NBRC 115422T).
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Andrade, Danielle B., Leticya L. S. Soares, Francisca L. A. Cardoso, Idglan S. Lima, Jhaemely G. V. Silva, Maria A. M. Carvalho, Maria G. Fonseca, et al. "Hydrogel Based on Nanoclay and Gelatin Methacrylate Polymeric Matrix as a Potential Osteogenic Application." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 14, no. 2 (January 29, 2023): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb14020074.
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A nanocomposite hydrogel has potentially applicability in the induction of osteogenesis. The hydrogel was synthesized using 1% gelatin methacrylate (GelMA), a biodegradable and bioactive polymer containing the structure of gelatin, denatured collagen derived from the extracellular bone matrix, and 6% laponite (Lap), a synthetic phyllosilicate of nanosized particles. Initially, 0.6 g of Lap was added to deionized water, and then a solution of GelMA/Igarcure was added under stirring and UV light for crosslinking. The spectra in the Fourier-transform infrared region showed bands that indicate the interaction between gelatin and methacrylate anhydride. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the presence of Lap and GelMA in the hydrogel. The thermogravimetric analysis suggested an increase in the thermal stability of the hydrogel with the presence of clay mineral. Rheological analysis showed that the hydrogel had a viscosity that allowed its injectability. The hydrogel did not show acute toxicity at any of the concentrations tested according to the Artemia salina lethality test. It showed cell viability more significant than 80% in the MTT test, which makes it suitable for in vivo osteogenic induction tests. The cell differentiation test showed the differentiation of stem cells into osteogenic cells. It indicates a material with the potential for osteogenic induction and possible application in bone tissue engineering.
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Martinez, Hermínia Emília Prieto, Janini Tatiane Lima Souza Maia, Carla do Carmo Milagres, Junia Maria Clemente, and Paulo Roberto Cecon. "Sindy cherry tomato: A low potassium (K) demanding, high-quality and highly productive cultivar." Australian Journal of Crop Science, no. 13(05) 2019 (May 20, 2019): 785–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.19.13.05.p1600.
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Potassium (K) is one of the most abundant nutrient and has the greatest influence on fruit quality as it regulates the synthesis and translocation of photoassimilates in plants. K deficiency in tomato plants can compromise the quality and flavor of fruits. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of K doses on the production and quality of cherry tomato fruits in a hydroponic system. We cultivated the cherry tomato Hybrid Sindy for 120 days, from June to October, in an expanded clay sub irrigation system. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with four replicates. The treatments consisted of increasing concentrations of K (6, 8, 10 and 12 mmol L-1) in the nutrient solution provided during the fructification period. It was evaluated production, mean weight of fruits and bunch, total soluble solids contents, titratable acidity, pH, and contents of lycopene, β-carotene, and a chlorophyll. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, copper, boron, iron, zinc, and manganese were also determined in the fruits and in the third leaf above the fourth fruit bunch. Six mmol L-1 of K in the nutrient solution was enough to ensure the production and quality of the Sindy hybrid cherry tomato. Nevertheless, higher K doses improved the contents of the bioactive compounds lycopene and β -carotene in the fruits.
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Adomi, Patience O., and Ruth Idundun. "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Medicinal Plants Used against Microbial Infections in Pregnant Women in Delta State, Nigeria." Journal of Advances in Microbiology 23, no. 9 (August 22, 2023): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jamb/2023/v23i9747.
Full textAbstract:
Pregnant women are important people in society. As such, their health condition is paramount. Healthy babies reflect the health condition of fetus in the womb and the mother. In Nigeria, pregnant women consult local midwives for the purpose of their health and that of their unborn children. Medicinal plant ingestion is common among pregnant women as they believe it is safe and effective for curing ailment and maintaining good health. Microbial diseases that infect pregnant women are numerous. There is therefore a need to detect other bioactive compounds which could be used for treating and maintaining good health in pregnant women. The study was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of medicinal plants used for pregnancy care. Medicinal plants used were identified by oral interview. Microorganisms were isolated and identified by standard methods from urine samples. Result from oral interviewers showed that some medicinal plants and substances including kaolin clay were used by pregnant women. Microrganisms identified were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and others including Candida albicans. Ficus exasperata and Solenostemon monostachyus were active against Candida albicans at 12.5mg/ml but not active on any bacteria. Peperomia pellucida had no inhibitory effect on any of the microorganism. In conclusion, Ficus exasperata and Solenostemon monostachyus could be used to treat microbial infections caused by Candida ablicans during pregnancy.
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Panda, Sudhanshu S., Thomas H. Terrill, Ajit K. Mahapatra, Eric R. Morgan, Aftab Siddique, Andres A. Pech-Cervantes, and Jan A. van Wyk. "Optimizing Sericea Lespedeza Fodder Production in the Southeastern US: A Climate-Informed Geospatial Engineering Approach." Agriculture 13, no. 9 (August 23, 2023): 1661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091661.
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Lack of attention to rural healthcare for livestock in the southeastern United States has led to a focus on small ruminant farming, mainly using sericea lespedeza [SL; Lespedeza cuneata (Dum-Cours) G. Don], a drought-resistant forage species with nutraceutical benefits. Climate change has increased land availability for SL cultivation, further expanding the potential of this bioactive (anti-parasitic) legume. This study aims to create a geospatial engineering and technology-assisted model for identifying suitable SL production areas for supporting profitable small ruminant farming. The cultivation of SL depends on specific weather conditions and soil properties, with minimum requirements for temperature and rainfall, non-clay soil with reduced bulk density, and open land cover. The main objective was to develop an automated geospatial model using ArcGIS Pro ModelBuilder to assess SL production suitability. This model also aimed to identify appropriate locations for small ruminant production in Georgia in the southeastern United States, characterized by increasing temperature fluctuations. A web-based geographic information system (webGIS) platform was developed using the ArcGIS Online dashboard interface, allowing agriculturalists to access decision support for SL production suitability tailored to their land. This forage production suitability analysis, conducted in the context of climate change, offers valuable guidance for pasture managers in other nations with similar environmental attributes, promoting global adaptability and resilience.
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Montesano, Vincenzo, Donatella Negro, Gabriella Sonnante, Gaetano Laghetti, and Marcella Urbano. "Polyphenolic Compound Variation in Globe Artichoke Cultivars as Affected by Fertilization and Biostimulants Application." Plants 11, no. 15 (August 8, 2022): 2067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11152067.
Full textAbstract:
Globe artichoke is an ancient herbaceous plant native to the Mediterranean Basin. The edible part of the plant is limited to the fleshy leaves (bracts) and receptacle of a large immature inflorescence (head) that has been shown to be a rich source of bioactive compounds. Nutritional and pharmacological properties of artichoke heads and leaves are attributed mainly to polyphenolic compounds and inulin present at high concentration. In this study, polyphenols were investigated in two artichoke cultivars (Opal and Madrigal) in response to four nitrogen rates and foliar applications of biostimulating products under drip irrigation. Field experiments were carried out over two growing seasons (2015–2016, 2016–2017) in Policoro (MT), Southern Italy, on a deep clay soil in sub-humid climate conditions. Phenolic compounds were isolated and characterized by means of high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) analysis. In both cultivars, caffeoylquinic acids were more abundant when a dose of 100 kg ha−1 of ammonium nitrate was provided, whereas apigenins were not affected by nitrogen fertilization. Luteolins increased in cv Opal and decreased in cv Madrigal following N fertilization. The application of biostimulants (3 L ha−1) favored the accumulation of polyphenols, in particular of caffeoylquinic acids and apigenin, in artichoke heads in both cultivars. The results obtained highlight some positive aspects related to the synergistic effect of nitrogen fertilization and biostimulant foliar application.
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Jamróz, Ewelina, Magdalena Janik, Luís Marangoni, Roniérik Pioli Vieira, Joanna Tkaczewska, Agnieszka Kawecka, Michał Szuwarzyński, et al. "Double-Layered Films Based on Furcellaran, Chitosan, and Gelatin Hydrolysates Enriched with AgNPs in Yerba Mate Extract, Montmorillonite, and Curcumin with Rosemary Essential Oil." Polymers 14, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 4283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14204283.
Full textAbstract:
Double-layered active films based on furcellaran (1st layer—FUR), chitosan, and gelatin hydrolysates (2nd layer—CHIT+HGEL) were successfully prepared. Bioactive ingredients were added to the 1st film layer: AgNPs, which were synthesized in situ with yerba mate extract; montmorillonite clay (MMT); and different loads of ethanolic curcumin (CUR) extract enriched with rosemary essential oil (REO). SEM images confirmed the presence of AgNPs with a size distribution of 94.96 ± 3.33 nm throughout the films, and AFM and SEM photos indicated that the higher substance concentrations had rougher and more porous film microstructures. However, the water vapor transmission rate was reduced only at the lowest load of this ingredient. Despite the tensile strength of the films having decreased, the incorporation of the compounds showed a tendency towards reducing the modulus of elasticity, resulting in a lower stiffness of the composites. The addition of CUR and AgNPs improved the UV light barrier properties of the materials. The presented films showed quick reactions to changes in the pH value (from orange to red along with an increase in pH from 2 to 10), which indicates their potential use as indicators for monitoring the freshness of food products. Composite No. 2 showed the highest antimicrobial potential, while none of the presented films showed an antifungal effect. Finally, the antioxidant activities of the films increased dramatically at higher AgNP and CUR loads, suggesting an outstanding potential for active food packaging applications.
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Ahn, Chang Hyuk, Saeromi Lee, Jae Roh Park, Tae-Mun Hwang, and Jin Chul Joo. "Harvested Microalgal Biomass from Different Water Treatment Facilities—Its Characteristics and Potential Use as Renewable Sources of Plant Biostimulation." Agronomy 10, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 1882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121882.
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Surface characteristics, physicochemical properties, functional groups, and bioactive compounds of microalgal biomass (MB) samples harvested from various wastewater treatment facilities (WTFs) were investigated to evaluate the reuse feasibility of MB as a potential renewable source of plant biostimulation. Mixtures of the microalgae cells and fine particles (i.e., silt, clay, suspended solids, extracellular organic matter, humus substances, natural organic matter, etc.) were complexed inside MB samples. MB samples harvested and air-dried under natural conditions investigated in this study can have relatively well-preserved cellular morphology as well as chemical substances such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty acids based on SEM-EDS analysis. A broad form of the amorphous cellulose rather than a distinct crystalline was observed from FTIR analysis, indicating that the middle spectrum of glucose and starch hydrolysate exist in MB samples. A wide array of chemicals (i.e., Undecane; Heptadecane; Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester; and Methyl stearate, phenolics, and fatty acids) extracted from MB samples were involved in signaling plant response to abiotic stress, plant growth and biomass with MB samples were greater than those without MB samples. Thus, mixtures of nutrients, minerals and algal biomass in wet and dried MB samples can be beneficially reused as biostimulants in agricultural area after simple processes such as composting, microbial fermentation, and extraction. Further study is warranted to elucidate the effect of useful ingredients in MB harvested from on-site coagulation/flocculation processes on the soil environment as bio-fertilizers.
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Wargala, Eliza, Martyna Sławska, Agnieszka Zalewska, and Magdalena Toporowska. "Health Effects of Dyes, Minerals, and Vitamins Used in Cosmetics." Women 1, no. 4 (November 8, 2021): 223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/women1040020.
Full textAbstract:
The average woman uses 12 different cosmetic products every day, but they can have a negative effect on human health. Therefore, in recent years, consumer preferences have changed towards buying natural or ecological cosmetics free from preservatives or unnecessary dyes. The aim of this work is to discuss the use of dyes, minerals, and vitamins in cosmetics in terms of their safety and impact on human health. These substances are very important in the cosmetics industry. Most of them are of natural origin. Some minerals used in the production of face masks or creams are recommended to work against inflammations such as ulcers and acne. Clay minerals have exceptional qualities, among others, low or no toxicity and high bio-compatibility. However, some of them may be harmful. For example, the safety of using talc has been widely debated in recent years. Cosmetic-grade talc cannot contain detectable fibrous asbestos minerals. Moreover, talc should not be applied to the skin when the epidermal barrier is missing or significantly disrupted. The use of talc in cosmetic products in the European Union is restricted. Vitamins are one of the most commonly used, biologically active, and easily accessible components in cosmetics. For example, provitamin B5 (D-panthenol) is a bioactive substance. In cosmetic preparations, it has a softening, repairing, and anti-inflammatory effect and is responsible for regulating sebum secretion. However, some vitamins may be harmful to human health. For example, the use of skin-whitening cosmetics containing vitamin C causes allergic contact dermatitis, whereas the most common adverse effect of topical use of vitamin A is skin irritation, erythema, and peeling. Dyes, which are used to color cosmetics, do not improve the condition of the skin, hair, or nails. Some of them may be harmful to human health. For example, the dye CI 60730 (Acid Violet 43) is prohibited for use in eye products and cosmetics that have contact with mucous membranes. In conclusion, some of the popular cosmetic ingredients discussed in this paper may exert a negative influence on human health, and many of these harmful effects have been discovered recently. Therefore, there is a need for further studies on the possible negative effects of dyes, minerals, and vitamins used in cosmetic products.
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Kondamudi, Narasimharao, Matthew W. Turner, and Owen M. McDougal. "Harpagoside Content in Devil's Claw Extracts." Natural Product Communications 11, no. 9 (September 2016): 1934578X1601100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1601100903.
Full textAbstract:
Devil's claw is a common ingredient in nutraceutical products for the treatment of inflammation due to arthritis. The secondary root extract of Harpagophytum procumbens contains bioactive iridoid glycosides known as harpagosides. Recent scrutiny of the nutraceutical industry claims that products listing devil's claw on their labels should refer only to H. procumbens, while the closely related, and less expensive, H. zeyheri is not to be classified as devil's claw. This assertion is in contrast to botanists who claim that either species of Harpagophytum can be generically referred to as devil's claw. The current research aimed to determine the chemical composition of extracts from H. procumbens and H. zeyheri, with the intent to identify whether the bioactive harpagosides were similarly present between species, and how their presence resembled or deviated from commercially available H. procumbens extracts commonly used in nutraceutical products. A microwave extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography analysis of root samples from botanical specimens of H. procumbens and H. zeyheri identified similar quantities of harpagoside, regardless of species. The chemical composition between root extracts for each species was found to contain varying quantities of non-harpagoside constituents, however their harpagoside content was comparable. These findings are intended to inform policymakers, nutraceutical manufacturers, and the general public of the distinction between myth and reality regarding devil's claw supplements.
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Serrano, Antonio, Gaspar Ros, and Gema Nieto. "Bioactive Compounds and Extracts from Traditional Herbs and Their Potential Anti-Inflammatory Health Effects." Medicines 5, no. 3 (July 16, 2018): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicines5030076.
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The inflammatory processes associated with several chronic illnesses like cardiovascular disease and cancer have been the focus of mechanistic studies of the pathogenicity of these diseases and of the use of different pharmacological and natural methods to prevent them. In this study we review the current evidence regarding the effectiveness of natural extracts from as-yet little-studied traditional botanical species in alleviating the inflammation process associated with several chronic diseases. Additionally, the intention is to expose the known pathways of action and the potential synergistic effects of the constituent compounds of the discussed extracts. It is noted that the here-studied extracts, which include black garlic rich in S-allylcystein, polyphenols from cat’s claw (Uncaria tomentosa), devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens), camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia), and blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum), and citrus fruit extracts rich in hesperidin, have similar or greater effects than other, more extensively studied extracts such as tea and cocoa. The combined use of all of these extracts can give rise to synergetic effects with greater biological relevance at lower doses.
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Nan, Jing, Shaoran Zhang, Ping Zhan, and Ling Jiang. "Evaluation of Bronopol and Disulfiram as Potential Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Inosine 5′-Monophosphate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors by Using Molecular Docking and Enzyme Kinetic." Molecules 25, no. 10 (May 14, 2020): 2313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102313.
Full textAbstract:
Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) is a destructive disease that causes significant damage to many citrus producing areas worldwide. To date, no strategy against this disease has been established. Inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) plays crucial roles in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides. This enzyme is used as a potential target to treat bacterial infection. In this study, the crystal structure of a deletion mutant of CLas IMPDHΔ98-201 in the apo form was determined. Eight known bioactive compounds were used as ligands for molecular docking. The results showed that bronopol and disulfiram bound to CLas IMPDHΔ98-201 with high affinity. These compounds were tested for their inhibition against CLas IMPDHΔ98-201 activity. Bronopol and disulfiram showed high inhibition at nanomolar concentrations, and bronopol was found to be the most potent molecule (Ki = 234 nM). The Ki value of disulfiram was 616 nM. These results suggest that bronopol and disulfiram can be considered potential candidate agents for the development of CLas inhibitors.