Academic literature on the topic 'Bioaccumulation'

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Journal articles on the topic "Bioaccumulation"

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Akhter, Kulsoom, Tahseen Ghous, Zain Ul-Abdin, Saiqa Andleeb, Muhammad Naeem Ahmed, and Basharat Hussain. "Chromium bioaccumulation potential of Bacillus cereus isolated from rhizospheres of Tagetes minuta L." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 49, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v49i1.49091.

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Two metal resistant Bacillus cereus strains (AVP12 and NC7401) isolated from metal polluted and nonpolluted rhizospheres of Tagetes minuta were examined for Cr(VI) bioaccumulation potential. It was found that the strains have potential to survive even at metal concentration of 300 mg/l. The per cent removal capacity of Cr(VI) by AVP12 and NC7401 strains was analyzed as a function of environmental factors including pH, incubation time and biosorbate concentration. The optimum pH was found to be 5 andwas selected for further studies. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were found suitable for description of Cr(VI) bioaccumulation. The maximum Cr(VI) bioaccumulation capacity by Bacillus cereus AVP12 and Bacillus cereus NC7401 strains isolated from polluted rhizosphere was 181.0 and 107.5 mg/l, respectively while maximum Cr(VI) bioaccumulation capacity by Bacillus cereus AVP12 and Bacillus cereus NC7401 strains isolated from non-polluted rhizosphere was 92.59 and 62.11 mg/l, respectively. Both types of rhizobacterial strains, especially isolated from metal polluted rhizospheres could serve as economical and ecofriendly bioaccumulating agents for removal of Cr(VI).
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Reemtsma, T., and N. Klinkow. "A strategy for the assessment of hazardous substances in industrial effluents (IDA)." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0309.

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A strategy for the assessment of industrial wastewater discharges with regard to the major hazard parameters toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation is presented. The modular design of the strategy named IDA (Industrial Discharge Assessment) allows us to successively determine the three hazard parameters. Starting with the parameter toxicity biological tests for acute and chronic as well as genotoxicity are performed. Next persistence in the aquatic environment is simulated by a biological degradation test. A method based on solid-phase extraction was developed to cover the parameter bioaccumulation by determination of the amount of potentially bioaccumulating substances. The strategy was applied to real wastewater samples to test its applicability. In one of the investigated discharges toxic and persistent but no potentially bioaccumulating substances were found to be present. The strategy IDA is generally applicable and provides reasonable results to allow for a deeper insight into the hazard potential of an effluent.
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Ahmed, Abu Tweb Abu, Suman Mandal, Didarul Alam Chowdhury, Abu Rayhan M. Tareq, and M. Mizanur Rahman. "Bioaccumulation of Some Heavy Metals in Ayre Fish (Sperata Aor Hamilton, 1822), Sediment and Water of Dhaleshwari River in Dry Season." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 40, no. 1 (December 10, 2012): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v40i1.12904.

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The present study was carried out to determine the level of bioaccumulation of some heavy metals in a freshwater fish Ayre (Sperata aor Hamilton, 1822) collected from Rajfulbaria (23°48?56.36? N and 90°14?54.04? E) of Dhaleshwari river. Four heavy metals, namely chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) were selected for this study. Metal concentrations were determined by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer after nitric acid digestion of samples. The concentrations of accumulated heavy metals in fish were also compared with the concentrations of metals in the sediments and waters of that river. The level of bioaccumulations in different organs of S. aor were determined separately and compared among them. Average bioaccumulation levels in S. aor were Cr: 1.458 mg/kg, Cu: 31.500 mg/kg, Pb: 18.776 mg/kg and Cd: 0.487 mg/kg of dry weight. The levels of heavy metals in sediments were Cr: 27.393 mg/kg, Cu: 37.450 mg/kg, Pb: 15.797 mg/kg and Cd: 2.083 mg/kg, and in water were Cr: 0.130 ppm, Cu: 0.000 ppm, Pb: 0.201 ppm and Cd: 0.001 ppm.The bioaccumulation of these four heavy metals in fish organs, sediment and water samples were also compared with FAO approved standard levels and other related studies, and found that the levels of bioaccumulation in the Dhaleshwari river exceeded all the standard levels. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v40i1.12904 Bangladesh J. Zool. 40(1):147-153, 2012
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Wnorowski, Aleksandra U. "Selection of Bacterial and Fungal Strains for Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1991): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0429.

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Eighty strains of fungi and heterotrophic bacteria, isolated from natural water sources polluted with heavy metals, were tested for their bioaccumulation abilities. Metal-resistant strains were first selected in a preliminary step. Preselected cultures were then screened for gold, silver, nickel and cadmium uptake capabilities. A collection of bioaccumulating strains, consisting of 39 strains for the recovery of gold, 9 strains for silver, 28 for cadmium and 22 for nickel, has been established. All the strains selected were able to remove metals tested from diluted solutions (ca. 5 mg/l) to levels below 0.5 mg/l. The maximum uptake capacity of strains was determined in concentrated metal solutions (20 - 50 mg/l). Nine of the strains had saturation values of 100 mg/g dry weight or higher. The importance of pH in passive bioaccumulation process is discussed.
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Canonica, Laura, Grazia Cecchi, Vittorio Capra, Simone Di Piazza, Alessandro Girelli, Sandro Zappatore, and Mirca Zotti. "Fungal Arsenic Tolerance and Bioaccumulation: Local Strains from Polluted Water vs. Allochthonous Strains." Environments 11, no. 1 (January 22, 2024): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments11010023.

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The paper deals with the possible use of fungi to decontaminate polluted waters. Specifically, the focus is the selection of the most promising fungal strain capable of bioaccumulating arsenic, which is a globally widespread environmental contaminant. To this aim, allochthonous fungal strains from the ColD UNIGE JRU MIRRI strains collection were selected. Their capability to survive and accumulate this kind of pollutant was evaluated and compared with that of an autochthonous fungi set directly isolated from the arsenic polluted water. A preliminary screening at various concentrations of arsenic (0, 200, 400, 800, 1600 μg L−1) revealed that the best performing strains were Aspergillus niger and Penicillium expansum among the autochthonous strains and Aspergillus niger and Penicillium expansum among the allochthonous strains. Moreover, all the strains were subjected to bioaccumulation tests at a 1600 μg L−1 concentration. Local and allochthonous fungal strains showed different behaviors: the allochthonous strains grew rapidly and in a sustained way but without expressing any bioaccumulation activity. On the contrary, the indigenous fungi, despite a moderate growth, showed a good bioaccumulation capacity (in particular, Aspergillus niger). The results highlight the importance of employing native strains isolated from contaminated matrices to make a mycoremediation protocol more efficient.
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El Boudammoussi, Mustapha, Yahya El Hammoudani, Khadija Haboubi, Lahcen Benaabidate, Iliass Achoukhi, Abdelaziz Touzani, Mohamed Moudou, Hatim Faiz, and Fouad Dimane. "Assessment of Trace Metal Contamination in Bivalve, Mytilus galloprovincialis, By Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) in the Moroccan Mediterranean Coast Environment." BIO Web of Conferences 109 (2024): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410901003.

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This study investigates the pollution of Morocco’s Mediterranean coastal zones by trace metals, highlighting its significance due to detrimental impacts on marine ecosystems and potential health risks through the food chain, exacerbated by the expansion of coastal areas in recent years. It focuses on measuring concentrations of trace metals such as copper, cadmium, lead, and chromium in the bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis and surrounding seawater across three sites along the northern Moroccan Mediterranean coast. This research aims to evaluate metal bioaccumulation levels using the Biota Concentration Factor (BCF). Seawater samples were examined using both flame and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry, while bivalve tissue samples underwent analysis through Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. Findings indicate that M. galloprovincialis significantly accumulates trace metals, with concentrations in descending order: Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, and Cd. Conversely, the seawater metal concentration sequence was Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, and Pb. The study applied BCF thresholds from Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) and the US EPA’s Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), categorizing metals as “bioaccumulative” (BCF between 1000 and 5000) and “very bioaccumulative” (BCF over 5000). This distribution provides insights into the toxicity and bioaccumulation of metals, underscoring the environmental and health implications for the marine ecosystem and species like M. galloprovincialis.
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Guha Roy, Aimee. "Metal bioaccumulation." Nature Sustainability 2, no. 10 (October 2019): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0408-x.

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Gewurtz, Sarah B., and Miriam L. Diamond. "Distribution and burdens of bioaccumulative contaminants in the Lake Erie food web: A review." Environmental Reviews 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a03-014.

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The bioaccumulation of organic contaminants in the Lake Erie food web is reviewed in context of the numerous changes experienced by the system. In the late 1960s, internal lake processes, related to the eutrophic status of the lake, minimized contaminant bioaccumulation despite high contaminant loadings. From the 1970s to 1980s contaminant concentrations decreased at different rates in many species of different trophic levels, coincident with decreased loadings to the lake. Since the early 1980s contaminant concentrations in biota have not changed consistently. Several factors have been proposed to account for these patterns, including reduced nutrient loadings and productivity, and the invasion of several exotic species such as zebra mussels. These factors have altered the food web structure and the internal distribution of contaminants in the lake. Emerging and continuing issues, such as climate change, invasions of additional exotic species, new chemical contaminants of concern, and algal toxins will likely impact contaminant dynamics in the future.Key words: Lake Erie, bioaccumulative contaminants, food web.
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Zalewska, Tamara, and Michał Saniewski. "Bioaccumulation of 137Cs by benthic plants and macroinvertebrates." Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies 40, no. 3 (January 1, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s13545-011-0023-6.

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Abstract137Cs activity concentrations were determined in macrophytes and macrozoobenthic organisms from the southern Baltic Sea. Cesium isotope content was analysed in macroalgae species (green, red and brown algae representatives) and in some species of vascular plants. The analyzed macroinvertebrate organisms included bivalves and a crustacean.Concentration factors (CF) were calculated using the determined 137Cs concentration in the flora and fauna organisms against that in seawater, and the bioaccumulative properties were compared. The study pointed out that the most important factors in the cesium bioaccumulation process occurring in plants are related to morphology. The highest CF values were obtained in algae Polysiphonia fucoides, Ectocarpus siliculosus and Cladophora glomerata. Decidedly lower CF values were observed in the vascular plants and macrozoobenthos representatives.
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Nabi, Deedar, Samuel Katz, and Christoph Aeppli. "ARE OXYGENATED HYDROCARBONS IMPORTANT OIL DEGRADATION PRODUCTS AFTER OIL SPILLS?" International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 571–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.571.

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ABSTRACT 2017-186 Oxygenated hydrocarbons (OxHC) are major and persistent hydrocarbon degradation products that are formed after oil spills. However, there are still knowledge gaps related to formation, fate and effect of these products. The objective of this study was to find if the OxHCs present in weathered oils are more or less toxic and bioaccumulative than their parent compounds. In this study, we first systematically investigated bioaccumulation potential and toxicity potential of oxygenated oil weathering products, using predictions based on Abraham Solvation Parameters. We then quantified OxHC in select crude and weathered oil samples from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (DHOS). Seawater-dissolved concentrations were calculated using Raoult’s law, and baseline toxicity of the mixtures towards fathead minnow fish were estimated. We found that while OxHC generally had a lower bioaccumulation potential than corresponding n-alkanes, the baseline toxicity of OxHC was higher than that of their n-alkane precursors due to increased water solubility. After 30 days of weathering, toxicity of the oil residue decreased by a factor of ten. However, following six years of weathering, the calculated residual toxicity only dropped by a further factor of two. In the most weathered sample, toxicity was dominated by OxHC and not polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These preliminary data suggest that further research into OxHC toxicity is necessary. In future, additional factors such as reactive toxicity and biotransformation can be implemented to further explore OxHC toxicity and bioaccumulation in long-term environmental impacts of oil spills.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bioaccumulation"

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Yu, Shuo. "Bioaccumulation of Metals in Earthworms." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1259697144.

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Al-Ansari, Ahmed. "Bioaccumulation of 17α-Ethinylestradiol in Fish." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22684.

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The active synthetic constituent of oral contraceptives 17α- ethinylestradiol (EE2) and its natural steroidal estrogen analogues are being released into the aquatic environment mainly via wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Although steroidal estrogens have been frequently reported in very low concentrations in the environment, they have been placed at the top of the list of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) for their high estrogenic activity in non-target aquatic species like fish and frogs. Almost 30 years worth of intensive research has moved the problem of endocrine disruption in the aquatic environment from being a hypothesis to a well-known cause-and-effect story. However, the fate and effects of many pharmaceuticals, including EE2, remain poorly understood. Thus, the main objective of this thesis was to investigate EE2 bioaccumulation in fish by field and laboratory studies. An optimized sample preparation and analytical method protocol was achieved to detect EE2 in its biologically active form in whole fish tissue at trace levels (ng/g). Shorthead redhorse suckers (ShRHS) (Moxostoma macrolepidotum) collected in proximity to a WWTP in the St. Clair River have significantly accumulated EE2 with an average of 1.5 ng/g. EE2 bioaccumulation was limited to fish exhibiting intersex and with induced vitellogenin (VTG). EE2 was absent in fish from a reference site. Positive correlations between EE2 and lipid content as well as "15N supported the hypothesis of EE2 bioaccumulation in wild ShRHSs. A wider survey was carried out to explore patterns of EE2 bioaccumulation in the pelagic and benthic food-wed of the St. Clair IV River, Ontario. In the WWTP effluents and nearby surface waters, EE2 levels were extremely low and below our method detection limits. All of the seven sampled species from different trophic levels and the sediment samples collected from the impacted sites and the reference sites did not have any measurable EE2 concentrations. A laboratory controlled study where male goldfish (Carassius auratus) were exposed to EE2 via water versus food demonstrated that fish can rapidly accumulate EE2 by both routes of exposure. The uptake constant for water was 45 h-1 and the bioconcentration factor for EE2 in fish was 377. The fast uptake rate of EE2 via water coincided with a much slower elimination rate constant of 0.0786 h-1. The assimilation efficiency of 0.106 for EE2 by goldfish was determined by EE2 dietary exposure, which was used to predict EE2 accumulation under different exposure scenarios. The work presented here was the first demonstration of EE2 bioaccumulation in wild fish and the first to model EE2 bioaccumulation from water and dietary exposure in laboratory-exposed fish.
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Strady, Emilie. "Mécanismes biogéochimiques de la contamination des huîtres Crassostrea gigas en Cadmium en baie de Marennes Oléron." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14060/document.

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La baie de Marennes Oléron, premier site ostréicole français, est influencée par la pollution polymétallique historique de l’estuaire de la Gironde avec des concentrations en cadmium dans les huîtres proches de la limite de consommation européenne (RNO 2006; 5 μg.g-1 ps, ECNo.466/2001). Ces travaux de recherche pluridisciplinaires ont pour objectif de caractériser le comportement des ETM en zone côtière et les mécanismes de contamination en ETM des huîtres, spécifiquement en Cd, dans la baie de Marennes Oléron. Pour cela, sept missions océanographiques en période contrastée ont permis de caractériser la spéciation des ETM à l’embouchure des estuaires de la Charente et de la Gironde ainsi qu’au Pertuis de Maumusson.Une étude spatio-temporelle complémentaire des sédiments de surface de la baie de Marennes Oléron a montré un enrichissement des sédiments de surface en Cd dans la zone sud baie,confirmant la connexion des eaux girondines et l’apport en Cd particulaire à la baie par le Pertuis de Maumusson. Cette zone sud a ainsi été choisie pour mener une transplantation d’huîtres pendant trois mois. L’hydrodynamique régionale, observée par imagerie satellite, a présenté unrôle important dans la distribution et la variation temporelle des concentrations en Cd dissous et particulaires minérales de la baie. La bioaccumulation en Cd des différents organes d’huîtres cultivées sur table a été plus importante que celle des huîtres cultivées directement sur le sol,suggérant le faible rôle de la diffusion de Cd par la remise en suspension des sédiments de surface et du microphytobenthos sur la bioaccumulation. De plus, le temps d’immersion étant relativement proche entre les deux conditions, nous suggérons que la voie trophique via le plankton pélagique participe à la contamination des huîtres en plus de la voie directe. Cette contribution de la voie trophique a été confirmée lors d’expérimentations en conditions contrôlées en laboratoire par le développement d’une méthode de traçage simultané des voies de contamination directe et trophique par ajouts d’isotopes stables de Cd, conduites pour des concentrations 10 fois supérieures à l’environnement et des concentrations réalistes observées en baie de Marennes Oléron (40 ng.l-1 et ~0.7 mg.kg-1)
The Marennes-Oléron Bay, hosting the largest oyster production in France, is influenced by thehistoric polymetallic pollution of the Gironde Estuary, with cadmium levels in oysters close tothe consumption limit level (5 μg.g-1 dw, EC No.466/2001). The aim of this pluridisciplinarywork was to characterize the behaviour of trace metals in the coastal zone and the mechanisms ofCd contamination in oysters in the Marennes Oléron Bay. Seven oceanographic cruises wereconducted during contrasting season to characterize trace metals behaviour and speciation in theGironde and Charente estuaries and the coastal zone. Then, a spatial and temporal study of tracemetals in the surface sediments of the Marennes-Oléron Bay showed punctual Cd-enrichedsediments in the southern part, reflecting the connexion with the Gironde waters and theparticulate Cd inputs via the Maumusson inlet. Thus, this area was chosen to study Cdbioaccumulation in oysters over a three months transplantation. The regional hydrodynamic,observed by satellite images, played an important role on Cd speciation and the temporalvariability of dissolved and particulate Cd concentrations. Cadmium bioaccumulation in organsof oysters reared on tables at 60 cm height was more important than in oysters reared near thesediment, suggesting the absence of Cd released during tidal suspension from sediment andmicrophytobenthos. Furthermore, as the immersion time was closed between the two rearingconditions, we suggested Cd bioaccumulation via the direct pathway and also via trophicpathway of contamination by pelagic plankton ingestion. This trophic pathway of Cdcontamination was validated during laboratory experiments using a simultaneous tracing of Cddirect and trophic pathways in oysters by stable isotope spikes at concencentrations 10-foldhigher than the Gironde Estuary and at realistic concentrations observed in the Marennes-OléronBay
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Kuhn, Sabine Plocher. "Bioaccumulation of metals using immobilized Zoogloea ramigera /." The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148759497065045.

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HEGE, SYLVIA. "Bioaccumulation de metaux chez des champignons macromycetes." Strasbourg 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989STR15019.

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Rodrigues, Sandra. "Mercury bioaccumulation in the Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon)." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/10685.

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Mestrado em Química Analítica e Qualidade
O sacarrabos (Herpestes ichneumon) é um predador que desempenha um papel essencial na cadeia alimentar terrestre. A sua introdução e rápida proliferação pelo território português levaram à necessidade da sua caça como controlo de predadores. Estudos em espécies predadoras terrestres ainda são escassos, pelo que o presente trabalho representa uma mais-valia para um melhor entendimento da acumulação de contaminantes em níveis tróficos superiores. Existem vários contaminantes que representam uma constante preocupação para o ambiente; entre eles, o mercúrio tem tido uma atenção acrescida devido à sua persistência e toxicidade. Estudos no meio terrestre são importantes para um melhor entendimento da forma como se acumula neste meio, para a preservação da vida selvagem mas também para prevenir a exposição humana ao mercúrio. Este estudo teve como principal objectivo avaliar os padrões de acumulação de mercúrio nos tecidos do H. ichneumon, tendo em atenção factores como o género e a idade. H. ichneumon de localizações diferentes foram analisados de forma a avaliar a variação geográfica dos níveis de mercúrio em território Português. Músculo, fígado, pulmão, coração, baço, rins, sangue, cérebro, gordura e pêlo de 29 indivíduos provenientes de 14 localizações foram analisados (Évora, Soure, Ferreira do Zêzere, Castelo Branco, Mértola, Torres Novas, Tondela, Lousã, Coimbra, Montemor-o-Novo, Castro Daire, Olhão, Moura e Coruche). Além disso, de forma a estudar diferenças entre machos e fêmeas ao longo do ciclo de vida da espécie, 25 indivíduos provenientes de Serpa foram analisados. Os níveis de mercúrio nos diferentes órgãos variaram entre 0.01 e 12.7 μg g-1 peso seco, e seguiram geralmente a seguinte ordem, do menos para o mais contaminado: Gordura 0.74). Verificou-se que os níveis de mercúrio no sangue e no fígado estão fortemente correlacionados (r=0.998). O mercúrio orgânico presente no tecido muscular dos machos e das fêmeas foi analisado e a sua percentagem variou entre 77 e 98%. A correlação entre mercúrio orgânico e total nos machos foi de 1.000 e de 0.986 nas fêmeas. Nenhum dos níveis de mercúrio atingiu valores considerados letais ou tóxicos para predadores terrestres (20 a 100 μg g-1 peso seco).
The Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon), a terrestrial predatory species, has an essential role in the terrestrial food chain. Their introduction in Portugal and rapid proliferation throughout Portuguese territory led to the necessity of their hunt as predator control measure. Studies in terrestrial predatory species are sparse; thereby, the present study is an asset for a better understanding of contaminants accumulation in higher trophic levels. Many contaminants are of environmental concern; mercury has had increased attention due to its persistence and toxicity. Studies have been mostly directed to aquatic wildlife due to the fact that fish consumption is considered to be the principal route of human exposure to mercury. However, terrestrial wildlife studies are also important for a better understanding of mercury accumulation, wildlife preservation and also for preventing human exposure to mercury. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the different tissue accumulation in H. ichneumon, as well as differences between males and females, throughout the lifespan of the species. H. ichneumons from different locations were also analyzed in order to compare levels throughout Portuguese territory. Muscle, liver, lungs, heart, spleen, kidneys, blood, brain, fat and pelage were analyzed for 29 H. ichneumon from 14 locations (Évora, Soure, Ferreira do Zêzere, Castelo Branco, Mértola, Torres Novas, Tondela, Lousã, Coimbra, Montemor-o-Novo, Castro Daire, Olhão, Moura and Coruche). In order to study differences between ages, males and females, 25 individuals from Serpa were analyzed. Total mercury concentrations in H. ichneumon tissue samples ranged between 0.01 to 12.7 μg g-1 dw, and followed the order, from least to most contaminated: Fat 0.74), not visible in females. Moreover, correlations between organs showed that blood and liver were highly correlated (r=0.999). Organic mercury in muscle tissue of males and females was analyzed and its percentage ranged from 77% to 98%. Correlation between organic and total mercury in males was 1.000 and 0.995 for females. None of the mercury levels reached the lethal or toxic values established for terrestrial predators (20 to 100 μg g-1 ww).
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Rodrigues, Andreia do Carmo Martins. "Mercury toxicity and bioaccumulation: lab & field studies." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/7457.

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Mestrado em Biologia Aplicada - Toxicologia e Ecotoxicologia
This work aims to evaluate the toxicity, bioaccumulation and biomagnification of mercury and it is divided into a laboratory and a field component. The laboratory component was divided into two parts and the field component was conducted into an estuarine environment in Ria de Aveiro, Portugal. In the laboratory we started by evaluating the toxicity of mercury for different aquatic organisms, using mercury concentrations that ranged between 0.5 μg/L to 2.4 mg/L. The chosen species used in this assay to evaluate mercury toxicity were the models: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Daphnia magna and Chironomus riparius and the autochthonous species: Chlorella vulgaris, Lemna minor and Daphnia longispina. Mercury showed to be toxic to all testes species, with EC50 values ranging from 7.3 μg Hg/L (immobilization test of D. longispina) to 1.58 mg Hg/L (immobilization test of the larvae of C. riparius). The assay showed that even low doses of mercury can cause significant effects at the levels of primary producers, the base of the trophic chain. In the secondary laboratorial assay, an aquatic trophic chain was simulated using the primary producer P. subcapitata, the primary consumer D. magna and the secondary consumer Danio rerio. The trophic chain mercury contamination process was initiated exposing an algae culture to inorganic mercury (10 μg Hg/L), resulting in the accumulation of 70% of the available mercury in the primary producer. The contaminated algae were then used as food supply to the specie D. magna and subsequently D. magna specimens were used as food to the secondary consumer. After 14 days of exposure D. magna accumulates 0.14 μg Hg/g, whereas the final average concentration obtained in the muscle of the fish D. rerio after 21 days was 0.27 μg Hg/g (wet weight). All test species accumulate mercury along the time of exposure; the higher biomagnification occurred from the microalgae P. subcapitata to the mircrocrustacean D. magna, enhancing the crucial role of primary producers in the bioconcentration of mercury from the water column along the trophic chain. Fieldwork was conducted in the Ria de Aveiro, in two specific sites (Cais do Bico and Barra) that were already characterized regarding dissimilar environmental mercury contamination levels. Mercury levels were evaluated in the water column (total mercury), sediments (total and organic mercury) and in juvenile fish Liza aurata inhabiting the area (total and organic mercury). Cais do Bico site, located near the source of contamination showed the highest values of total mercury: 68 ng/L in the water column, 0.19 μg/g in the sediments and 0.07 μg/g in fish. The site distant from the source of mercury (Barra) presented a great amount of organic mercury in the sediments (0.02 μg/g) and a higher percentage of organic mercury in fish muscle (96%). The study indicates that, although mercury discharges have already stopped in the end of the last century, mercury stored in sediments continues to be ressuspended to the water column, becoming bioavailable to biota. The adoption of juvenile specimens provides information on short-term variations of mercury concentrations in the environment.
O objectivo deste trabalho é avaliar a toxicidade, a bioacumulação e a bioamplificação de mercúrio. O trabalho apresenta uma componente laboratorial e uma componente de campo. A componente laboratorial foi dividida em duas partes e a componente de campo foi realizada num ambiente estuarino, Ria de Aveiro, Portugal. Na componente laboratorial, começou por se avaliar a toxicidade do mercúrio para diferentes organismos aquáticos, testando-se concentrações de mercúrio entre 0,5 μg/L e 2,4 mg/L. As espécies teste escolhidas para avaliar a toxicidade do mercúrio incluíram espécies modelo: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Daphnia magna e Chironomus riparius, e espécies autóctones: Chlorella vulgaris, Lemna minor e Daphnia longispina. O mercúrio revelou ser tóxico para todas as espécies, obtendo-se valores de EC50 que variaram de 7.3 μg Hg/L (teste de imobilização de D. longispina) a 1,58 mg Hg/L (teste de imobilização das larvas de C. riparius). Este ensaio demonstrou que pequenas doses de mercúrio provocam efeitos consideráveis ao nível dos produtores primários, base das cadeias tróficas. Num segundo procedimento experimental construiu-se uma cadeia trófica aquática, constituída pelo produtor primário P. subcapitata, pelo consumidor primário D. magna e o consumidor secundário Danio rerio. A contaminação iniciou-se pelo meio de cultura das algas com 10 μg Hg/L, do qual estas acumularam 70% do mercúrio disponível. Esta espécie foi usada como alimento para D. magna, que por sua vez, foi usada como alimento para o consumidor secundário Danio rerio. Após um período de 14 dias de teste D. magna acumulou 0,14 μg Hg/g. A concentração média obtida no músculo de D. rerio, após 21 dias de teste, foi de 0,27 μg Hg/g, peso fresco. Todos os organismos acumularam mercúrio ao longo do tempo de exposição, sendo que a maior bioamplificação de mercúrio ocorreu da microalga P. subcapitata para o microcrustáceo D. magna, reforçando assim o papel crucial dos produtores primários na bioconcentração de mercúrio da coluna de água para as cadeias tróficas. O trabalho de campo foi realizado na Ria de Aveiro, em dois sítios específicos, cuja caracterização em termos de contaminação por mercúrio já estava descrita. Estudou-se a carga de mercúrio total na coluna de água, bem como o mercúrio total e orgânico nos sedimentos e a sua transferência e acumulação para peixes juvenis residentes na área, Liza aurata. O Cais do Bico, local mais próximo da fonte de contaminação apresentou os maiores valores de mercúrio total: 68 ng/L na coluna de água, 0,19 μg/g nos sedimentos e 0,07 μg/g nos peixes. O local mais distante da fonte de mercúrio, Barra, apresentou uma maior quantidade de mercúrio orgânico nos sedimentos (0,02 μg/g) e uma percentagem de mercúrio orgânico no músculo dos peixes igualmente superior, de 96%. Esta monitorização comprovou que, embora as descargas industriais de mercúrio já tenham sido interrompidas no final do século passado, o mercúrio armazenado nos sedimentos continua a ser ressuspendido para a coluna de água, ficando biodisponível para a biota. A utilização de organismos juvenis fornece informações sobre as variações a curto prazo das concentrações de mercúrio no ambiente.
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Naigaga, Irene. "Bioaccumulation and histopathology of copper in Oreochromis mossambicus." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005077.

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Cu is one of the most toxic elements that affect fish populations when the fish are exposed to concentrations exceeding their tolerance. To investigate the effects of elementary Cu on aspects of bioconcentration, histology and behaviour, O. mossambicus were exposed to 0 and 0.75 ± 0.20 mg/l of Cu for 96 hours (short-term study), and 0, 0.11 ± 0.02, 0.29 ± 0.02, and 0.47 ± 0.04 mg/l of Cu for 64 days (longterm study) under controlled conditions in the laboratory. For the long-term study fish were sampled for gills, liver, and kidney Cu accumulation analysis after 1, 32 and 64 days of exposure and after 1, 2, 4, 16, 32, and 64 days for gills, liver and spleen histology analysis. Cu accumulation was concentration-duration dependent with the highest accumulation capacity in the liver. A multifactor linear model was developed for the relationship between exposure dose, exposure duration and Cu accumulation in the organs with the liver model: Log L = 3.35 + 0.85W + 0.31T (r² = 0.892) giving a better fit than the gills: G = −35.09 + 10.58W + 17.58T (r² = 0.632). Where L = Cu accumulation values in the liver, G = Cu accumulation values in the gills (both in μg/g dry mass); W = exposure dose in water (mg/l); and T = exposure time (days). Using this model Cu accumulation in organs can be estimated when exposure concentration and duration is known. This model should be tested under different conditions to determine the potential of the model in monitoring Cu toxicity in the environment. Lesions were observed in the liver, gills and spleen in all Cu treatments at all exposure concentration and exposure durations. However, the incidence and the degree of alteration was related to the concentration of Cu and duration of exposure. The sequential appearance of lesions in the order of, hepatic vacuolar degeneration, fatty degeneration and necrosis indicated a gradual increase in liver damage with larger duration of exposure time and increasing Cu concentration. The initial lesions in the gills were manifested as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the gill epithelium causing increase in the thickness of the secondary lamellae, mucous cell hypertrophy and proliferation, mucous hypersecretion, proliferation of eosinophilic granule cells and hyperplasia of interlamellar cells. With increase in exposure time, necrosis of the eosinophilic granule cells, lamellar oedema, epithelial desquamation and increase in severity of lamellar hyperplasia were observed. These lesions indicated an initial defence mechanism of the fish against Cu toxicity followed by advanced histological changes that were related to Cu concentration and duration of exposure. Changes in the spleen were haemosiderosis, increase in the white pulp and macrophage centres, reduction in the red pulp, and necrosis suggesting that fish exposed to environmentally relevant levels of Cu may be histopathologically altered leading to anaemia and immunosuppression. Regression analysis was used to quantify the relationship between the total activity of the fish, and duration of exposure. There was a gradual decline in fish activity related to Cu concentration and duration of exposure before introducing food into the tanks. There was a constant activity after introducing food in the tanks at the control and 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/l Cu exposure levels irrespective of exposure time. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test for the difference in slopes between treatments. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between slopes of the control and 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/l Cu, and between 0.29 ± 0.02 and 47 ± 0.04 mg/l Cu before and after introducing food in the tanks. The slopes of both the control and 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/l Cu were significantly different from those of 0.29 ± 0.02 and 0.47 ± 0.04 mg/l Cu (p < 0.05). There were significant differences in the mean opercular movements per minute between treatments (p < 0.05). There was hyperventilation at 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/l Cu i.e. 87 ± 18 opercular movements per minute (mean ± standard deviation) and hypoventilation at 0.29 ± 0.02 and 0.47 ± 0.04 mg/l Cu i.e. 37 ± 34 and 13 ± 6 opercular movements per minute compared to the control. Hypo- and hyperventilation were related to the lesser and greater gill damage, respectively. In conclusion Cu accumulation and effects on histology of the liver, gills and were related to the concentration of Cu in the water and duration of exposure showing a gradual increase in incidence and intensity with larger duration of exposure time and increasing Cu concentration. The fish were initially able to homeostatically regulate and detoxify Cu. However, as the exposure continued, the homeostatic mechanism appears to have failed to cope with the increasing metal burden causing advanced histological changes.
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Farmer, Troy Mason DeVries Dennis R. Wright Russell A. "Mercury bioaccumulation patterns in two estuarine sportfish populations." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1459.

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Giansiracusa, Sara. "Bioaccumulation of legacy and emerging contaminants in tuna species." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/18305/.

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Environmental contamination of legacy contaminants has been of great concern worldwide because of their persistence and toxicity to humans and marine species. Only in the last decade, the presence and accumulation of emerging contaminants, and, consequently, their adverse effects in marine biota have been considered. The present research was performed to compare the different distribution of legacy contaminants (Pesticides, PCBs and PAHs) and emerging contaminants (UV filters and Fragrances) in the liver and muscle tissues of three tuna species living in different locations and with different behaviour and feed habits: Sarda sarda, Katsuwonus pelamis from the Atlantic Ocean (Gulf of Càdiz) and Thunnus thynnus from the Strait of Gibraltar. The extraction and quantitative determination of these contaminants from liver and muscle samples have been carried out by Accelerate Solvent Extraction and GC-MS/MS techniques, respectively. From the statistical analysis, significant differences have been found for Fragrances, Pesticides, PCBs and PAHs both among the three tuna species and between the two tissues. Post-hoc analysis showed significant differences between the three tuna species and the tissues, revealing that K. pelamis species differs significantly from the other two species, both in liver and muscle, and that legacy contaminants are responsible for significant differences between and within species. We also explored the similarities between concentrations of PCBs and DDTs in liver and muscle tissue found in samples of T. thynnus and K. pelamis in this study, compared to concentrations of PCBs and DDTs found in specimens of tuna collected in different geographical areas. As a result of the continuous exposure of the marine top predators, such as tuna species, to variable concentrations of emerging and legacy contaminants, their concentration in the marine environment must be constantly monitored.
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Books on the topic "Bioaccumulation"

1

Connell, D. W. Bioaccumulation of xenobiotic compounds. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1990.

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Beek, B., ed. Bioaccumulation – New Aspects and Developments. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/10503050.

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inc, Tetra Tech. Bioaccumulation monitoring guidance: Final report. Bellevue, Wash: Tetra Tech, Inc., 1985.

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Chojnacka, Katarzyna. Biosorption and bioaccumulation in practice. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Guthrie, Donald R. Bioaccumulation from Amax/Kitsault of tailings. Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada, Environmental Protection Service, 1985.

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Axel, Wilkening, Köpp Herbert, and Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft., eds. Prüfung und Bewertung der Bioakkumulationsneigung von Pflanzenschutzmittelwirkstoffen: Fachgepräch am 16. Juni 1992 in Braunschweig = Evaluation and assessment of bioaccumulation of active ingredients of plant protection products. Berlin: Kommissionsverlag P. Parey, 1993.

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Hung, Hayley Hing Ning. The bioaccumulation of organic chemicals in vegetation. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1996.

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Maryland. Monitoring and Non-Tidal Assessment Division. An examination of the factors that control methylmercury production and bioaccumulation in Maryland reservoirs: Final report. Annapolis, Md: Maryland Dept. of Natural Resources, Monitoring and Non-Tidal Assessment Division, 2008.

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F, Landrum Peter, and Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, eds. Toxicokinetics of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners by Diporeia spp.: Effects of temperature and organism size / P.F. Landrum ... [et al.]. Ann Arbor, Mich: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 1998.

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A, Brightbill Robin, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Total mercury and methylmercury in fish fillets, water, and bed sediments from selected streams in the Delaware River basin, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania, 1998-2001. New Cumberland, Pa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bioaccumulation"

1

Mance, Geoffrey. "Bioaccumulation." In Pollution Threat of Heavy Metals in Aquatic Environments, 287–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3421-4_9.

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da Costa, Monica Ferreira, Helena do Amaral Kehrig, and Isabel Maria Neto da Silva Moreira. "Bioaccumulation." In Encyclopedia of Estuaries, 74–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8801-4_132.

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Weis, Judith S. "Bioaccumulation/Storage/Detoxification." In Physiological, Developmental and Behavioral Effects of Marine Pollution, 355–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6949-6_10.

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Newman, Michael C. "Factors Influencing Bioaccumulation." In Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology, 127–55. Fifth edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2020.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351133999-4.

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Steffi, P. F., and P. F. Mishel. "Bioaccumulation and Biosorption." In Bioremediation for Sustainable Environmental Cleanup, 56–66. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003277941-4.

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Rodriguez, Pilar, and Trefor B. Reynoldson. "Bioaccumulation and Trophic Transfer." In The Pollution Biology of Aquatic Oligochaetes, 159–99. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1718-3_5.

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Patil, Ganapati P., Sharad D. Gore, and Charles Taillie*. "Composite Sampling and Bioaccumulation." In Composite Sampling, 239–42. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7628-4_14.

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Barron, Mace G., and Kent B. Woodburn. "Pesticide Bioaccumulation and Metabolism." In Xenobiotics in Fish, 39–54. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4703-7_4.

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Bienfang, Paul K., Henry Trapido-Rosenthal, and Edward A. Laws. "Bioaccumulation bioaccumulation /Biomagnifications marine ecosystem biomagnification in Food Chains food chain." In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, 822–45. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_50.

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Streit, Bruno. "Bioaccumulation of contaminants in fish." In Fish Ecotoxicology, 353–87. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8853-0_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Bioaccumulation"

1

Castillo, Julio, Sokratis Papaspyrou, Maria Carmen Duran, Alfonso Corzo, Jose Miguel Nieto, Manuel Caraballo, Mercedes Becerra-Herrera, Alba Gomez-Arias, and Angel Valverde Portal. "Extracellular elemental copper bioaccumulation." In Goldschmidt2023. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2023.20705.

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Oancea, Florin. "Bioaccumulation Potential of Selenium Nanoparticles." In Priochem 2021. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemproc2022007029.

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Moigradean, Diana. "HEAVY METALS BIOACCUMULATION RATE IN TOMATO FRUIT." In 14th SGEM GeoConference on ECOLOGY, ECONOMICS, EDUCATION AND LEGISLATION. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b52/s20.045.

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Zhang, Yanxu. "Bioaccumulation of Methylmercury in a Marine Plankton Ecosystem." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.3140.

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JOHNS, N., J. KURTZMAN, Z. SHTASEL-GOTTLIEB, S. RAUCH, and D. I. WALLACE. "THE BIOACCUMULATION OF METHYLMERCURY IN AN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM." In BIOMAT 2010 - International Symposium on Mathematical and Computational Biology. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814343435_0017.

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Walker, Rachel A., and Chad R. Hammerschmidt. "MERCURY BIOACCUMULATION IN SPOTTED SALAMANDERS IN SOUTHWEST OHIO." In Joint 52nd Northeastern Annual Section and 51st North-Central Annual GSA Section Meeting - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017ne-291035.

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Abdou, Melina, Alexandra Coynel, Jörg Schäfer, Miguel Santos, and Miguel Caetano. "Platinum distribution and bioaccumulation in estuarine/coastal systems." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.11240.

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Dilek, Sophie, Siphokazi Kargbo, Jessica Morgan, Marc Anderson, Robert M. Newton, and Robert B. Merritt. "BIOACCUMULATION OF MERCURY IN LARGEMOUTH BASS FROM NORTHWESTERN MISSOURI." In 51st Annual Northeastern GSA Section Meeting. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016ne-272327.

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Laughlin, R. "Bioaccumulation of Tributyltin: The Link Between Environment and Organism." In OCEANS '86. IEEE, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.1986.1160346.

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Brankovic, Snezana, Radmila Glisic, Duško Brkovic, Gorica Đelic, Zoran Simic, Vera Rajicic, Ranko Saric, and Milun Jovanovic. "SADRŽAJ METALA U ZEMLJIŠTU I ODABRANIM BILJKAMA NA JALOVIŠTU FLOTACIJE RUDNIK DOO „RUDNIK"." In XXVI savetovanje o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.501b.

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The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of some metals (Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd) in the soil and species of Tussilago farfara L. and Clematis vitalba L. on the tailings and flotation of the mine DOO "Rudnik". Concentrations in the soil were: Pb and Cu - higher than the maximum allowed, limit and remediation values; Cd, Cr and Ni - higher than the maximum allowed and limit values, and Zn higher than the limit values (according to the regulations of the Republic of Serbia). Better bioaccumulation of all tested metals was shown by T. farfara species, especially leaves for Zn. The results indicate the possible use of aboveground parts of both plant species in the revitalization of tailings by bioaccumulation of tested metals.
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Reports on the topic "Bioaccumulation"

1

Bridges, Todd S., and Charles H. Lutz. Interpreting Bioaccumulation Data with the Environmental Residue-Effects Database. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada362932.

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Farrar, J. D., Guilherme Lotufo, and Jerre Sims. Development of a Bioaccumulation Test Method with the Amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada540712.

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Fisher, Nicholas S. Bioaccumulation and Trophic Transfer of Long-Lived Radionuclides in Arctic Plankton. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada337290.

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Steevens, Jeffery A., and Peter F. Landrum. DREDGING RESEARCH: Assessing Significance of Contaminant Bioaccumulation: A Biological-Effects-Based Approach. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada402267.

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Young, J. S. Bioaccumulation and food chain transfer of corrosion products from radioactive stainless steel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5528993.

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McFarland, Victor A., Joan U. Clarke, and Robert M. Engler. Analysis of Uncertainty in TBP Estimation of PAH Bioaccumulation Potential in Sediments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada367678.

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Gustavson, Karl. Verifying Food Web Bioaccumulation Models by Tracking Fish Exposure and Contaminant Uptake. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada568618.

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Pitt, Jordan A., Neelakanteswar Aluru, and Hahn Hahn. Supplemental materials for book chapter: Microplastics in Marine Food Webs. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/29556.

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The identification of microplastics (MPs; 1 µm - 5 mm) and the inferred presence of nanoplastics (NPs; <1 µm) in a wide variety of marine animals, including many seafood species, has raised important questions about the presence, movement, and impacts of these particles in marine food webs. Understanding microplastic dynamics in marine food webs requires elucidation of the processes involved, including bioaccumulation, trophic transfer, and biomagnification. However, in the context of microplastics and nanoplastics these concepts are often misunderstood. In this chapter, we provide a critical review of the literature on the behavior of plastic particles in marine food webs. We find clear evidence of trophic transfer, equivocal evidence for bioaccumulation, and no evidence for biomagnification. We also identify a number of knowledge gaps that limit our ability to draw firm conclusions at this time. These supplemental documents are in support of an invited chapter to be published in this book: S.E. Shumway and J.E. Ward (Eds.) Plastics in the Sea: Occurrence and Impacts (Elsevier 2023).
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Adams, Marshall, Craig C. Brandt, and Allison M. Fortner. Bioaccumulation Studies Associated with the Kingston Fly Ash Spill, Spring 2009 - Fall 2010. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1045859.

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Benemann, J. R., and E. W. Wilde. Literature review on the use of bioaccumulation for heavy metal removal and recovery. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5787800.

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