Journal articles: 'Bio-Sourced plastic'

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Lamtai, Alae, Said Elkoun, Mathieu Robert, Frej Mighri, and Carl Diez. "Mechanical Recycling of Thermoplastics: A Review of Key Issues." Waste 1, no. 4 (October 4, 2023): 860–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/waste1040050.

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During the last decade, the consumption of plastics has increased highly in parallel with plastic waste. The transition towards a circular economy is the only way to prevent the environment from landfilling and incineration. This review details the recycling techniques with a focus on mechanical recycling of polymers, which is the most known and developed technique in industries. The different steps of mechanical recycling have been highlighted, starting from sorting technologies to the different decontamination processes. This paper covers degradation mechanisms and ways to improve commodity polymers (Polyolefins), engineering polymers (PET, PA6), and bio-sourced polymers (PLA and PHB).

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Nwankwo, Constance Obituo, and Nkemakonam Chidiebube Igbokwe. "Development of a Locally Sourced Miniature Facility Capable of Transforming Bio-Waste into Renewable Energy." International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science XII, no. IX (2023): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.51583/ijltemas.2023.12906.

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The primary challenge facing the globe today is finding environmentally friendly, ecologically balanced ways to use bio-waste as a source of energy. Typically, the term “biogas” or “renewable energy” refers to a gas created when organic matter breaks down without oxygen. Thus, this study designed and developed a 200L miniature facility capable of transforming bio-waste into renewable energy using locally available materials and tested under the existing weather condition in Awka, Anambra State. The facility developed in this study was utilized to decompose cow manure anaerobically, producing 21.9L of cooking gas overall over the course of a 35-day retention period. Additionally, the water boiling test demonstrated that the purified cooking gas’ high methane gas content development of the digesting chamber using high-density polyethylene plastic (HDPE) allows a reduction in the overall cost of setting up a small-scale plant.

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Horváth, Tibor, Tamás József Szabó, and Kálmán Marossy. "Polylactic Acid as a Potential Alternatives of Traditional Plastic Packagings in Food Industry." International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences 5, no. 2 (April 15, 2020): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21791/ijems.2020.2.16.

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Huge quantity of synthetic polymers is used as packaging materials in different fields of food industries. A significant part of these polymers applied as a primary, direct food contact construction. The scoped application area is the sweet industry. In this field Polystyrol (PS), Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) have used but during the last fifteen years the usage of PET has been grown. In one hand the price of this material is efficient, form other hand the PET is the one of the most safe (for food industrial applications) petrol chemical plastic that can be used as primary or secondary food contact packaging material. To maximize the customer safety and minimize the environmental impact of traditional PET, a new bio-sourced and bio-degradable alternative polymer aimed to be used in this special food industrial segment. One of the potential alternatives is the Polylactic acid (PLA) that would be a possible substitute as it is compostable and produced from renewable sources and has good physical and mechanical properties [1].

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Mutasher, Sara H., and Hadi Salman Al-Lami. "Preparation of chitosan films plasticized by lauric and maleic acids." Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemistry Journal 5, no. 04 (December 29, 2022): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/amecj.v5.i04.209.

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The energy crisis and environmental concerns have increased interest in natural polymers, and the bio-sourced materials field is experiencing rapid growth. A useful alternative to conventional plastic packaging manufactured from fossil fuels is packaging constructed of biodegradable polymers. Consideration has been given to the instrumental methods for examining modifications to the chemical composition and characteristics of modified chitosan. The molecular weight and the kind of plasticizer present in these materials are the two primary variables influencing their usability and performance. This study set out to physically blend chitosan with two different acids, lauric and maleic, to enhance chitosan cast films' physical and mechanical properties. Different plasticizer ratios appeared to have little effect on the various properties of the chitosan cast films. Examining the obtained films by FTIR implies that chitosan's native structure was unchanged. The films prepared had more flexibility and better solubility than those made with un-plasticized chitosan. It was evident from an analysis of the mechanical properties of the films that both acid plasticizers enhanced the mechanical properties of the chitosan.

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Bayés, Genís, Roberto J. Aguado, Quim Tarrés, Jaume Planella, and Marc Delgado-Aguilar. "Stabilization of Beeswax-In-Water Dispersions Using Anionic Cellulose Nanofibers and Their Application in Paper Coating." Nanomaterials 13, no. 16 (August 16, 2023): 2353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13162353.

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Beeswax is a bio-sourced, renewable, and even edible material that stands as a convincing option to provide paper-based food packaging with moisture resistance. Nonetheless, the difficulty of dispersing it in water limits its applicability. This work uses oxidized, negatively charged cellulose nanofibers along with glycerol to stabilize beeswax-in-water emulsions above the melting point of the wax. The synergistic effects of nanocellulose and glycerol granted the stability of the dispersion even when it cooled down, but only if the concentration of nanofibers was high enough. This required concentration (0.6–0.9 wt%) depended on the degree of oxidation of the cellulose nanofibers. Rheological hindrance was essential to prevent the buoyancy of beeswax particles, while the presence of glycerol prevented excessive aggregation. The mixtures had yield stress and showed pseudoplastic behavior at a high enough shear rate, with their apparent viscosity being positively influenced by the surface charge density of the nanofibers. When applied to packaging paper, the nanocellulose-stabilized beeswax suspensions not only enhanced its barrier properties towards liquid water (reaching a contact angle of 96°) and water vapor (<100 g m−2 d−1), but also to grease (Kit rating: 5) and airflow (>1400 Gurley s). While falling short of polyethylene-coated paper, this overall improvement, attained using only one layer of a biobased coating suspension, should be understood as a step towards replacing synthetic waxes and plastic laminates.

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Wang, Binbo, Songqi Ma, Qiong Li, Hua Zhang, Junjie Liu, Rong Wang, Zhiquan Chen, et al. "Facile synthesis of “digestible”, rigid-and-flexible, bio-based building block for high-performance degradable thermosetting plastics." Green Chemistry 22, no. 4 (2020): 1275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9gc04020j.

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Carrodeguas, Leticia Peña, Thomas T. D. Chen, Georgina L. Gregory, Gregory S. Sulley, and Charlotte K. Williams. "High elasticity, chemically recyclable, thermoplastics from bio-based monomers: carbon dioxide, limonene oxide and ε-decalactone." Green Chemistry 22, no. 23 (2020): 8298–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0gc02295k.

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Efficient polymerization catalyses transform bio-sourced monomers into thermoplastics with high elasticity and strength, which can be degraded to allow for chemical recycling. The plastics utilize carbon dioxide, limonene oxide and ε-decalactone.

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El Achaby, Mounir, Mariana Ruesgas-Ramón, Nour-El Houda Fayoud, Maria Cruz Figueroa-Espinoza, Vera Trabadelo, Khalid Draoui, and Hicham Ben Youcef. "Bio-sourced porous cellulose microfibrils from coffee pulp for wastewater treatment." Cellulose 26, no. 6 (March 1, 2019): 3873–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02344-w.

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Liu, Dagang, Ying Zhang, Xun Sun, and Peter R. Chang. "Recent advances in bio-sourced polymeric carbohydrate/nanotube composites." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 131, no. 12 (January 21, 2014): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.40359.

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Holmberg, Angela L., Michael G. Karavolias, and Thomas H. Epps. "RAFT polymerization and associated reactivity ratios of methacrylate-functionalized mixed bio-oil constituents." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 31 (2015): 5728–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5py00291e.

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High separations costs reduce the practicality of polymers sourced from renewable bio-oils, motivating economical multicomponent bio-oil polymerizations. Thus, this paper investigates polymerization behavior of model bio-oil components and their mixtures.

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Calvino, Céline, Nicholas Macke, Ryo Kato, and Stuart J. Rowan. "Development, processing and applications of bio-sourced cellulose nanocrystal composites." Progress in Polymer Science 103 (April 2020): 101221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101221.

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Momeni, Sina, Muhammad Safder, Mohammad Abu Hasan Khondoker, and Anastasia Leila Elias. "Valorization of Hemp Hurds as Bio-Sourced Additives in PLA-Based Biocomposites." Polymers 13, no. 21 (November 1, 2021): 3786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213786.

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Sourced from agricultural waste, hemp hurds are a low-cost renewable material with high stiffness; however, despite their potential to be used as low-cost filler in natural fiber reinforced polymer biocomposites, they are often discarded. In this study, the potential to add value to hemp hurds by incorporating them into poly(lactic acid) (PLA) biopolymer to form bio-based materials for packaging applications is investigated. However, as with many plant fibers, the inherent hydrophilicity of hemp hurds leads to inferior filler-matrix interfacial interactions, compromising the mechanical properties of the resulting biocomposites. In this study, two chemical treatments, alkaline (NaOH) and alkaline/peroxide (NaOH/H2O2) were employed to treat hemp hurds to improve their miscibility with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) for the formation of biocomposites. The effects of reinforcement content (5, 10, and 15 wt. %), chemical treatments (purely alkaline vs. alkaline/peroxide) and treatment cycles (1 and 3 cycles) on the mechanical and thermal properties of the biocomposites were investigated. The biocomposites of treated hemp hurd powder exhibited enhanced thermal stability in the temperature range commonly used to process PLA (130–180 °C). The biocomposites containing 15 wt. % hemp hurd powder prepared using a single-cycle alkaline/peroxide treatment (PLA/15APHH1) exhibited a Young’s modulus of 2674 MPa, which is 70% higher than that of neat PLA and 9.3% higher than that of biocomposites comprised of PLA containing the same wt. % of untreated hemp hurd powder (PLA/15UHH). Furthermore, the tensile strength of the PLA/15APHH1 biocomposite was found to be 62.6 MPa, which was 6.5% lower than that of neat PLA and 23% higher than that of the PLA/15UHH sample. The results suggest that the fabricated PLA/hemp hurd powder biocomposites have great potential to be utilized in green and sustainable packaging applications.

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Wandji Djouonkep, Lesly Dasilva, Zhengzai Cheng, William Mawuko Kodjo Siegu, Xiong Jing, Jun Chen, Elvis Kwame Adom, Abubakar Muaz, and Mario Gauthier. "High performance sulfur-containing copolyesters from bio-sourced aromatic monomers." Express Polymer Letters 16, no. 1 (2022): 102–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2022.8.

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Moreno, Adrian, Nabil Bensabeh, Jaan Parve, Juan C. Ronda, Virginia Cádiz, Marina Galià, Lauri Vares, Gerard Lligadas, and Virgil Percec. "SET-LRP of Bio- and Petroleum-Sourced Methacrylates in Aqueous Alcoholic Mixtures." Biomacromolecules 20, no. 4 (March 18, 2019): 1816–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00257.

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Sallem-Idrissi, N., P. Van Velthem, and M. Sclavons. "Fully Bio-Sourced Nylon 11/Raw Lignin Composites: Thermal and Mechanical Performances." Journal of Polymers and the Environment 26, no. 12 (September 25, 2018): 4405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-018-1311-7.

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Guessasma, Sofiane, Sofiane Belhabib, and Hedi Nouri. "Understanding the microstructural role of bio-sourced 3D printed structures on the tensile performance." Polymer Testing 77 (August 2019): 105924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.105924.

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Noppalit, Sayrung, Alexandre Simula, Laurent Billon, and José M. Asua. "On the nitroxide mediated polymerization of methacrylates derived from bio-sourced terpenes in miniemulsion, a step towards sustainable products." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 6 (2020): 1151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py01667h.

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The typical use of toxic solvents, expensive control agents and the need of intermediate purification steps hinders the introduction of bio-sourced monomers into industrially viable block copolymers. This study aims at overcoming these limitations.

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Rajappan, Sinu C., Brad J. Davis, Isaiah T. Dishner, Travis L. Thornell, John J. Peyrefitte, and Yoan C. Simon. "Reversible hetero-Diels–Alder amine hardener as drop-in replacement for healable epoxy coatings." Polymer Chemistry 13, no. 6 (2022): 741–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py00917f.

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Replacing commercial hardeners with bio-sourced fatty acids linked by hetero Diels–Alder (HDA) motifs enabled epoxy-amine coatings with intrinsic self-healing properties. The HDA-based coatings demonstrate scratch healing at 95 °C within 15 min.

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Leveque, M., C. Douchain, M. Rguiti, K. Prashantha, C. Courtois, M. F. Lacrampe, and P. Krawczak. "Vibrational energy-harvesting performance of bio-sourced flexible polyamide 11/layered silicate nanocomposite films." International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 22, no. 1 (September 8, 2016): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1023666x.2016.1233784.

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Arshanitsa, Alexandr, Jevgenija Ponomarenko, Matiss Pals, Lilija Jashina, and Maris Lauberts. "Impact of Bark-Sourced Building Blocks as Substitutes for Fossil-Derived Polyols on the Structural, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane Networks." Polymers 15, no. 17 (August 22, 2023): 3503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15173503.

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The hydrophilic extractives isolated from black alder (Alnus glutinosa) bark through hot water extraction were characterized as novel renewable macromonomers capable of forming polyurethane (PU) networks based on a commercial polyisocyanate, with partial or complete replacement of petroleum-derived polyol polyether. The bark-sourced bio-polyol mainly consists of the xyloside form of the diarylheptanoid oregonin, along with oligomeric flavonoids and carbohydrates, resulting in a total OH group content of 15.1 mmol·g−1 and a molecular weight (Mn) of approximately 750 g∙mol−1. The 31P NMR data confirmed a similar proportion of aliphatic OH and phenolic groups. Three-component PU compositions were prepared using polyethylene glycol (Mn = 400 g∙mol−1), bio-polyol (up to 50%), and polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate, which were pre-polymerized in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution with tin organic and tertiary amine catalysts. The resulting mixture was cast and subjected to thermal post-curing. Calculation and experimental data confirmed the crosslinking activity of the bark-sourced bio-polyol in PU, leading to an increase in glass transition temperature (Tg), a decrease in sol fraction yield upon leaching of cured PU networks in THF, a significant increase in Young’s modulus and tensile strength. The macromonomers derived from bark promoted char formation under high temperature and oxidative stress conditions, limiting heat release during macromolecular network degradation compared to bio-polyol-free PU. It was observed that amine catalysts, which are active in urethane formation with phenolic groups, promoted the formation of PU with higher Tg and modulus at tensile but with less limitation of heat liberation during PU macromolecular structure degradation. The high functionality of the bark-derived bio-polyol, along with the equal proportion of phenolic and aliphatic OH groups, allows for further optimization of PU characteristics using three variables: increasing the substitution extent of commercial polyethers, decreasing the NCO/OH ratio, and selecting the type of catalyst used.

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Villamil Watson, Daniel A., and David A. Schiraldi. "Biomolecules as Flame Retardant Additives for Polymers: A Review." Polymers 12, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040849.

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Biological molecules can be obtained from natural sources or from commercial waste streams and can serve as effective feedstocks for a wide range of polymer products. From foams to epoxies and composites to bulk plastics, biomolecules show processability, thermal stability, and mechanical adaptations to fulfill current material requirements. This paper summarizes the known bio-sourced (or bio-derived), environmentally safe, thermo-oxidative, and flame retardant (BEST-FR) additives from animal tissues, plant fibers, food waste, and other natural resources. The flammability, flame retardance, and—where available—effects on polymer matrix’s mechanical properties of these materials will be presented. Their method of incorporation into the matrix, and the matrices for which the BEST-FR should be applicable will also be made known if reported. Lastly, a review on terminology and testing methodology is provided with comments on future developments in the field.

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K Janet Jemimah and Priya R Iyer. "Production of biopolymer films using groundnut oilcake." International Journal of Science and Technology Research Archive 3, no. 1 (September 30, 2022): 192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.53771/ijstra.2022.3.1.0097.

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Protein-based biopolymer films were produced using Groundnut (Arachis hypogea) oilcake. Thin, semi-transparent, brownish films were obtained, the films were smooth and uniform. The film was plasticized using PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) and glycerol was added to improve the elasticity. This resulted in the film being more flexible and more like conventional plastics. The thickness of the film was found. The tensile strength and the elongation at break were calculated. The water absorption capacity of the films was also estimated. Further, FTIR and SEM analysis were done to find out the chemical structures and morphological microstructures of the film. X-ray diffraction studies were also done. Also, antimicrobial and antioxidant assays were performed to find out the potential of the film as active food packaging. All these tests prove that the GOC films are capable of being used as food packaging alternative for conventional plastics. Biopolymer films were prepared using the protein extracted from groundnut oilcake. Its various characteristics were evaluated. These films can be used as substitutes to conventional food packaging plastics. The development of new bio-materials from agricultural wastes/ by-products of oil industry, may be good and cheap sources of both energy and protein. The present study focused on obtaining useful protein-based biodegradable films for an eco-friendly option. Potential applications of the obtained bio-polymer films include wrapping of different fabricated foods for shelf-life extension. These types of protein-based films are very useful as they are readily biodegradable in nature and also, they are sourced from natural and renewable raw materials rather than petroleum-based plastics.

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Camus, Martin, Olivia Condassamy, Frédérique Ham-Pichavant, Christelle Michaud, Sergio Mastroianni, Gérard Mignani, Etienne Grau, Henri Cramail, and Stéphane Grelier. "Oxidative Depolymerization of Alkaline Lignin from Pinus Pinaster by Oxygen and Air for Value-Added Bio-Sourced Synthons." Polymers 13, no. 21 (October 28, 2021): 3725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213725.

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In this work, an efficient 3-step process targeting the chemical modification and purification of lignin oligomers from industrial alkaline lignin is described. The oxidative depolymerization process of alkaline lignin with O2 or Air pressure, without use of metal catalyst, led to the production of two fractions of lignin oligomers named ‘precipitated lignin’ and ‘hydrosoluble lignin’ with 40% and 60% yield, respectively. These fractions were characterized with a wide range of methods including NMR spectroscopy (31P, 2D-HSQC), SEC (in basic media), FTIR. NMR analyses revealed the presence of carboxylic acid functions at a ratio of 1.80 mmol/g and 2.80 mmol/g for the precipitated and hydrosoluble lignin, respectively, values much higher than what is generally found in native lignin (between 0.2 and 0.5 mmol/g). SEC analyses revealed the formation of low molar masses for the precipitated (2200 g/mol) and hydrosoluble fractions (1500 g/mol) in contrast to the alkaline lignin (3900 g/mol). It is worth noting that the hydrosoluble fraction of lignin is soluble in water at any pH. Both processes (oxygen and air) were successfully scaled up and showed similar results in terms of yield and functionalization.

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Loughmari, Saliha, Abderrafia Hafid, Aicha Bouazza, Abdelaziz El Bouadili, Philippe Zinck, and Marc Visseaux. "Highly stereoselective coordination polymerization of β-myrcene from a lanthanide-based catalyst: Access to bio-sourced elastomers." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 50, no. 14 (April 16, 2012): 2898–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.26069.

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Teixeira, P. F., J. A. Covas, M. J. Suarez, I. Angulo, and L. Hilliou. "Film Blowing of PHB-Based Systems for Home Compostable Food Packaging." International Polymer Processing 35, no. 5 (November 1, 2020): 440–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2020-350506.

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Abstract One of the routes to minimize the environmental impact of plastics waste is the use of bio-sourced and biodegradable alternatives, particularly for packaging applications. Although Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are attractive candidates for food packaging, they have poor processability, particularly for extrusion film blowing. Thus, one relatively successful alternative has been blending PHA with a biodegradable polymer. This work proposes film blowing of a co-extruded Poly (hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) layer with a poly butylene adipateco- terephtalate (PBAT) layer to enhance bubble stability, mechanical and barrier properties. Co-extrusion is detailed, together with the different strategies followed to improve adhesion between film layers and the PHB content in the films. Films with thicknesses below 50 micron and elongation at break beyond 500% were consistently produced.

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Chu, Xi, Jianwei Tu, Heather R. Berensmann, John J. La Scala, and Giuseppe R. Palmese. "High Tg, Bio-Based Isosorbide Methacrylate Resin Systems for Vat Photopolymerization." Polymers 15, no. 9 (April 24, 2023): 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15092007.

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The use of isosorbide-derived polymers has garnered significant attention in recent decades as a high-performance, renewable material sourced from biomass. Of particular interest is isosorbide methacrylate, which possesses low viscosity (<500 cps), high thermal properties (Tg ≈ 220 °C), and high modulus (>4 GPa). These characteristics present a promising opportunity to replace BPA-derived methacrylate compounds in various applications. This investigation aims to synthesize and characterize isosorbide-based low-viscosity resin systems for 3D printing. The resin blends are composed of isosorbide methacrylate and two bio-renewable methacrylates, furfuryl methacrylate (FM) and bis-hydroxymethyl-furan methacrylate (BHMF-M), polymerized through a digital light processing (DLP) technique. The addition of the bio-based co-monomers serves to enhance the fracture toughness of the brittle isosorbide methacrylate crosslinked homopolymer (GIc = 37 J/m2). The resulting polymers exhibit Tg values greater than 200 °C and GIc around 100 J/m2. These resin systems hold potential for imparting high bio-based content to polymers used in additive manufacturing for high-performance applications.

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Namphonsane, Atitiya, Taweechai Amornsakchai, Chin Hua Chia, Kheng Lim Goh, Sombat Thanawan, Rungtiwa Wongsagonsup, and Siwaporn Meejoo Smith. "Development of Biodegradable Rigid Foams from Pineapple Field Waste." Polymers 15, no. 13 (June 29, 2023): 2895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15132895.

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Pineapple materials sourced from agricultural waste have been employed to process novel bio-degradable rigid composite foams. The matrix for the foam consisted of starch extracted from pineapple stem, known for its high amylose content, while the filler comprised non-fibrous cellulosic materials sourced from pineapple leaf. In contrast to traditional methods that involve preparing a batter, this study adopted a unique approach where the starch gel containing glycerol were first formed using a household microwave oven, followed by blending the filler into the gel using a two-roll mill. The resulting mixture was then foamed at 160 °C using a compression molding machine. The foams displayed densities ranging from 0.43–0.51 g/cm3 and exhibited a highly amorphous structure. Notably, the foams demonstrated an equilibrium moisture content of approximately 8–10% and the ability to absorb 150–200% of their own weight without disintegration. Flexural strengths ranged from 1.5–4.5 MPa, varying with the filler and glycerol contents. Biodegradability tests using a soil burial method revealed complete disintegration of the foam into particles measuring 1 mm or smaller within 15 days. Moreover, to showcase practical applications, an environmentally friendly single-use foam tray was fabricated. This novel method, involving gel formation followed by filler blending, sets it apart from previous works. The findings highlight the potential of pineapple waste materials for producing sustainable bio-degradable foams with desirable properties and contribute to the field of sustainable materials.

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Gan, Qiao, Yuechao Xu, Weizhong Huang, Wanwei Luo, Zhonghan Hu, Fuming Tang, Xiaoyu Jia, and Dirong Gong. "Utilization of bio‐sourced myrcene for efficient preparation of highly cis ‐1,4 regular elastomer via a neodymium catalyzed copolymerization strategy." Polymer International 69, no. 9 (April 20, 2020): 763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.6011.

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David, Grégoire, Nathalie Gontard, and Hélène Angellier-Coussy. "Mitigating the Impact of Cellulose Particles on the Performance of Biopolyester-Based Composites by Gas-Phase Esterification." Polymers 11, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020200.

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Materials that are both biodegradable and bio-sourced are becoming serious candidates for substituting traditional petro-sourced plastics that accumulate in natural systems. New biocomposites have been produced by melt extrusion, using bacterial polyester (poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)) as a matrix and cellulose particles as fillers. In this study, gas-phase esterified cellulose particles, with palmitoyl chloride, were used to improve filler-matrix compatibility and reduce moisture sensitivity. Structural analysis demonstrated that intrinsic properties of the polymer matrix (crystallinity, and molecular weight) were not more significantly affected by the incorporation of cellulose, either virgin or grafted. Only a little decrease in matrix thermal stability was noticed, this being limited by cellulose grafting. Gas-phase esterification of cellulose improved the filler’s dispersion state and filler/matrix interfacial adhesion, as shown by SEM cross-section observations, and limiting the degradation of tensile properties (stress and strain at break). Water vapor permeability, moisture, and liquid water uptake of biocomposites were increased compared to the neat matrix. The increase in thermodynamic parameters was limited in the case of grafted cellulose, principally ascribed to their increased hydrophobicity. However, no significant effect of grafting was noticed regarding diffusion parameters.

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Teyssandier, F., P. Cassagnau, J. F. Gérard, and N. Mignard. "Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Compatibilized Bio-sourced PA/Plasticized Starch Grafted PP Ternary Polymer Blends." International Polymer Processing 27, no. 4 (August 2012): 452–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/217.2576.

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Pierau, Lucie, Christine Elian, Jun Akimoto, Yoshihiro Ito, Sylvain Caillol, and Davy-Louis Versace. "Bio-sourced monomers and cationic photopolymerization–The green combination towards eco-friendly and non-toxic materials." Progress in Polymer Science 127 (April 2022): 101517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101517.

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Loughmari, Saliha, Abderradfia Hafid, Aicha Bouazza, Abdelaziz El Bouadili, Philippe Zinck, and Marc Visseaux. "Corrigendum: Highly stereoselective coordination polymerization of β-myrcene from a lanthanide-based catalyst: Access to bio-sourced elastomers." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 52, no. 11 (March 25, 2014): 1642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.27157.

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Magalhães, Solange, Alexandra Filipe, Elodie Melro, Catarina Fernandes, Carla Vitorino, Luís Alves, Anabela Romano, Maria G. Rasteiro, and Bruno Medronho. "Lignin Extraction from Waste Pine Sawdust Using a Biomass Derived Binary Solvent System." Polymers 13, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071090.

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Lignocellulosic biomass fractionation is typically performed using methods that are somehow harsh to the environment, such as in the case of kraft pulping. In recent years, the development of new sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives has grown significantly. Among the developed systems, bio-based solvents emerge as promising alternatives for biomass processing. Therefore, in the present work, the bio-based and renewable chemicals, levulinic acid (LA) and formic acid (FA), were combined to fractionate lignocellulosic waste (i.e., maritime pine sawdust) and isolate lignin. Different parameters, such as LA:FA ratio, temperature, and extraction time, were optimized to boost the yield and purity of extracted lignin. The LA:FA ratio was found to be crucial regarding the superior lignin extraction from the waste biomass. Moreover, the increase in temperature and extraction time enhances the amount of extracted residue but compromises the lignin purity and reduces its molecular weight. The electron microscopy images revealed that biomass samples suffer significant structural and morphological changes, which further suggests the suitability of the newly developed bio-fractionation process. The same was concluded by the FTIR analysis, in which no remaining lignin was detected in the cellulose-rich fraction. Overall, the novel combination of bio-sourced FA and LA has shown to be a very promising system for lignin extraction with high purity from biomass waste, thus contributing to extend the opportunities of lignin manipulation and valorization into novel added-value biomaterials.

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Reotutar, Anna Mae Rabaca, Roselle Yago Mamuad, and Angelo Earvin Sy Choi. "Production of Chemically Modified Bio-Based Wood Adhesive from Camote and Cassava Peels." Polymers 16, no. 4 (February 15, 2024): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16040523.

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Adhesives are significant for manufacturing competent, light, and sturdy goods in various industries. Adhesives are an important part of the modern manufacturing landscape because of their versatility, cost-effectiveness, and ability to enhance product performance. Formaldehyde and polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (PMDI) are conventional adhesives utilized in wood applications and have been classified as carcinogenic, toxic, and unsustainable. Given the adverse environmental and health effects associated with synthetic adhesives, there is a growing research interest aimed at developing environmentally friendly bio-based wood adhesives derived from renewable resources. This study aimed to extract starch from camote and cassava peels and focuses on the oxidization of starch derived from camote and cassava peels using sodium hypochlorite to create bio-based adhesives. The mean yield of starch extracted from camote and cassava peels was 13.19 ± 0.48% and 18.92 ± 0.15%, respectively, while the mean weight of the oxidized starches was 34.80 g and 45.34 g for camote and cassava, respectively. Various starch ratios sourced from camote and cassava peels were examined in the production of bio-based adhesives. The results indicate that the 40:60 camote to cassava ratio yielded the highest solid content, while the 80:20 ratio resulted in the best viscosity. Furthermore, the 40:60 ratio produced the most favorable particle board in terms of mechanical properties, density, thickness, swelling, and water absorption. Consequently, the starch extracted from camote and cassava peels holds promise as a potential source for bio-based adhesives following appropriate chemical modification.

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Ivdre, Aiga, Mikelis Kirpluks, Arnis Abolins, Laima Vevere, Beatrise Sture, Aigars Paze, Daniela Godina, Janis Rizikovs, and Ugis Cabulis. "Rigid Polyurethane Foams’ Development and Optimization from Polyols Based on Depolymerized Suberin and Tall Oil Fatty Acids." Polymers 16, no. 7 (March 29, 2024): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16070942.

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The utilization of polyols derived from renewable sources presents an opportunity to enhance the sustainability of rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams, thereby contributing to the advancement of a circular bioeconomy. This study explores the development of PUR rigid foams exclusively using polyols sourced from second-generation renewable biomass feedstocks, specifically depolymerized birch bark suberin (suberinic acids) and tall oil fatty acids. The polyols achieved a total renewable material content as high as 74%, with a suberinic acid content of 37%. Response surface modeling was employed to determine the optimal bio-polyol, blowing agents, and catalyst content, hence, optimizing the bio-based foam formulations. In addition, response surface modeling was applied to rigid PUR foam formulations based on commercially available petroleum-based polyols for comparison. The results, including apparent density (~40–44 kg/m3), closed cell content (~95%), compression strength (>0.2 MPa, parallel to the foaming direction), and thermal conductivity (~0.019 W/(m·K)), demonstrated that the suberinic acids-based rigid PUR foam exhibited competitive qualities in comparison to petroleum-based polyols. Remarkably, the bio-based rigid PUR foams comprised up to 29% renewable materials. These findings highlight the potential of suberinic acid-tall oil polyols as effective candidates for developing rigid PUR foams, offering promising solutions for sustainable insulation applications.

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Smith, Dallin L., Danixa Rodriguez-Melendez, Sidney M. Cotton, Yufeng Quan, Qingsheng Wang, and Jaime C. Grunlan. "Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Bio-Foam with Inherent Heat and Fire Resistance." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 19, 2022): 5019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14225019.

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Polyurethanes (PUs) are versatile and widespread, particularly as flexible and rigid foams. To avoid isocyanates and other toxic reagents required for synthesis, such as phosgene, alternative synthetic routes have been utilized to produce non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs). A thermally and flame-resistant rigid NIPU was produced from environmentally benign and bio-sourced ingredients, requiring no catalyst or solvents. A foamed structure was obtained by the addition of glutaraldehyde and four different carboxylic acids: malic acid, maleic acid, citric acid, and aconitic acid. The resulting morphology, thermal degradation, and flame resistance of each foam were compared. The properties vary with each carboxylic acid used, but in each case, peak thermal degradation and peak heat release are postponed by >100 °C compared to commercial rigid PU foam. Furthermore, in a butane torch test, NIPU foams exhibit an 80% higher remaining mass and a 75% reduction in afterburn time, compared to commercial polyurethane. This bio-based polyurethane eliminates the hazards of traditional PUs, while imparting inherent thermal stability and flame resistance uncharacteristic of conventional foams.

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Guo, Yuliang. "The application of renewable materials in green chemistry." Applied and Computational Engineering 63, no. 1 (May 9, 2024): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/63/20241004.

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Natural substances that are capable of being replaced or renewed over the course of a human lifetime or over a relatively short amount of time through natural processes are referred to as material that is renewable. Due to the fact that these materials are both sustainable and favorable to the environment, they are frequently used in a variety of industries, including the building industry, the textile industry, the energy industry, and the packaging industry. Given the circumstances, it is quite probable that this will have a profound effect on the future of humanity. Renewable materials commonly encompass biomass, bio-based polymers, natural fibers, wood, and lumber. The main focus of the study is to explore the utilization of renewable materials in green chemistry, namely biomass-sourced renewable materials, as well as other renewable materials such as food waste, recyclable plastics, and paper. This paper provides an in-depth review of the advantages and challenges related to renewable materials in the realm of green chemistry.

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Jašek, Vojtěch, Jan Fučík, Jiří Krhut, Ludmila Mravcova, Silvestr Figalla, and Radek Přikryl. "A Study of Isosorbide Synthesis from Sorbitol for Material Applications Using Isosorbide Dimethacrylate for Enhancement of Bio-Based Resins." Polymers 15, no. 17 (September 4, 2023): 3640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15173640.

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Bio-based cross-linkers can fulfill the role of enhancing additives in bio-sourced curable materials that do not compare with artificial resin precursors. Isosorbide dimethacrylate (ISDMMA) synthesized from isosorbide (ISD) can serve as a cross-linker from renewable sources. Isosorbide is a bicyclic carbon molecule produced by the reaction modification of sorbitol and the optimal conditions of this reaction were studied in this work. The reaction temperature of 130 °C and 1% w/w amount of para-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA) were determined as optimal and resulted in a yield of 81.9%. Isosorbide dimethacrylate was synthesized via nucleophilic substitution with methacrylic anhydride (MAA) with the conversion of 94.1% of anhydride. Formed ISD and ISDMMA were characterized via multiple verification methods (FT-IR, MS, 1H NMR, and XRD). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) proved the curability of ISDMMA (activation energy Ea of 146.2 kJ/mol) and the heat-resistant index of ISDMMA (Ts reaching value of 168.9) was determined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Characterized ISDMMA was added to the precursor mixture containing methacrylated alkyl 3-hydroxybutyrates (methyl ester M3HBMMA and ethyl ester E3HBMMA), and the mixtures were cured via photo-initiation. The amount of ISDMMA cross-linker increased all measured parameters obtained via dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), such as storage modulus (E’) and glass transition temperature (Tg), and the calculated cross-linking densities (νe). Therefore, the enhancement influence of bio-based ISDMMA on resins from renewable sources was confirmed.

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Kusube, Masataka, Yuki Nakashima, Takumi Sonobe, Yoshinaga Kawamura, Koki Kusumoto, Akari Sasamoto, and Kogei Kusube. "Innovative multi-layered biocement development and marine implementation research that contributes to the creation of resilient eelgrass beds." Impact 2024, no. 1 (January 22, 2024): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2024.1.16.

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Eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds are important sites of marine biodiversity. Professor Masataka Kusube, National Institute of Technology, Wakayama College, Japan, has extensive experience in this area of research. He focuses on the development of bio-cements created from locally sourced sea sand and bacteria and collaborates with chemicals and plastics manufacturers and local governments in his research on eelgrass meadows. Hydrogen sulfide interferes with cellular respiration and is therefore toxic to humans and animals. Recent research has suggested toxicity to plants, and it could be linked with a recent widespread decline in eelgrass meadows. Kusube has been developing bio-cements and utilises scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to visually examine its surface structure, as well as using PCR (polymerase chain reaction), 16S multigenomic sequencing, SYBR green staining and cell counts to further investigate and gather data on the growth and germination rates of eelgrass with and without his interventions. In the creation of bio-cements, Kusube and his team used urea-degrading bacteria isolating strains of bacteria that were able to provide the functions required. Using urea-degrading bacteria meant that the researchers could easily isolate them with phenol red staining as these colonies break down urea to produce ammonia, generating a distinct red colouration around colonies when using this indicator. So far, the team has found that water temperature and oxygen concentration can significantly affect germination rates, while Eelgrass growth can be promoted in the presence of organic matter and iron. This suggests the potential to enhance growth by manipulating these elements.

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Sprick, Elodie, Bernadette Graff, Jean-Michel Becht, Thomas Tigges, Kira Neuhaus, Christoph Weber, and Jacques Lalevée. "New bio-sourced hydrogen donors as high performance coinitiators and additives for CQ-based systems: Toward aromatic amine-free photoinitiating systems." European Polymer Journal 134 (July 2020): 109794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109794.

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Besset, Céline, Julien Bernard, Etienne Fleury, Jean-Pierre Pascault, Philippe Cassagnau, Eric Drockenmuller, and Roberto J. J. Williams. "Bio-Sourced Networks from Thermal Polyaddition of a Starch-Derived α-Azide-ω-Alkyne AB Monomer with an A2B2Aliphatic Cross-linker." Macromolecules 43, no. 13 (July 13, 2010): 5672–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma100770t.

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Verstraete, Sofie, Bart Buffel, Dharmjeet Madhav, Stijn Debruyne, and Frederik Desplentere. "Short Flax Fibres and Shives as Reinforcements in Bio Composites: A Numerical and Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties." Polymers 15, no. 10 (May 9, 2023): 2239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15102239.

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The complete flax stem, which contains shives and technical fibres, has the potential to reduce the cost, energy consumption and environmental impacts of the composite production process if used directly as reinforcement in a polymer matrix. Earlier studies have utilised flax stem as reinforcement in non-bio-based and non-biodegradable matrices not completely exploiting the bio-sourced and biodegradable nature of flax. We investigated the potential of using flax stem as reinforcement in a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix to produce a lightweight, fully bio-based composite with improved mechanical properties. Furthermore, we developed a mathematical approach to predict the material stiffness of the full composite part produced by the injection moulding process, considering a three-phase micromechanical model, where the effects of local orientations are accounted. Injection moulded plates with a flax content of up to 20 V% were fabricated to study the effect of flax shives and full straw flax on the mechanical properties of the material. A 62% increase in longitudinal stiffness was obtained, resulting in a 10% higher specific stiffness, compared to a short glass fibre-reinforced reference composite. Moreover, the anisotropy ratio of the flax-reinforced composite was 21% lower, compared to the short glass fibre material. This lower anisotropy ratio is attributed to the presence of the flax shives. Considering the fibre orientation in the injection moulded plates predicted with Moldflow simulations, a high agreement between experimental and predicted stiffness data was obtained. The use of flax stems as polymer reinforcement provides an alternative to the use of short technical fibres that require intensive extraction and purification steps and are known to be cumbersome to feed to the compounder.

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Aguado, Roberto J., Gabriela A. Bastida, Francisco X. Espinach, Joan Llorens, Quim Tarrés, Marc Delgado-Aguilar, and Pere Mutjé. "Comparative Study on the Stiffness of Poly(lactic acid) Reinforced with Untreated and Bleached Hemp Fibers." Polymers 15, no. 13 (July 6, 2023): 2960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15132960.

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Composite materials containing natural reinforcement fibers, generally called biocomposites, have attracted the interest of both researchers and manufacturers, but the most environmentally advantageous combinations include a bio-based matrix, as well. With this in mind, a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix was reinforced with natural fibers from hemp, both untreated strands (UHSs) and soda-bleached fibers (SBHFs). The preparation of the subsequent fully bio-sourced, discontinuously reinforced composites involved kinetic mixing, intensive single-screw extrusion, milling, and injection molding. Up to a fiber content of 30 wt%, the tensile modulus increased linearly with the volume fraction of the dispersed phase. Differences between SBHFs (up to 7.6 Gpa) and UHSs (up to 6.9 Gpa) were hardly significant (p = 0.1), but SBHF-reinforced composites displayed higher strain at failure. In any case, for the same fiber load (30 wt%), the Young’s modulus of PLA/hemp biocomposites was greater than that of glass fiber (GF)-reinforced polypropylene (5.7 GPa), albeit lower than that of PLA/GF (9.8 GPa). Considering all the measurements, the contribution of each phase was analyzed by applying the Hirsch model and the Tsai-Pagano model. As a concluding remark, although the intrinsic tensile modulus of SBHFs was lower than that of GF, the efficiency of those natural fibers as reinforcement (according to the rule of mixtures) was found to be higher.

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Tenorio-Alfonso, Adrián, M. Carmen Sánchez, and José M. Franco. "Synthesis and mechanical properties of bio-sourced polyurethane adhesives obtained from castor oil and MDI-modified cellulose acetate: Influence of cellulose acetate modification." International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 95 (December 2019): 102404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2019.102404.

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Sidik, Muhamad Afifi Muhamad, Abdul Mutalib bin Leman, Dafit Feriyanto, Samir Sani Abdulmalik, and Supaat Zakaria. "GREEN TECHNOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE: BIO-FERTILIZER PRODUCTION FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE TO PRESERVE THE ENVIRONMENT." International Journal of Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Materials 5, no. 3 (January 15, 2024): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/ijimeam.v5i3.23743.

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This study addresses the pressing issue of municipal waste (MW) management by proposing an innovative approach to transform residential solid waste into a valuable resource using green technology. MW, sourced from diverse sectors, undergoes various disposal methods, including incineration, recycling, and landfilling. In Malaysia, the composition of MW aligns with global trends, with food waste and plastic being the predominant categories. This research focuses on producing fertilizer from residential solid waste through a green technology process, utilizing a sequential procedure involving high pressure, high temperature, and energized water to de-polymerize hemicellulose and lignin, followed by microbial enzymatic fermentation. The developed green technology introduces a novel apparatus designed for treating MW in a high-temperature, low-pressure rotating vessel using indirect heating with thermal fluid. The experimental protocol involves four batches of MW samples, evaluating the mass differential before and after the treatment process. Furthermore, a 7-week observation period assesses chili plant growth as an indicator of fertilizer effectiveness. Results indicate a significant 71% mass reduction of MW, amounting to 201.26 kg, emphasizing the efficacy of the developed process. The investigation extends to plant height, comparing MW-derived fertilizer with commercial fertilizer over a 5-week period. Remarkably, chili plants fertilized with MW-derived fertilizer exhibit a greater height of 8.6 cm, surpassing the 7.3 cm observed with commercial fertilizer. This study concludes that MW-derived fertilizer is highly recommended for enhancing plant growth and health in Malaysia, suggesting a sustainable production system. The research not only contributes to waste management but also aligns with broader goals of promoting environmentally conscious and sustainable agricultural practices, emphasizing the potential of green technology in addressing the challenges of municipal waste.

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Beneš, Hynek, Jana Kredatusová, Jakub Peter, Sébastien Livi, Sonia Bujok, Ewa Pavlova, Jiří Hodan, Sabina Abbrent, Magdalena Konefał, and Petra Ecorchard. "Ionic Liquids as Delaminating Agents of Layered Double Hydroxide during In-Situ Synthesis of Poly (Butylene Adipate-co-Terephthalate) Nanocomposites." Nanomaterials 9, no. 4 (April 16, 2019): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9040618.

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Currently, highly demanded biodegradable or bio-sourced plastics exhibit inherent drawbacks due to their limited processability and end-use properties (barrier, mechanical, etc.). To overcome all of these shortcomings, the incorporation of lamellar inorganic particles, such as layered double hydroxides (LDH) seems to be appropriate. However, LDH delamination and homogenous dispersion in a polymer matrix without use of harmful solvents, remains a challenging issue, which explains why LDH-based polymer nanocomposites have not been scaled-up yet. In this work, LDH with intercalated ionic liquid (IL) anions were synthesized by a direct co-precipitation method in the presence of phosphonium IL and subsequently used as functional nanofillers for in-situ preparation of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) nanocomposites. The intercalated IL-anions promoted LDH swelling in monomers and LDH delamination during the course of in-situ polycondensation, which led to the production of PBAT/LDH nanocomposites with intercalated and exfoliated morphology containing well-dispersed LDH nanoplatelets. The prepared nanocomposite films showed improved water vapor permeability and mechanical properties and slightly increased crystallization degree and therefore can be considered excellent candidates for food packaging applications.

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Menčík, Přemysl, Radek Přikryl, Štěpán Krobot, Veronika Melčová, Soňa Kontárová, Roderik Plavec, Jan Bočkaj, Vojtech Horváth, and Pavol Alexy. "Evaluation of the Properties of PHB Composite Filled with Kaolin Particles for 3D Printing Applications Using the Design of Experiment." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 19, 2022): 14409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214409.

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In the presented work, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-PHB-based composites for 3D printing as bio-sourced and biodegradable alternatives to synthetic plastics are characterized. The PHB matrix was modified by polylactide (PLA) and plasticized by tributyl citrate. Kaolin particles were used as a filler. The mathematical method “Design of Experiment” (DoE) was used to create a matrix of samples for further evaluation. Firstly, the optimal printing temperature of the first and upper layers was determined. Secondly, the 3D printed samples were tested with regards to the warping during the 3D printing. Testing specimens were prepared using the determined optimal printing conditions to measure the tensile properties, impact strength, and heat deflection temperature (HDT) of the samples. The results describe the effect of adding individual components (PHB, PLA, plasticizer, and filler) in the prepared composite sample on the resulting material properties. Two composite samples were prepared based on the theoretical results of DoE (one with the maximum printability and one with the maximum HDT) to compare them with the real data measured. The tests of these two composite samples showed 25% lower warping and 8.9% higher HDT than was expected by the theory.

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Silvestre, Jeanne, Cédric Delattre, Philippe Michaud, and Hélène de Baynast. "Optimization of Chitosan Properties with the Aim of a Water Resistant Adhesive Development." Polymers 13, no. 22 (November 21, 2021): 4031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13224031.

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Chitosan is a bio-sourced polysaccharide widely used in different fields from health to wastewater treatment through food supplements. Another important use of this polymer is adhesion. Indeed, the current demand to replace non-natural and hazardous polymers by greener ones is well present in the adhesive field and open good opportunities for chitosan and its derivatives. However, chitosan is water soluble and exhibits a poor water-resistance in the field of adhesion which reduces the possibilities of its utilization within the paste field. This review focuses on exploration of different ways available to modify the chitosan and transform it into a water-resistant adhesive. The first part concerns the chitosan itself and gives important information from the discovery of chitin to the pure chitosan ready to use. The second part reviews the background information relative to adhesion theories, ideal properties of adhesives and the characteristics of chitosan as an adhesive. The last part focuses on exploration of the possible modification of chitosan to make it a water-resistant chemical adhesive.

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Zhou, Bingnan, Cunai Zheng, Ruanquan Zhang, Shuyuan Xue, Botuo Zheng, Hang Shen, Yu Sheng, and Huagui Zhang. "Graphene Oxide-Enhanced and Dynamically Crosslinked Bio-Elastomer for Poly(lactic acid) Modification." Molecules 29, no. 11 (May 28, 2024): 2539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112539.

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Being a bio-sourced and biodegradable polymer, polylactic acid (PLA) has been considered as one of the most promising substitutes for petroleum-based plastics. However, its wide application is greatly limited by its very poor ductility, which has driven PLA-toughening modifications to be a topic of increasing research interest in the past decade. Toughening enhancement is achieved often at the cost of a large sacrifice in strength, with the toughness–strength trade-off having remained as one of the main bottlenecks of PLA modification. In the present study, a bio-elastomeric material of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) crosslinked with sebacic acid (SA) and enhanced by graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles (NPs) was employed to toughen PLA with the purpose of simultaneously preserving strength and achieving additional functions. The even dispersion of GO NPs in ESO was aided by ultrasonication and guaranteed during the following ESO-SA crosslinking with GO participating in the carboxyl–epoxy reaction with both ESO and SA, resulting in a nanoparticle-enhanced and dynamically crosslinked elastomer (GESO) via a β-hydroxy ester. GESO was then melt-blended with PLA, with the interfacial reaction between ESO and PLA offering good compatibility. The blend morphology, and thermal and mechanical properties, etc., were evaluated and GESO was found to significantly toughen PLA while preserving its strength, with the GO loading optimized at ~0.67 wt%, which gave an elongation at break of ~274.5% and impact strength of ~10.2 kJ/m2, being 31 times and 2.5 times higher than pure PLA, respectively. Moreover, thanks to the presence of dynamic crosslinks and GO NPs, the PLA-GESO blends exhibited excellent shape memory effect and antistatic properties.

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Luo, Wanwei, Panpan Yang, Qiao Gan, Ziyue Zhao, Fuming Tang, Yuechao Xu, Xiaoyu Jia, and Dirong Gong. "Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of myrcene derivatives: an efficient access to fully bio-sourced functional elastomers with recyclable, shape memory and self-healing properties." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 25 (2021): 3677–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py00549a.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bio-Sourced plastic'

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