Journal articles on the topic 'Bio-Sourced molecules'
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1
Marchand, Guillaume, Gabin Fabre, Nidia Maldonado-Carmona, Nicolas Villandier, and Stéphanie Leroy-Lhez. "Acetylated lignin nanoparticles as a possible vehicle for photosensitizing molecules." Nanoscale Advances 2, no. 12 (2020): 5648–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0na00615g.
2
Malucelli, Giulio. "Bio-Sourced Flame Retardants for Textiles: Where We Are and Where We Are Going." Molecules 29, no. 13 (June 27, 2024): 3067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29133067.
Abstract:
After the period of halogenated compounds, the period of nano-structured systems, and that of phosphorus (and nitrogen)-based additives (still in progress), following the increasingly demanding circular economy concept, about ten years ago the textile flame retardant world started experiencing the design and exploitation of bio-sourced products. Indeed, since the demonstration of the potential of such bio(macro)molecules as whey proteins, milk proteins (i.e., caseins), and nucleic acids as effective flame retardants, both natural and synthetic fibers and fabrics can take advantage of the availability of several low-environmental impact/“green” compounds, often recovered from wastes or by-products, which contain all the elements that typically compose standard flame-retardant recipes. The so-treated textiles often exhibit flame-retardant features that are similar to those provided by conventional fireproof treatments. Further, the possibility of using the same deposition techniques already available in the textile industry makes these products very appealing, considering that the application methods usually do not require hazardous or toxic chemicals. This review aims to present an overview of the development of bio-sourced flame retardants, focusing attention on the latest research outcomes, and finally discussing some current challenging issues related to their efficient application, paving the way toward further future implementations.
3
Villamil Watson, Daniel A., and David A. Schiraldi. "Biomolecules as Flame Retardant Additives for Polymers: A Review." Polymers 12, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040849.
Abstract:
Biological molecules can be obtained from natural sources or from commercial waste streams and can serve as effective feedstocks for a wide range of polymer products. From foams to epoxies and composites to bulk plastics, biomolecules show processability, thermal stability, and mechanical adaptations to fulfill current material requirements. This paper summarizes the known bio-sourced (or bio-derived), environmentally safe, thermo-oxidative, and flame retardant (BEST-FR) additives from animal tissues, plant fibers, food waste, and other natural resources. The flammability, flame retardance, and—where available—effects on polymer matrix’s mechanical properties of these materials will be presented. Their method of incorporation into the matrix, and the matrices for which the BEST-FR should be applicable will also be made known if reported. Lastly, a review on terminology and testing methodology is provided with comments on future developments in the field.
4
Polat, M. Fatih. "Synthesis of Asebogenin and Balsacone A Precursor by a Novel Synthetic Strategy: Recent Opportunities for and Challenges of Total Synthesis of Balsacone A." Molecules 27, no. 11 (May 30, 2022): 3523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113523.
Abstract:
One of the main areas of interest of synthetic organic chemistry is the rapid construction of small molecules with proven diverse biological activities for the development of new strategies to cure human health. In particular, the development of novel synthetic strategies is the most important option for reaching the molecular scaffolds of active molecules of natural origin. Balsacone A and asebogenin are compounds that exhibit a wide variety of important biological activities. In this respect, it has become very important to develop new strategies for the construction of biologically active natural and synthetic balsacone analogues. In particular, balsacone derivatives with hydroxy-substituted dihydrochalcone skeletons can be isolated from plant sources or obtained by hemi-syntheses using bio-sourced precursors. An efficient synthetic strategy to synthetically obtain balsacone A is the aim of the present study that considers the limited natural availability of these molecules as well as other factors, such as cost and time. Starting with phloroglucinol, a nine-step synthesis of the precursor of balsacone A was achieved at a 10% overall yield. Furthermore, asebogenin, which has a dihydrochalcone structure and plays a key role in the synthesis of balsacone A, was synthesised with a good yield.
5
Curia, S., A. F. Barclay, S. Torron, M. Johansson, and S. M. Howdle. "Green process for green materials: viable low-temperature lipase-catalysed synthesis of renewable telechelics in supercritical CO 2." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2057 (December 28, 2015): 20150073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0073.
Abstract:
We present a novel near-ambient-temperature approach to telechelic renewable polyesters by exploiting the unique properties of supercritical CO 2 (scCO 2 ). Bio-based commercially available monomers have been polymerized and functional telechelic materials with targeted molecular weight prepared by end-capping the chains with molecules containing reactive moieties in a one-pot reaction. The use of scCO 2 as a reaction medium facilitates the effective use of Candida antarctica Lipase B (CaLB) as a catalyst at a temperature as low as 35°C, hence avoiding side reactions, maintaining the end-capper functionality and preserving the enzyme activity. The functionalized polymer products have been characterized by 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry, gel permeation chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry in order to carefully assess their structural and thermal properties. We demonstrate that telechelic materials can be produced enzymatically at mild temperatures, in a solvent-free system and using renewably sourced monomers without pre-modification, by exploiting the unique properties of scCO 2 . The macromolecules we prepare are ideal green precursors that can be further reacted to prepare useful bio-derived films and coatings.
6
Lambert, Prescilla, Mahado Said-Ahmed, Charafeddine Jama, and Mounim Lebrini. "Molecules from Sargassum algae as Green Inhibitor for C38 in HCl Medium: Extraction, Characterization and Electrochemical Study." Coatings 13, no. 12 (December 13, 2023): 2076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13122076.
Abstract:
The aim of this work is to develop new organic bio-sourced inhibitors that are ecofriendly and biodegradable. These natural inhibitors are organic, non-toxic molecules derived from plant extracts, containing numerous secondary metabolites, and are capable of being highly effective in protecting metals against corrosion. This study concerns the extraction, characterization and electrochemical study of natural organic compounds extracted from a species of Sargassum abundant on the coasts of Martinique, Sargassum fluitans III. The objective is to inhibit the corrosion of carbon steel. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and linear polarization (LP) techniques have led to new experimental results showing inhibitor efficacy. The results obtained show that this plant extract could serve as an effective inhibitor for the C38 steel in acidic media. Studies on the phytochemicals of the crude extract were also carried out. Electrochemical studies, on each chemical families present, were also established to find the main constituents responsible for corrosion inhibition properties of the algae extract. The adsorption of Sargassum fluitans III extract on the C38 steel surface, obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
7
Shahaji Jawale, Sushil. "BIOCHEMICAL STUDY OF FRESHWATER FISH CLARIAS BATRACHUS (L.) INFECTED WITH CESTODE PARASITE, LYTOCESTUS SP. FROM DISTRICT JALGAON, INDIA." International Journal of Biological Innovations 05, no. 02 (2023): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.46505/ijbi.2023.5207.
Abstract:
: This study involved analyzing bio-molecules including protein, glycogen and lipids in parasites as well as in both the infected and non-infected intestine of the host. The worms were sourced from the intestinal region of the freshwater fish Clarias batrachus and underwent a washing and other necessary processes. The dry weight was recorded after subjecting the samples to a temperature range of 50-60°C for duration of 24 hours. During the comparison between cestode parasites and the host intestine, it was observed that Lytocestus sp. displayed reduced concentration of protein and glycogen in comparison to both the infected and non-infected segments of the host's intestine. Moreover, the lipid concentration in the parasite exceeded that found in the host intestine, regardless of infection status. Author noticed that concentration of protein, glycogen, and lipids were notably high in the non-infected region compared to the infected section within the host intestine.
8
Luscombe, Christine Keiko. "(Invited) Organic Dyes Derived from Molecules in Cacao Beans for Use in Lighting Applications." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 20 (July 7, 2022): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01201101mtgabs.
Abstract:
LEDs are the foundation of lighting and display products surrounding us. While they have obtained great success in the commercial market, related research and development activities remain highly active aiming to enhance factors such as energy efficiency, stability, and environmental sustainability. Currently, commercial LED products are comprised of two key components: an indium gallium nitride e LED backlight with emission centered at 450 nm to cover the blue region of the visible spectrum, and powder inorganic phosphors on top converting blue light into longer wavelengths (e.g., green and red) to tune the emission of the device. A drawback of inorganic phosphors is that scattering of the emission from the micron-sized phosphor powders leads to substantial backscattering and subsequent absorption of the emission into the LED chip, and reabsorption losses in the phosphor itself, both of which reduce the overall light output of the final LED device. Organic dyes possess environmental advantages over inorganic phosphors because they are pi-conjugated molecules made from abundant elements (C, H, N, O, etc.) and are potentially bio-sourced. In this talk, I will present dyes that have been developed from theobromine, derived from cacao beans. When blended within an industrial polymer, poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS), their enhanced solubility enables the formation of highly transparent films, crucial for reducing scattering loss in LEDs. Furthermore, resultant dye-SBS films achieved photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) of around 90% under ambient conditions. Taking advantage of their transparency and solution processability, we fabricated a waveguide with this theobromine-dye-SBS composite, which was subsequentially assembled into an edge-lit LED device of no glare and enhanced aesthetics.
9
Spalletta, Alexis, Nicolas Joly, and Patrick Martin. "Optimization of Enzymatic Synthesis of D-Glucose-Based Surfactants Using Supported Aspergillus niger Lipase as Biocatalyst." Chemistry 5, no. 3 (August 23, 2023): 1855–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemistry5030127.
Abstract:
Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules with the ability to modify the surface tension between two surfaces. They can be obtained by various methods, the main one being synthetic, from petroleum-based substrates. Their universal use in a wide range of fields has created a global market and, consequently, ecological, and economic expectations for their production. Biocatalyzed processes, involving enzymes, can address this objective with processes complying with the principles of green chemistry: energy saving, product selectivity, monodispersity, and reduction in the use of solvents, with energy eco-efficiency. For example, fatty-acid carbohydrate esters are biobased surfactants that can be synthesized by lipases. In this work, we were interested in the synthesis of D-glucose lauric ester, which presents interesting properties described in the literature, with Aspergillus niger lipase, rarely described with sugar substrates. We optimized the synthesis for different parameters and reaction media. This lipase appeared to be highly selective for 6-O-lauroyl-D-glucopyranose. However, the addition of DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) as a co-solvent displays a duality, increasing yields but leading to a loss of selectivity. In addition, DMSO generates more complex and energy-intensive purification and processing steps. Consequently, a bio-sourced alternative as co-solvent with 2MeTHF3one (2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one) is proposed to replace DMSO widely described in the literature.
10
Ehsani, Masoume, Denis Kalugin, Huu Doan, Ali Lohi, and Amira Abdelrasoul. "Bio-Sourced and Biodegradable Membranes." Applied Sciences 12, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 12837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122412837.
Abstract:
Biodegradable membranes with innovative antifouling properties are emerging as possible substitutes for conventional membranes. These types of membranes have the potential to be applied in a wide range of applications, from water treatment to food packaging and energy production. Nevertheless, there are several existing challenges and limitations associated with the use of biodegradable membranes in large scale applications, and further studies are required to determine the degradation mechanisms and their scalability. Biodegradable membranes can be produced from either renewable natural resources or synthesized from low-molecular monomers that increase the number of possible structures and, as a result, greatly expand the membrane application possibilities. This study focused on bio-sourced and synthesized biodegradable polymers as green membrane materials. Moreover, the article highlighted the excellent antifouling properties of biodegradable membranes that assist in improving membrane lifetime during filtration processes, preventing chemical/biological disposal due to frequent cleaning processes and ultimately reducing the maintenance cost. The industrial and biomedical applications of biodegradable membranes were also summarized, along with their limitations. Finally, an overview of challenges and future trends regarding the use of biodegradable membranes in various industries was thoroughly analyzed.
11
Barbalini, Marco, Mattia Bartoli, Alberto Tagliaferro, and Giulio Malucelli. "Phytic Acid and Biochar: An Effective All Bio-Sourced Flame Retardant Formulation for Cotton Fabrics." Polymers 12, no. 4 (April 4, 2020): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040811.
Abstract:
Flame retardant systems based on bio-sourced products combine quite high fire performances with the low environmental impact related to their synthesis and exploitation. In this context, this work describes a new all bio-sourced flame retardant system designed and applied to cotton fabrics. In particular, it consists of phytic acid (PA), a phosphorus-based naturally occurring molecule extracted from different plant tissues, in combination with biochar (BC), a carbon-rich solid product obtained from the thermo-chemical conversion of biomasses in an oxygen-limited environment. PA and BC were mixed together at a 1:1 weight ratio in an aqueous medium, and applied to cotton at different loadings. As revealed by flammability and forced combustion tests, this bio-sourced system was able to provide significant improvements in flame retardance of cotton, even limiting the final dry add-on on the treated fabrics at 8 wt.% only. The so-treated fabrics were capable to achieve self-extinction in both horizontal and vertical flame spread tests; besides, they did not ignite under the exposure to 35 kW/m2 irradiative heat flux. Conversely, the proposed flame retardant treatment did not show a high washing fastness, though the washed flame retarded fabrics still exhibited a better flame retardant behavior than untreated cotton.
12
Ahmed, Fatma, Faiza M. Soliman, Mohamed A. Adly, Hamdy A. M. Soliman, Mansour El-Matbouli, and Mona Saleh. "Dietary Chitosan Nanoparticles: Potential Role in Modulation of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Antibacterial Defense and Intestinal Immunity against Enteric Redmouth Disease." Marine Drugs 19, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19020072.
Abstract:
Bio-nanotechnology employing bio-sourced nanomaterial is an emerging avenue serving the field of fish medicine. Marine-sourced chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) is a well-known antimicrobial and immunomodulatory reagent with low or no harm side effects on fish or their human consumers. In this study, in vitro skin mucus and serum antibacterial activity assays along with intestinal histology, histochemical, and gene expression analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of dietary CSNPs (5 g kg−1 dry feed) on rainbow trout resistance against ‘enteric redmouth’ disease. Two treatment conditions were included; short-term prophylactic-regimen for 21 days before the bacterial challenge, and long-term therapeutic-regimen for 21 days before the challenge and extended for 28 days after the challenge. Our results revealed higher antibacterial defense ability and positive intestinal histochemical and molecular traits of rainbow trout after dietary CSNPs. The prophylactic-regimen improved trout health while the therapeutic regimen improved their disease resistance and lowered their morbidity. Therefore, it is anticipated that CSNPs is an effective antibacterial and immunomodulatory fish feed supplement against the infectious threats. However, the CSNPs seem to be more effective in the therapeutic application rather than being used for short-term prophylactic applications.
13
Arshanitsa, Alexandr, Jevgenija Ponomarenko, Matiss Pals, Lilija Jashina, and Maris Lauberts. "Impact of Bark-Sourced Building Blocks as Substitutes for Fossil-Derived Polyols on the Structural, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane Networks." Polymers 15, no. 17 (August 22, 2023): 3503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15173503.
Abstract:
The hydrophilic extractives isolated from black alder (Alnus glutinosa) bark through hot water extraction were characterized as novel renewable macromonomers capable of forming polyurethane (PU) networks based on a commercial polyisocyanate, with partial or complete replacement of petroleum-derived polyol polyether. The bark-sourced bio-polyol mainly consists of the xyloside form of the diarylheptanoid oregonin, along with oligomeric flavonoids and carbohydrates, resulting in a total OH group content of 15.1 mmol·g−1 and a molecular weight (Mn) of approximately 750 g∙mol−1. The 31P NMR data confirmed a similar proportion of aliphatic OH and phenolic groups. Three-component PU compositions were prepared using polyethylene glycol (Mn = 400 g∙mol−1), bio-polyol (up to 50%), and polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate, which were pre-polymerized in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution with tin organic and tertiary amine catalysts. The resulting mixture was cast and subjected to thermal post-curing. Calculation and experimental data confirmed the crosslinking activity of the bark-sourced bio-polyol in PU, leading to an increase in glass transition temperature (Tg), a decrease in sol fraction yield upon leaching of cured PU networks in THF, a significant increase in Young’s modulus and tensile strength. The macromonomers derived from bark promoted char formation under high temperature and oxidative stress conditions, limiting heat release during macromolecular network degradation compared to bio-polyol-free PU. It was observed that amine catalysts, which are active in urethane formation with phenolic groups, promoted the formation of PU with higher Tg and modulus at tensile but with less limitation of heat liberation during PU macromolecular structure degradation. The high functionality of the bark-derived bio-polyol, along with the equal proportion of phenolic and aliphatic OH groups, allows for further optimization of PU characteristics using three variables: increasing the substitution extent of commercial polyethers, decreasing the NCO/OH ratio, and selecting the type of catalyst used.
14
Mora, Tayouo, Boutevin, David, and Caillol. "Synthesis of Pluri-Functional Amine Hardeners from Bio-Based Aromatic Aldehydes for Epoxy Amine Thermosets." Molecules 24, no. 18 (September 9, 2019): 3285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183285.
Abstract:
Most of the current amine hardeners are petro-sourced and only a few studies have focused on the research of bio-based substitutes. Hence, in an eco-friendly context, our team proposed the design of bio-based amine monomers with aromatic structures. This work described the use of the reductive amination with imine intermediate in order to obtain bio-based pluri-functional amines exhibiting low viscosity. The effect of the nature of initial aldehyde reactant on the hardener properties was studied, as well as the reaction conditions. Then, these pluri-functional amines were added to petro-sourced (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, DGEBA) or bio-based (diglycidyl ether of vanillin alcohol, DGEVA) epoxy monomers to form thermosets by step growth polymerization. Due to their low viscosity, the epoxy-amine mixtures were easily homogenized and cured more rapidly compared to the use of more viscous hardeners (<0.6 Pa s at 22 °C). After curing, the thermo-mechanical properties of the epoxy thermosets were determined and compared. The isophthalatetetramine (IPTA) hardener, with a higher number of amine active H, led to thermosets with higher thermo-mechanical properties (glass transition temperatures (Tg and Tα) were around 95 °C for DGEBA-based thermosets against 60 °C for DGEVA-based thermosets) than materials from benzylamine (BDA) or furfurylamine (FDA) that contained less active hydrogens (Tg and Tα around 77 °C for DGEBA-based thermosets and Tg and Tα around 45 °C for DGEVA-based thermosets). By comparing to industrial hardener references, IPTA possesses six active hydrogens which obtain high cross-linked systems, similar to industrial references, and longer molecular length due to the presence of two alkyl chains, leading respectively to high mechanical strength with lower Tg.
15
Magalhães, Solange, Alexandra Filipe, Elodie Melro, Catarina Fernandes, Carla Vitorino, Luís Alves, Anabela Romano, Maria G. Rasteiro, and Bruno Medronho. "Lignin Extraction from Waste Pine Sawdust Using a Biomass Derived Binary Solvent System." Polymers 13, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071090.
Abstract:
Lignocellulosic biomass fractionation is typically performed using methods that are somehow harsh to the environment, such as in the case of kraft pulping. In recent years, the development of new sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives has grown significantly. Among the developed systems, bio-based solvents emerge as promising alternatives for biomass processing. Therefore, in the present work, the bio-based and renewable chemicals, levulinic acid (LA) and formic acid (FA), were combined to fractionate lignocellulosic waste (i.e., maritime pine sawdust) and isolate lignin. Different parameters, such as LA:FA ratio, temperature, and extraction time, were optimized to boost the yield and purity of extracted lignin. The LA:FA ratio was found to be crucial regarding the superior lignin extraction from the waste biomass. Moreover, the increase in temperature and extraction time enhances the amount of extracted residue but compromises the lignin purity and reduces its molecular weight. The electron microscopy images revealed that biomass samples suffer significant structural and morphological changes, which further suggests the suitability of the newly developed bio-fractionation process. The same was concluded by the FTIR analysis, in which no remaining lignin was detected in the cellulose-rich fraction. Overall, the novel combination of bio-sourced FA and LA has shown to be a very promising system for lignin extraction with high purity from biomass waste, thus contributing to extend the opportunities of lignin manipulation and valorization into novel added-value biomaterials.
16
David, Grégoire, Nathalie Gontard, and Hélène Angellier-Coussy. "Mitigating the Impact of Cellulose Particles on the Performance of Biopolyester-Based Composites by Gas-Phase Esterification." Polymers 11, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020200.
Abstract:
Materials that are both biodegradable and bio-sourced are becoming serious candidates for substituting traditional petro-sourced plastics that accumulate in natural systems. New biocomposites have been produced by melt extrusion, using bacterial polyester (poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)) as a matrix and cellulose particles as fillers. In this study, gas-phase esterified cellulose particles, with palmitoyl chloride, were used to improve filler-matrix compatibility and reduce moisture sensitivity. Structural analysis demonstrated that intrinsic properties of the polymer matrix (crystallinity, and molecular weight) were not more significantly affected by the incorporation of cellulose, either virgin or grafted. Only a little decrease in matrix thermal stability was noticed, this being limited by cellulose grafting. Gas-phase esterification of cellulose improved the filler’s dispersion state and filler/matrix interfacial adhesion, as shown by SEM cross-section observations, and limiting the degradation of tensile properties (stress and strain at break). Water vapor permeability, moisture, and liquid water uptake of biocomposites were increased compared to the neat matrix. The increase in thermodynamic parameters was limited in the case of grafted cellulose, principally ascribed to their increased hydrophobicity. However, no significant effect of grafting was noticed regarding diffusion parameters.
17
Jašek, Vojtěch, Jan Fučík, Jiří Krhut, Ludmila Mravcova, Silvestr Figalla, and Radek Přikryl. "A Study of Isosorbide Synthesis from Sorbitol for Material Applications Using Isosorbide Dimethacrylate for Enhancement of Bio-Based Resins." Polymers 15, no. 17 (September 4, 2023): 3640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15173640.
Abstract:
Bio-based cross-linkers can fulfill the role of enhancing additives in bio-sourced curable materials that do not compare with artificial resin precursors. Isosorbide dimethacrylate (ISDMMA) synthesized from isosorbide (ISD) can serve as a cross-linker from renewable sources. Isosorbide is a bicyclic carbon molecule produced by the reaction modification of sorbitol and the optimal conditions of this reaction were studied in this work. The reaction temperature of 130 °C and 1% w/w amount of para-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA) were determined as optimal and resulted in a yield of 81.9%. Isosorbide dimethacrylate was synthesized via nucleophilic substitution with methacrylic anhydride (MAA) with the conversion of 94.1% of anhydride. Formed ISD and ISDMMA were characterized via multiple verification methods (FT-IR, MS, 1H NMR, and XRD). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) proved the curability of ISDMMA (activation energy Ea of 146.2 kJ/mol) and the heat-resistant index of ISDMMA (Ts reaching value of 168.9) was determined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Characterized ISDMMA was added to the precursor mixture containing methacrylated alkyl 3-hydroxybutyrates (methyl ester M3HBMMA and ethyl ester E3HBMMA), and the mixtures were cured via photo-initiation. The amount of ISDMMA cross-linker increased all measured parameters obtained via dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), such as storage modulus (E’) and glass transition temperature (Tg), and the calculated cross-linking densities (νe). Therefore, the enhancement influence of bio-based ISDMMA on resins from renewable sources was confirmed.
18
Lock Toy Ki, Yvette, Armelle Garcia, Franck Pelissier, Tomasz K. Olszewski, Alicja Babst-Kostecka, Yves-Marie Legrand, and Claude Grison. "Mechanochemistry and Eco-Bases for Sustainable Michael Addition Reactions." Molecules 27, no. 10 (May 21, 2022): 3306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103306.
Abstract:
The Michael addition reaction was revisited with a full focus on sustainability combined with efficiency, using mechanochemistry in mild conditions. First, the synthesis of cyclopentenone derivatives was chosen as a model reaction to find optimal conditions in mechanochemistry while using classical but weak bases. The reaction was efficient (84–95% yields), fast (2–6 h), solvent free, and required 0.1 equivalent of base. Aiming to reach greener conditions, classical bases were then replaced using new bio-sourced bases, called Eco-bases, that were easily prepared from plants and led to heterogeneous catalysts. The composition and structure of Eco-bases were characterized by MP-AES, XRPD, EBSD/EDS, HRTEM/EDX and ion chromatography. Interestingly, a high ratio of potassium was observed with the presence of K2Ca(CO3)2 for the most effective Eco-base. The new Eco-bases were used for the mechanical-assisted construction of functionalized alkenone derivatives. The versatility of the method has been successfully applied with good to excellent yields to different Michael donors and acceptors. Eco-bases were recycled and reused four times with the same performances. Combining Eco-bases and mechanochemistry in Michael addition reactions allowed reaching a maximum degree of sustainability (efficient, rapid, low catalyst loading, solvent-free reactions with bio-sourced catalysts) and participating in the development of mechanochemistry in sustainable chemistry.
19
Zhang, Lihua, Hailiang Sheng, Ran Liu, Mao Yang, Yuanlong Guo, Qinqin Xu, Lijie Hu, Songmiao Liang, and Haibo Xie. "Engineering chitosan into fully bio-sourced, water-soluble and enhanced antibacterial poly(aprotic/protic ionic liquid)s packaging membrane." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 230 (March 2023): 123182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123182.
20
Zriouel, Wafaa, Aziz Bentis, Sanaa Majid, Belkheir Hammouti, Said Gmouh, Peace S. Umoren, and Saviour A. Umoren. "The Blue Tansy Essential Oil–Petra/Osiris/Molinspiration (POM) Analyses and Prediction of Its Corrosion Inhibition Performance Based on Chemical Composition." Sustainability 15, no. 19 (September 27, 2023): 14274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151914274.
Abstract:
Sustainable materials encompass a diverse range of substances used in both consumer and industrial domains. These materials are sourced in quantities that safeguard non-renewable resources and environmental equilibrium, with a focus on bio-based alternatives derived from plants. This study investigates the corrosion inhibition potential of two distinct Blue Tansy essential oils (BTES 1 and BTES 2) with varying chemical compositions. Corrosion resistance for mild steel in 1 M HCl environment was assessed using weight loss and Potentiodynamic polarization techniques. The evaluation of BTES 1 and BTES 2 revealed compelling insights. Notably, their inhibition efficiency exhibited an intriguing, damped oscillation pattern with fluctuating concentrations. Remarkably, at 0.5 g/L concentration, BTES 1 achieved an impressive 80% inhibition, while BTES 2 demonstrated a substantial 70% inhibition at 2.5 g/L. This behavior stems from intricate interactions among active compounds, leading to protective film formation and competitive adsorption effects. Importantly, congruence between weight loss measurements and potentiodynamic polarization curves fortified the reliability of outcomes. The study also confirmed BTES as a mixed-type inhibitor, as indicated by polarization curves. Furthermore, Petra/Osiris/Molinspiration (POM) analyses were conducted to unravel molecule interactions, elucidate toxicity risks, and assess bioactivity scores. This comprehensive exploration sheds light on the interplay between sustainable materials, corrosion inhibition efficacy, and complex molecular dynamics, enhancing our understanding of environmentally conscious corrosion prevention strategies.
21
Ternel, Jérémy, Adrien Lopes, Mathieu Sauthier, Clothilde Buffe, Vincent Wiatz, Hervé Bricout, Sébastien Tilloy, and Eric Monflier. "Reductive Hydroformylation of Isosorbide Diallyl Ether." Molecules 26, no. 23 (December 2, 2021): 7322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237322.
Abstract:
Isosorbide and its functionalized derivatives have numerous applications as bio-sourced building blocks. In this context, the synthesis of diols from isosorbide diallyl ether by hydrohydroxymethylation reaction is of extreme interest. This hydrohydroxymethylation, which consists of carbon-carbon double bonds converting into primary alcohol functions, can be obtained by a hydroformylation reaction followed by a hydrogenation reaction. In this study, reductive hydroformylation was achieved using isosorbide diallyl ether as a substrate in a rhodium/amine catalytic system. The highest yield in bis-primary alcohols obtained was equal to 79%.
22
Caprin, Benoit, Virginie Charton, Jean-David Rodier, Boris Vogelgesang, Aurélia Charlot, Fernande Da Cruz-Boisson, and Etienne Fleury. "Scrutiny of the supramolecular structure of bio-sourced fructose/glycerol/water ternary mixtures: Towards green low transition temperature mixtures." Journal of Molecular Liquids 337 (September 2021): 116428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116428.
23
Djouonkep, Lesly Dasilva Wandji, Arnaud Kamdem Tamo, Ingo Doench, Naomie Beolle Songwe Selabi, Emmanuel Monga Ilunga, Arnaud Regis Kamgue Lenwoue, Mario Gauthier, Zhengzai Cheng, and Anayancy Osorio-Madrazo. "Synthesis of High Performance Thiophene–Aromatic Polyesters from Bio-Sourced Organic Acids and Polysaccharide-Derived Diol: Characterization and Degradability Studies." Molecules 27, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010325.
Abstract:
In this work, the feasibility of replacing petroleum-based poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with fully bio-based copolyesters derived from dimethyl 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylate (DMTD), dimethyl 2,5-dimethoxyterephthalate (DMDMT), and polysaccharide-derived 1,6-hexanediol (HDO) was investigated. A systematic study of structure-property relationship revealed that the properties of these poly(thiophene–aromatic) copolyesters (PHS(20–90)) can be tailored by varying the ratio of diester monomers in the reaction, whereby an increase in DMTD content noticeably shortened the reaction time in the transesterification step due to its higher reactivity as compared with DMDMT. The copolyesters had weight-average molar masses (Mw) between 27,500 and 38,800 g/mol, and dispersity Đ of 2.0–2.5. The different polarity and stability of heterocyclic DMTD provided an efficient mean to tailor the crystallization ability of the copolyesters, which in turn affected the thermal and mechanical performance. The glass transition temperature (Tg) could be tuned from 70–100 °C, while the tensile strength was in a range of 23–80 MPa. The obtained results confirmed that the co-monomers were successfully inserted into the copolyester chains. As compared with commercial poly(ethylene terephthalate), the copolyesters displayed not only enhanced susceptibility to hydrolysis, but also appreciable biodegradability by lipases, with weight losses of up to 16% by weight after 28 weeks of incubation.
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Galimberti, M., V. Barbera, S. Guerra, and A. Bernardi. "FACILE FUNCTIONALIZATION OF sp2 CARBON ALLOTROPES WITH A BIOBASED JANUS MOLECULE." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 90, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 285–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.17.82665.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT A simple, versatile, sustainable, not expensive method for the functionalization of sp2 carbon allotropes, both nano-sized and nano-structured, without altering their bulk crystalline organization, is presented. Carbon materials available at the commercial scale were used: furnace carbon black (CB), nano-sized graphite with high surface area, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. A bio-sourced molecule, 2-(2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-1,3-propanediol (serinol pyrrole), was used for the functionalization. Serinol pyrrole (SP) was obtained from serinol through a reaction with atomic efficiency of about 82%, performed in the absence of solvents or catalysts. Synthesis of serinol pyrrole was performed as well on carbon allotropes as the solid support. Adducts of serinol pyrrole with a carbon allotrope were prepared with the help of either thermal or mechanical energy. Functionalization yield was in all cases larger than 90%. With such adducts, stable dispersions in water and in NR latex were prepared. A few layers of graphene were isolated from the water dispersions, and NR-based composites precipitated from the latex revealed very even distribution of fine graphitic particles. Composites were prepared, based on NR, IR, and BR as the rubbers and CB and silica as the fillers, with different amounts of CB–SP adduct, and were cross-linked with a sulfur-based system without observing appreciable effect of functionalization on vulcanization kinetics. The CB–SP adduct led to appreciable reduction of the Payne effect.
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Warthegau, Stefan S., and Sebastian Meier. "Tailoring the Formation of Functionalized Furans from Glucose in Water with Nature-Sourced Catalysts and In Situ NMR." Molecules 29, no. 6 (March 19, 2024): 1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29061368.
Abstract:
Chain elongation of unprotected carbohydrates in water under mild conditions remains a challenge both in chemical and biochemical synthesis. The Knoevenagel addition or condensation enables transformations to bioactive scaffolds for pharmaceutical and agrochemical compounds. Unfortunately, the catalysts in use for these transformations often reduce the green metrics of the transformations. Here, we use in situ NMR visualizations to explore the prospective use of natural catalysts for the synthesis of triple- and quadruple-functionalized furan- or dihydrofuran-derivatives from glucose and malononitrile. The dihydrofuran derivatives are formed as kinetic, major intermediates in the pathway to furan derivatives when using naturally abundant MgO or bio-sourced chitosan and N-Methyl-d-glucamine (meglumine) as the catalysts in water. Both catalyst loading, solvent composition and pH can be adapted to populate dihydrofurans with four substituents by slowing down their further reactions. Higher temperatures and higher pH values favor the formation of triple-functionalized furans over quadruple-substituted dihydrofurans, which may be bicyclic or monocyclic. Compared to more traditional catalysts, nature-sourced options offer more sustainable options that emulate natural processes. Visualization with in situ NMR contributes to streamlining the development of cheap and environmentally benign procedures for carbohydrate chain elongation.
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Yang, Xiao, Yasushi Saito, Arjun Rao, Hyunsung John Kim, Pranav Singh, Eric Scott, Matthew Larson, Wenying Pan, Mohini Desai, and Earl Hubbell. "Alignment-free filtering for cfNA fusion fragments." Bioinformatics 35, no. 14 (July 2019): i225—i232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz346.
Abstract:
Abstract Motivation Cell-free nucleic acid (cfNA) sequencing data require improvements to existing fusion detection methods along multiple axes: high depth of sequencing, low allele fractions, short fragment lengths and specialized barcodes, such as unique molecular identifiers. Results AF4 was developed to address these challenges. It uses a novel alignment-free kmer-based method to detect candidate fusion fragments with high sensitivity and orders of magnitude faster than existing tools. Candidate fragments are then filtered using a max-cover criterion that significantly reduces spurious matches while retaining authentic fusion fragments. This efficient first stage reduces the data sufficiently that commonly used criteria can process the remaining information, or sophisticated filtering policies that may not scale to the raw reads can be used. AF4 provides both targeted and de novo fusion detection modes. We demonstrate both modes in benchmark simulated and real RNA-seq data as well as clinical and cell-line cfNA data. Availability and implementation AF4 is open sourced, licensed under Apache License 2.0, and is available at: https://github.com/grailbio/bio/tree/master/fusion.
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Mutasher, Sara H., and Hadi Salman Al-Lami. "Preparation of chitosan films plasticized by lauric and maleic acids." Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemistry Journal 5, no. 04 (December 29, 2022): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/amecj.v5.i04.209.
Abstract:
The energy crisis and environmental concerns have increased interest in natural polymers, and the bio-sourced materials field is experiencing rapid growth. A useful alternative to conventional plastic packaging manufactured from fossil fuels is packaging constructed of biodegradable polymers. Consideration has been given to the instrumental methods for examining modifications to the chemical composition and characteristics of modified chitosan. The molecular weight and the kind of plasticizer present in these materials are the two primary variables influencing their usability and performance. This study set out to physically blend chitosan with two different acids, lauric and maleic, to enhance chitosan cast films' physical and mechanical properties. Different plasticizer ratios appeared to have little effect on the various properties of the chitosan cast films. Examining the obtained films by FTIR implies that chitosan's native structure was unchanged. The films prepared had more flexibility and better solubility than those made with un-plasticized chitosan. It was evident from an analysis of the mechanical properties of the films that both acid plasticizers enhanced the mechanical properties of the chitosan.
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Saleh, Mona, Ehab Essawy, Mohamed Shaalan, Shaaban Osman, Fatma Ahmed, and Mansour El-Matbouli. "Therapeutic Intervention with Dietary Chitosan Nanoparticles Alleviates Fish Pathological and Molecular Systemic Inflammatory Responses against Infections." Marine Drugs 20, no. 7 (June 28, 2022): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20070425.
Abstract:
Marine bio-sourced chitosan nanoparticles (CSNP) are antimicrobial and immunomodulatory agents beneficial for fish medicine. Herein, dietary CSNP was investigated for the amelioration of the systemic inflammatory responses of an induced fish model. One hundred and forty-four rainbow trout were assigned to one pathogen-free and non-supplemented group (negative control), and three challenged groups: non-supplemented (positive control), CSNP-preventive, and CSNP-therapeutic. After a feeding experiment extended for 21 days, the organosomatic indices (OSI) and molecular aspects were assessed. After a challenge experiment extended for further 28 days, CSNP-therapeutic intervention was assessed on fish survival and systemic inflammatory responses on pathology, histo-morphology, and molecular aspects. With CSNP administration, OSI nonsignificantly decreased and the relative expression of targeted inflammatory-mediator genes was significantly increased. The CSNP-therapeutic fish showed an RPS of 80% as compared to the positive control group, and CSNP-therapeutic administration retained the highest gene expression augmentation up to 28 days after the challenge. Notably, the splenic reticulin fibers framework of the CSNP-therapeutic group retained the highest integrity among the groups during the infection. After recovery, reticulin fibers density in the CSNP-therapeutic samples was significantly higher than in the negative control group, which indicates high innate immunity. Thus, CSNP showed promising biotherapeutic features enhancing fish resistance against infections.
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Cuvillier, Luana, Arianna Passaretti, Elodie Guilminot, and Edith Joseph. "Agar and Chitosan Hydrogels’ Design for Metal-Uptaking Treatments." Gels 10, no. 1 (January 11, 2024): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels10010055.
Abstract:
In the field of cultural heritage, the use of natural gels is rising for the application of active agents. Here, two natural polymers are assessed: agar, a pioneer hydrogel for conservation treatments, and chitosan, a rather novel and metal-binding gel. For chitosan, a state-of-the-art based formulation (CS–ItA–LCys) is evaluated as it was reported for silver-complexing properties. It is evaluated whether these polymers can withstand the addition of the chelating compound deferoxamine, which is a bacterial siderophore. This allows for the obtainment of completely bio-sourced gel systems. A Fourier-transformed (FT) infrared spectroscopy characterization is performed, completed with rheological measurements and Cryo-Scanning Electron Microscopy (cryo–SEM) to investigate the physico–chemical properties of the gels, as well as their interaction with deferoxamine. Both polymers are also tested for their inherent complexing ability on silver ions using FT–Raman spectroscopy. A multi-analytical comparison shows different microstructures, in particular, the presence of a thick membrane for chitosan and different mechanical behaviors, with agar being more brittle. Neither hydrogel seems affected by the addition of deferoxamine; this is shown by similar rheological behavior and molecular structures in the presence or absence of the chelator. The intrinsic abilities of the chitosan formulation to make silver complex are demonstrated with the observation of two peaks characteristic of Ag–S and Ag–O bonds. Agar and chitosan are both proven to be reliable gels to act as carriers for bio-based active agents. This paper confirms the potential asset of the chitosan formulation CS–ItA–LCys as a promising gel for the complexation of soluble silver.
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Lee, Minwoo, Jonghwan Shin, Sunkook Kim, and Srinivas Gandla. "Whey Protein Isolate Film and Laser-Ablated Textured PDMS-Based Single-Electrode Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Pressure-Sensor Application." Sensors 22, no. 6 (March 10, 2022): 2154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062154.
Abstract:
The use of biopolymers for realizing economical and eco-friendly triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) widens the application prospects of TENGs. Herein, an animal-sourced whey protein isolate (WPI) film, processed and prepared by a simple aqueous solution preparation and drop-casting technique, is applied to demonstrate its potential use in bio-TENGs. With the addition of formaldehyde in WPI, the films result in a free-standing and flexible film, whereas the pure WPI films are difficult to handle and lack flexibility. A TENG device based on the WPI and the laser-ablated textured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for pressure-sensor application were developed. The output voltage of the TENG comprising WPI increased nearly two-fold compared to the TENG without WPI. A simple single-electrode TENG device configuration was adopted so that it could be easily integrated into a wearable electronic device. Moreover, WPI film exhibited tribo-negative-like material characteristics. This study provides new insights into the development of biocompatible and eco-friendly biopolymers for various electronic devices and sensors.
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Aresta, Michele. "Do Bio-Ethanol and Synthetic Ethanol Produced from Air-Captured CO2 Have the Same Degree of “Greenness” and Relevance to “Fossil C”?" Molecules 27, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 2223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072223.
Abstract:
This paper discusses the epochal change in the reputation of carbon dioxide, which is now considered as a raw material alternative to fossil C for the synthesis of chemicals, materials and fuels, as opposed to a waste material that must be confined underground. In particular, its use as renewable C is compared to biomass. In this paper, a specific point is discussed: is ethanol (or any fuel) produced via the catalytic conversion of atmospheric CO2 different from the relevant biomass-sourced product(s)? The answer to this question is very important because it ultimately determines whether or not fuels derived from atmospheric CO2 (either e-fuels or solar fuels) have the right to be subsidized in the same way that biofuels are. Conclusions are drawn demonstrating that ethanol derived from atmospheric CO2 deserves the same benefits as bio-ethanol, with the additional advantage that its synthesis can be less pollutant than its production via the fermentation of sugars. The same concept can be applied to any fuel derived from atmospheric CO2.
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Nowak, Małgorzata, Paulina Bednarczyk, Karolina Mozelewska, and Zbigniew Czech. "Synthesis and Characterization of Urethane Acrylate Resin Based on 1,3-Propanediol for Coating Applications." Coatings 12, no. 12 (November 30, 2022): 1860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121860.
Abstract:
The significant development of industry and the growing demand for renewable fuels lead to the accumulation of massive amounts of glycerol as a by-product. Scientists have been trying to use this product as a raw material for several years. One of its uses is in the acquirement of 1,3-propanediol (PDO). This work presents studies on the synthesis of two new urethane acrylate resins obtained from 1,3-propanediol and urethane acrylate oligomers containing isocyanate groups in each molecule. The method for obtaining the resins was presented, considering various conditions of synthesis, i.e., the structure of the carbon chain of the oligomer used, the molar ratio of the reactants, or the use of solvents. The reactions were monitored in real time by FTIR until the disappearance of the NCO groups. Then, polymer films were prepared from the obtained products and cured using UV radiation or thermally. The obtained coatings were tested in terms of the photopolymerization kinetics and properties of the cured coatings. Resultantly, the obtained bio-sourced coatings were observed to be characterized by good functional properties and a short curing duration, both with the use of UV radiation-based or thermal curing. These types of resins obtained using a bioproduct can be employed as eco-friendly film-forming products in the coating industry for many applications. In particular, due to their potential for dual curing methods (UV or thermal), these resins can be used on three-dimensional surfaces, i.e., those in which there is a possibility of the insufficient availability of UV radiation.
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Menčík, Přemysl, Radek Přikryl, Štěpán Krobot, Veronika Melčová, Soňa Kontárová, Roderik Plavec, Jan Bočkaj, Vojtech Horváth, and Pavol Alexy. "Evaluation of the Properties of PHB Composite Filled with Kaolin Particles for 3D Printing Applications Using the Design of Experiment." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 19, 2022): 14409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214409.
Abstract:
In the presented work, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-PHB-based composites for 3D printing as bio-sourced and biodegradable alternatives to synthetic plastics are characterized. The PHB matrix was modified by polylactide (PLA) and plasticized by tributyl citrate. Kaolin particles were used as a filler. The mathematical method “Design of Experiment” (DoE) was used to create a matrix of samples for further evaluation. Firstly, the optimal printing temperature of the first and upper layers was determined. Secondly, the 3D printed samples were tested with regards to the warping during the 3D printing. Testing specimens were prepared using the determined optimal printing conditions to measure the tensile properties, impact strength, and heat deflection temperature (HDT) of the samples. The results describe the effect of adding individual components (PHB, PLA, plasticizer, and filler) in the prepared composite sample on the resulting material properties. Two composite samples were prepared based on the theoretical results of DoE (one with the maximum printability and one with the maximum HDT) to compare them with the real data measured. The tests of these two composite samples showed 25% lower warping and 8.9% higher HDT than was expected by the theory.
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Rubtsova, Sofya, and Yaser Dahman. "Biomimetic Orthopedic Footwear Advanced Insole Materials to Be Used in Medical Casts for Weight-Bearing Monitoring." Biomimetics 8, no. 4 (July 29, 2023): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8040334.
Abstract:
Fabrication, characterization and testing of protective biomimetic orthopedic footwear advanced insole materials are introduced. The main objective of this material is to preserve and isolate a set of sensors for the Weight-Bearing Monitoring System (WBMS) device. Twenty-one samples of renewably sourced Polyurethane Foam (PUF) composed of poly(trimethylene ether) glycol (PO3G) and unmodified castor oil (CO) were synthesized and evaluated according to predetermined criteria. Response surface methodology of Box—Behnken design was applied to study the effect of the polyols ratio, isocyanate index (II), and blowing agent ratio on the properties (hardness, density) of PUFs. Results showed that CO/PO3G/Tolyene Diisocyanate (TDI) PUFs with hardness Shore A 17–22 and density of 0.19–0.25 g/cm3 demonstrate the required characteristics and can potentially be used as a durable and functional insole material. Phase separation studies have found the presence of well-segregated structures in PUFs having polyols ratio of CO:PO3G 1:3 and low II, which further explains their extraordinary elastic properties (400% elongation). Analysis of cushioning performance of PUF signified that five samples have Cushioning Energy (CE) higher than 70 N·mm and Cushioning Factor (CF) in the range of 4–8, hence are recommended for application in WBMS due to superior weight-bearing and pressure-distributing properties. Moreover, the developed formulation undergoes anaerobic soil bacterial degradation and can be categorized as a “green” bio-based material.
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Laszlo, Csaba, Kacper Kaminski, Haifeng Guan, Maria Fatarova, Jianbing Wei, Alexandre Bergounioux, Walter K. Schlage, et al. "Fractionation and Extraction Optimization of Potentially Valuable Compounds and Their Profiling in Six Varieties of Two Nicotiana Species." Molecules 27, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 8105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27228105.
Abstract:
There is an increasingly urgent call to shift industrial processes from fossil fuel feedstock to sustainable bio-based resources. This change becomes of high importance considering new budget requirements for a carbon-neutral economy. Such a transformation can be driven by traditionally used plants that are able to produce large amounts of valuable biologically relevant secondary metabolites. Tobacco plants can play a leading role in providing value-added products in remote areas of the world. In this study, we propose a non-exhaustive list of compounds with potential economic interest that can be sourced from the tobacco plant. In order to optimize extraction methodologies, we first analyzed their physico-chemical properties using rapid solubility tests and high-resolution microfractionation techniques. Next, to identify an optimal extraction for a selected list of compounds, we compared 13 different extraction method–solvent combinations. We proceeded with profiling some of these compounds in a total of six varieties from Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana rustica species, identifying the optimal variety for each. The estimated expected yields for each of these compounds demonstrate that tobacco plants can be a superior source of valuable compounds with diverse applications beyond nicotine. Among the most interesting results, we found high variability of anatabine content between species and varieties, ranging from 287 to 1699 µg/g. In addition, we found that CGA (1305 µg/g) and rutin (7910 µg/g) content are orders of magnitude lower in the Burley variety as compared to all others.
36
Leng, X., P. Leszczynski, S. Jeka, S. Liu, H. Liu, M. Miakisz, J. Gu, et al. "POS0287 A PHASE III, RANDOMISED, DOUBLE-BLIND, ACTIVE-CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL TO COMPARE BAT1806/BIIB800, A PROPOSED TOCILIZUMAB BIOSIMILAR, WITH TOCILIZUMAB REFERENCE PRODUCT IN SUBJECTS WITH MODERATE TO SEVERE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS WITH AN INADEQUATE RESPONSE TO METHOTREXATE THERAPY." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 81, Suppl 1 (May 23, 2022): 388.2–388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.515.
Abstract:
BackgroundBAT1806/BIIB800 is a proposed biosimilar to reference tocilizumab (TCZ). A Phase III randomised, double-blind, active-controlled clinical trial was conducted as part of a biosimilar development programme.ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy, pharmacokinetics (PK), safety and immunogenicity of BAT1806/BIIB800 in comparison with EU-sourced TCZ in subjects with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis with inadequate response to methotrexate (MTX).MethodsThe study was conducted at 55 centres in China and Europe, between June 2018 and January 2021. Eligible subjects were randomised in a 2:1:1 ratio to one of three treatment groups: (1) BAT1806/BIIB800 up to Week 48, (2) TCZ up to Week 48, or (3) TCZ up to Week 24, followed by BAT1806/BIIB800 from Week 24 to Week 48, administered intravenously every 4 weeks at a dose of 8mg/kg. The primary endpoint was the proportion of subjects achieving an ACR20 response at timepoints pre-specified to meet the requirements of different Regulatory Agencies: Week 12, for EMA; Week 24, for FDA and NMPA. Equivalence margins applied to differences in ACR20 response rates in the BAT1806/BIIB800 and TCZ treatment groups were pre-specified as follows: +/- 14.5% for EMA (95% confidence interval (CI)); -12.0%,15% for FDA (90% CI); +/- 13.6% for NMPA (95% CI). Secondary endpoints included pharmacokinetics, safety and immunogenicity.The ICH E9(R1) estimands framework including intercurrent events (related or unrelated to the COVID19 pandemic) was implemented for the ACR20 evaluation. A logistic regression model including ‘region’ (China and Eastern Europe) and ‘previous biologic or targeted synthetic DMARD use’ (Yes/No) as captured in Interactive Web Response System as stratification factors was utilised to assess equivalence for the primary endpoint. The difference in response rates was estimated and corresponding confidence intervals were derived to assess equivalence for the primary endpoint. This abstract presents results up to Week 24.ResultsIn total, 621 subjects were randomised to receive BAT1806/BIIB800 (N=312), TCZ (N=155), or TCZ followed by BAT1806/BIIB800 (N=154). The groups were comparable in terms of baseline demographics and disease characteristics, including age, gender, disease activity and disease duration. The estimated proportions of subjects achieving an ACR20 response in the BAT1806/BIIB800 vs. the TCZ groups, respectively, were 68.97% vs. 64.82% at Week 12 and 69.89% vs. 67.94% at Week 24. The estimated difference between ACR response rates was 4.15% (95% CI -3.63, 11.93) at week 12, and 1.94% (90% CI -4.04, 7.92; 95% CI -5.18, 9.07) at Week 24. The CIs for the estimated differences between the treatment groups were within the pre-defined equivalence margins (Figure 1). The treatment groups were comparable in terms of serum trough levels, incidence of TEAEs and ADA/NAb positivity (Table 1).Table 1.Safety and Immunogenicity up to Week 24, and Pharmacokinetics at Week 24TCZ (N =309) n (%)BAT1806/BIIB800 (N=312) n (%)TEAE196 (63.4)201 (64.4)Related TEAE151 (48.9)148 (47.4)Serious TEAE13 (4.2)11 (3.5)Related Serious TEAE7 (2.3)2 (0.6)Fatal TEAE1 (0.3)3 (1.0)ADA positive a42 (13.6%)64 (20.5%)NAb positive a42 (13.6%)63 (20.2%)PK, n271276Serum trough level (ug/mL), mean (SD)15.4 (17.1)15.8 (12.3)Serum trough level (ug/mL), geometric mean (CV%)12.3 (140.3)12.9 (121.3)Below limit of quantification, n (%)43 (15.9)28 (10.1)TEAE, treatment emergent adverse eventsa subjects with ≥1 ADA/NAb positive results up to week 24ConclusionBAT1806/BIIB800 has demonstrated equivalent efficacy at Week 12 and Week 24 and a similar PK, safety and immunogenicity profile as reference tocilizumab up to Week 24.Disclosure of InterestsXiaomei Leng: None declared, Piotr Leszczynski: None declared, Sławomir Jeka: None declared, Shengyun Liu: None declared, Huaxiang Liu: None declared, Malgorzata Miakisz: None declared, Jieruo Gu: None declared, Lali Kilasonia Speakers bureau: Sandoz, Amgen, Takeda, Mykola Stanislavchuk Speakers bureau: Pfizer, Orion, Boehringer Ingelheim, Xiaolei Yang Shareholder of: Employee of the Bio-thera Solutions Ltd. with shares as a part of Stock incentive plan., Employee of: Employee of the Bio-thera Solutions Ltd., Yinbo Zhou Shareholder of: Employee of Bio-thera Solutions Ltd. with share as part of Stock incentive plan, Employee of: Employee of Bio-thera Solutions Ltd., Qingfeng Dong Shareholder of: Employee of Bio-thera Solutions Ltd. with shares as part of Stock incentive plan, Employee of: Employee of Bio-thera Solutions Ltd., Marian Mitroiu Shareholder of: Employee of Biogen and may hold stocks, Employee of: Employee of Biogen, Janet Addison Shareholder of: Employee of Biogen and holds stock in Biogen, Employee of: Employee of Biogen, Xiaofeng Zeng: None declared
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Birchall, Jonathan R., Md Raduanul H. Chowdhury, Panayiotis Nikolaou, Yuri A. Chekmenev, Anton Shcherbakov, Michael J. Barlow, Boyd M. Goodson, and Eduard Y. Chekmenev. "Pilot Quality-Assurance Study of a Third-Generation Batch-Mode Clinical-Scale Automated Xenon-129 Hyperpolarizer." Molecules 27, no. 4 (February 16, 2022): 1327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041327.
Abstract:
We present a pilot quality assurance (QA) study of a clinical-scale, automated, third-generation (GEN-3) 129Xe hyperpolarizer employing batch-mode spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) with high-Xe densities (50% natural abundance Xe and 50% N2 in ~2.6 atm total pressure sourced from Nova Gas Technologies) and rapid temperature ramping enabled by an aluminum heating jacket surrounding the 0.5 L SEOP cell. 129Xe hyperpolarization was performed over the course of 700 gas loading cycles of the SEOP cell, simulating long-term hyperpolarized contrast agent production in a clinical lung imaging setting. High levels of 129Xe polarization (avg. %PXe = 51.0% with standard deviation σPXe = 3.0%) were recorded with fast 129Xe polarization build-up time constants (avg. Tb = 25.1 min with standard deviation σTb = 3.1 min) across the first 500 SEOP cell refills, using moderate temperatures of 75 °C. These results demonstrate a more than 2-fold increase in build-up rate relative to previously demonstrated results in a comparable QA study on a second-generation (GEN-2) 129Xe hyperpolarizer device, with only a minor reduction in maximum achievable %PXe and with greater consistency over a larger number of SEOP cell refill processes at a similar polarization lifetime duration (avg. T1 = 82.4 min, standard deviation σT1 = 10.8 min). Additionally, the effects of varying SEOP jacket temperatures, distribution of Rb metal, and preparation and operation of the fluid path are quantified in the context of device installation, performance optimization and maintenance to consistently produce high 129Xe polarization values, build-up rates (Tb as low as 6 min) and lifetimes over the course of a typical high-throughput 129Xe polarization SEOP cell life cycle. The results presented further demonstrate the significant potential for hyperpolarized 129Xe contrast agent in imaging and bio-sensing applications on a clinical scale.
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Shabangu, Khaya Pearlman, Nhlanhla Mthembu, Manimagalay Chetty, and Babatunde Femi Bakare. "Validation of RSM Predicted Optimum Scaling-Up Factors for Generating Electricity in a DCMFC: MATLAB Design and Simulation Model." Fermentation 9, no. 9 (September 19, 2023): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9090856.
Abstract:
In this present study, the potential application of DCMFC for the treatment of three different sourced industrial wastewater streams: biorefinery, dairy and mixed streams was investigated. Operating conditions were optimised using the Box Behnken design in response surface methodology (RSM) with three validation experimental runs. The effect of process variables, i.e., HRT (48 h), catholyte dose (0.1 gmol/L) and electrode surface area (three carbon rods argumentation-m2) on the production of electricity as voltage yield (mV), power density (mW/m2), current density (mA/m2), Columbic efficiency (%) CE and Gibbs free energy correlation with the electromotive force of the DCMFC system. Experimental results obtained were a positive response towards the predictive values according to the DoE numerical optimisation sequence. At numerical optimum MFC conditions stated above, validation experimental responses of voltage yield by biorefinery wastewater were 645.2 mV, mixed wastewater was 549 mV, and dairy wastewater was 358 mV maximum yields. The power densities and current densities were attained, for biorefinery, mixed wastewater and dairy wastewater sources respectively as; 62 mW/m2, 50 mW/m2 and 27.2 mW/m2, then current densities of 50 mA/m2, 44,008 mA/m2 and 18 mA/m2. The coulombic efficiencies of 0.34%, 0.75% and 0.22%, respectively, were achieved. The validation of predicted optimum operating conditions was successfully attained, especially through the biorefinery wastewater organic substrate. This article articulates that it is highly imperative to choose the most suitable wastewater source as the viable electron donor towards scaling up and maximising the efficiency of generating electricity in the double chamber microbial fuel cell (DCMFC). Moreover, the findings of the current study demonstrate that the DCMFC can be further upscaled through a series connection in a fed-batch mode of operation using a well-designed and simulated process control system that has been computationally designed and modelled using first order MFC model bioenergy generating models MATLAB Simulink and Simscape electrical software. These findings of the simulations were successful and illustrated that an MFC power output can be successfully stepped to be a viable bio-electrochemical technology for both industrial wastewater (IWW) treatment and simultaneous sustainable power generation.
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Wendland, Rion J., Matthew T. Conway, and Kristan S. Worthington. "Evaluating the polymerization effectiveness and biocompatibility of bio‐sourced, visible light‐based photoinitiator systems." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, April 4, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.37715.
Abstract:
AbstractThe use of photopolymerization is expanding across a multitude of biomedical applications, from drug delivery to bioprinting. Many of these current and emerging photopolymerization systems employ visible light, as motivated by safety and energy efficiency considerations. However, the “library” of visible light initiators is limited compared with the wealth of options available for UV polymerization. Furthermore, the synthesis of traditional photoinitiators relies on diminishing raw materials, and several traditional photoinitiators are considered emerging environmental contaminants. As such, there has been recent focus on identifying and characterizing biologically sourced, visible light‐based photoinitiator systems that can be effectively used in photopolymerization applications. In this regard, several bio‐sourced molecules have been shown to act as photoinitiators, primarily through Type II photoinitiation mechanisms. However, whether bio‐sourced molecules can also act as effective synergists in these reactions remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of bio‐sourced synergist candidates, with a focus on amino acids, due to their amine functional groups, in combination with two bio‐sourced photoinitiator molecules: riboflavin and curcumin. We tested the effectiveness of these photoinitiator systems under both violet (405 nm) and blue (460–475 nm) light using photo‐rheology. We found that several synergist candidates, namely lysine, arginine, and histidine, increased the polymerization effectiveness of riboflavin when used with both violet and blue light. With curcumin, we found that almost all tested synergist candidates slightly decreased the polymerization effectiveness compared with curcumin alone under both light sources. These results show that bio‐sourced molecules have the potential to be used as synergists with bio‐sourced photoinitiators in visible light photopolymerization. However, more work must be done to fully characterize these reactions and to investigate more synergist candidates. Ultimately, this information is expected to expand the range of available visible light‐based photoinitiator systems and increase their sustainability.
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Mejri, Samara, Alina Ghinet, Maryline Magnin-Robert, Béatrice Randoux, Cristina-Maria Abuhaie, Benoit Tisserant, Philippe Gautret, et al. "New plant immunity elicitors from a sugar beet byproduct protect wheat against Zymoseptoria tritici." Scientific Reports 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26800-z.
Abstract:
AbstractThe current worldwide context promoting agroecology and green agriculture require the discovery of new ecofriendly and sustainable plant protection tools. Plant resistance inducers, called also elicitors, are one of the most promising alternatives fitting with such requirements. We produced here a set of 30 molecules from pyroglutamic acid, bio-sourced from sugar beet byproducts, and examined for their biological activity on the major agro-economically pathosystem wheat-Zymoseptoria tritici. Foliar application of the molecules provided significant protection rates (up to 63% disease severity reduction) for 16 among them. Structure–activity relationship analysis highlighted the importance of all chemical groups of the pharmacophore in the bioactivity of the molecules. Further investigations using in vitro and in planta antifungal bioassays as well as plant molecular biomarkers revealed that the activity of the molecules did not rely on direct biocide activity towards the pathogen, but rather on the activation of plant defense mechanisms dependent on lipoxygenase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase, and pathogenesis-related protein pathways. This study reports a new family of bio-sourced resistance inducers and provides new insights into the valorization of agro-resources to develop the sustainable agriculture of tomorrow.
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"Electrochemical Conversion of Bio-Sourced Alcohols / Polyols and Saccharides for Platform Molecules and Hydrogen Cogeneration." ECS Meeting Abstracts, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2017-02/23/1041.
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Dahiya, Sunita, Rajiv Dahiya, Neeraj Kumar Fuloria, Rita Mourya, Saurabh Dahiya, Shivkanya Fuloria, Suresh Kumar, et al. "Natural Bridged Bicyclic Peptide Macrobiomolecules from Celosia argentea and Amanita phalloides." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 22 (January 13, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557522666220113122117.
Abstract:
Abstract: Bridged peptide macrobicycles (BPMs) from natural resources belong to types of compounds that are not investigated fully in terms of their formation, pharmacological potential and stereo-chemical properties. This division of biologically active congeners with multiple circular rings, has merits over other varieties of peptide molecules. BPMs form one of the most hopeful grounds for establishment of drugs because of their close resemblance and biocompatibility to proteins, and these bio-actives are debated as feasible realistic tools in diverse biomedical applications. Despite huge potential, poor metabolic stability and cell permeability limit the therapeutic success of macrocyclic peptides. In this review, we have comprehensively explored major bicyclic peptides sourced from plants and mushrooms including βs-leucyl-tryptophano-histidine bridged and tryptophano-cysteine bridged peptide macrobicycles. The unique structural features, structure activity relationship, synthetic routes, bioproperties and therapeutic potential of the natural BPMs are also discussed.
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Islam, Tarikul, Adnan Maroof Khan, Md Rezaul Karim, Shahin Hossain, and M. Abdul Jalil. "Assessing the dyeing efficacy and environmental impact of cotton fabric dyed with sawmill bio‐waste extracts and metal salts." SPE Polymers, May 6, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pls2.10136.
Abstract:
AbstractTextile coloration is a complex process involving the interaction of dye molecules with fibers in a dye bath. Synthetic dyes pose environmental hazards, leading to increased interest in natural dyes sourced from plants, animals, and minerals. However, natural dyes often require mordants for application to textiles. Despite their eco‐friendliness, natural dyes can exhibit poor wash fastness on fabrics, necessitating further research to enhance their performance. This study investigates the use of mahogany sawdust extract as a natural dye for cotton coloration, focusing on the enhancement of fastness properties through metallic mordants and associated environmental risks. Mahogany sawdust, rich in flavonoids and tannins, shows promise as a sustainable alternative to synthetic dyes. The dyeing process involves the extraction of natural dyes from sawmill bio‐waste and subsequent application onto cotton fabrics using various metallic mordants. Evaluation of colorfastness properties, color strength, color coordinates, tensile strength, FTIR, and SEM analysis provides insights into the dye‐fiber interactions and fabric properties. Environmental risk assessment considers metal exhaustion onto fabric surfaces, residual metal concentrations in mordant baths, and metal content in dyeing wastewater. Overall, this study contributes to the development of sustainable dyeing processes and highlights the importance of environmental considerations in textile coloration.Highlights Mahogany sawdust extract: potential natural dye for sustainable cotton coloration. Metallic mordants enhance colorfastness and fabric durability in dyeing processes. Comprehensive analysis reveals the intricate dynamics of dye‐fiber interactions. Environmental risk evaluation guides sustainable textile manufacturing practices. Research paves the way for greener, more sustainable textile industry practices globally.
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Okella, Hedmon, Hilda Ikiriza, Sylvester Ochwo, Clement Olusoji Ajayi, Christian Ndekezi, Joseph Nkamwesiga, Bruhan Kaggwa, et al. "Identification of Antimicrobial Peptides Isolated From the Skin Mucus of African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)." Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (December 20, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.794631.
Abstract:
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) constitute a broad range of bioactive compounds in diverse organisms, including fish. They are effector molecules for the innate immune response, against pathogens, tissue damage and infections. Still, AMPs from African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus, skin mucus are largely unexplored despite their possible therapeutic role in combating antimicrobial resistance. In this study, African Catfish Antimicrobial peptides (ACAPs) were identified from the skin mucus of African Catfish, C. gariepinus. Native peptides were extracted from fish mucus scrapings in 10% acetic acid (v/v) and ultra-filtered using 5 kDa molecular weight cut-off membrane. The extract was purified using C18 Solid-Phase Extraction. The antibacterial activity was determined using the Agar Well Diffusion method and broth-dilution method utilizing Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). Thereafter, Sephadex G-25 gel filtration was further utilized in bio-guided isolation of the most active fractions prior to peptide identification using Orbitrap Fusion Lumos Tribrid Mass Spectrometry. The skin mucus extracted from African Catfish from all the three major lakes of Uganda exhibited antimicrobial activity on E. coli and S. aureus. Lake Albert’s C. gariepinus demonstrated the best activity with the lowest MIC of 2.84 and 0.71 μg/ml on S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. Sephadex G-25 peak I mass spectrometry analysis (Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD029193) alongside in silico analysis revealed seven short peptides (11–16 amino acid residues) of high antimicrobial scores (0.561–0.905 units). In addition, these peptides had a low molecular weight (1005.57–1622.05 Da) and had percentage hydrophobicity above 54%. Up to four of these AMPs demonstrated α-helix structure conformation, rendering them amphipathic. The findings of this study indicate that novel AMPs can be sourced from the skin mucus of C. gariepinus. Such AMPs are potential alternatives to the traditional antibiotics and can be of great application to food and pharmaceutical industries; however, further studies are still needed to establish their drug-likeness and safety profiles.
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Yang, Kejian, Yanlin Liu, Zhikun Zheng, Zhaobin Tang, and Xudong Chen. "Controlled polymerization and side reaction mechanism of bio-sourced pentanediamine-derived semi-aromatic copolyamide." Polymer Chemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3py00102d.
Abstract:
Controlled polymerization to improve molecular weight by controlling side reactions has always been a major challenge in the commercial preparation of polyamides with new chain structures. Traditionally, it has been...
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Di Mauro, Eduardo, Denis Rho, and Clara Santato. "Biodegradation of bio-sourced and synthetic organic electronic materials towards green organic electronics." Nature Communications 12, no. 1 (May 26, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23227-4.
Abstract:
AbstractUbiquitous use of electronic devices has led to an unprecedented increase in related waste as well as the worldwide depletion of reserves of key chemical elements required in their manufacturing. The use of biodegradable and abundant organic (carbon-based) electronic materials can contribute to alleviate the environmental impact of the electronic industry. The pigment eumelanin is a bio-sourced candidate for environmentally benign (green) organic electronics. The biodegradation of eumelanin extracted from cuttlefish ink is studied both at 25 °C (mesophilic conditions) and 58 °C (thermophilic conditions) following ASTM D5338 and comparatively evaluated with the biodegradation of two synthetic organic electronic materials, namely copper (II) phthalocyanine (Cu–Pc) and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS). Eumelanin biodegradation reaches 4.1% (25 °C) in 97 days and 37% (58 °C) in 98 days, and residual material is found to be without phytotoxic effects. The two synthetic materials, Cu–Pc and PPS, do not biodegrade; Cu–Pc brings about the inhibition of microbial respiration in the compost. PPS appears to be potentially phytotoxic. Finally, some considerations regarding the biodegradation test as well as the disambiguation of “biodegradability” and “bioresorbability” are highlighted.
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Servin, Isabelle, Alexandre Teolis, Arnaud Bazin, Paule Durin, Olha Sysova, Corinne Gablin, Benoît Saudet, et al. "Water-soluble bio-sourced resists for DUV lithography in a 200/300 mm pilot line environment." Micro and Nano Engineering, May 2023, 100202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mne.2023.100202.
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Farkhondehnia, Mohammad, and Milan Maric. "Utilizing bio‐derived amine‐terminated thermoplastic polyhydroxyurethanes as crosslinkers for hybrid thermosets." Journal of Polymer Science, September 23, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.20230382.
Abstract:
AbstractBio‐sourced amine‐terminated polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs) are obtained by terpolymerizing bio‐based diglycerol dicarbonate (DGC) or mannitol biscarbonate (MBC) with Priamine 1074 and 1,10‐diaminodecane (DAD). Partially bio‐based thermoset non‐isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) hybrids with high biorenewable carbon content (84%–95%) are obtained by using the synthesized PHUs as crosslinkers with cyclic carbonated copolymers derived from epoxy‐functional templates. The latter are derived from the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of an alkyl methacrylate (C13MA, with an average side‐chain length of 13) and epoxy‐functional glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) mixtures (initial GMA mol fraction = 0.1–0.3). By manipulating template functionality as well as type of crosslinker, crosslinked NIPU hybrids are achieved with Young's moduli ranging from 2.35 ± 0.45 to 20.85 ± 1.73 MPa for DGC‐based crosslinkers and 1.24 ± 0.61 to 6.45 ± 1.05 MPa for MBC‐based ones. Moreover, with increased density of urethane linkages, networks become tighter as measured by swelling ratios (SR) of the networks in tetrahydrofuran (THF), consistent with the estimated molecular weight between crosslinks obtained rheologically. The crosslinked NIPUs display high conversions, ranging from 75% to 95%, despite being solvent‐ or catalyst‐free systems.
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Tang, Xiaoyan, and Eugene Y. X. Chen. "Chemical synthesis of perfectly isotactic and high melting bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) from bio-sourced racemic cyclic diolide." Nature Communications 9, no. 1 (June 11, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04734-3.
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Griesenauer, Rebekah H., Constantino Schillebeeckx, and Michael S. Kinch. "CDEK: Clinical Drug Experience Knowledgebase." Database 2019 (January 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/database/baz087.
Abstract:
Abstract The Clinical Drug Experience Knowledgebase (CDEK) is a database and web platform of active pharmaceutical ingredients with evidence of clinical testing as well as the organizations involved in their research and development. CDEK was curated by disambiguating intervention and organization names from ClinicalTrials.gov and cross-referencing these entries with other prominent drug databases. Approximately 43% of active pharmaceutical ingredients in the CDEK database were sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov and cannot be found in any other prominent compound-oriented database. The contents of CDEK are structured around three pillars: active pharmaceutical ingredients (n = 22 292), clinical trials (n = 127 223) and organizations (n = 24 728). The envisioned use of the CDEK is to support the investigation of many aspects of drug development, including discovery, repurposing opportunities, chemo- and bio-informatics, clinical and translational research and regulatory sciences.