Academic literature on the topic 'Bio-sensitive design'

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Journal articles on the topic "Bio-sensitive design"

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Bakshi, Subhodeep, Karan Ingale, Atishay Jain, and S. Karuppudiyan. "Design and Development of Bio-Sensitive Robotic Arm using Gesture Control." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 912 (September 12, 2020): 032062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/912/3/032062.

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Wool, Richard P., and Shana P. Bunker. "Polymer-Solid Interface Connectivity and Adhesion: Design of a Bio-Based Pressure Sensitive Adhesive." Journal of Adhesion 83, no. 10 (November 27, 2007): 907–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218460701699773.

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Ben salah, H., A. Hocini, N. Melouki, and D. Khedrouche. "Design and analysis of near infrared high sensitive metal-insulator-metal plasmonic bio-sensor." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1046, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1046/1/012003.

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Dewi, Iswari Saraswati, Endang Gati Lestari, Chaerani ,, and Rossa Yunita. "Penampilan Galur Harapan Mutan Dihaploid Padi Tipe Baru di Sulawesi Selatan." Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) 43, no. 2 (October 20, 2015): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24831/jai.v43i2.10408.

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<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>South Sulawesi is known as one of national rice production centers. However, average productivity of rice varieties planted in that area (4.43 ton ha-1) is lower than those of rice productivity in Java (5.25 ton ha-1). The aims of this research were to evaluate agronomic characters and adaptation of 7 dihaploid mutant advanced lines of new plant type (DH-NPT) of rice at several locations in South Sulawesi. The research was conducted in 2012 at Maros, Gowa, Barru, and Pangkep. The experiments were conducted in randomized complete block design with 3 replications nested in locations. Treatment consisted of 7 DH-NPT of rice, i.e., BIO-MF115, BIO-MF116, BIO-MF125, BIO-MF130, BIO-MF133, BIO-MF151, BIO-MF153, and control varieties i.e., Fatmawati, Ciherang, and Inpari13. The results indicated that in general the lines had medium height (102.77-110.23 cm), moderate productive tiller (9-16 tiller per hill), moderate days to flower (50%), i.e., 73-76 days after sowing (DAS), earlier days to harvest (103-110 DAS), moderate panicle length (28.35-29.31 cm), large number of grain per panicle (&gt; 250 grains) with moderate panicle fertility (63-70%), moderate 1,000 grain weight, i.e., 26.51-27.75 g, and high yield (7.51-8.09 ton ha-1). Four lines, i.e., BIO-MF116, BIO-MF130, BIO-MF151, and BIO-MF153 were stable and had wide adaptability. Other lines, i.e., BIO-MF125 and BIO-MF133 were sensitive to environmental changes, therefore they were classified as specifically adapted to favorable environment; while BIO-MF115 was not sensitive to environmental changes, and therefore it was adapted to non-favorable environment.</p><p>Keywords: adaptation, agronomic characters, rice mutant</p>
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Li, Nan, Jing Guo, Hong Shan Nie, Wei Yi, Hai Jun Liu, and Hui Xu. "Design of Embedded Bio-Impedance Analyzer Based on Digital Auto Balancing Bridge Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 135-136 (October 2011): 396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.135-136.396.

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This paper presented the design of a novel embedded bio-impedance analyzer based on digital auto-balancing bridge method. The hardware architecture of the system mainly consists of FPGA, ADC, DACs, USB controller and so on. Many DSP algorithms such as direct digital synthesis, digital phase sensitive demodulation, digital modulation and digital filter were implemented in FPGA to realize the auto balancing function of the bridge circuit. Simulation results show that the system has good performance from low frequency up to 10 MHz. For the advantages of cost-efficient and high stability, it is suitable for BIA application.
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Martín, Francisco Ferrero, Marta Valledor Llopis, Juan C. Campo Rodríguez, Alberto López Martínez, Ana Soldado Cabezuelo, María T. Fernández-Arguelles, and José M. Costa-Fernández. "Optoelectronic Instrumentation and Measurement Strategies for Optical Chemical (Bio)Sensing." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 7849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177849.

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There is a growing interest in the development of sensitive, portable, and low-cost instrumentation for optical chemical (bio)sensing. Such instrumentation can allow real-time decision-making for industry, farmers, and researchers. The combination of optical fiber schemes, luminescence spectroscopy techniques, and new materials for sensor immobilization has allowed the growth of optical sensors. This article focuses on the development of low-cost optoelectronic instrumentation and measurement strategies for optical chemical (bio)sensing. Most of the articles in this field have focused on the chemical sensors themselves, although few have covered the design process for optoelectronic instrumentation. This article tries to fill this gap by presenting designs for real applications, as carried out by the authors. We also offer an introduction to the optical devices and optical measurement techniques used in this field to allow a full understanding of the applications.
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Liu, Li Jun, and Ying Lei. "Mechanism of Bio-Inspired Ultrasensitive Low Frequency Sensor with Mechanics Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 252 (December 2012): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.252.162.

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It is essential to develop ultrasensitive low frequency sensors for efficient structural health monitoring and early warning of natural disasters. Many fishes have been reported to have acute sensitivity to low frequency. Based on the mechanism of the infrasound sensitivity of fish, mechanism of bio-inspired ultrasensitive low frequency sensor is explored by a mechanical model with gating spring hypothesis for simulating the mechanical-electricity transduction of the hair cell in fish ear. Numerical analyses of the mechanical model subject to static and dynamic loading are conducted respectively by OpenSees. Under static loading, displacement response of gating model is more sensitive to weak loading due to the opening of gating spring. Under dynamic loading, the gating model is more acute sensitive to low frequency and weak loading due to the adaptive amplification of gating spring. This mechanical function can be used as the theoretical basis for the design of ultrasensitive bio-inspired low frequency sensors.
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Engholm, Magnus, Krister Hammarling, Henrik Andersson, Mats Sandberg, and Hans-Erik Nilsson. "A Bio-Compatible Fiber Optic pH Sensor Based on a Thin Core Interferometric Technique." Photonics 6, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics6010011.

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There is an increasing demand for compact, reliable and versatile sensor concepts for pH-level monitoring within several industrial, chemical as well as bio-medical applications. Many pH sensors concepts have been proposed, however, there is still a need for improved sensor solutions with respect to reliability, durability and miniaturization but also for multiparameter sensing. Here we present a conceptual verification, which includes theoretical simulations as well as experimental evaluation of a fiber optic pH-sensor based on a bio-compatible pH sensitive material not previously used in this context. The fiber optic sensor is based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometric technique, where the pH sensitive material is coated on a short, typically 20-25 mm thin core fiber spliced between two standard single mode fibers. The working principle of the sensor is simulated by using COMSOL Multiphysics. The simulations are used as a guideline for the construction of the sensors that have been experimentally evaluated in different liquids with pH ranging from 1.95 to 11.89. The results are promising, showing the potential for the development of bio-compatible fiber optic pH sensor with short response time, high sensitivity and broad measurement range. The developed sensor concept can find future use in many medical- or bio-chemical applications as well as in environmental monitoring of large areas. Challenges encountered during the sensor development due to variation in the design parameters are discussed.
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Diaz-Valencia, B. F., J. R. Mejía-Salazar, Osvaldo N. Oliveira, N. Porras-Montenegro, and Pablo Albella. "Enhanced Transverse Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect in Magnetoplasmonic Crystals for the Design of Highly Sensitive Plasmonic (Bio)sensing Platforms." ACS Omega 2, no. 11 (November 8, 2017): 7682–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b01458.

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Huang, Shirong, Luis Antonio Panes-Ruiz, Alexander Croy, Leif Riemenschneider, Vyacheslav Khavrus, Viktor Bezugly, and Gianaurelio Cuniberti. "Supramolecular Functionalized Pristine Graphene Utilizing a Bio-Compatible Stabilizer towards Ultra-Sensitive Ammonia Detection." Engineering Proceedings 6, no. 1 (May 17, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/i3s2021dresden-10089.

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Recently, graphene has attracted intensive attention in the gas sensing field due to its high electrical conductivity as well as large specific surface areas. Lots of graphene-based gas sensors have been reported with excellent gas sensing performance. However, the sensing element materials for most of the above sensors actually consist of a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) derivative rather than pristine graphene, such as rGO, rGO/metal particle, rGO/polymers, etc. Complex chemical oxidation and reduction are usually involved for the preparation of reduced graphene oxide derivatives. Even though there are some pristine graphene-based gas sensors synthesizing with the approaches of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or mechanical cleavage, the high cost of the set-up or the low productivity cannot decrease the cost of the practical sensors. In this work, we develop pristine graphene-based gas sensors utilizing flavin monocleotide sodium salt (FMNS) toward ultra-sensitive ammonia detection. The sensor has 3% response upon exposure to 10 ppm NH3 and a limit of detection of 1.6 ppm at room temperature and shows a good recovery. Raman, UV–Vis, FT-IR spectra, as well as scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements are employed to characterize the quality of the graphene flakes, indicating a good structural quality of graphene with few defects. The effects of the concentration of graphene dispersion functionalized by FMNS on the sensing performance towards ammonia sensing were also investigated. The process is very mild, environmentally friendly, and low cost. We believe this work may pave a path to design a high-performance gas sensor with low cost and boost the application of graphene for sensing.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bio-sensitive design"

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Santana, Maria Elena, and n/a. "Eco-efficient timber use through bio-sensitive design." University of Canberra. Architecture and Building, 1998. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061107.164347.

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A significant number of building materials are based on wood. Wood competes with other materials and products for many building applications from structural framing to cladding. Wood appears to be preferable because of its aesthetic and structural properties, its versatility, economic cost and environmental benefits. However, timber wastage within the construction industry is incalculable. Waste occurs at all stages of the timber resource stream: procurement, conversion, installation, use, maintenance, dismantling and eventual disposal. Much of this loss can be avoided through eco-design strategies based on a better understanding of the total resource flows. This thesis addresses the ecological implications associated with the use and over-exploitation of timber in building construction. Applying bio-sensitive design principles and using a life cycle approach, the thesis examines ways of maximising timber resource yield through appropriate materials selection, design strategies and construction techniques to reduce their ecological footprint. Finally, an easy-to-use guide that incorporates economic and aesthetic-value criteria to the analysis is developed. The guide is aimed to offer a flexible decision-support tool that enables designers and other people involved in the construction industry to comprehend in a systematic way, the multiple dimensions interacting when selecting timber-building products. It is thus, intended to explore in practice the implications and trade-offs of state of the art timber products with the ultimate aim of integrating the ecological dimension to the decision-making process.
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Rosén, Therese. "RosaNovum : En studie om att skapa materialacceptans genom en Material driven designprocess för en cirkulär ekonomi." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för konst, kultur och kommunikation (K3), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-44451.

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Cirkulär ekonomi bygger på principerna om att designa bort avfall, där avfall ses som en råvaruresurs. För att övergå till ett fossilfritt samhälle kommer material från förnyelsebara råvaror att behövas. Biobaserade material har oftast inte samma tekniska egenskaper och estetiska uttryck som befintliga material, biobaserade DIY-material utvecklade från okonventionell råvaruresurs kan väcka starka positiva och negativa reaktioner hos användarna. Studien har undersökt hur man i en Material driven designprocess genom form och kultur kan skapa acceptans för ett biobaserat DIY material från en okonventionell råvaruresurs. Studiens huvudsyfte har varit att bidra med ny kunskap för att underlätta för designers i en Material Driven Designprocess, att identifiera användningsområden och produktform som kan stärka materialacceptans hos användare. Fördjupningsområden i studien är teorier för Hållbar utveckling, Cirkulär ekonomi, Bioekonomi, Material Driven Design for Sustainability och Culture Sensitive Design. Huvudmetoden i studien har varit Material Driven design, vilket innefattas av ett flertal designmetoder. Studien visar på att den kulturella koppling mellan användarna och råvarans ursprung har i denna studie haft en signifikant betydelse för material acceptansen genom att skapa mening för användaren och att materialet primärt behöver applicerat i en produkt på ett sådant sätt att användaren känner tillit till dess prestanda. Resultatet presenteras i form av ett förslag på en användare studie och en produktprototyp.
A circular economy is based on the principles of designing away waste, where waste is seen as a raw material resource. To move to a fossil-free society, materials from renewable raw materials will be needed. Bio-based materials usually do not have the same technical characteristics and aesthetic expressions as existing materials, bio-based DIY materials developed from unconventional raw material resources can provoke strong positive and negative reactions among users. This study has investigated how a Material-driven design process through form and culture can create acceptance for a bio-based DIY material from an unconventional raw material resource. The study's main purpose has been to contribute with new knowledge to make it easier for designers in a Material Driven Design process to identify uses and product forms that can strengthen material acceptance among users. In-depth areas in the study are theories for Sustainable Development, Circular Economy, Bioeconomy, Material Driven Design for Sustainability and Culture Sensitive Design. The main method of the study has been Material Driven Design, which is covered by several design methods. The study shows that the cultural link between the users and the origin of the raw material has had a significant impact on material acceptance by creating meaning for the user and that the material primarily needs to be applied in a product in such a way that the user has confidence in its performance. The results are presented in the form of a proposal for a user study and a product concept.
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Chen, Kuan-hua, and 陳冠樺. "Design of Non-Contact Capacitive Bio-Sensor with High Sensitive and High SNR." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22932547421415587894.

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碩士
國立中央大學
電機工程研究所
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The purpose of this paper is to design a novel capacitive coupling sensor which provides a convenient, secure, and noncontact measurement for human bio-signal. It is useful for the long-term bio-signal measurement. The method is based on the principle of capacitive coupling to sense bio-signals. However, bio-signals are usually extremely weak. It becomes more difficult to measure bio-signals when using noncontact method. Therefore, this research addresses a new noncontact biomedical sensor having the following four advantages: (1) Eliminating DC-bias without affecting the input impedance (2) High sensitivity (3) High signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (4) Reducing interference by making an external shielding Finally, a non-contact electrocardiogram (ECG) measurement system is designed to verify the feasibility of the proposed capacitive coupling sensor. The presented sensor can be extended to other physiological signal measurement systems.
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Book chapters on the topic "Bio-sensitive design"

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Mwema, Fredrick M., Esther T. Akinlabi, and Oluseyi P. Oladijo. "Correction of Artifacts and Optimization of Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging." In Design, Development, and Optimization of Bio-Mechatronic Engineering Products, 158–79. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8235-9.ch007.

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Acquisition of experimental data from atomic force microscopy (AFM) sometimes has artefacts that distort the information contained in the image. Such artefacts can be very delirious especially for sensitive applications such as in biomedical and microelectronics. This chapter illustrates the correction of the artefacts resulting from tapping mode imaging. It also shows the application of Taguchi optimization technique for reducing artefacts during AFM imaging. Using AFM images of Al films, Fourier filtering is illustrated as a useful technique for correcting the artefacts. Taguchi optimization is shown to determine the optimal scan rate, scan size, integral and proportional gains in minimizing the size and number of artefacts at the imaging stage. The correction technique is shown to improve the morphological information of the AFM images while the Taguchi method is effective for determining the best imaging conditions for AFM analysis.
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Bogataj, David, and Damjana Drobne. "Control of Perishable Goods in Cold Logistic Chains by Bionanosensors." In Materials Science and Engineering, 471–97. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1798-6.ch019.

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Nanotechnology can contribute to food security in supply chains of agri production-consumption systems. The unique properties of nanoparticles have stimulated the increasing interest in their application as biosensing. Biosensing devices are designed for the biological recognition of events and signal transduction. Many types of nanoparticles can be used as biosensors, but gold nanoparticles have sparked most interest. In the work presented here, we will address the problem of fruit and vegetable decay and rotting during transportation and storage, which could be easily generalized also onto post-harvest loss prevention in general. During the process of rotting, different compounds, including different gasses, are released into the environment. The application of sensitive bionanosensors in the storage/transport containers can detect any changes due to fruit and vegetable decay and transduce the signal. The goal of this is to reduce the logistics cost for this items. Therefore, our approach requires a multidisciplinary and an interdisciplinary approach in science and technology. The cold supply chain is namely a science, a technology and a process which combines applied bio-nanotechnology, innovations in the industrial engineering of cooling processes including sensors for temperature and humidity measurements, transportation, and applied mathematics. It is a science, since it requires the understanding of chemical and biological processes linked to perishability and the systems theory which enables the developing of a theoretical framework for the control of systems with perturbed time-lags. Secondly, it is a technology developed in engineering which relies on the physical means to assure appropriate temperature conditions along the CSC and, thirdly, it is also a process, since a series of tasks must be performed to prepare, store, and transport the cargo as well as monitor the temperature and humidity of sensitive cargo and give proper feedback control, as it will be outlined in this chapter. Therefore, we shall discuss how to break the silos of separated knowledge to build an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary science of post-harvest loss prevention. Considering the sensors as floating activity cells, modelled as floating nodes, in a graph of such a system, an extended Material Requirement Planning (MRP) theory will be described which will make it possible to determine the optimal feedback control in post-harvest loss prevention, based on bionanosensors. Therefore, we present also a model how to use nanotechnology from the packaging facility to the final retail. Any changes in time, distance, humidity or temperature in the chain could cause the Net Present Value (NPV) of the activities and their added value in the supply chain to be perturbed, as presented in the subchapter. In this chapter we give the answers to the questions, how to measure the effects of some perturbations in a supply chain on the stability of perishable agricultural goods in such systems and how nanotechnology can contribute with the appropriate packaging and control which preserves the required level of quality and quantity of the product at the final delivery. The presented model will not include multicriteria optimization but will stay at the NPV approach. But the annuity stream achieved by improved sensing and feedback control could be easily combined with environmental and medical/health criteria. An interdisciplinary perspective of industrial engineering and management demonstrates how the development of creative ideas born in separate research fields can be liaised into an innovative design of smart control devices and their installation in trucks and warehouses. These innovative technologies could contribute to an increase in the NPV of activities in the supply chains of perishable goods in general.
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Conference papers on the topic "Bio-sensitive design"

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Foo, K. L., M. Kashif, and U. Hashim. "Design and fabrication of Nano Biologically sensitive field-effect transistor (Nano Bio-FET) for bio-molecule detection." In 2010 International Conference on Enabling Science and Nanotechnology (ESciNano). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/escinano.2010.5700931.

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Foo, K. L., M. Kashif, U. Hashim, Abdul Manaf Hashim, and Vijay K. Arora. "Design and Fabrication of Nano Biologically Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor (Nano Bio-FET) for Bio-Molecule Detection." In ENABLING SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY: 2010 International Conference On Enabling Science And Nanotechnology Escinano2010. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3587002.

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Surya, Sandeep, Sudip Nag, Avil J. Fernandes, Sahir Gandhi, Dilip Agarwal, Gaurav Chatterjee, and V. Ramgopal Rao. "Highly Sensitive ?R/R Measurement System for Nano-electro-Mechanical Cantilever Based Bio-sensors." In 2011 International Symposium on Electronic System Design (ISED). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ised.2011.36.

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Tawa, Keiko. "Application of a plasmonic chip to sensitive bio-detection and fluorescence microscopic imaging (Conference Presentation)." In Plasmonics: Design, Materials, Fabrication, Characterization, and Applications XVII, edited by Takuo Tanaka and Din Ping Tsai. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2526688.

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Ku, Yi-Fan, Hsun-Yuan Li, Yu-Chung Lin, Wen-Hsin Hsieh, and Guo-En Chang. "Low-Cost Label-Free Bio-Detection System Using Double-Sided Grating Waveguide Couplers." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46296.

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Low-cost label-free bio-sensing systems have long been desired to enable rapid, sensitive, quantitative, and high-throughput biosensing for bio-medical and chemical applications. Here we present an optical bio-detection system consists of injection-molded biosensors based on double-sided grating waveguide couplers and an optical intensity-based detection platform for low-cost, real-time, and label-free biosensing. The biosensors were fabricated combining injection-molding and sputtering techniques, providing unique advantages of low-cost and reduced production time. A simple and cost-effective optical intensity-based detection system employing a low-cost light emitting diode and a simple photodetector is also developed to perform label-free biosensing. We demonstrate that a high refractive index resolution of 6.43 × 10−5 RIU is achieved with this compact bio-sensing system, showing great promises for low-cost, real-time, label-free detection in bio-medical and chemical applications.
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Manzo, Maurizio, and Omar Cavazos. "Neurotransducers Based Voltage Sensitive Dye-Doped Microlasers." In Bio-Optics: Design and Application. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/boda.2019.jt4a.14.

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Uchiyamada, K., K. Okubo, M. Yokokawa, E. T. Carlen, K. Asakawa, and H. Suzuki. "Directional-Coupler Interferometer Realizes a Miniaturized and High Sensitive Biosensor." In Bio-Optics: Design and Application. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/boda.2015.bw1a.3.

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Wei, Xiaoming, Yiqing Xu, Andy K. S. Lau, Kevin K. Tsia, and Kenneth K. Y. Wong. "Ultrafast swept source at 1.0 μm for high-speed phase sensitive imaging." In Bio-Optics: Design and Application. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/boda.2015.bw2a.2.

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Ma, Xiao, and Pranav Shrotriya. "Study on Specific Binding Interaction Between Protein and DNA Aptamer via Dynamic Force Spectroscopy." In ASME 2013 2nd Global Congress on NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nemb2013-93119.

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Recently the need to design nanoscale, sensitive and flexible bio-sensors or biotic-abiotic interface keeps increasing. One of the essential challenges on this objective is to grasp a thorough understanding of the mechanism governing binding interaction between bio-molecules. In this study we aim to demonstrate the binding specificity and reveal force interaction between the anti-coagulation protein thrombin and the single-stranded DNA thrombin aptamer by application of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The thiolated aptamer was deposited onto gold substrate, and then repeatedly brought into contact with a thrombin-coated AFM tip, and force drop-offs during the pull-off were measured to determine the unbinding force between the thrombin-aptamer pair. The results from experiment show that the thrombin-aptamer pair has specific binding and the force between the pair exhibits loading rate dependence. It was shown that the binding forces of the thrombin-aptamer interaction increases with growth of loading rates. The average binding force for a single thrombin/aptamer pair increased from 20 pN to 40 pN, with loading rate changes from 500pN/s to 13500pN/s. Distribution of the unbinding forces measured for each loading rate can be explained on the basis of single energy barrier model for molecular bond breakage.
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Dong, Huazhuo, Jianhui Yu, Heyuan Guan, Wentao Qiu, Jiangli Dong, Huihui Lu, Jieyuan Tang, et al. "Coreless side-polished fiber for multimode interference and highly sensitive refractive index sensing." In Bio-Optics: Design and Application. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/boda.2017.bow4a.5.

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