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Journal articles on the topic 'Bio-plasticizer'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Jia, Puyou, Haoyu Xia, Kehan Tang, and Yonghong Zhou. "Plasticizers Derived from Biomass Resources: A Short Review." Polymers 10, no. 12 (November 24, 2018): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10121303.

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With rising environmental concerns and depletion of petrochemical resources, biomass-based chemicals have been paid more attention. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plasticizers derived from biomass resources (vegetable oil, cardanol, vegetable fatty acid, glycerol and citric acid) have been widely studied to replace petroleum-based o-phthalate plasticizers. These bio-based plasticizers mainly include epoxidized plasticizer, polyester plasticizer, macromolecular plasticizer, flame retardant plasticizer, citric acid ester plasticizer, glyceryl ester plasticizer and internal plasticizer. Bio-based plasticizers with the advantages of renewability, degradability, hypotoxicity, excellent solvent resistant extraction and plasticizing performances make them potential to replace o-phthalate plasticizers partially or totally. In this review, we classify different types of bio-based plasticizers according to their chemical structure and function, and highlight recent advances in multifunctional applications of bio-based plasticizers in PVC products. This study will increase the interest of researchers in bio-based plasticizers and the development of new ideas in this field.

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2

Putri, Runa Ramadanty Aisyi, Amna Hartiati, and Bambang Admadi Harsojuwono. "Pengaruh Jenis dan Konsentrasi Pemlastis terhadap Karakteristik Komposit Bioplastik Pati Ubi Talas Belitung (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) - Kitosan." JURNAL REKAYASA DAN MANAJEMEN AGROINDUSTRI 9, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jrma.2021.v09.i03.p06.

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This study aims to determine the effect of the type and concentration of plasticizers and their interactions on the characteristics of the taro potato starch bio-plastic composite and to determine the type and concentration of the plasticizer that produces the best characteristic of the taro starch bio-plastic composite. This study used a factorial randomized block design. The first factor is the type of plasticizer which consists of 4 levels, namely glycerol, sorbitol, castor oil, and stearic acid. The second factor is the concentration of plasticizers with 4 levels, namely 0.5%; 1%; 1.5%; 2%. Each treatment was grouped into 2 based on the time of making bio-plastics, so there were 32 experimental units. The variables observed were tensile strength, elongation at break, elasticity, thickness expansion, water vapor transmission rate, and biodegradation. The data obtained were analyzed for diversity and continued with the Honest Significant Difference test. The results showed that the type and concentration of plasticizers and their interactions had a very significant effect on tensile strength, elasticity, thickness expansion and water vapor transmission rate. The type of plasticizer and the concentration of the plasticizer have a very significant effect, while the interaction has no significant effect on elongation at break. The type of plasticizer and the concentration of the plasticizer and their interactions have no significant effect on biodegradation. The best characteristics of bio-plastic composites occurred when using stearic acid plasticizer with a concentration of 0.5% with a tensile strength value of 23.00 MPa, elongation at break 2.22%, elasticity 1038.27 MPa, expansion 91.47%, water vapor transmission rate 1.38 g/m2.hour and 7 days of degradation. The bioplastics produced in this study have met the standards of SNI 7818:2014 on the variable tensile strength, elasticity and international standards ASTM 5336 on the variable length of degradation. Key words: taro tuber starch, chitosan, composites bio-plastic, type and concentration of plasticizer.

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3

Ramachandran, Rani P., Stefan Cenkowski, and Jitendra Paliwal. "Thermo-Physical Characterization of Kraft Lignin Mixed with Bio-Plasticizers: A Valorization Approach." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 5 (2020): 1193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13720.

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HighlightsThermo-physical characterization of two types of Kraft lignin mixed with three bio-plasticizer.Crude glycerol showed the greater depression in melting point with its increasing proportion.The acidic lignin has more tensile strength and density than the alkaline lignin.Micro-pores of the lignin pellet were minimized by adding bio-plasticizer.Abstract. Kraft lignin, a by-product of the paper industry, is well known for its binding properties, enabling its use in the production of pellets and briquettes from biomass. Different bio-plasticizers, by-products from the vegetable oil processing industry, could serve as plasticizers for biomass briquettes. The properties of three bio-plasticizers (glycerol, fatty acid, and biodiesel), when mixed with isolated Kraft lignin, were studied to identify their potential application as efficient binders for biomass briquettes. The phase transition characteristics (glass transition, pre-melting crystallization, and melting) of two types of isolated lignin samples (acidic and alkaline) and lignin-plasticizer mixtures were determined using a differential scanning calorimeter. The mechanical (tensile strength) and physical (density) characteristics of the compacted cylindrical lignin pellets were tested. The spatial distribution of micropores in the lignin pellets was studied using x-ray tomography. Even though an overlap was observed in the glass transition temperatures of the mixtures, a significant depression in the pre-melting crystallization and melting temperatures was observed for both lignin samples containing elevated concentrations of the bio-plasticizers, and the highest tensile strength was obtained for pellets with 10% bio-plasticizer. Among the three bio-plasticizers, crude glycerol showed the greatest depression in melting point with increasing proportions of both acidic lignin (60.7°C ±2°C) and alkaline lignin (85.1°C ±2°C). In general, alkaline lignin showed some limitations over acidic lignin in the tensile strength of the pellets as well as their fusion temperature, even though the addition of a bio-plasticizer improved the strength and depressed the melting point in both lignin-based samples. Keywords: Bio-plasticizer, Lignin, Mechanical properties, Microstructure, Phase transition.

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4

T. Maskar, Pranjali, Sanjay Bapurao Ghorpade, and Praful Tekale. "Synthesis of Ceramics & Its Application in Bio-Plasticizer." JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 65, no. 6 (2021): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37398/jsr.2021.650605.

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5

Kalliola, A., T. Vehmas, T. Liitiä, and T. Tamminen. "Alkali-O2 oxidized lignin – A bio-based concrete plasticizer." Industrial Crops and Products 74 (November 2015): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.04.056.

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6

Sohn, Yu Jung, Minsoo Kang, Mi-Hee Ryu, Siseon Lee, Kyoung Hee Kang, Yunjae Hong, Bong Keun Song, et al. "Development of a bio-chemical route to C5 plasticizer synthesis using glutaric acid produced by metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum." Green Chemistry 24, no. 4 (2022): 1590–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1gc02686k.

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An all-inclusive bio-chemical route from the fermentation process to downstream process for C5 plasticizer synthesis was developed using fermentation-derived glutaric acid produced by metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum.

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7

Li, Huabei, Xiaolin Wang, Hongying Chu, and Xinding Yao. "Synthesis of a polyester plasticizer from rubber seed oil for polyvinyl chloride." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2022-0023.

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Abstract A polyester plasticizer (RSOP) for polyvinyl chloride based on rubber seed oil (RSO) was synthesized. Firstly, RSO monoglyceride were synthesized by the transesterification of RSO with glycerol at 220–240 °C. Secondly, RSOP was synthesized from RSO monoglyceride and adipic acid by esterification. The polyester plasticizer was characterized by GPC, FT-IR, 1H NMR and DSC. Plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) materials with RSOP and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) in varying ratios were prepared via thermal melting process, RSOP was used as a second plasticizer. The properties of the plasticized PVC materials were characterized by a universal testing machine, TGA, DMA and solvent extraction resistance. The obtained PVC materials showed improved thermal stability and lower glass transition temperature than PVC. Solvent extraction resistance and plasticization of plasticized PVC were also improved. This study provides a new strategy for preparing bio-based polyester plasticizer from RSO.

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8

Li, Jiaxi, and Avraam I. Isayev. "RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN APPLICATION OF BIO-BASED OILS IN ELASTOMERS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 91, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 719–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.18.81534.

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ABSTRACT Bio-based oil is an emerging oil source to replace petroleum oil products in elastomers as a plasticizer. It is renewable, low cost, and has many advantages over conventional petroleum plasticizers. Bio-based oil usually contains multiple functional groups and can be treated, modified, or polymerized for different applications. In this article, a brief overview of bio-based oil and such replacement is provided. An example of modified soybean oil used in carbon black–filled SBR compounds is discussed to show the change brought about by the use of bio-based oils.

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9

Meesorn, Worarin, Céline Calvino, Jens C. Natterodt, Justin O. Zoppe, and Christoph Weder. "Bio‐Inspired, Self‐Toughening Polymers Enabled by Plasticizer‐Releasing Microcapsules." Advanced Materials 31, no. 14 (January 24, 2019): 1807212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201807212.

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10

Hosney, Hadeel, Bassant Nadiem, Ibrahim Ashour, Ibrahim Mustafa, and Ayman El-Shibiny. "Epoxidized vegetable oil and bio-based materials as PVC plasticizer." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 135, no. 20 (February 2, 2018): 46270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.46270.

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11

Esposito Corcione, Carola, Raffaella Striani, Francesca Ferrari, Paolo Visconti, Daniela Rizzo, and Antonio Greco. "An Innovative Method for the Recycling of Waste Carbohydrate-Based Flours." Polymers 12, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): 1414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061414.

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This work represents an innovative study that, for the first time, explores the possibility to use waste flours to produce thermoplastic polymeric bio-films. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that waste flours, derived from bakeries, pizzerias or pasta factories, have been proposed for the production of bio-polymers, as a replacement of neat starch. To this aim, durum waste flour derived from a pasta factory, soft waste flour derived from pizzerias and neat maize starch used as control material were firstly analyzed from dimensional, morphological and chemical points of view. Afterwards, waste flour films were produced by the addition of a nature-based plasticizer, glycerol. Mechanical characterization of the plasticized thermoplastic films, produced by compression molding, evidenced low performances, even in the case of the neat maize starch. In order to improve the mechanical properties, the possibility to include polylactic acid and cardanol-based plasticizer was also investigated. Mass transport properties of all the produced bio-films were investigated by measuring their water vapor permeability and hygroscopic absorption. The durability properties of the bio-films were assessed by accelerated ageing tests, while the bio-degradability of the waste-based films was evaluated by measuring the solubility and the degradation in water. The physicochemical analyses of the novel bio-films evidenced good mechanical properties; specifically, the waste-based films showed a lower hygroscopic absorption and water solubility than those of the blends containing neat starch.

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12

Greco, Antonio, Francesca Ferrari, and Alfonso Maffezzoli. "Compression behavior of soft PVC foams obtained by cardanol-derived plasticizer." Journal of Cellular Plastics 56, no. 5 (March 13, 2020): 515–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x20912202.

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This work is aimed to study the application of a bio-based plasticizer, obtained by acetylation and epoxydation of cardanol, for the production of soft PVC foams. The use of epoxidized cardanol acetate allowed obtaining a more efficient foaming of soft PVC compared to phthalate plasticizer bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), mainly due to the lower viscosity attained in the decomposition range of azodicarbonamide (AZDC). As a consequence, the foams produced by epoxidized cardanol acetate showed a lower density compared to those produced with DEHP. The lower density yielded lower values of compressive modulus. However, the modulus was shown to be not only dependent on the density, but also showed a direct dependence on the type of plasticizer used, in addition to processing temperature and AZDC content. As a consequence, the specific compressive modulus also showed a direct dependence on the type of plasticizer, processing temperature and AZDC content. Such dependence was explained by considering different cellular morphologies developed during foaming under different processing conditions, including type of plasticizer. In particular, it was shown that the lower viscosity attained by epoxidized cardanol acetate plasticized PVC involved an increase of the average pore size of the foam, which was shown to be the main cause of the variation of the specific compressive modulus.

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13

Uddin, Md Jasim, Irin Sultana, Ayesha Amin Nipa, M. Mohi Uddin Chowdhury, and Dennis Douroumis. "Future drug delivery technologies: benchtop to industry." IIUC Studies 14, no. 1 (July 29, 2018): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/iiucs.v14i1.37651.

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Transmucosal buccal drug delivery system is considered as a future drug delivery technology, always assist to enhance patient compliance mainly for paediatric and geriatric community. The studies aim to develop buccal delivery for delivering a hydrophilic drug, flucloxacillin sodium, across the mucosal route. The buccal films are comprised of a bio-adhesive polymer, plasticizer and drug. Optimised films were characterised by measurement of weight, length and width, hardness, thickness, surface pH, moisture content and uptake, swelling study, folding resilience, hydration and entrapment efficiency. Drug release studies were performed for different polymer-plasticizer-drug ratios. Concentration of polymer and plasticizer were influenced on the development, evaluation and release rate of flucloxacillin sodium from the buccal films. In conclusion, these studies reveal that buccal delivery of flucloxacillin sodium can be an alternative route in comparison to conventional route for patient compliance.IIUC Studies Vol.14(1) June 2017: 09-20

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14

Vasco Costa Delgado, Carolina, Gabriela Alexandra Da Cunha Santos Forman, and Rebecca Louise Antoinette Breuer. "Organic Waste Bio-Based Materials for 3D Extrusion." Convergences - Journal of Research and Arts Education 15, no. 29 (May 31, 2022): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.53681/c1514225187514391s.29.133.

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This study explores bioplastics fabrication based on alginate polymer with added glycerine as a plasticizer, creating flexibility, and organic waste was used as a filler avoiding shrinkage. Exploratory, observational and experimental, Literature Review, amongst other methods, were used within a Qualitative and Quantitative Methodology by Design through practice. The research material was documented through an open-source FabLab platform and shared with a community of researchers and future designers who want to design innovative and environmentally friendly materials to replace synthetic plastics. Fifteen different bio-based materials resulted from this experiment, applicable for varied applications. Results show that different fillers added to sodium alginate and glycerine present ample opportunities for sustainable bio-ceramics, bio-composites and bio-plastics.

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15

Zhu, Haoran, Gang Xu, Minghui Gong, and Jun Yang. "Recycling long-term-aged asphalts using bio-binder/plasticizer-based rejuvenator." Construction and Building Materials 147 (August 2017): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.066.

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16

Perumal, P., P. Christopher Selvin, S. Selvasekarapandian, P. Sivaraj, K. P. Abhilash, V. Moniha, and R. Manjula Devi. "Plasticizer incorporated, novel eco-friendly bio-polymer based solid bio-membrane for electrochemical clean energy applications." Polymer Degradation and Stability 159 (January 2019): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.11.013.

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17

Gao, Wei, Pingping Jiang, Qian Gu, Hong Zhang, Pingbo Zhang, and Agus Haryono. "Synthesis and properties of a bio-based PVC plasticizer derived from lactic acid." New Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 1 (2021): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj00870b.

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18

Xu, Haoshu, Tao Fan, Neng Ye, Weidong Wu, Daye Huang, Danling Wang, Zhao Wang, and Liqun Zhang. "Plasticization Effect of Bio-Based Plasticizers from Soybean Oil for Tire Tread Rubber." Polymers 12, no. 3 (March 9, 2020): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030623.

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Modified soybean oil (MSO) is synthesized from soybean oil (SO) and sulfur, aiming to reduce the double bond quantity of SO and avoid harmful effects on the crosslink density and mechanical properties of rubber. MSO modified with different weight percentages of sulfur is then used to plasticize tire tread rubber (TR). It is found that the crosslink density and modulus of MSO- plasticized rubber are significantly improved compared with that of SO-plasticized TR. MSO modified with 6 wt % sulfur (MSO-6%) exhibits the best plasticization effect on TR, thus, the plasticization effect of MSO-6% on TR was further studied by adjusting its additive content. Thereafter, the Mooney viscosity, Payne effect, mechanical property of different amount of MSO-6% plasticized TR are studied to investigate their plasticization effect. At the same additive content of plasticizer, the plasticization effect of MSO-6% and a commonly used aromatic hydrocarbon plasticizer (AO) is compared to determine the potential application of MSO on tire tread rubber. It is found MSO shows similar plasticization effect on TR compared with AO. More important, the aging resistance property and wear resistance property of MSO-6% plasticized rubber are better than those of AO-plasticized rubber. Therefore, MSO-6% is a promising bio-based plasticizer for tire tread rubber.

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19

Purnama, Budi, Arfiah Nur Fajarini, Abu Masykur, and Atmanto Heru Wibowo. "Preliminary Study of Bio-Impedance Based Sensor Using Organic Polymer Membrane for Identification of Pork and Beef." Applied Mechanics and Materials 771 (July 2015): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.771.100.

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Bio-impedance based sensor using organic polymer-membrane was presented in this paper. The Ca-alginate with glycerol as plasticizer used in the experiments was fabricated by slip casting method on a glass substrates. After atmospheric heating treatment of edible films at 60°C for 24 hours, the films-membranes of 50 mm were obtained. Bio-impedance characterizations were carried out by LCR meter at room temperature. The experiment results showed that the sensor finely operated at low frequency i.e. less than 40 kHz. Response of the sensor increased with the increase of samples mass and became constant after a critical mass. Finally, bio-impedance responses of beef and pork were clearly indicated by a different magnitude that it is possible to apply the films-membranes as bio-sensor applications.

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20

Kusumaningtyas, Ratna Dewi, Haniif Prasetiawan, Nanda Dwi Anggraeni, Elva Dianis Novi Anisa, and Dhoni Hartanto. "Conversion of Free Fatty Acid in Calophyllum inophyllum Oil to Fatty Acid Ester as Precursor of Bio-Based Epoxy Plasticizer via SnCl2–Catalyzed Esterification." Polymers 15, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010123.

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The preparation and application of bio based plasticizers derived from vegetable oils has gained increasing attention in the polymer industry to date due to the emerging risk shown by the traditional petroleum-based phthalate plasticizer. Epoxy fatty acid ester is among the prospective alternative plasticizers since it is ecofriendly, non-toxic, biodegradable, low migration, and low carbon footprint. Epoxy plasticizer can be synthesized by the epoxidation reaction of fatty acid ester. In this study, the preparation of fatty acid ester as a green precursor of epoxy ester plasticizer was performed via esterification of free fatty acid (FFA) in high acidic Calophyllum inophyllum Seed Oil (CSO) using methanol in the presence of SnCl2.2H2O catalyst. The analysis of the process variables and responses using Box–Behnken Design (BBD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was also accomplished. It was found that the quadratic model is the most appropriate model for the optimization process. The BBD analysis demonstrated that the optimum FFA conversion and residual FFA content were 75.03% and 4.59%, respectively, achieved at the following process condition: a reaction temperature of 59.36 °C, a reaction time of 117.80 min, and a catalyst concentration of 5.61%. The fatty acid ester generated was an intermediate product which can undergo a further epoxidation process to produce epoxy plasticizer in polymeric material production.

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21

Simar-Mentières, S., F. Nesslany, M. L. Sola, S. Mortier, J. M. Raimbault, F. Gondelle, L. Chabot, P. Pandard, D. Wils, and A. Chentouf. "Toxicology and Biodegradability of a Phthalate-Free and Bio-Based Novel Plasticizer." Journal of Toxicology 2021 (July 12, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9970896.

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Phthalate esters, mainly di-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP), represent a class of chemicals primarily used as plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride in a wide range of domestic and industrial applications. These phthalate esters are low-toxicity environmental contaminants. To address these drawbacks, POLYSORB® ID 37, a blend of diesters obtained from esterification of isosorbide with plant-based fatty acids, was developed. The company can now offer PVC manufacturers a new product which competes with phthalates and other such chemicals. The market for plasticizers is very important, and ROQUETTE intends to provide a more sustainable and safer product. Isosorbide diester is bio-based (made from glucose and vegetable fatty acids). This plasticizer is registered in REACH regulation for high volumes (>1000 T/year). Risk assessment was obtained by conducting a wide range of biodegradability and toxicological protocols, using rodent models, according to established guidelines. Overall, all of the toxicological and biodegradability studies demonstrated that POLYSORB® ID 37 is nontoxic to mammalian life and is readily biodegradable.

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22

Song, Kyung Hun, and Ick Soo Kim. "Effects of plasticizer on the mechanical properties of kenaf/starch bio-composites." Fibers and Polymers 14, no. 12 (December 2013): 2135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-013-2135-7.

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23

Zhang, Wenzheng, Tingting Zhang, Ning Jiang, and Tinghao Zhang. "Synthesis of a bio-based internal plasticizer from cardanol and its evaluations." International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 25, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 94–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1023666x.2020.1746571.

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24

Aliotta, Laura, Alessandro Vannozzi, Luca Panariello, Vito Gigante, Maria-Beatrice Coltelli, and Andrea Lazzeri. "Sustainable Micro and Nano Additives for Controlling the Migration of a Biobased Plasticizer from PLA-Based Flexible Films." Polymers 12, no. 6 (June 17, 2020): 1366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061366.

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Plasticized poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) blend-based films containing chitin nanofibrils (CN) and calcium carbonate were prepared by extrusion and compression molding. On the basis of previous studies, processability was controlled by the use of a few percent of a commercial acrylic copolymer acting as melt strength enhancer and calcium carbonate. Furthermore, acetyl n-tributyl citrate (ATBC), a renewable and biodegradable plasticizer (notoriously adopted in PLA based products) was added to facilitate not only the processability but also to increase the mechanical flexibility and toughness. However, during the storage of these films, a partial loss of plasticizer was observed. The consequence of this is not only correlated to the change of the mechanical properties making the films more rigid but also to the crystallization and development of surficial oiliness. The effect of the addition of calcium carbonate (nanometric and micrometric) and natural nanofibers (chitin nanofibrils) to reduce/control the plasticizer migration was investigated. The prediction of plasticizer migration from the films’ core to the external surface was carried out and the diffusion coefficients, obtained by regression of the experimental migration data plotted as the square root of time, were evaluated for different blends compositions. The results of the diffusion coefficients, obtained thanks to migration tests, showed that the CN can slow the plasticizer migration. However, the best result was achieved with micrometric calcium carbonate while nanometric calcium carbonate results were less effective due to favoring of some bio polyesters’ chain scission. The use of both micrometric calcium carbonate and CN was counterproductive due to the agglomeration phenomena that were observed.

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25

Zhang, Haigang, Chengji Zhao, and Hui Na. "Enhanced Biodegradation of Phthalic Acid Esters’ Derivatives by Plasticizer-Degrading Bacteria (Burkholderia cepacia, Archaeoglobus fulgidus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) Using a Correction 3D-QSAR Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15 (July 23, 2020): 5299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155299.

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A phthalic acid ester’s (PAEs) comprehensive biodegradability three-dimensional structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) model was established, to design environmentally friendly PAE derivatives, which could be simultaneously degraded by plasticizer-degrading bacteria, such as Burkholderia cepacia, Archaeoglobus fulgidus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Only three derivatives of diethyl phthalate (DEP (DEP-27, DEP-28 and DEP-29)) were suited for their functionality and environmental friendliness, which had an improved stability in the environment and improved the characteristics (bio-toxicity, bioaccumulation, persistence, and long-range migration) of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The simulation inference of the microbial degradation path before and after DEP modification and the calculation of the reaction energy barrier exhibited the energy barrier for degradation being reduced after DEP modification and was consistent with the increased ratio of comprehensive biodegradability. This confirmed the effectiveness of the comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA) model of the PAE’s comprehensive biodegradability. In addition, a molecular dynamics simulation revealed that the binding of the DEP-29 derivative with the three plasticizer-degradation enzymes increased significantly. DEP-29 could be used as a methyl phthalate derivative that synergistically degrades with microplastics, providing directional selection and theoretical designing for plasticizer replacement.

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26

Gustafsson, Jesper, Mikael Landberg, Veronika Bátori, Dan Åkesson, Mohammad J. Taherzadeh, and Akram Zamani. "Development of Bio-Based Films and 3D Objects from Apple Pomace." Polymers 11, no. 2 (February 8, 2019): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020289.

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Extensive quantities of apple pomace are generated annually but its disposal is still challenging. This study addresses this issue by introducing a new, environmentally-friendly approach for the production of sustainable biomaterials from apple pomace, containing 55.47% free sugars and a water insoluble fraction, containing 29.42 ± 0.44% hemicelluloses, 38.99 ± 0.42% cellulose, and 22.94 ± 0.12% lignin. Solution casting and compression molding were applied to form bio-based films and 3D objects (i.e., fiberboards), respectively. Using glycerol as plasticizer resulted in highly compact films with high tensile strength and low elongation (16.49 ± 2.54 MPa and 10.78 ± 3.19%, respectively). In contrast, naturally occurring sugars in the apple pomace showed stronger plasticizing effect in the films and resulted in a fluffier and connected structure with significantly higher elongation (37.39 ± 10.38% and 55.41 ± 5.38%, respectively). Benefiting from the self-binding capacity of polysaccharides, fiberboards were prepared by compression molding at 100 °C using glycerol or naturally occurring sugars, such as plasticizer. The obtained fiberboards exhibited tensile strength of 3.02–5.79 MPa and elongation of 0.93%–1.56%. Possible applications for apple pomace biomaterials are edible/disposable tableware or food packaging.

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Li, Qiaoguang, Yufeng Ma, Fei Song, Xugang Shu, Puyou Jia, and Yonghong Zhou. "Synthesis of bio-based plasticizer with improved migration resistance for poly(vinyl chloride)." Green Materials 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.19.00070.

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28

Feng, Shan, Pingbo Zhang, Pingping Jiang, Zheming Zhang, Jianneng Deng, and Zhiliang Cao. "Synthesis and application of high-stability bio-based plasticizer derived from ricinoleic acid." European Polymer Journal 169 (April 2022): 111125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111125.

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29

Sherafati, Marjan, Seyed Mohammad A. Mousavi, Zahra Emam-Djomeh, and Reza Bagheri. "Evaluating the Effects of Different Plasticizers on Mechanical Properties of Starch/ Clay Nanocomposites." Advanced Materials Research 829 (November 2013): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.829.279.

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nanobiocomposites are a new class of hybrid materials composed of nanosized filler (nanofiller) incorporated into a bio-based matrix. Such an association between eco-friendly biopolymers and nanoobjects, with the aim to obtain synergic effects, is one of the most innovating routes to enhance the properties of these bio-matrices. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in Starch as an inexpensive and renewable source has been used as a filler for environmentally friendly plastics for about two decades. However, the poor mechanical properties of starch based biopolymers, leads to use of nanoparticles as reinforcing materials. In the present study, the influence of a combination of a novel plasticizer (formamide) and a traditional plasticizer (glycerol) on the mechanical characteristic of the TPS (thermoplastic starch)-nanoclay compounds has been investigated and the results were compared with thermoplastic starches plasticized by glycerol only. The biodegradable nanocomposites were produced via melt extrusion processing and the samples for mechanical properties were originated by injection molding. The tests performed after two weeks keeping the samples in polyethylene bags. In this study, tensile strength, elongation at break and Young's Modulus were evaluated. Furthermore, the morphologies of samples were studied using a transmission optical microscope. This research showed that using a combination of glycerol and formamide reduce the Young's Modulus and improve the flexibility which can be useful in some applications.

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Periyasamy, Thirukumaran, Shakila Parveen Asrafali, Rajesh Haldhar, Santhamoorthy Madhappan, Ramkumar Vanaraj, Chaitany Jayprakash Raorane, and Seong-Cheol Kim. "Modified Cotton Sponge with Bio-Based Polybenzoxazine for Plasticizer Absorption and Oil–Water Separation." ACS Applied Polymer Materials 4, no. 2 (January 18, 2022): 950–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.1c01408.

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Sessini, Valentina, Miguel Palenzuela, Jesús Damián, and Marta E. G. Mosquera. "Bio-based polyether from limonene oxide catalytic ROP as green polymeric plasticizer for PLA." Polymer 210 (December 2020): 123003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123003.

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Julkapli, Nurhidayatullaili Muhd, and Hazizan Md Akil. "Influence of a Plasticizer on the Mechanical Properties of Kenaf-Filled Chitosan Bio-Composites." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 49, no. 9 (June 30, 2010): 944–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602551003681838.

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Cui, Caixia, and Di Cai. "Lipase immobilization on high water adsorbing capacity bagasse: applications in bio-based plasticizer synthesis." Molecular Biology Reports 45, no. 6 (September 12, 2018): 2095–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-018-4366-6.

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Schäfer, David, Matthias Reinelt, Andreas Stäbler, and Markus Schmid. "Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Potato Protein Isolate-Based Films." Coatings 8, no. 2 (February 5, 2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8020058.

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Potato protein isolate (PPI) was studied as a source for bio-based polymer films. The objective of this study was the determination of the packaging-relevant properties, including the mechanical properties and barrier performance, of casted potato protein films. Furthermore, the films were analyzed for cross-linking properties depending on the plasticizer concentration, and compared with whey protein isolate (WPI)-based films. Swelling tests and water sorption isotherm measurements were performed to determine the degree of swelling, the degree of cross-linking, and the cross-linking density using the Flory–Rehner approach. The effects of different plasticizer types and contents on compatibility with potato protein were studied. Glycerol was the most compatible plasticizer, as it was the only plasticizer providing flexible standalone films in the investigated concentration range after three weeks of storage. Results indicated that increasing glycerol content led to decreasing cross-linking, which correlated in an inversely proportional manner to the swelling behavior. A correlation between cross-linking and functional properties was also reflected in mechanical and barrier characterization. An increasing number of cross-links resulted in higher tensile strength and Young’s modulus, whereas elongation was unexpectedly not affected. Similarly, barrier performance was significantly improved with increasing cross-linking. The overall superior functional properties of whey protein-based films were mainly ascribed to their higher percentage of cross-links. This was primarily attributed to a lower total cysteine content of PPI (1.6 g/16 g·N) compared to WPI (2.8 g/16 g·N), and the significant lower solubility of potato protein isolate in water at pH 7.0 (48.1%), which was half that of whey protein isolate (96%). Comparing on an identical glycerol level (66.7% (w/w protein)), the performance of potato protein isolate was about 80% that of whey protein isolate regarding cross-linking, as well as mechanical and barrier properties.

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D. Mendis, S. Sameera, and A. H. L. R. Nilmini. "Synthesis, Characterization and Application of BioBased Plasticizers in Quality Improvement of Nitrocellulose Surface Coatings." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science 07, no. 10 (2022): 08–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2022.71001.

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Plant oils are one of popular starting raw materials of alkyd resin manufacturing and castor oil is well known plasticizer in coating industry. Coconut oil-based alkyd resins and blend of coconut and castor oil-based alkyd resins were synthesized as Bio-based plasticizers to evaluate their properties as plasticizers for nitrocellulose (nc) paint. During synthesis of those resins, variation of acid value, viscosity, oil length and generated water amount was evaluated. Series of nitrocellulose surface coatings (ncscs) were prepared using one alkyd resin at a time according to a dilution series and followed the same procedure for other alkyd resins and commercially available plasticizers (caps). All ncscs were tested for specific gravity, apparent viscosity, reduced viscosity, dry film thickness, dry film gloss, impact resistance, mandrel bending, Erichsen cupping, drying time, pencil hardness. According to the results it was proven that alkyd resins incorporated ncscs are better in viscosity, low drying time, film hardness. Ncscs with commercially available plasticizer (cap) is better in flexibility, impact resistance, dry film thickness, gloss

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Mutasher, Sara H., and Hadi Salman Al-Lami. "Preparation of chitosan films plasticized by lauric and maleic acids." Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemistry Journal 5, no. 04 (December 29, 2022): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/amecj.v5.i04.209.

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The energy crisis and environmental concerns have increased interest in natural polymers, and the bio-sourced materials field is experiencing rapid growth. A useful alternative to conventional plastic packaging manufactured from fossil fuels is packaging constructed of biodegradable polymers. Consideration has been given to the instrumental methods for examining modifications to the chemical composition and characteristics of modified chitosan. The molecular weight and the kind of plasticizer present in these materials are the two primary variables influencing their usability and performance. This study set out to physically blend chitosan with two different acids, lauric and maleic, to enhance chitosan cast films' physical and mechanical properties. Different plasticizer ratios appeared to have little effect on the various properties of the chitosan cast films. Examining the obtained films by FTIR implies that chitosan's native structure was unchanged. The films prepared had more flexibility and better solubility than those made with un-plasticized chitosan. It was evident from an analysis of the mechanical properties of the films that both acid plasticizers enhanced the mechanical properties of the chitosan.

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Zeng, Xian Kui, Shuai An, Chuan Sheng Wang, and Hui Guang Bian. "Research on Optimization of the Process Parameters of Bio-Packaging Materials by Response Surface Method." Key Engineering Materials 501 (January 2012): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.501.279.

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Response surface method was used to optimize the process parameters of bio-packaging materials, which is produced by twin-screw extruder, in order to get the best performance, increase production levels. In this article, we use the Design Expert software, Box-Behnken Design module, under the conduction that the mass fraction of starch, plant fiber, polyethylene were respectively 70%,10%,30%, and keep a plasticizer to 5%, We analysis and optimize the screw extrusion temperature, speed and filler content, The results showed that the optimum technology parameters for screw speed 101.81 r•min-1, extrusion temperature 118.24°Cand filler content is 5.0.

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Okieimen, F. E., T. O. Egbuchunam, and D. Balköse. "The effect of bio-based plasticizer on the permanence and water vapor transport properties of PVC plastigels." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 14, no. 1 (2008): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq0801011o.

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Novel formulations of PVC plastisols based on blends of bio-based and synthetic plasticizers were prepared and characterized. A traditional phthalate plasticizer, dioctylphthalate, was replaced in the plastisols studied by the epoxidized rubber seed oil (4.5 % oxirane content). The plastisols formed were processed into plastigels and characterized in terms of permanence properties using leaching and migration tests and water vapour barrier properties. It was found that the permanence properties of PVC/DOP plastigels were maintained in the presence of up to 50 % ERSO, and that blending with DOP did not impair the water barrier properties of PVC plastigels.

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Luo, Xiao, Hongying Chu, and Mengqi Liu. "Synthesis of Bio-Plasticizer from Soybean Oil and Its Application in Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Films." Journal of Renewable Materials 8, no. 10 (2020): 1295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2020.011026.

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40

Faizrin Fuzlin, Ahmad, Yuki Nagao, and Ahmad Salihin Samsudin. "Ionic Conductivity Study of Ethylene Carbonate as A Plasticizer in Alginate Bio‐Based Polymer Electrolytes." Macromolecular Symposia 397, no. 1 (June 2021): 2000236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.202000236.

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Omrani, Ismail, Abbas Ahmadi, Abdolreza Farhadian, Hasan Kashef Shendi, Niloofar Babanejad, and Mohammad Reza Nabid. "Synthesis of a bio-based plasticizer from oleic acid and its evaluation in PVC formulations." Polymer Testing 56 (December 2016): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.10.027.

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42

Riar, C. S. "Studies on Influence of Chemical Modification, Plasticizer and Starch Concentration on Some Characteristics of Biodegradable Film." Materials Science Forum 842 (February 2016): 129–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.842.129.

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Starch was isolated from sweet potato and the process was standardized. It was found that the treatment ‘T8’ containing (0.25% potassium meta-bisulphite (KMS) and 0.12% citric acid) had shown excellent and promising result so far as residual protein, yield, past clarity and colour of the isolated starch was concerned. Chemical modification of isolate sweet potato starch at 3% and 5% (w/v) levels was carried out by acetylation using vinyl acetate concentration (4 to 10 %) and dual-modification using propylene oxide at a specific level of 7% and adipic acid anhydride (0.05 to 0.12%). Biodegradable films were prepared from the isolated native and modified starches. Glycerol at levels such as (0.25g/g, 0.35g/g, and 0.45g/g) was used as a plasticizer in the film preparation. Thickness of bio-films increased with increase in glycerol and starch concentrations whereas solubility decreased with increase in starch concentration and modification levels. Water and acid solubility of films prepared from native starch were highest which decreased in the acetylated starch films and further decreased in cross-linked starch films. With increase in starch and glycerol concentration tensile and puncture strengths of bio-films increased. Dual-modified starch films had shown higher mechanical strength than acetylated starches. The biodegradability was higher for native bio-films followed by acetylated starch and least for dual-modified films.

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Murariu, Marius, Yoann Paint, Oltea Murariu, Fouad Laoutid, and Philippe Dubois. "Tailoring and Long-Term Preservation of the Properties of PLA Composites with “Green” Plasticizers." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 4836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14224836.

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Concerning new polylactide (PLA) applications, the study investigates the toughening of PLA–CaSO4 β-anhydrite II (AII) composites with bio-sourced tributyl citrate (TBC). The effects of 5–20 wt.% TBC were evaluated in terms of morphology, and mechanical and thermal properties, focusing on the enhancement of PLA crystallization and modification of glass transition temperature (Tg). Due to the strong plasticizing effects of TBC (even at 10%), the plasticized composites are characterized by significant decrease of Tg and rigidity, and increase of ductility and impact resistance. Correlated with the amounts of plasticizer, a dramatic drop in melt viscosity is also revealed. Therefore, for applications requiring increased viscosity and enhanced melt strength (extrusion, thermoforming), the reactive modification, with up to 1% epoxy functional styrene–acrylic oligomers, was explored to enhance their rheology. Moreover, larger quantities of products were obtained by reactive extrusion (REX) and characterized to evidence their lower stiffness, enhanced ductility, and toughness. In current prospects, selected samples were tested for the extrusion of tubes (straws) and films. The migration of plasticizer was not noted (at 10% TBC), whereas the mechanical and thermal characterizations of films after two years of aging evidenced a surprising preservation of properties.

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Shahzad, Irfan, Sergei Wittchen, and Valentin Cepus. "In Situ Migration Analysis and Diffusion Coefficient Determination of Bio‐Based Plasticizer From NBR Using FTIR‐ATR and Estimation of Migrated Plasticizer Contents by TGA Analysis." Macromolecular Symposia 384, no. 1 (April 2019): 1800158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.201800158.

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Sonnabend, Maresa, Suzanne G. Aubin, Annette M. Schmidt, and Marc C. Leimenstoll. "Sophorolipid-Based Oligomers as Polyol Components for Polyurethane Systems." Polymers 13, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13122001.

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Due to reasons of sustainability and conservation of resources, polyurethane (PU)-based systems with preferably neutral carbon footprints are in increased focus of research and development. The proper design and development of bio-based polyols are of particular interest since such polyols may have special property profiles that allow the novel products to enter new applications. Sophorolipids (SL) represent a bio-based toolbox for polyol building blocks to yield diverse chemical products. For a reasonable evaluation of the potential for PU chemistry, however, further investigations in terms of synthesis, derivatization, reproducibility, and reactivity towards isocyanates are required. It was demonstrated that SL can act as crosslinker or as plasticizer in PU systems depending on employed stoichiometry. (ω-1)-hydroxyl fatty acids can be derived from SL and converted successively to polyester polyols and PU. Additionally, (ω-1)-hydroxyl fatty acid azides can be prepared indirectly from SL and converted to A/B type PU by Curtius rearrangement.

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Dinu, Roxana, Iuliana Bejenari, Irina Volf, and Alice Mija. "Vegetable Oil-Based Resins Reinforced with Spruce Bark Powder and with Its Hydrochar Lignocellulosic Biomass." Applied Sciences 11, no. 22 (November 12, 2021): 10649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112210649.

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A bio-based polymeric matrix was developed by the copolymerization of a vegetable oil-based epoxy, epoxidized linseed oil (ELO), with dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA). To obtain eco-friendly bio-composites, this matrix was combined with a natural filler: spruce bark powder (SB) with its hydrochar (HC) in various proportions ranged from 1 to 30 wt.%. The reactivities of these formulations were studied by DSC analysis that highlighted that both fillers have a high catalytic effect on the ELO–DDSA crosslinking reaction. The complementary studies by TGA, DMA, tensile tests, water absorption and Shore tests had shown that both HC and SB bring improvements to the mechanical properties of the composites, fulfilling multiple roles: (i) Both act as co-reactants in the copolymerization mechanism; (ii) HC acts as reinforcement, consolidating the network and providing stiffness and rigidity; and (iii) SB acts as plasticizer for reducing the brittle character of the epoxy resins.

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Kalsum, Ummi, Henny Juniar, and Indah Khirnanda. "PENGARUH SORBITOL DAN CARBOXYMETHYL PADA BIOPLASTIK DARI AMPAS TEBU DAN AMPAS TAHU." Jurnal Distilasi 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32502/jd.v5i1.3026.

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Plastik Biodegradable adalah bahan plastik yang dibuat dari bahan berbasis bio (alam) seperti pati, kitosan, rumput laut, asam poli laktat, protein dan sebagainya. Pati merupakan simpanan karbohidrat dalam tumbuh-tumbuhan dan merupakan karbohidrat utama yang dimakan manusia di seluruh dunia. Dari hasil analisa pengaruh konsentrasi sorbitol degan carboxymethyl cellulose pada pembuatan plastik dari ampas tebu dan pati ampas tahu dapat di simpulkan bahwa dapat digunakan sebagai bahan pengental, pembentuk gel, perekat, dan ikatan pada bioplastik. Pengaruh konsentrasi sorbitol sebagai plasticizer untuk mengurangi kerapuhan, meningkatkan fleksibilitas dan ketahanan. Pengaruh konsentrasi carboxymethyl cellulose dan sorbitol dapat memperlambat degradasi plastik di dalam tanah dan membutuhkan waktu yang cukup lama.

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Bao, Ni Na, Hong Fa Wu, and Dong Hua Xue. "Study on the Effect of Distillation Residue in Corn Polyols Industry on Thermoplastic Starch." Advanced Materials Research 391-392 (December 2011): 940–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.391-392.940.

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This study used distillation residue obtained from bio-refinery process of corn starch and glycerol as a plasticizer to prepare thermoplastic starch (TPS). Various weight ratios of distillation residue and glycerol was investigated, HPLC method was used to analysis the components of the distillation residue. The composition and structure of TPS were evaluated by FTIR, XRD and TGA. The results indicated that with the addition of mixed plasticizers, the structure of TPS was changed obviously from a crystal state to an amorphous one with an increasing thermal stability of TPS. The better TPS structure can be obtained when the weight ratio of distillation and glycerol is 3:7.

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Khaterchi, Houda, and Hedi Belhadjsalah. "A Comparative Study of the Mechanical Properties of Hierarchical Trabecular Bone with other Approaches and Existing Experimental Data." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 23 (June 2015): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.23.76.

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The bone is a hierarchically structured material with mechanical properties depending on its architecture at all scales. Water plays an important role in the bio-mineralization process and serves as a plasticizer, enhancing the toughness of bone. In this paper, a trabecular bone multiscale model based on finite element analysis was developed to link scales from sub-nanoscopic scale (Microfibril) to sub-microscopic (Lamella) in order to predict the orthotropic properties of bone at different structural level. To identify the orthotropic properties, an inverse identification algorithm is used. Furthermore, the effect of water is incorporated. Good agreement is found between theoretical and experimental results.

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Makhloufi, Nawal, Nadia Chougui, Farouk Rezgui, Elias Benramdane, Carmen S. R. Freire, Carla Vilela, and Armando J. D. Silvestre. "Bio‐based sustainable films from the Algerian Opuntia ficus‐indica cladodes powder: Effect of plasticizer content." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 138, no. 20 (January 9, 2021): 50450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.50450.

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