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1
Wu, Xue Shen. "Synthesis, Characterization, Biodegradation, and Drug Delivery Application of Biodegradable Lactic/Glycolic Acid Polymers: Part III. Drug Delivery Application." Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Biotechnology 32, no. 4 (January 2004): 575–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/bio-200039635.
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Jin, Wenji, Dongki Lee, Yukwon Jeon, and Dae-Hwan Park. "Biocompatible Hydrotalcite Nanohybrids for Medical Functions." Minerals 10, no. 2 (February 14, 2020): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10020172.
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Biocompatible hydrotalcite nanohybrids, i.e., layered double hydroxide (LDH) based nanohybrids have attracted significant attention for biomedical functions. Benefiting from good biocompatibility, tailored drug incorporation, high drug loading capacity, targeted cellular delivery and natural pH-responsive biodegradability, hydrotalcite nanohybrids have shown great potential in drug/gene delivery, cancer therapy and bio-imaging. This review aims to summarize recent progress of hydrotalcite nanohybrids, including the history of the hydrotalcite-like compounds for application in the medical field, synthesis, functionalization, physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity, cellular uptake mechanism, as well as their related applications in biomedicine. The potential and challenges will also be discussed for further development of LDHs both as drug delivery carriers and diagnostic agents.
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Sun, Rui, Michelle Åhlén, Cheuk-Wai Tai, Éva G. Bajnóczi, Fenne de Kleijne, Natalia Ferraz, Ingmar Persson, Maria Strømme, and Ocean Cheung. "Highly Porous Amorphous Calcium Phosphate for Drug Delivery and Bio-Medical Applications." Nanomaterials 10, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10010020.
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Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) has shown significant effects on the biomineralization and promising applications in bio-medicine. However, the limited stability and porosity of ACP material restrict its practical applications. A storage stable highly porous ACP with Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area of over 400 m2/g was synthesized by introducing phosphoric acid to a methanol suspension containing amorphous calcium carbonate nanoparticles. Electron microscopy revealed that the porous ACP was constructed with aggregated ACP nanoparticles with dimensions of several nanometers. Large angle X-ray scattering revealed a short-range atomic order of <20 Å in the ACP nanoparticles. The synthesized ACP demonstrated long-term stability and did not crystallize even after storage for over 14 months in air. The stability of the ACP in water and an α-MEM cell culture medium were also examined. The stability of ACP could be tuned by adjusting its chemical composition. The ACP synthesized in this work was cytocompatible and acted as drug carriers for the bisphosphonate drug alendronate (AL) in vitro. AL-loaded ACP released ~25% of the loaded AL in the first 22 days. These properties make ACP a promising candidate material for potential application in biomedical fields such as drug delivery and bone healing.
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Dinca, Valentina. "Advanced Functional Bio-interfaces Engineering for Medical Applications: From Drug Delivery to Bio-scaffolds." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 836–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986732706200316153403.
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Srinivasan, Manoj Kumar, Bichandarkoil Jayaram Pratima, Ravichandiran Ragunath, Briska Jifrina Premnath, and Namasivayam Nalini. "ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesis, Toxicity, Delivery systems and Bio medical applications." Research Journal of Biotechnology 18, no. 4 (March 15, 2023): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1804rjbt1410155.
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In recent decades, metal oxide nanoparticles have acquired relevance in biology and medicine due to their unique physicochemical properties. Because of its cheap cost, biodegradability and low toxicity, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have attracted a lot of interest from researchers for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Zinc oxide (ZnO) has been studied for various biological applications due to its unique semiconducting, optical and piezoelectric characteristics. The growing interest in nano zinc oxide has led to the discovery and development of nanoparticle production technologies. ZnO nanocomposites with varied morphologies have recently been prepared using a physical and chemical method. ZnO NPs have also been employed to deliver different bioactive and chemotherapeutic anticancer medicines to tumour cells in a targeted and sustained manner. This review discusses on the properties, synthesis, drug delivery method for cancer treatment and many other biological uses of ZnO NPs.
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Malaviya, Pooja, Dhaval Shukal, and Abhay R. Vasavada. "Nanotechnology-based Drug Delivery, Metabolism and Toxicity." Current Drug Metabolism 20, no. 14 (February 25, 2020): 1167–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200221666200103091753.
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Background: Nanoparticles (NPs) are being used extensively owing to their increased surface area, targeted delivery and enhanced retention. NPs have the potential to be used in many disease conditions. Despite widespread use, their toxicity and clinical safety still remain a major concern. Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the metabolism and toxicological effects of nanotherapeutics. Methods: Comprehensive, time-bound literature search was done covering the period from 2010 till date. The primary focus was on the metabolism of NP including their adsorption, degradation, clearance, and bio-persistence. This review also focuses on updated investigations on NPs with respect to their toxic effects on various in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Results: Nanotechnology is a thriving field of biomedical research and an efficient drug delivery system. Further their applications are under investigation for diagnosis of disease and as medical devices. Conclusion: The toxicity of NPs is a major concern in the application of NPs as therapeutics. Studies addressing metabolism, side-effects and safety of NPs are desirable to gain maximum benefits of nanotherapeutics.
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Sah, Shailendra Kumar, Ashutosh Badola, and Bipin Kumar Nayak. "Emulgel: Magnifying the application of topical drug delivery." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 5, no. 01 (January 31, 2017): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.5.1.4.
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Topical drug delivery is mostly culled for the local dermatological action, but recently the new technologies are also enhancing its systemic effect. They are generally applied for the purpose as antiseptics, antifungal agents, skin emollients, and protectants. The activity of topical preparation confide in the various factors as drug solubility, its lipophilicity, contact time to skin, its permeability. Many widely used topical agents like ointments, creams, lotions, gel are associated with disadvantages like stability problems, stickiness and lesser spreading coefficient, irritation, allergic reactions, poor permeability, poor absorption and difficulty in absorption of large molecule, to rectify this the new concept of Emulgel has been introduced with the main objective to deliver hydrophobic drug molecule. Emulgel is oil in water or water in oil emulsion carrying drug to be incorporated in gel base to obtain gellified emulsion. Emulgel shows the controlled and better release effect of drug by virtue of combined effect of gel and emulsion with increased stability. Gel having various advantages as non greasy and favors good patient compliance in field of cosmetology and dermatology but are still limited to the deliver hydrophobic drugs. So the Emulgel comes to favour the hydrophobic drugs to give the advantages of gel. Emulgels have several advantages in the field of dermatology such as being thixotropic, greaseless, easily spreadable, easily removable, emollient, nonstaining, long shelf life, bio-friendly, transparent and pleasing appearance. Factors such as gelling agent, oil agent, emulsifiers influence the stability and efficacy of emulgel. So emulgels can be the better semisolid preparation than other conventional systems. At present the emulgel are being used for the delivery of analgesics, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anti-acne drugs and various cosmetic formulations with still wide range to explore.
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Tsai, Cheng-Han, Peng-Yuan Wang, I.-Chan Lin, Hu Huang, Guei-Sheung Liu, and Ching-Li Tseng. "Ocular Drug Delivery: Role of Degradable Polymeric Nanocarriers for Ophthalmic Application." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 9 (September 19, 2018): 2830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092830.
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Ocular drug delivery has been a major challenge for clinical pharmacologists and biomaterial scientists due to intricate and unique anatomical and physiological barriers in the eye. The critical requirement varies from anterior and posterior ocular segments from a drug delivery perspective. Recently, many new drugs with special formulations have been introduced for targeted delivery with modified methods and routes of drug administration to improve drug delivery efficacy. Current developments in nanoformulations of drug carrier systems have become a promising attribute to enhance drug retention/permeation and prolong drug release in ocular tissue. Biodegradable polymers have been explored as the base polymers to prepare nanocarriers for encasing existing drugs to enhance the therapeutic effect with better tissue adherence, prolonged drug action, improved bioavailability, decreased toxicity, and targeted delivery in eye. In this review, we summarized recent studies on sustained ocular drug/gene delivery and emphasized on the nanocarriers made by biodegradable polymers such as liposome, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), chitosan, and gelatin. Moreover, we discussed the bio-distribution of these nanocarriers in the ocular tissue and their therapeutic applications in various ocular diseases.
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Swebocki, Tomasz, Alexandre Barras, Amar Abderrahmani, Kamel Haddadi, and Rabah Boukherroub. "Deep Eutectic Solvents Comprising Organic Acids and Their Application in (Bio)Medicine." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 10 (May 9, 2023): 8492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108492.
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Over the last years, we observed a significant increase in the number of published studies that focus on the synthesis and characterization of deep eutectic solvents (DESs). These materials are of particular interest mainly due to their physical and chemical stability, low vapor pressure, ease of synthesis, and the possibility of tailoring their properties through dilution or change of the ratio of parent substances (PS). DESs, considered as one of the greenest families of solvents, are used in many fields, such as organic synthesis, (bio)catalysis, electrochemistry, and (bio)medicine. DESs applications have already been reported in various review articles. However, these reports mainly described these components’ basics and general properties without focusing on the particular, PS-wise, group of DESs. Many DESs investigated for potential (bio)medical applications comprise organic acids. However, due to the different aims of the reported studies, many of these substances have not yet been investigated thoroughly, which makes it challenging for the field to move forward. Herein, we propose distinguishing DESs comprising organic acids (OA-DESs) as a specific group derived from natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs). This review aims to highlight and compare the applications of OA-DESs as antimicrobial agents and drug delivery enhancers—two essential fields in (bio)medical studies where DESs have already been implemented and proven their potential. From the survey of the literature data, it is evident that OA-DESs represent an excellent type of DESs for specific biomedical applications, owing to their negligible cytotoxicity, fulfilling the rules of green chemistry and being generally effective as drug delivery enhancers and antimicrobial agents. The main focus is on the most intriguing examples and (where possible) application-based comparison of particular groups of OA-DESs. This should highlight the importance of OA-DESs and give valuable clues on the direction the field can take.
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Gupta, Tejendra Kumar, Pattabhi Ramaiah Budarapu, Sivakumar Reddy Chappidi, Sudhir Sastry Y.B., Marco Paggi, and Stephane P. Bordas. "Advances in Carbon Based Nanomaterials for Bio-Medical Applications." Current Medicinal Chemistry 26, no. 38 (January 3, 2019): 6851–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867326666181126113605.
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: The unique mechanical, electrical, thermal, chemical and optical properties of carbon based nanomaterials (CBNs) like: Fullerenes, Graphene, Carbon nanotubes, and their derivatives made them widely used materials for various applications including biomedicine. Few recent applications of the CBNs in biomedicine include: cancer therapy, targeted drug delivery, bio-sensing, cell and tissue imaging and regenerative medicine. However, functionalization renders the toxicity of CBNs and makes them soluble in several solvents including water, which is required for biomedical applications. Hence, this review represents the complete study of development in nanomaterials of carbon for biomedical uses. Especially, CBNs as the vehicles for delivering the drug in carbon nanomaterials is described in particular. The computational modeling approaches of various CBNs are also addressed. Furthermore, prospectus, issues and possible challenges of this rapidly developing field are highlighted.
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Kumar, Neeraj, Pankaj Chamoli, Mrinmoy Misra, M. K. Manoj, and Ashutosh Sharma. "Advanced metal and carbon nanostructures for medical, drug delivery and bio-imaging applications." Nanoscale 14, no. 11 (2022): 3987–4017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nr07643d.
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This article overviews the recent trends of various types of metallic, noble, magnetic and carbon nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, graphene, nanodiamonds, fullerene and their derivatives) specific to the drug delivery and bio-imaging fields.
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Jawadi, Zina, Christine Yang, Ziyad S. Haidar, Peter L. Santa Maria, and Solange Massa. "Bio-Inspired Muco-Adhesive Polymers for Drug Delivery Applications." Polymers 14, no. 24 (December 13, 2022): 5459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245459.
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Muco-adhesive drug delivery systems continue to be one of the most studied for controlled pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Briefly, muco-adhesive polymers, can be described as bio-polymers that adhere to the mucosal (mucus) surface layer, for an extended residency period of time at the site of application, by the help of interfacial forces resulting in improved drug delivery. When compared to traditional drug delivery systems, muco-adhesive carriers have the potential to enhance therapeutic performance and efficacy, locally and systematically, in oral, rectal, vaginal, amongst other routes. Yet, the achieving successful muco-adhesion in a novel polymeric drug delivery solution is a complex process involving key physico-chemico-mechanical parameters such as adsorption, wettability, polymer chain length, inter-penetration and cross-linking, to list a few. Hence, and in light of accruing progress, evidence and interest, during the last decade, this review aims to provide the reader with an overview of the theories, principles, properties, and underlying mechanisms of muco-adhesive polymers for pharmaceutics; from basics to design to characterization to optimization to evaluation to market. A special focus is devoted to recent advances incorporating bio-inspired polymers for designing controlled muco-adhesive drug delivery systems.
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Oad, Ammar, Shahzadi Tayyaba, Muhammad Waseem Ashraf, Dong Feng, Gaofeng Luo, and Maham Akhlaq. "Comparative Study to Analyze MEMS Based Microrobot Using Fuzzy TOPSIS Approach." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (June 29, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5371716.
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With the emergence in the field of developing small-scale systems, microrobots are gaining enormous attention due to their small size, wide number of application, and negligible effects on the surrounding. MEMS and microrobots both have electrical and mechanical parts which are situated on a single device and chip. This makes MEMS based microrobots and an excellent device due to its ease of fabrication and small size. MEMS-based microrobots have a wide number of applications in the field of bio-medical special drug delivery and invasive surgery. These tiny robots can be sent into the human body to send any medicine inside the human body. Various types of MEMS based microrobot can be used in drug delivery applications including magnetic nanoparticles based microrobots, magnetized spirulina microrobot, and electro-magnetic microrobots. However, the suitability of all these robots for drug delivery applications depends on the locomotion, navigation controlling, shape transformation, actuation requirement, and amount of drug wasted before moving to the destination. In this work, fuzzy rules based system is performed to confirm the dependence of the parameters including the locomotion, navigation controlling, shape transformation, actuation requirement, and amount of drug wasted on the working of microrobots in drug delivery applications. Similarly, fuzzy TOPSIS based study is performed to compare and analyze the most suitable microrobot for drug delivery application. Piezo-electric and electro-magnetic microrobots are considered the most suitable option with relative closeness to the ideal solution of 0.71 and 0.66, respectively, owing to their better shape transformation and movement.
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Niazi Saei, Jalal, Ali Mokhtari, and Hossein Karimian. "Stopped‐flow chemiluminescence determination of the anticancer drug capecitabine: Application in pharmaceutical analysis and drug‐delivery systems." Luminescence 35, no. 5 (February 3, 2020): 797–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bio.3786.
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Nawaz, Ayesha, Muhammad Tayyab, Maryam Anwar, Qandeel Khalid, Nadia Shamshad Malik, Ainy Butt, Nayab Tahir, et al. "Magnetically Modulated Nanoparticles for Medical Application: Diagnosis, Drug Delivery, and Therapy." Materials Innovations 02, no. 03 (2022): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54738/mi.2022.2305.
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Nanoparticles range in size from 1-100 nm although much larger nanoparticles i.e. up to 300 nm, are widely reported for medical application. Current trends in drug delivery research have shifted focus toward the designing of the “smart” drug delivery systems (DDS) for spacial and temporal control of the drug delivery. When a magnetic moiety is added to a DDS i.e. nanoparticle or liposome, it can be retained in a specific part of the body through localized magnetic field. These magnetically modulated drug delivery systems (MDDS) can also carry payload to deep lying tumor tissues which are difficult to target with other targeting modalities. MDDS are also used as hyperthermic agents under the influence of externally applied alternating magnetic field. Not only the magnetic hyperthermia can kill cancer cells but also causes phase-change in nanoparticles to induce abrupt drug release. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a diagnostic techniques used to image disease specific changes in tissues using contrast agents such as iron oxide nanoparticles. When iron oxide nanoparticles are loaded with drugs, they act as a contrast agent and carrier for targeted drug delivery which is revolutionizing medical field. In addition to drug delivery applications, magnetic nanoparticles are also being used in biosensors for identification and separation of target molecules/cells from complex mixture. However, challenges associated with optimized particle size, selection of biocompatible materials, and fate of MDDS after in vivo application need to be addressed. Emerging literature also points towards interaction of magnetic field with human body. Thus, carefully tailored magnetic modulated nanoparticles are expected to emerge as a key player in medical field due to their unique diagnostic, therapeutic, sensing and multifunctional application.
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Tayeb, Hossam H., and Frank Sainsbury. "Nanoemulsions in drug delivery: formulation to medical application." Nanomedicine 13, no. 19 (October 2018): 2507–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2018-0088.
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Wu, Yuqing. "Application of Polymer Micelles in Medical Field." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 26 (December 30, 2022): 328–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v26i.3993.
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Compared with other polymer materials, the synthesis and application of polymer micelles have received more and more attention. Polymer micelles have been exploited as nano-pharmaceutical vectors in a range of medical areas recently because of their distinct benefits, including high targeting, strong biocompatibility and low toxicity. Polymer micelles are based on the physiological conditions of the package of drugs, the release of drugs under specific conditions, and to achieve the purpose of drug targeted release. This research discusses the types and formation mechanisms of polymeric micelles. And the application performance of polymer micelles in medical fields is further analyzed, such as for drug and gene delivery delivery, tumor imaging, and vaccine design, which also provides a reference for the development and application of polymer micelles in the future.
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Khalid, Ramsha, Syed Mahmood, Zarif Mohamed Sofian, Ayah R. Hilles, Najihah Mohd Hashim, and Yi Ge. "Microneedles and Their Application in Transdermal Delivery of Antihypertensive Drugs—A Review." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 8 (July 27, 2023): 2029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15082029.
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One of the most cutting-edge, effective, and least invasive pharmaceutical innovations is the utilization of microneedles (MNs) for drug delivery, patient monitoring, diagnostics, medicine or vaccine delivery, and other medical procedures (e.g., intradermal vaccination, allergy testing, dermatology, and blood sampling). The MN-based system offers many advantages, such as minimal cost, high medical effectiveness, comparatively good safety, and painless drug application. Drug delivery through MNs can possibly be viewed as a viable instrument for various macromolecules (e.g., proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids) that are not efficiently administered through traditional approaches. This review article provides an overview of MN-based research in the transdermal delivery of hypertensive drugs. The critical attributes of microneedles are discussed, including the mechanism of drug release, pharmacokinetics, fabrication techniques, therapeutic applications, and upcoming challenges. Furthermore, the therapeutic perspective and improved bioavailability of hypertensive drugs that are poorly aqueous-soluble are also discussed. This focused review provides an overview of reported studies and the recent progress of MN-based delivery of hypertensive drugs, paving the way for future pharmaceutical uses. As MN-based drug administration bypasses first-pass metabolism and the high variability in drug plasma levels, it has grown significantly more important for systemic therapy. In conclusion, MN-based drug delivery of hypertensive drugs for increasing bioavailability and patient compliance could support a new trend of hypertensive drug delivery and provide an alternative option, overcoming the restrictions of the current dosage forms.
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Hassen, Jasim Hamadi, Hamad Kalefa Abdalkadir, and Saher Faiq Abed. "An overview of medical applications of montmorillonite clay." Journal of Medical Science 92, no. 2 (June 29, 2023): e826. http://dx.doi.org/10.20883/medical.e826.
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Clays are among the most important material available in nature. Montmorillonite MMT is an important type of clay mineral whose physical structure is typically perceptible as layers and sheets. Each layer is made up of one octahedral and two tetrahedral structural sheets. Due to its distinctive properties, such as swelling and adsorption, MMT has been used in a variety of industrial and therapeutic applications. The high adsorption capacity of MMT contributes to increasing drug intercalation and then its sustained release. By strongly adhering to the drug, MMT typically maintains drug release in many formulations and speeds up the solubility and bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. MMT has also been used to develop composite delivery systems that combine it with other polymer-based materials. MMT could therefore be used to develop a variety of drug delivery systems to regulate and enhance a drug's pharmacological qualities, such as solubility, dissolution rate, and absorption. An important note to mention is that clays in general are traditionally considered bio-inert or even biocompatible. In this review, the distinguished applications of MMT clay as an agent in the medical field were discussed. Among those applications is its use as an antibacterial agent, detoxification agent, preventive obesity agent, drug carrier agent, and in the treatment of cancer, diarrhea, wounds, and bones.
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Lan, Tianyu, and Qianqian Guo. "Phenylboronic acid-decorated polymeric nanomaterials for advanced bio-application." Nanotechnology Reviews 8, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 548–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2019-0049.
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Abstract The paradigm of using phenylboronic acid-decorated polymeric nanomaterials for advanced bio-application has been well established over the past decade. Phenylboronic acid and its derivatives are known to form reversible complexes with polyols, including sugar, diol and diphenol. This unique chemistry of phenylboronic acid has given many chances to be exploited for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This review highlights the recent advances in fabrication of phenylboronic acid-decorated polymeric nanomaterials, especially focus on the interactions with glucose and sialic acid. Applications of these phenylboronic acid-decorated nanomaterials in drug delivery systems and biosensors are discussed.
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Ashraf, Muhammad Waseem, Shahzadi Tayyaba, Nitin Afzulpurkar, Asim Nisar, Erik Lucas Julien Bohez, Tanom Lomas, and Adisorn Tuantranont. "Design, Simulation and Fabrication of Silicon Microneedles for Bio-Medical Applications." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 9, no. 1 (July 27, 2010): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.201191.172302.
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In this paper, design, analysis and fabrication of hollow out-of-plane silicon microneedles for transdermal drug delivery (TDD) have been presented. Combination of isotropic and anisotropic etching process has been used to facilitate the fabrication of microneedles in inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etcher. Using ANSYS, structural and micro°uidic analysis hasbeen performed before the fabrication to insure the microneedle design suitability for TDD. In finite element analysis (FEM), the effect of axial and transverse load on single microneedle has been investigated to envisage the mechanical properties of microneedle. The analysis predicts that the resultant stresses due to applied bending and axial loads are in the safe range. In computational fluid dynamic (CFD) static analysis, the fluid flow rate through 5 x 5 microneedle array has been investigated by applying the pressure 10 kPa to 130 kPa at the inlet to insure that the microneedles are capable for flow of drug up to the desired range for TDD.
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Nagarajan, Sakthivel, Céline Pochat-Bohatier, Sébastien Balme, Philippe Miele, S. Narayana Kalkura, and Mikhael Bechelany. "Electrospun fibers in regenerative tissue engineering and drug delivery." Pure and Applied Chemistry 89, no. 12 (November 27, 2017): 1799–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0511.
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AbstractElectrospinning is a versatile technique to produce micron or nano sized fibers using synthetic or bio polymers. The unique structural characteristic of the electrospun mats (ESM) which mimics extracellular matrix (ECM) found influential in regenerative tissue engineering application. ESM with different morphologies or ESM functionalizing with specific growth factors creates a favorable microenvironment for the stem cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation. Fiber size, alignment and mechanical properties affect also the cell adhesion and gene expression. Hence, the effect of ESM physical properties on stem cell differentiation for neural, bone, cartilage, ocular and heart tissue regeneration will be reviewed and summarized. Electrospun fibers having high surface area to volume ratio present several advantages for drug/biomolecule delivery. Indeed, controlling the release of drugs/biomolecules is essential for sustained delivery application. Various possibilities to control the release of hydrophilic or hydrophobic drug from the ESM and different electrospinning methods such as emulsion electrospinning and coaxial electrospinning for drug/biomolecule loading are summarized in this review.
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Abudurexiti, Munire, Yue Zhao, Xiaoling Wang, Lu Han, Tianqing Liu, Chengwei Wang, and Zhixiang Yuan. "Bio-Inspired Nanocarriers Derived from Stem Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles for Targeted Drug Delivery." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 7 (July 24, 2023): 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15072011.
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With their seemingly limitless capacity for self-improvement, stem cells have a wide range of potential uses in the medical field. Stem-cell-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), as paracrine components of stem cells, are natural nanoscale particles that transport a variety of biological molecules and facilitate cell-to-cell communication which have been also widely used for targeted drug delivery. These nanocarriers exhibit inherent advantages, such as strong cell or tissue targeting and low immunogenicity, which synthetic nanocarriers lack. However, despite the tremendous therapeutic potential of stem cells and EVs, their further clinical application is still limited by low yield and a lack of standardized isolation and purification protocols. In recent years, inspired by the concept of biomimetics, a new approach to biomimetic nanocarriers for drug delivery has been developed through combining nanotechnology and bioengineering. This article reviews the application of biomimetic nanocarriers derived from stem cells and their EVs in targeted drug delivery and discusses their advantages and challenges in order to stimulate future research.
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Bober, Zuzanna, Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher, and David Aebisher. "Application of Dendrimers in Anticancer Diagnostics and Therapy." Molecules 27, no. 10 (May 18, 2022): 3237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103237.
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The application of dendrimeric constructs in medical diagnostics and therapeutics is increasing. Dendrimers have attracted attention due to their compact, spherical three-dimensional structures with surfaces that can be modified by the attachment of various drugs, hydrophilic or hydrophobic groups, or reporter molecules. In the literature, many modified dendrimer systems with various applications have been reported, including drug and gene delivery systems, biosensors, bioimaging contrast agents, tissue engineering, and therapeutic agents. Dendrimers are used for the delivery of macromolecules, miRNAs, siRNAs, and many other various biomedical applications, and they are ideal carriers for bioactive molecules. In addition, the conjugation of dendrimers with antibodies, proteins, and peptides allows for the design of vaccines with highly specific and predictable properties, and the role of dendrimers as carrier systems for vaccine antigens is increasing. In this work, we will focus on a review of the use of dendrimers in cancer diagnostics and therapy. Dendrimer-based nanosystems for drug delivery are commonly based on polyamidoamine dendrimers (PAMAM) that can be modified with drugs and contrast agents. Moreover, dendrimers can be successfully used as conjugates that deliver several substances simultaneously. The potential to develop dendrimers with multifunctional abilities has served as an impetus for the design of new molecular platforms for medical diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Lv, Yu, Ruochen Pu, Yining Tao, Xiyu Yang, Haoran Mu, Hongsheng Wang, and Wei Sun. "Applications and Future Prospects of Micro/Nanorobots Utilizing Diverse Biological Carriers." Micromachines 14, no. 5 (April 29, 2023): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14050983.
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Targeted drug delivery using micro-nano robots (MNRs) is a rapidly advancing and promising field in biomedical research. MNRs enable precise delivery of drugs, addressing a wide range of healthcare needs. However, the application of MNRs in vivo is limited by power issues and specificity in different scenarios. Additionally, the controllability and biological safety of MNRs must be considered. To overcome these challenges, researchers have developed bio-hybrid micro-nano motors that offer improved accuracy, effectiveness, and safety for targeted therapies. These bio-hybrid micro-nano motors/robots (BMNRs) use a variety of biological carriers, blending the benefits of artificial materials with the unique features of different biological carriers to create tailored functions for specific needs. This review aims to give an overview of the current progress and application of MNRs with various biocarriers, while exploring the characteristics, advantages, and potential hurdles for future development of these bio-carrier MNRs.
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Sun, Bo, Weijun Wang, Zhibin He, Min Zhang, Fangong Kong, and Mohini Sain. "Biopolymer Substrates in Buccal Drug Delivery: Current Status and Future Trend." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 10 (March 27, 2020): 1661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666181001114750.
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Background: This paper provides a critical review of biopolymer-based substrates, especially the cellulose derivatives, for their application in buccal drug delivery. Drug delivery to the buccal mucous has the benefits of immobile muscle, abundant vascularization and rapid recovery, but not all the drugs can be administered through the buccal mucosa (e.g., macromolecular drugs), due to the low bioavailability caused by their large molecular size. This shortfall inspired the rapid development of drug-compounding technologies and the corresponding usage of biopolymer substrates. Methods: Cellulose derivatives have been extensively developed for drug manufacturing to facilitate its delivery. We engaged in structured research of cellulose-based drug compounding technologies. We summarized the characteristic cellulose derivatives which have been used as the biocompatible substrates in buccal delivery systems. The discussion of potential use of the rapidly-developed nanocellulose (NC) is also notable in this paper. Results: Seventy-eight papers were referenced in this perspective paper with the majority (sixty-five) published later than 2010. Forty-seven papers defined the buccal drug delivery systems and their substrates. Fifteen papers outlined the properties and applications of cellulose derivatives. Nanocellulose was introduced as a leading edge of nanomaterial with sixteen papers highlighted its adaptability in drug compounding for buccal delivery. Conclusion: The findings of this perspective paper proposed the potential use of cellulose derivatives, the typical kind of biopolymers, in the buccal drug delivery system for promoting the bioavailability of macromolecular drugs. Nanocellulose (NC) in particular was proposed as an innovative bio-binder/carrier for the controlled-release of drugs in buccal system.
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Folliero, Veronica, Carla Zannella, Annalisa Chianese, Debora Stelitano, Annalisa Ambrosino, Anna De Filippis, Marilena Galdiero, Gianluigi Franci, and Massimiliano Galdiero. "Application of Dendrimers for Treating Parasitic Diseases." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13030343.
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Despite advances in medical knowledge, parasitic diseases remain a significant global health burden and their pharmacological treatment is often hampered by drug toxicity. Therefore, drug delivery systems may provide useful advantages when used in combination with conventional therapeutic compounds. Dendrimers are three-dimensional polymeric structures, characterized by a central core, branches and terminal functional groups. These nanostructures are known for their defined structure, great water solubility, biocompatibility and high encapsulation ability against a wide range of molecules. Furthermore, the high ratio between terminal groups and molecular volume render them a hopeful vector for drug delivery. These nanostructures offer several advantages compared to conventional drugs for the treatment of parasitic infection. Dendrimers deliver drugs to target sites with reduced dosage, solving side effects that occur with accepted marketed drugs. In recent years, extensive progress has been made towards the use of dendrimers for therapeutic, prophylactic and diagnostic purposes for the management of parasitic infections. The present review highlights the potential of several dendrimers in the management of parasitic diseases.
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Anghel, Sanziana, Muhammad Arif Mahmood, Consuela Elena Matei, and Anita Ioana Visan. "Polymeric Coatings for Drug Delivery by Medical Devices." Journal of Nanotechnology in Diagnosis and Treatment 7 (October 31, 2021): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12974/2311-8792.2021.07.4.
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An analysis of the current landscape of therapeutics and delivery methods was conducted, aiming the field of drug delivery systems. Drug delivery biodistribution characteristics should be systematically understood, in order to maximize the function of these delivery systems. As a result, this review covers a history of the drug delivery systems, as well as the basic terminology associated with them, with a focus on the usage of polymers in the drug administration systems (particularly in form of coatings) and their application.
New trends in nanomaterials-based drug delivery systems, primarily for cancer treatment, were presented, involving a technology designed to maximize therapeutic efficacy of drugs by controlling their biodistribution profile.
There is a justified need to investigate drug delivery systems in form of thin films because, in comparation to bulk drug delivery system, which have a long and comprehensive history, there is still insufficient and fragmented understanding about the delivery of thin polymeric films, with research limited in general to very specific cases. Our efforts have been concentrated on these specifically polymeric drug delivery systems in the form of coatings. Understanding the dynamic changes that occur in a biodegradable polymeric thin film can aid in the prediction of the future performance of synthesized films designed to be used as implantable medical devices.
Extensive research is required to continuously develop new therapeutic systems in order to achieve an optimal concentration of a specific drug at its site of action for an appropriate duration.
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Pham, Son H., Yonghyun Choi, and Jonghoon Choi. "Stimuli-Responsive Nanomaterials for Application in Antitumor Therapy and Drug Delivery." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 7 (July 4, 2020): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12070630.
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The new era of nanotechnology has produced advanced nanomaterials applicable to various fields of medicine, including diagnostic bio-imaging, chemotherapy, targeted drug delivery, and biosensors. Various materials are formed into nanoparticles, such as gold nanomaterials, carbon quantum dots, and liposomes. The nanomaterials have been functionalized and widely used because they are biocompatible and easy to design and prepare. This review mainly focuses on nanomaterials responsive to the external stimuli used in drug-delivery systems. To overcome the drawbacks of conventional therapeutics to a tumor, the dual- and multi-responsive behaviors of nanoparticles have been harnessed to improve efficiency from a drug delivery point of view. Issues and future research related to these nanomaterial-based stimuli sensitivities and the scope of stimuli-responsive systems for nanomedicine applications are discussed.
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Zhuo, Shijie, Feng Zhang, Junyu Yu, Xican Zhang, Guangbao Yang, and Xiaowen Liu. "pH-Sensitive Biomaterials for Drug Delivery." Molecules 25, no. 23 (November 30, 2020): 5649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235649.
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The development of precise and personalized medicine requires novel formulation strategies to deliver the therapeutic payloads to the pathological tissues, producing enhanced therapeutic outcome and reduced side effects. As many diseased tissues are feathered with acidic characteristics microenvironment, pH-sensitive biomaterials for drug delivery present great promise for the purpose, which could protect the therapeutic payloads from metabolism and degradation during in vivo circulation and exhibit responsive release of the therapeutics triggered by the acidic pathological tissues, especially for cancer treatment. In the past decades, many methodologies, such as acidic cleavage linkage, have been applied for fabrication of pH-responsive materials for both in vitro and in vivo applications. In this review, we will summarize some pH-sensitive drug delivery system for medical application, mainly focusing on the pH-sensitive linkage bonds and pH-sensitive biomaterials.
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Li, Mingshan, Xiaowei Sun, Meizhen Yin, Jie Shen, and Shuo Yan. "Recent Advances in Nanoparticle-Mediated Co-Delivery System: A Promising Strategy in Medical and Agricultural Field." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 6 (March 7, 2023): 5121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065121.
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Drug and gene delivery systems mediated by nanoparticles have been widely studied for life science in the past decade. The application of nano-delivery systems can dramatically improve the stability and delivery efficiency of carried ingredients, overcoming the defects of administration routes in cancer therapy, and possibly maintaining the sustainability of agricultural systems. However, delivery of a drug or gene alone sometimes cannot achieve a satisfactory effect. The nanoparticle-mediated co-delivery system can load multiple drugs and genes simultaneously, and improve the effectiveness of each component, thus amplifying efficacy and exhibiting synergistic effects in cancer therapy and pest management. The co-delivery system has been widely reported in the medical field, and studies on its application in the agricultural field have recently begun to emerge. In this progress report, we summarize recent progress in the preparation and application of drug and gene co-delivery systems and discuss the remaining challenges and future perspectives in the design and fabrication.
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Cohen, Eemaan N., Pierre P. D. Kondiah, Yahya E. Choonara, Lisa C. du Toit, and Viness Pillay. "Carbon Dots as Nanotherapeutics for Biomedical Application." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 19 (June 17, 2020): 2207–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200402102308.
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Carbon nanodots are zero-dimensional spherical allotropes of carbon and are less than 10nm in size (ranging from 2-8nm). Based on their biocompatibility, remarkable water solubility, eco- friendliness, conductivity, desirable optical properties and low toxicity, carbon dots have revolutionized the biomedical field. In addition, they have intrinsic photo-luminesce to facilitate bio-imaging, bio-sensing and theranostics. Carbon dots are also ideal for targeted drug delivery. Through functionalization of their surfaces for attachment of receptor-specific ligands, they ultimately result in improved drug efficacy and a decrease in side-effects. This feature may be ideal for effective chemo-, gene- and antibiotic-therapy. Carbon dots also comply with green chemistry principles with regard to their safe, rapid and eco-friendly synthesis. Carbon dots thus, have significantly enhanced drug delivery and exhibit much promise for future biomedical applications. The purpose of this review is to elucidate the various applications of carbon dots in biomedical fields. In doing so, this review highlights the synthesis, surface functionalization and applicability of biodegradable polymers for the synthesis of carbon dots. It further highlights a myriad of biodegradable, biocompatible and cost-effective polymers that can be utilized for the fabrication of carbon dots. The limitations of these polymers are illustrated as well. Additionally, this review discusses the application of carbon dots in theranostics, chemo-sensing and targeted drug delivery systems. This review also serves to discuss the various properties of carbon dots which allow chemotherapy and gene therapy to be safer and more target-specific, resulting in the reduction of side effects experienced by patients and also the overall increase in patient compliance and quality of life.
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Szewczyk-Łagodzińska, Matylda, Andrzej Plichta, Maciej Dębowski, Sebastian Kowalczyk, Anna Iuliano, and Zbigniew Florjańczyk. "Recent Advances in the Application of ATRP in the Synthesis of Drug Delivery Systems." Polymers 15, no. 5 (February 28, 2023): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15051234.
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Advances in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) have enabled the precise design and preparation of nanostructured polymeric materials for a variety of biomedical applications. This paper briefly summarizes recent developments in the synthesis of bio-therapeutics for drug delivery based on linear and branched block copolymers and bioconjugates using ATRP, which have been tested in drug delivery systems (DDSs) over the past decade. An important trend is the rapid development of a number of smart DDSs that can release bioactive materials in response to certain external stimuli, either physical (e.g., light, ultrasound, or temperature) or chemical factors (e.g., changes in pH values and/or environmental redox potential). The use of ATRPs in the synthesis of polymeric bioconjugates containing drugs, proteins, and nucleic acids, as well as systems applied in combination therapies, has also received considerable attention.
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Ranakoti, Lalit, Brijesh Gangil, Prabhakar Bhandari, Tej Singh, Shubham Sharma, Jujhar Singh, and Sunpreet Singh. "Promising Role of Polylactic Acid as an Ingenious Biomaterial in Scaffolds, Drug Delivery, Tissue Engineering, and Medical Implants: Research Developments, and Prospective Applications." Molecules 28, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020485.
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In the present scenario, the research is now being focused on the naturally occurring polymers that can gradually replace the existing synthetic polymers for the development of bio composites having applications in medical surgeries and human implants. With promising mechanical properties and bio compatibility with human tissues, poly lactic acid (PLA) is now being viewed as a future bio material. In order to examine the applicability of PLA in human implants, the current article sheds light on the synthesis of PLA and its various copolymers used to alter its physical and mechanical properties. In the latter half, various processes used for the fabrication of biomaterials are discussed in detail. Finally, biomaterials that are currently in use in the field of biomedical (Scaffolding, drug delivery, tissue engineering, medical implants, derma, cosmetics, medical surgeries, and human implants) are represented with respective advantages in the sphere of biomaterials.
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Patel, S. S., M. J. Patel, and N. M. Patel. "Need, Development and Application of Virosomal System in Medicine." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 3, no. 3 (November 30, 2010): 1065–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2010.3.3.4.
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Virosomes are spherical, unilamellar phospholipid bilayer vesicle with a mean diameter is in range of 120-180 nm. Virosomes represent reconstituted empty influenza virus envelopes, which contain 70% phosphatidylcholine and remaining 30% neuraminidase (NA) and haemagglutinin (HA) glycoproteins. Various techniques are use for the loading the drug, protein and peptide like package inside the IRIV (immunopotentiatin reconstituted influenza virosome), intrigrated into lipid bilayer, anchored into lipid bilayer, crosslinked with HA (Hemaglutinin), and adsorbed to the membrane. Various protein, peptide, and malarial drugs are loaded in virus to deliver at particular site to give the targeted drug delivery. Virosomes could also be exploited as carriers for targeted drugs and for immunomodulating molecules particularly in cancer therapy. All these features allow us to consider influenza virosomes as a promising model for antigen and/or unrelated molecules delivery, which could be helpful for the development of new vaccines or immunotherapy protocols that combine safety with immunogenicity and their applicability in different field of medical research.
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V, Surya, Srutartha Bose, Shreya Kulkarni, and Kathirvelu D. "OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM USING OPEN-SOURCE SYRINGE PUMP." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 6 (June 7, 2018): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i6.24151.
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Objective: The objective of this study is to design an automated ocular drug delivery system controlled by an open-source syringe pump, which in turn is to be controlled using Arduino UNO.Methods: The Arduino UNO is the microcontroller used to control the entire setup. The drug delivery is executed using the open-source syringe pump. A 12V NEMA 17 stepper motor is used to execute the pump movements. To facilitate the ease of use, an Android application developed using Android Studio has been developed, where inputs are given in the form of the required drug dose. The application plays the role of converting the requested drug dose into the number of steps required to run the stepper motor. The stepper motor works based on simple lead-screw mechanism.Results: The designed syringe pump has been tested using water. It was determined that for 42 steps a drug volume of 30 μl is dispensed by the designed device. Typically, a drop volume ranges from 33.8 μl to 63.4 μl and the device that has been discussed in this article can deliver a minimum volume of 30 μl.Conclusion: Using this device, excessive use of drugs can be minimalized, thus reducing the capital investment put behind ocular drugs.
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CHATTERJEE, Sudipta, and Patrick Chi-leung HUI. "Review of Stimuli-Responsive Polymers in Drug Delivery and Textile Application." Molecules 24, no. 14 (July 12, 2019): 2547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24142547.
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This review describes some commercially available stimuli-responsive polymers of natural and synthetic origin, and their applications in drug delivery and textiles. The polymers of natural origin such as chitosan, cellulose, albumin, and gelatin are found to show both thermo-responsive and pH-responsive properties and these features of the biopolymers impart sensitivity to act differently under different temperatures and pH conditions. The stimuli-responsive characters of these natural polymers have been discussed in the review, and their respective applications in drug delivery and textile especially for textile-based transdermal therapy have been emphasized. Some practically important thermo-responsive polymers such as pluronic F127 (PF127) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm) of synthetic origin have been discussed in the review and they are of great importance commercially because of their in situ gel formation capacity. Some pH-responsive synthetic polymers have been discussed depending on their surface charge, and their drug delivery and textile applications have been discussed in this review. The selected stimuli-responsive polymers of synthetic origin are commercially available. Above all, the applications of bio-based or synthetic stimuli-responsive polymers in textile-based transdermal therapy are given special regard apart from their general drug delivery applications. A special insight has been given for stimuli-responsive hydrogel drug delivery systems for textile-based transdermal therapy, which is critical for the treatment of skin disease atopic dermatitis.
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Shishu and Manjul Maheshwari. "Dendrimers: The Novel Pharmaceutical Drug Carriers." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 2, no. 2 (August 31, 2009): 493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2009.2.2.1.
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Dendrimers represent a novel class of structurally controlled macromolecules derived from a branches-upon-branches structural motif. These consist of well defined, highly branched moieties that radiate from a central core and are synthesized through a stepwise, repetitive reaction sequence that guarantees complete shells for each generation, leading to formation of monodisperse polymers. The synthetic procedures developed for dendrimer preparation permit nearly complete control over the critical molecular design parameters, such as size, shape, surface/interior chemistry, flexibility, and topology by virtue of which these macromolecules offer diverse applications in drug delivery, solubility enhancement, gene therapy and diagnostic field. This article provides an insight into the structure, synthesis, properties, types and the applications of dendrimers in the bio-medical field.
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Fan, Taojian, Yansheng Zhou, Meng Qiu, and Han Zhang. "Black phosphorus: A novel nanoplatform with potential in the field of bio-photonic nanomedicine." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 11, no. 06 (November 2018): 1830003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545818300033.
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Single- or few-layer black phosphorus (FLBP) has attracted great attentions in scientific community with its excellent properties, including biodegradability, unique puckered lattice configuration, attractive electrical properties and direct and tunable band gap. In recent years, FLBP has been widely studied in bio-photonic fields such as photothermal and photodynamic therapy, drug delivery, bioimaging and biosensor, showing attractive clinical potential. Because of the marked advantages of FLBP nanomaterials in bio-photonic fields, this review article reviews the latest advances of biomaterials based on FLBP in biomedical applications, ranging from biocompatibility, medical diagnosis to treatment.
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Zdiri, Khmais, Aurélie Cayla, Adel Elamri, Annaëlle Erard, and Fabien Salaun. "Alginate-Based Bio-Composites and Their Potential Applications." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 13, no. 3 (August 10, 2022): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb13030117.
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Over the last two decades, bio-polymer fibers have attracted attention for their uses in gene therapy, tissue engineering, wound-healing, and controlled drug delivery. The most commonly used bio-polymers are bio-sourced synthetic polymers such as poly (glycolic acid), poly (lactic acid), poly (e-caprolactone), copolymers of polyglycolide and poly (3-hydroxybutyrate), and natural polymers such as chitosan, soy protein, and alginate. Among all of the bio-polymer fibers, alginate is endowed with its ease of sol–gel transformation, remarkable ion exchange properties, and acid stability. Blending alginate fibers with a wide range of other materials has certainly opened many new opportunities for applications. This paper presents an overview on the modification of alginate fibers with nano-particles, adhesive peptides, and natural or synthetic polymers, in order to enhance their properties. The application of alginate fibers in several areas such as cosmetics, sensors, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and water treatment are investigated. The first section is a brief theoretical background regarding the definition, the source, and the structure of alginate. The second part deals with the physico-chemical, structural, and biological properties of alginate bio-polymers. The third part presents the spinning techniques and the effects of the process and solution parameters on the thermo-mechanical and physico-chemical properties of alginate fibers. Then, the fourth part presents the additives used as fillers in order to improve the properties of alginate fibers. Finally, the last section covers the practical applications of alginate composite fibers.
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He, Qing, Tianjian Tong, Chenxu Yu, and Qun Wang. "Advances in Algin and Alginate-Hybrid Materials for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering." Marine Drugs 21, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md21010014.
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In this review, we aim to provide a summary of recent research advancements and applications of algin (i.e., alginic acid) and alginate-hybrid materials (AHMs) in medical fields. Algin/alginate are abundant natural products that are chemically inert and biocompatible, and they have superior gelation properties, good mechanical strengths, and biodegradability. The AHMs have been widely applied in wound dressing, cell culture, tissue engineering, and drug delivery. However, medical applications in different fields require different properties in the AHMs. The drug delivery application requires AHMs to provide optimal drug loading, controlled and targeted drug-releasing, and/or visually guided drug delivery. AHMs for wound dressing application need to have improved mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, cell adhesion, and antibacterial properties. AHMs for tissue engineering need improved mechanical properties that match the target organs, superior cell affinity, and cell loading capacity. Various methods to produce AHMs that meet different needs were summarized. Formulations to form AHMs with improved stability, drug/cell-loading capacity, cell adhesion, and mechanical properties are active research areas. This review serves as a road map to provide insights into the strategies to develop AHMs in medical applications.
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Parveen, Israt, Md Iqbal Mahmud, and Ruhul A. Khan. "Biodegradable Natural Polymers for Biomedical Applications." Scientific Review, no. 53 (April 4, 2019): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/sr.53.67.80.
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Biodegradable polymers as biomaterial are hotcake nowadays especially in medical and pharmaceutical applications. The present contribution comprises an overview of the biodegradable polymers for various biomedical applications. To meet the need of modern medicine, their physical, chemical, functional, biomechanical are highlighted as well as biodegradation properties like non-toxicity, low antigenicity, high bio-activity etc. This review summarizes the emerging and innovative field of biopolymer with the focus on tissue engineering, temporary implants, wound healing, and drug delivery applications etc.
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Wulf, Katharina, Daniela Arbeiter, Thomas Eickner, Katharina Riedel, Klaus-Peter Schmitz, Niels Grabow, and Stefanie Kohse. "Polymer drug release system for biofilm inhibition in medical application." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 4, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2018-0052.
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AbstractBacterial biofilm formation on surfaces is still a critical challenge regarding the application of implants. Generally, in order to avoid this, an additional systemic administration of antibiotics is given, which can lead to side effects, such as the reduction of the intestinal flora. Continuous treatment may lead to antibiotics resistance. Within this study we investigated the local drug delivery of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) from a Poly-L-lactide (PLLA) coating, an ished biodegradable polymer and a polyetherurethane (PEU) coating, a promising representative non-degradable polymer for cardiovascular applications as alternative to the administration of antibiotics. The incorporation of NAC influenced the surface properties of PEU in contrast to that of PLLA. The in vitro NAC release is almost completed after 24 h for PEU. For PLLA only small amounts of incorporated NAC, depending on the NAC loading, is released after a short time. Both systems are rather useful as local NAC delivery system directly after implantation.
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Attiguppe, Ajay Prabhakar, Dhiman Chatterjee, and Amitava DasGupta. "A Novel Integrated Transdermal Drug Delivery System with Micropump and Microneedle Made from Polymers." Micromachines 14, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14010071.
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Transdermal drug delivery (TDD), which enables targeted delivery with microdosing possibilities, has seen much progress in the past few years. This allows medical professionals to create bespoke treatment regimens and improve drug adherence through real-time monitoring. TDD also increases the effectiveness of the drugs in much smaller quantities. The use of polymers in the drug delivery field is on the rise owing to their low cost, scalability and ease of manufacture along with drug and bio-compatibility. In this work, we present the design, development and characterization of a polymer-based TDD platform fabricated using additive manufacturing technologies. The system consists of a polymer based micropump integrated with a drug reservoir fabricated by 3D printing and a polymer hollow microneedle array fabricated using photolithography. To the best of our knowledge, we present the fabrication and characterization of a 3D-printed piezoelectrically actuated non-planar valveless micropump and reservoir integrated with a polymer hollow microneedle array for the first time. The integrated system is capable of delivering water at a maximum flow rate of 1.03 mL/min and shows a maximum backpressure of 1.37 kPa while consuming only 400 mW. The system has the least number of moving parts. It can be easily fabricated using additive manufacturing technologies, and it is found to be suitable for drug delivery applications.
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Pandya, Tosha, Kaushika Kaushika Patel, Rudree Pathak, and Shreeraj Shah. "Liposomal Formulations In Cancer Therapy: Passive Versus Active Targeting." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 7, no. 2 (April 14, 2019): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v7i2.489.
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In Cancer therapy, Nano drug delivery system comprising of Liposomes, are the most successful mode of treatment in present scenario which also has real time clinical application. Recently it is found that the closed bilayer phospholipid vesicles have many technical advantages over the initially used liposomal formulations. The delivery of therapeutics encapsulated in liposomes changes the biological distribution profile and improves the drug therapeutic indices of various drugs. This review article throws light onto many clinical liposomal drug delivery products. The liposome Nano drug delivery by the active and passive targeting is a boon as it can reduce the off-targeting effects. The current development is more focused on the diagnostic and clinical applications. Receptor targeted delivery systems are extensively explored for active targeting. However, these delivery systems are rarely seen in the clinical application because of conjugation chemistry and other implicit hurdles to develop this system.The development of nanocarriers in the cancer treatment have enormous potential in the medical field. Moreover, Immuno liposomes have been used in cancer treatment as attractive drug targeting vehicles. On the other hand, there are many other liposomal drug delivery systems having passive targeting mechanism for cancer treatment which are widely used due to enhanced retention and permeability of formulation. This review majorly focuses on the current challenges encountered in development of liposomal Nano drug delivery systems and its effective development for cancer treatment.
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Khan, Rabia Arshad, Salman Arshad Hamdard, Haleema Sadia, and Abbas Ali Naseem. "Emerging Trend of Thiolated Polymers/materials and nanomedicine in wound healing." Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review VI, no. I (December 30, 2021): 36–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2021(vi-i).05.
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Antimicrobial therapy failure against wound infections and arise of extended resistance highly encourages the discovery of novel mechanisms to overcome underlying issues. Major causative agent for causing wound infection is “Staphylococcus aureus” and recent medications lack antibacterial action,mucoadhesion and patient compliance. Thiolation proves itself as a novel technique for treatment of wound infections via topical application. Thiomers possesses features such as higher porosity, bio degradation, and swelling index. Thiolated products are resistant to the harsh environmental changes. Similarly, with the advancements in drug delivery, various smart drug delivery techniques lead to enhancement in drug delivery. Nano particles allow the drugs to penetrate the cells by diffusion or energy dependent process and degrade themselves at specified siteof action by either attachment of recognition ligands or responsive stimuli. Overall, the Thiolated polymers and Nano medicines depicted potential to cure wounds with increased severity meeting the required features of an ideal wound dressing.
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Ramesh K, Venkateswara Rao J, Srinivasan M.K., and Sravanathi P. "Recent Analysis on new Nanoemulgel Transdermal Drug Delivery System use for Skin Disease Treatment." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (December 25, 2020): 859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4086.
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Nanoemulsions have the potential in medical industries due to transparency at high droplet volume division, higher bio availability rate and expanded shelf life of drugs. The “Nano emulsion-based gel" is a very interesting transdermal delivery framework as it has double delivery control framework, i.e., nano emulsion & hydrogel. The Nano emulgel having nanosized emulsion goes from 10-100μm may quickly enter and convey dynamic substance more profound and faster. The gelling limit of this compound permits the definition of stable emulsion and creams by diminishing surface and interfacial pressure simultaneously expanding the consistency of watery stage. Regardless of the many preferred position of gels, a significant restriction is in delivery of hydrophobic medication. So to defeat this constraint, an emulsion-based methodology is being utilized to that even a hydrophobic moiety might appreciate exceptional property of gel. They have clingy causing distress, less spreading coefficient, scouring is a requirement for application to the skin, and they show the issue of solidness for detailing. Due to all these disadvantages, gels are selected for both cosmetic as well as a pharmaceutical formulation. Despite several benefits of gels, the main drawback is with the delivery of hydrophobic therapeutic moiety. So, emulgel based approach is used to overcome this drawback; by this, even a hydrophobic drug might be included and delivered successfully. When emulsions and gels are mixed than that dosage form is mentioned as emulgel. In fact, the existence of a gelling agent changes conventional emulsion into an emulgel in the water phase.
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Piras, A. M., L. Nikkola, F. Chiellini, N. Ashammakhi, and E. Chiellini. "Development of Diclofenac Sodium Releasing Bio-Erodible Polymeric Nanomats." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 3310–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.486.
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Application of nanofiber-based nanomats in medicine is attractive and thanks to the 3D nano-structure and the high surface to volume ratio they are excellent for local controlled drug delivery. The use of bioactive bioerodible polymers for developing drug delivery nanomats may allow for drug release and targeting control. Objective of the current study was to evaluate the suitability of bioerodible polymeric material based on n-butyl hemiester of [poly(maleic anhydride-alt-2-methoxyethyl vinyl ether)] (PAM14) for the preparation of nanomats for controlled administration of anti-inflammatory, diclofenac sodium (DS) drug. Samples were prepared using different polymer concentrations (5–10%) in either ethanol or acetic acid as solvent. Morphology was investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermal analysis such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed to detect effect on polymer arrangement. DS localization in electrospun nanomats was evaluated by using electron back scattering microanalysis, based on the detection of chlorine, and drug release kinetics was assessed using UV-Vis. Average fiber diameter resulted in the range of 100 nm to 1.0 μm and a homogeneous distribution of the loaded drug into the fibers was observed. The DS release was immediate and despite the preliminary nature of the performed electrospinning experiments, the achieved results appear promising for the future development of a novel system for the controlled and targeted administration of drug and active agent.
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Tramontano, Chiara, Stefano Managò, Donatella Delle Cave, Giovanna Chianese, Enza Lonardo, Luca De Stefano, Anna Chiara De Luca, and Ilaria Rea. "Intracellular SERS monitoring of drug release from plasmonic-assisted biosilica nanoparticles." EPJ Web of Conferences 255 (2021): 13002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125513002.
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Nanoscale delivery systems have been investigated for therapy due to their advantages, including the sustained delivery of drugs to cells and reduction of systemic toxicity compared to conventional treatments. However, their application is still hampered by experimental challenges, such as the investigation of the drug release in cells rather than in vitro. Here, we describe a hybrid nanoplatform for monitoring the drug release in living colorectal cancer (CRC) cells by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS). Specifically, the anticancer drug Galunisertib is encapsulated in diatomite nanoparticles (DNPs) decorated by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and capped by gelatin. The combination of DNP loading capacities with the Raman enhancement of Galunisertib provided by AuNPs enables bio-imaging and drug delivery without using fluorophores or markers, avoiding fluorescence-quenching issues. Thanks to the Raman enhancement of Galunisertib, the drug release profile is monitored and quantified in living cells by SERS with a femtogram scale resolution. When the gelatin shell is digested by proteases, Galunisertib is released and its SERS spectrum decreases, allowing real-time quantification in CRC cells. The therapeutic efficiency of the Galunisertib delivery platform offers an alternative route for lowering drug dose and toxicity.
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Di Trani, Nicola, Antonia Silvestri, Yu Wang, Danilo Demarchi, Xuewu Liu, and Alessandro Grattoni. "Silicon Nanofluidic Membrane for Electrostatic Control of Drugs and Analytes Elution." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 7 (July 19, 2020): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12070679.
Full textAbstract:
Individualized long-term management of chronic pathologies remains an elusive goal despite recent progress in drug formulation and implantable devices. The lack of advanced systems for therapeutic administration that can be controlled and tailored based on patient needs precludes optimal management of pathologies, such as diabetes, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis. Several triggered systems for drug delivery have been demonstrated. However, they mostly rely on continuous external stimuli, which hinder their application for long-term treatments. In this work, we investigated a silicon nanofluidic technology that incorporates a gate electrode and examined its ability to achieve reproducible control of drug release. Silicon carbide (SiC) was used to coat the membrane surface, including nanochannels, ensuring biocompatibility and chemical inertness for long-term stability for in vivo deployment. With the application of a small voltage (≤ 3 V DC) to the buried polysilicon electrode, we showed in vitro repeatable modulation of membrane permeability of two model analytes—methotrexate and quantum dots. Methotrexate is a first-line therapeutic approach for rheumatoid arthritis; quantum dots represent multi-functional nanoparticles with broad applicability from bio-labeling to targeted drug delivery. Importantly, SiC coating demonstrated optimal properties as a gate dielectric, which rendered our membrane relevant for multiple applications beyond drug delivery, such as lab on a chip and micro total analysis systems (µTAS).