Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bio-heat transfer'

Both primary and secondary liver cancers are common and the majority of patients are not eligible for surgical resection or a liver transplant, which are considered the only hope of cure. Mortality rates are high and there is a need for alternative treatment options. New forms of local treatment work best on small tumours; large ones, however, remain difficult to treat. Hyperthermia involves heating tumours to 40??-44?? C. The aim is to heat the entire tumour without damaging the surrounding normal tissue. Treating deep seated tumours is technically challenging. Ferromagnetic embolisation hyperthermia (FEH) is a novel method of treating liver tumours. Magnetic microspheres are infused into the hepatic artery and lodge primarily in the tumour periphery. An applied alternating-current magnetic field causes the microspheres to heat. Animal experiments have shown that this is a promising technique. There is a need for modelling of FEH prior to commencement of clinical trials. Analytical and numerical models of tumour heating during FEH treatment are presented here. The models help predict the temperature distributions that are likely to arise during treatment and give insight into the factors affecting tumour and liver heating. The models incorporate temperature-dependent thermal properties and blood perfusion rates of the tissues and a heterogeneous clustering of microspheres in the tumour periphery. Simulations show that the poorly perfused tumours heat preferentially while the liver is effectively cooled by blood flow from the portal vein. A peripheral distribution of heat sources produces a more even temperature field throughout the tumour, compared to a heat source that is centred within the tumour core. Large tumours reach higher temperatures and have higher heating rates, supporting experimental findings. Using temperature-dependent, rather than constant, values for thermal conductivities and blood perfusion rates results in higher temperatures within the tumour. The uneven clustering of microspheres in the tumour periphery leads to a more heterogeneous temperature distribution in the core, but it has less of an effect on the wellperfused liver. The results show that FEH has the potential to effectively treat liver tumours and the technique merits further investigation.

Thermal systems involve multiple components assembled to store or transfer heat for power, cooling, or insulation purpose, and this research focuses on modeling the performance of two novel thermal systems that are capable of functioning in environments subjected to high heat fluxes. The first investigated thermal system is a cascaded thermoelectric generator (TEG) that directly converts heat into electricity and offers a green option for renewable energy generation. The presented cascaded TEG allows harvesting energy in high temperatures ranging from 473K to 973K, and being a solid-state device with no moving parts constitutes an excellent feature for increase device life cycle and minimum maintenance in harsh, remote environments. Two cascaded TEG designs are analyzed in this research: the two-stage and three-stage cascaded TEGs, and based on the findings, the two-stage cascaded TEG produces a power output of 42 W with an efficiency of 8.3% while the three-cascaded TEG produces 51 W with an efficiency of 10.2%. The second investigated novel thermal system is a thermal protection system inspired by the porous internal skeleton of the cuttlefish also known as cuttlebone. The presented bio- inspired thermal protection has excellent features to serve as an integrated thermal protection system for spacecraft vehicles including being lightweight (93% porosity) and possessing high compressive strength. A large amount of heat flux is generated from friction between air and spacecraft vehicle exterior, especially during reentry into the atmosphere, and part of the herein presented research involves a thermomechanical modeling analysis of the cuttlebone bio-inspired integrated thermal protection system along with comparing its performance with three conventional structures such as the wavy, the pyramid, and cylindrical pin structures. The results suggest that the cuttlebone integrated thermal protection system excels the best at resisting deformation caused by thermal expansion when subjected to aerodynamic heat fluxes.
Doctor of Philosophy
Operating engineering systems in extremely hot environments often decreases systems' reliability, life cycle, and creates premature failure. This research investigates two novel thermal systems capable of functioning in high temperatures including a cascaded thermoelectric generator (TEG) and a bio-inspired thermal protection system. The first evaluated novel thermal systems is a cascaded TEG that directly converts waste heat into power, and being a solid-state device with no moving parts forms an excellent feature for device life cycle improvement and minimum maintenance in harsh, remote environments. The research findings show that the designed cascaded TEGs can produce power when subjected to high temperatures ranging from 473K to 973K. The remaining part of the research presented in this dissertation models the thermomechanical performance of a lightweight structure, which is inspired by the internal skeleton of the cuttlefish, also knows as the cuttlebone. The cuttlefish's natural ability to support high-deep sea pressure translates into possessing high compressive strength, and when added the fact of being lightweight (up to 93% porosity), the cuttlebone forms an excellent candidate to serve as integrated thermal protection for spacecraft vehicles. The last part of the presented research discuss the thermomechanical analysis of the cuttlebone when subjected to high aerodynamics heat flux generated from friction between the air and spacecraft vehicle exterior, and it was found that the cuttlebone structure resists deformation associated with the steep temperature gradient experienced by the spacecraft vehicle during travel.

Le tissu adipeux est traditionnellement décrit comme étant constitué de lobules : des entités de formes ovoïdales composées de cellules et de vaisseaux et faiblement connectées entre elles.Récemment, il a été montré qu’un potentiel métabolique spécifique (le browning) co-localise avec cette organisation en lobules au sein d’un même tissu. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous nous intéressons à décrire plus précisément l’organisation structurelle et fonctionnelle du tissu adipeux selon plusieurs aspects. Dans un premier temps, on s’attache à segmenter les lobules du tissu adipeux en utilisant une méthode de traitement d’image originale. Nous mettons en évidence une organisation 3D complexe et suivant plusieurs échelles. En particulier, il semble que le potentiel de browning soit également lié à une organisation structurelle particulière en clusters de lobules. Dans un second temps, à partir d’imagerie 3D, nous reconstruisons le réseau vasculaire entier du tissu adipeux et réalisons une simulation d’écoulements sanguins micro-vasculaires. Plusieurs hétérogénéités structurelles et fonctionnelles sont alors mises en valeurs à l’aide d’une analyse en communautés qui composent le tissu adipeux (par algorithme de clustering). Ces résultats confirment l’existence d’une zone centrale fortement vascularisée et qui se démarque également comme étant le lieu d’une perfusion sanguine d’intensité différente. Dans une dernière partie, nous abordons la question de transferts thermiques entre vaisseaux sanguins suivant des géométries simples mais pertinentes. Nous réalisons une étude systématique des paramètres adimensionnels clés du problème et mettons en évidence un invariant des échanges de chaleur : un optimum à faible nombre de Péclet (convection de même ordre que la diffusion). Nous introduisons également une méthode de calibration de paramètres effectifs dans le contexte des modèles homogénéisés de température à travers des tissus vascularisés.

Concilier patrimoine et amélioration de la performance énergétique du bâti ancien est un défi pour de nombreux centres historiques. La Communauté d’Agglomération du Grand Cahors, qui finance ce travail de thèse à travers une convention CIFRE, a souhaité s’attaquer à cette problématique en valorisant des isolants bio-sourcés. Le choix du matériau et du système d’isolation sont essentiels car ils influencent à la fois la performance hygrothermique de la paroi, la qualité de l’air intérieur, le coût et l’empreinte carbone de la rénovation. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes focalisé sur la performance hygrothermique de la paroi afin d’assurer que la mise en place d’une isolation par l’intérieur ne soit pas source de dégradations futures de la paroi. Pour cela, nous avons confronté différents outils et méthodes tels que la caractérisation physique des matériaux, une instrumentation in-situ dans deux appartements du centre ancien de Cahors et des simulations hygrothermiques alliant différents outils numériques
Improving the energy efficiency of buildings is essential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate against climate change. Historic dwellings represent a large part of the French building stock that needs to be refurbished. In the city center of Cahors, France, the old medieval dwellings are considered as valuable cultural heritage and internal insulation is often the only insulation technique that can be used when the architectural value of the exterior façade is to be preserved. This PhD thesis, funded by a CIFRE agreement with the Communauté d’Agglomération du Grand Cahors, studied the suitability of bio-based materials for the internal insulation of historical dwellings in urban area. The selection of the insulation material and the system is crucial because of its impact on the hygrothermal performance of the wall, the indoor air quality, the financial cost, and the carbon footprint of the refurbishment solution. In this study we focused on the hygrothermal performance of the walls to provide a reliable risk assessment in order to avoid hygrothermal failure. Due to the complexity of the problem and the lack of needed data, we ran a multi-scale study including both experimental (laboratory characterisation and building monitoring) and numerical modelling methods

Le béton de chanvre est un matériau de construction biosourcé pouvant répondre aux problématiques environnementales actuelles. Utilisé comme matériau de remplissage avec une bonne capacité isolante, il possède également la capacité de réguler l'humidité relative intérieure. Son comportement hygrothermique complexe résulte notamment de performances thermiques et hydriques interdépendantes. La prédiction de ces effets est réalisée à l'aide de modélisation et simulation de transferts hygrothermiques. Toutefois, l'utilisation de données d'entrée les plus représentatives possibles de la réalité est nécessaire. Les méthodes de caractérisation courantes ont souvent été développées pour des matériaux conventionnels et peuvent montrer des limites dans le cas de matériaux biosourcés. L'objectif principal de ces travaux est de déterminer les propriétés hygrothermiques d'un bloc de béton de chanvre préfabriqués à l'échelle industrielle, de mieux appréhender cette caractérisation et de décrire son comportement hygrothermique via des simulations numériques. Le matériau étudié est formulé à partir d'un liant pouzzolanique et de granulats de chènevotte. Une partie de ce travail de thèse a donc porté sur la caractérisation des propriétés physiques, thermiques et hydriques du béton de chanvre étudié ainsi que sur les méthodes de mesure. Pour chaque paramètre hygrothermique étudié, plusieurs méthodes ont été confrontées afin d'en évaluer l'impact. Dans la mesure du possible, l'influence de la température et de l'humidité sur les différents paramètres a également été estimée. Un modèle de transferts hygrothermiques est proposé avec une évaluation d'ordre de grandeur dans le cas du béton de chanvre à partir des propriétés de la littérature. Ce modèle est appliqué à une étude expérimentale à l'échelle de la paroi, dans une enceinte bi-climatique, mettant en avant l'impact de la sorption et du changement de phase sur les transferts de chaleur. En ce qui concerne les propriétés thermiques, l'étude expérimentale à l'échelle du matériau met en évidence l'impact significatif du protocole expérimental sur le résultat de mesure, en particulier pour la chaleur massique. Pour les propriétés hydriques, les essais mettent en avant l'intérêt de réaliser une étude paramétrique de type round-robin sur les matériaux biosourcés. [...]
Hemp concrete is a bio-based construction material able to meet current sustainable issues. Used as filling and insulating material, it has the capacity to regulate the indoor relative humidity. Its complex hygrothermal behavior results on interdependent thermal and hydric performances. The prediction of the hygrothermal effect is performed through heat and moisture transfer modeling and simulation. However, the use of representative inputs is necessary. Standard characterization methods have often been developed for usual building material and can show some limitations in the case of bio-based material. The main objective of these works is to determine the hygrothermal properties of a precast hemp concrete produced at industrial scale, have a better understanding of this characterization and describe its hygrothermal behavior through numerical simulations. The studied material is based on pozzolanic binder and hemp aggregates. One part of this work deals with the characterization of the physical, thermal and hydric properties of the studied material and with the measurement methods. For each hygrothermal properties, several methods have been confronted. If possible, the temperature and humidity influences have been appraised. A heat and moisture transfer model is proposed with a scale analysis based on hemp concrete properties from the literature. This model has been applied to wall scale experiments highlighting the impact of sorption and phase change phenomena on the heat transfers. With regards to the thermal properties, the experimental study at material scale highlights the significant impact of the experimental protocol on the result of the measure, particularly for the specific heat capacity. For hydric properties, the studies put forward the interest of performing a parametric round-robin test dedicated to bio-based materials. An air permeability measurement protocol designed for regular concrete has been adapted in order to evaluate the performance of a very permeable material such as the hemp concrete. The numerical model is validated on a test from a standard and a test from the literature. It manages to describe test with usual ambient solicitations performed in the bi-climatic chamber

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This work presents a spray-dryer designed to oxalate-niobate precursors and suitable for the production of Niobium Carbide. The dryer was intended to produce powders of controlled particle size. First, the precursor is dissolved in water to produce a solution of known concentration and then it is atomized on the spray-dryer to produce the powder. This equipment consists of a 304 stainless steel chamber, 0.48 m x 1.9 m (diameter x length), with a conical shape at the lower portion, which is assembled on a vertical platform. The chamber is heated by three 4 kW electrical resistances. In this process, drying air is heated as it flows inside a serpentine surrounding the chamber, in contrary to more traditional processes in which the hot drying air is used to heat the component. The air enters the chamber at the same temperature of the chamber, thus avoiding adherence of particles on the internal surface. The low speed flow is concurrent, directed from the top to the bottom portion of the chamber. Powders are deposited on a 0.4 m diameter tray, which separates the cylindrical portion from the conical portion of the chamber. The humid air is discharged though a plug placed underneath the collecting tray. A factorial experimental planning was prepared to study the influence of five parameters (concentration, input flow, operation temperature, drying air flow and spray air flow) on the characteristics of the powders produced. Particle size distribution and shape were measured by laser granulometry and scanning electronic microscopy. Then, the powders are submitted to reaction in a CH4 / H2 atmosphere to compare the characteristics of spray-dried powders with powders synthetizided by conventional methods
O presente trabalho consiste em projetar e construir um secador spray com a finalidade de secar precursores do tipo oxalato-niobato de am?nia para obten??o de p?s com granulometria controlada e adequados ? produ??o de carbetos de Ni?bio policristalino. Este precursor ? atualmente obtido com granulometria dispersa, e morfologia n?o uniforme. A secagem em spray pode uniformizar as propriedades de materiais que s?o dissolvidos em ?gua, gerando uma solu??o de concentra??o conhecida que ? ent?o, atomizada no secador spray visando ? obten??o do material na forma de p?. O secador ? constitu?do por uma c?mara de secagem em a?o inox 304 medindo 0,48 m de di?metro por 1,90 m de comprimento, montado em uma plataforma vertical e com formato tronco c?nico na sua parte inferior. A c?mara ? aquecida por tr?s cintas de resist?ncias eletricas com pot?ncia total de 4 kW e o ar ? aquecido ao passar por serpentinas constru?das ao redor da c?mara de secagem. O sistema foi projetado de maneira n?o convencional tendo como objetivo principal a produ??o de p?s de precursores com granulometria fina e com uma boa distribui??o do tamanho das part?culas. Foi realizado um planejamento fatorial experimental visando ? an?lise da influ?ncia de cinco par?metros (concentra??o, vaz?o da alimenta??o, temperatura de opera??o, vaz?o do ar de secagem e vaz?o do ar do atomizador) sobre as caracter?sticas dos p?s obtidos usando-se solu??es de bicarbonato de s?dio. As Caracter?sticas f?sicas foram avaliadas a partir de an?lise de ?rea superficial, DRX, tamanho e forma das part?culas, granulometria a laser e microscopia eletr?nica de varredura. Em seguida foi realizada a secagem do precursor e, os p?s obtidos foram submetidos a rea??es com CH4 / H2 com o objetivo de comparar as caracter?sticas dos p?s oriundos do secador spray e aqueles que n?o tiveram esse tratamento. Os resultados mostraram que o equipamento produziu part?culas de bicarbonato de s?dio com di?metros m?dios de 2,4 a 52,4 μm, conforme as temperatura e vaz?es de alimenta??o, e se mostrou capaz de secar precursores do tipo oxalato-niobato de am?nia sem perda de suas caracter?sticas

Promouvoir le béton à base de bois de palmier dattier (DPC) dans la construction neuve et dans la rénovation des bâtiments existants nécessite en premier lieu une caractérisation complète de son comportement hygrothermique à multi échelle (matériau, paroi et bâtiment). Dans ce travail de thèse, le comportement hygrothermique du béton de bois palmier dattier a été étudié expérimentalement à l'échelle matériau, puis à l'échelle mur. Dans une première partie, les isothermes d’adsorption-désorption ainsi que l’effet d’hystérésis du DPC ont été caractérisés dans des conditions statiques. Les résultats recueillis ont révélé une capacité hydrique élevée de ce matériau par rapport à d’autres matériaux de construction. Par ailleurs, la valeur du tampon hydrique et l'effet de la température sur les cycles successifs d'adsorption / désorption ont également été évalués dans des conditions dynamiques. Il a été constaté que le processus de sorption est fortement affecté par la variation de la température. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de classer le DPC comme un matériau hygroscopique possédant une excellente capacité de régulation d’humidité. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, le comportement hygrothermique d’un mur en DPC a été étudié expérimentalement à l’aide d’une chambre climatique. Plusieurs scénarios de variations de température et d'humidité relative ont été appliqués sur une seule face du mur. Les variations de la température et d'humidité à différentes profondeurs de la paroi ont été mesurées à l'aide de capteurs. Plusieurs phénomènes thermo-hydriques ont été mis en évidence tels que l'effet du couplage de transfert de chaleur et d'humidité relatif aux phénomènes d'évaporation-condensation et d’adsorption-désorption. En outre, une inertie thermique et hydrique importante a été observée à travers le mur de DPC, ce qui permet de limiter la surchauffe et de réduire la condensation interstitielle pour des constructions durables
Promoting the date palm concrete in new constructions and renovating buildings requires a full hygrothermal characterization at several scales (material, wall and building). In this thesis, the hygrothermal behavior of date palm concrete was experimentally investigated, firstly at material scale then at wall scale. In the first part, the adsorption-desorption isotherms and the hysteresis effect of DPC were characterized under static conditions.The results revealed a high hygric capacity for this material compared with other classical building materials. The moisture buffer value and the effect of temperature on successive adsorption/desorption cycles were also assessed under dynamic conditions. It was found that the sorption process is highly affected by the temperature. Furthermore, this bio-based mortar was classified as hygroscopic and breathable material with excellent moisture buffer capacity. In the second part of the thesis, we have experimentally investigated the hygrothermal behavior at wall scale. The investigation was performed using a climatic chamber where the variation of temperature and relative humidity were applied on one side of the wall. These both parameters were measured at different depths of the biobased wall using sensors. Several thermo-hygric phenomena were highlighted such as the high coupling effect between the heat and moisture transfer due to the evaporation-condensation and adsorption-desorption phenomena. Besides, significant thermal and hygric inertia was observed through the DPC wall which allows mitigating overheating and reducing interstitial condensation for sustainable constructions

Le caractère fortement hydrophile des isolants thermiques bio-sourcés, a montré que les modèles classiques de transfert thermique ne sont pas suffisamment adaptés pour leur caractérisation thermique. Ce travail de thèse vise à répondre à cette problématique par des approches expérimentale et théorique des transferts couplés chaleur-humidité. Dans l’approche expérimentale, un isolant thermique en feutre de fibres de lin (FFL) a été développé puis caractérisé, dans différents états hygrométriques, au moyen d’un dispositif Plan Chaud asymétrique. Des isothermes d’adsorption de l’humidité corrélés aux modèles théoriques GAB, GDW et Park permettent une caractérisation hydrique de cet isolant. Dans l’approche théorique, un modèle physique, de transfert couplé chaleur-humidité au sein de l’isolant FFL humide, est proposé. Il est résolu numériquement, en configuration 3D transitoire, par la méthode de éléments finis sous COMSOL Multiphysics et par la méthode des différences finies, en configuration 1D transitoire, sous MATLAB. La méthode de Levenberg-Marquardt couplée avec le modèle direct 1D transitoire et les températures mesurées a permis d’estimer la conductivité thermique apparente de l'échantillon étudié avec une erreur relative inférieure à 6% par rapport aux mesures expérimentales, validant ainsi les modèles théoriques
The conventional heat transfer models are not sufficiently suitable for thermal characterization of bio-sourced thermal insulating materials due to their strongly hydrophilic nature. The proposed work in this PhD thesis aims to answer this problem with experimental and theoretical approaches of coupled heat-moisture transfers. In the experimental approach, a thermal insulating material based on Flax Fiber Felt (FFF) is developed and then characterized at different hygrometric conditions with an asymmetric hot plate device. The humidity diffusion characterization of the samples is done using the GAB, GDW and Park theoretical moisture adsorption isotherm models. In the theoretical approach, a physical model of heat and mass transfer is proposed. It is solved numerically, in transient 3D configuration, by the finite element method under COMSOL Multiphysics and, in transient 1D configuration, by the finite difference method under MATLAB. The Levenberg-Marquardt method coupled with the 1D transient direct model and the measured temperatures made it possible to estimate the apparent thermal conductivity of the studied sample with a relative error of less than 6% compared to the experimental measurements, thus validating the theoretical models

Différentes techniques de chirurgie mini-invasive permettent aujourd’hui d’effectuer les procédures d'ablation de tumeurs. La cryochirurgie est une de ces techniques et fonctionne grâce à une technique de décompression très rapide de l'argon à l’extrémité d’une sonde en forme d'aiguille. La planification pré-opératoire de ce type d’intervention est très difficile pour le chirurgien, qui doit se représenter mentalement la disposition finale des aiguilles par rapport à la position des structures anatomiques complexe. Une sur-ablation ou une sous-ablation peuvent entraîner des complications donc, devant le besoin crucial d'une telle planification, dans cette thèse nous nous sommes concentrés sur la planification pré-opératoire automatisée de la cryochirurgie,avec les objectifs de assister le chirurgien grâce à une prédiction plus réaliste des zones d'ablation et proposer automatiquement un placement d'aiguille avec un risque minimal pour le patient dans un délai acceptable pour une utilisation en salle d'opération
There exist several minimally invasive techniques to perform tumor ablation procedures.Cryosurgery is one of these techniques and works by decompressing very rapidly the argon gas through a needle-like probe. It is hard for the surgeons to imagine final results and plan the surgery in advance in a complicated anatomical environment. Over-ablation or under ablation may result in complications during the treatment. So, due to a crucial need for having such a planning tool, in this thesis we focused on an automated pre-surgical planning for cryosurgery with goals to support the physician by utilizing a more realistic prediction of ablation zones and proposing a needle placement setup with a close to minimum risk to the patient and an optimal coverage of the tumor by the iceball in an acceptable time for the use in the operation room

Le travail développé dans cette thèse a pour but d’étudier le comportement hygrothermique de matériaux isolants bio-sourcés, et plus particulièrement les fibres de bois, le béton de chanvre, la laine de lin, la laine de mouton, le métisse® et les anas de lin. Ces matériaux, par essence naturels, présentent des spécificités liées à leur origine (animale ou végétale) et à leur structure (fibres, paille, matrice solide…). Leur porosité, très élevée, les rend réactifs aux variations d’humidité relative ambiante, ce qui peut impacter leurs performances thermiques et leur durabilité (comme pour tous les matériaux), mais également leur conférer des capacités de régulation. Dans un souci d’améliorer la connaissance de ces matériaux particuliers, nous proposons tout d’abord d’étudier l’impact causé par l’humidité sur leurs caractéristiques thermiques, principalement la conductivité thermique et la chaleur spécifique. Ensuite les caractéristiques hygrothermiques sont étudiées, ce qui permet de mieux comprendre les phénomènes dépendant des capacités d’adsorption, de désorption, de perméabilité ou de résistance à la vapeur d’eau. On se rend compte également de l’importance du gradient de température sur l’évolution des transferts hygriques au sein des matériaux. En plaçant les isolants bio-sourcés sous sollicitations aléatoires ou en conditions réelles d’utilisation, nous pouvons suivre leur comportement d’un point de vue expérimental. Le couplage à une approche numérique permet d’identifier les paramètres d’influence prépondérants, dans l’optique de la prédiction des transferts couplés chaleur/masse par une simulation dans des conditions particulières d’utilisation, comme la rénovation d’un habitat existant. On constate à partir de mesures in situ que ces matériaux ont une grande capacité d’adaptation à des environnements dont l’humidité relative est évolutive
The work developed in this thesis aims to study the hygrothermal behavior of bio-sourced insulating materials, and more particularly wood fibers, hemp concrete, linen wool, sheep wool, material made of textile recycling (metisse®) and flax shives. These materials, which are essentially natural, have specific characteristics linked to their origin (animal or vegetable) and their structure (fibers, straw, solid matrix, etc.). Their very high porosity makes them reactive to the relative humidity variations, which can affect their thermal performances and their durability (as for all materials), but also give them a regulation capacities. In order to improve the knowledge of these particular materials, first, we propose to study the impact caused by moisture on their thermal characteristics, mainly thermal conductivity and specific heat. Then the hygrothermal characteristics are studied, which makes it possible to better understand the phenomena depending on the capacities of adsorption, desorption, permeability or water vapor resistance. Also, we realize the importance of the temperature gradient impact on the evolution of the hygroscopic transfers within the materials. By placing the studied bio-sourced insulation materials under random loading or under real conditions, it will be possible to follow their hygrothermal behavior from an experimental point of view. The numerical approach makes it possible to identify the preponderant influence parameters, in the context of the prediction of coupled heat and mass transfers by simulation under particular conditions of use, such as the renovation of an existing habitat. On the basis of in situ measurements, it can be seen that these materials have a high adaptability to environments whose relative humidity is evolutionary

碩士
國立成功大學
機械工程學系碩士在職專班
102
2-D Bio-heat Transfer Analysis with Electromagnetic Induction Heating Min-Te, Huang Jiin-Yuh, Jang Department Of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University SUMMARY In the present study, the principle associated with electromagnetic and conduction heat transfer is adopted to investigate electromagnetic induction heating process of a needle and temperature distribution within the biological tissue. The 2-D axis-symmetry physical models according to the geometry of swine intervertebral disc and human hepatic tumors are established for numerical simulation. Experimental measurements were conducted to validate the accuracy of numerical simulation. In addition, the results in terms of temperature variation within the swine intervertebral disc and human hepatic tumors are established to explore the effective therapy area of tumor treatment through induction heating technique. Overall, the analyzed numerical results are compared with the swine intervertebral disc experimental data. The total deviation between the experimental measurement and numerical simulation is less than 6％ for the temperature at needle surface. In addition, different diameters of needles (1mm, 1.5mm and 2mm) are conducted for the human’s hepatic tumor. The results showed the temperature for needle diameter of 2.0mm is 57% higher than that of 1.0mm. Key words: electromagnetic induction heating, bio-heat transfer, blood perfusion INTRODUCTION Electromagnetic induction heating has been extensively explored in medical history as a tool for cancer treatment. Electromagnetic induction heating is a simple and straight-forward treatment with fewer side effects. Recently, induction heating approaches including radio frequency ablation , microwave ablation and electromagnetic thermotherapy by using the alternating magnetic field to heat the magnetic material to high temperature. Electromagnetic field ablation has been extensively explored and has proven to be effective for localized thermal ablation. It uses magnetic materials under an alternating magnetic field to generate heat due to the induced eddy currents and the hysteresis energy loss. With this approach, high temperatures can be induced and used for the ablation of tissues or tumor cells. Furthermore, a two-section needle which includes the magnetic section and the non-magnetic section has been designed for the electromagnetic thermal ablation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our high-frequency electromagnetic thermotherapy system consisted of a electromagnetic field generator, a cooling water circulation system, induction coils(diameter=66mm), two-section needle, and a data recorder system which is used to record the needle surface temperature. The 2-D axis-symmetry physical models according to the geometry of swine intervertebral disc and human hepatic tumors are established for numerical simulation. Experimental measurements were conducted to validate the accuracy of numerical simulation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the present study, for experimental temperature measurements with regard to the swine intervertebral disc, parameters such as needle diameters (0.7mm、0.9mm), distances between the needles and induction coils(4mm、9mm) and input current values (198A、249A and 289A) are performed to capture the temperature distributions within the disc. Figure 1. displays the effect of needles diameters on the heating curve of intervertebral disc. The result show that the deviation between the experimental measurement and numerical simulation is less than 3％ for the temperature at needle surface. Figure 2. displays the effect of distances between the needles and induction coils on the heating curve of intervertebral disc. The result show that the deviation between the experimental measurement and numerical simulation is less than 6％ for the temperature at needle surface. Figure 3. displays the effect of input current values on the heating curve of intervertebral disc. The result show that the deviation between the experimental measurement and numerical simulation is less than 5％ for the temperature at needle surface. In addition, different diameters of needles (1mm, 1.5mm and 2mm) are conducted for the human’s hepatic tumor. Furthermore, the effect of tumor’s blood perfusion on the thermal therapy is investigated (ωbt=0, 0.004762, 0.009524 and 0.019 m3/s•m3 tissue ). Figure 4. displays the temperature distributions of hepatic tumor for different needles diameters. The results showed the temperature for needle diameter of 2.0mm is 57% higher than that of 1.0mm. Figure 5. displays the temperature distributions of hepatic tumor for different blood perfusion rate. Under the simulation condition of dN=1.5mm, the result shows when the tumor’s blood perfusion rate are changed: (1)CASE A, the range of needle therapeutic is up to 7mm. (2)CASE B, the range of needle therapeutic is up to 5mm. (3)CASE C, the range of needle therapeutic is up to 3.7mm. (4)CASE D, the range of needle therapeutic is up to 2.6mm. CONCLUSION The analyzed numerical results has been compared with the experimental data. The result show that when the input current value is fixed, the temperature for the needle with diameter of 0.9mm is about 7％ higher than that of 0.7mm. As far as the effective therapy area is concerned, the needle being away 9mm from coil has poorer effectiveness than that of 4mm due to the fact that the whole temperature drops about 9%. Overall, the total deviation between the experimental measurement and numerical simulation is less than 6％ for the temperature at needle surface. In addition, different diameters of needles (1mm, 1.5mm and 2mm) are conducted for the human’s hepatic tumor. The results showed the temperature for needle diameter of 2.0mm is 57% higher than that of 1.0mm. Furthermore, the effect of tumor’s blood perfusion on the thermal therapy is investigated (ωbt=0, 0.004762, 0.009524 and 0.019 m3/s•m3 tissue ) . The result shows when the tumor’s blood perfusion rate are ωbt =0 (m3/s•m3 tissue) and ωbt =0.019(m3/s•m3 tissue): (1) Needle diameter dN=1.0mm, the maximum temperature difference is about 22%, and the range of needle therapeutic is up to 6.5mm. (2) Needle diameter dN=1.5mm, the maximum temperature difference is about 24%, and the range of needle therapeutic is up to 7mm. (3) Needle diameter dN= 2.0mm, the maximum temperature difference is about 26%, the range of needle therapeutic is up to 7.2mm. Figure 1. Different needles diameters for numerical and experimental temperature comparison chart (intervertebral disc) Figure 2. Different distances between the needles and induction coils for numerical and experimental temperature comparison chart (intervertebral disc) Figure 3. Different input current for numerical and experimental temperature comparison chart (intervertebral disc) Figure 4. Different needles diameters for numerical temperature comparison chart (hepatic tumor) Figure 5. Different blood perfusion rate for numerical temperature comparison chart (hepatic tumor),dN=1.5mm

碩士
臺北城市科技大學
機電整合研究所
103
This research experimentally investigates the heat transfer performance of heat sink with bio-mimetic oscillating foil at various frequencies. The oscillating angular velocity is formed by a mechanism including a cam and linking parts. The air flow in a rectangular duct and the temperature in the heat sink are measured to assess the flow rate and the thermal performance under different conditions. The Strouhal number and effective thermal resistance are estimated through the measured data. Two cams and three types of foil are utilized in the experiments. Results show that the angular velocity profile and flexural stiffness of oscillating foil have significant effect on the thermal performance of heat sink. Appropriate combination of cam and foil material can raise the flow rate by 20〜50%. It can also enhance the heat transfer and can reduce the effective thermal resistance.

碩士
國立成功大學
機械工程學系
89
With the recent of advance in the biomedical engineering, the research of the bio-heat transfer for human body is increasingly from qualitative analysis to quantitative analysis. Therefore people have to know thoroughly the characteristic and theory of heat transfer for human body. The classical Fourier heat flux model assumes the infinite propagation velocity of thermal wave, which is definitely permitted for the majority of thermal problems. However, the Fourier law breaks down when the heat conduction process in living tissues involves low temperature. Under this circumstance, a finite propagation velocity should be required for such problem. Up to date, the published paper concerning the advanced study of the heat conduction problems with the thermal wave effect for living tissues is limited so this is the main reason why this project is proposed. This hybrid numerical method is the combination of the Laplace transform technique and the control volume method in conjunction with the least square scheme to analyze the thermal wave phenomena in living tissues. Various examples are illustrated to evidence the precision.

碩士
國立虎尾科技大學
機械與機電工程研究所
100
In this paper we analyze the flow of bio-magnetic fluid along a vertical surface under the influence of a localized magnetic field, which is generated by an electric current going through a wire placed parallel to the plate. Numerical solutions are generated by the finite difference method to explore the influence of important parameters on the flow and heat transfer characteristics. The velocity and temperature profiles in the boundary layer for various values of magnetic induction are obtained. Also, the local friction coefficient and local Nusselt number are calculated. The influence of magnetic induction on the transport parameters are examined. Moreover, the impacts of change of the wire location on the flow and heat transfer are investigated. The results show that the velocity profiles are increased due to the influence of magnetic induction. When magnetic induction increases, the velocity profiles increase more apparently. The temperature profiles are decreased due to the influence of magnetic induction. When mangetic induction increases, the temperature profiles decrease more obiviosly. The local friction coefficient and local Nusselt number are affected by the magnetic induction in a similar way as that for the velocity profile. In addition, the change in the wire location has significant influence on the local friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, velocity and temperature profiles.

The main accomplishments of this research are

(1) developed a high fidelity computational methodology based on large eddy simulation to capture lean blowout (LBO) behaviors of different fuels;

(2) developed fundamental insights into the combustion processes leading to the flame blowout and fuel composition effects on the lean blowout limits;

(3) developed artificial intelligence-based models for early detection of the onset of the lean blowout in a realistic complex combustor.

The methodologies are demonstrated by performing the lean blowout (LBO) calculations and statistical analysis for a conventional (A-2) and an alternative bio-jet fuel (C-1).

High-performance computing methodology is developed based on the large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence models, detailed chemistry and flamelet based combustion models. This methodology is employed for predicting the combustion characteristics of the conventional fuels and bio-derived alternative jet fuels in a realistic gas turbine engine. The uniqueness of this methodology is the inclusion of as-it-is combustor hardware details such as complex hybrid-airblast fuel injector, thousands of tiny effusion holes, primary and secondary dilution holes on the liners, and the use of highly automated on the fly meshing with adaptive mesh refinement. The flow split and mesh sensitivity study are performed under non-reacting conditions. The reacting LES simulations are performed with two combustion models (finite rate chemistry and flamelet generated manifold models) and four different chemical kinetic mechanisms. The reacting spray characteristics and flame shape are compared with the experiment at the near lean blowout stable condition for both the combustion models. The LES simulations are performed by a gradual reduction in the fuel flow rate in a stepwise manner until a lean blowout is reached. The computational methodology has predicted the fuel sensitivity to lean blowout accurately with correct trends between the conventional and alternative bio-jet fuels. The flamelet generated manifold (FGM) model showed 60% reduction in the computational time compared to the finite rate chemistry model.

The statistical analyses of the results from the high fidelity LES simulations are performed to gain fundamental insights into the LBO process and identify the key markers to predict the incipient LBO condition in swirl-stabilized spray combustion. The bio-jet fuel (C-1) exhibits significantly larger CH₂O concentrations in the fuel-rich regions compared to the conventional petroleum fuel (A-2) at the same equivalence ratio. It is observed from the analysis that the concentration of formaldehyde increases significantly in the primary zone indicating partial oxidation as we approach the LBO limit. The analysis also showed that the temperature of the recirculating hot gases is also an important parameter for maintaining a stable flame. If this temperature falls below a certain threshold value for a given fuel, the evaporation rates and heat release rated decreases significantly and consequently leading to the global extinction phenomena called lean blowout. The present study established the minimum recirculating gas temperature needed to maintain a stable flame for the A-2 and C-1 fuels.

The artificial intelligence (AI) models are developed based on high fidelity LES data for early identification of the incipient LBO condition in a realistic gas turbine combustor under engine relevant conditions. The first approach is based on the sensor-based monitoring at the optimal probe locations within a realistic gas turbine engine combustor for quantities of interest using the Support Vector Machine (SVM). Optimal sensor locations are found to be in the flame root region and were effective in detecting the onset of LBO ~20ms ahead of the event. The second approach is based on the spatiotemporal features in the primary zone of the combustor. A convolutional autoencoder is trained for feature extraction from the mass fraction of the OH ( data for all time-steps resulting in significant dimensionality reduction. The extracted features along with the ground truth labels are used to train the support vector machine (SVM) model for binary classification. The LBO indicator is defined as the output of the SVM model, 1 for unstable and 0 for stable. The LBO indicator stabilized to the value of 1 approximately 30 ms before complete blowout.