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1
Jayaraman, R., R. Girimurugan, V. Suresh, C. Shilaja, and S. Mayakannan. "Improvement on Tensile Properties of Epoxy Resin Matrix Sugarcane Fiber and Tamarind Seed Powder Reinforced Hybrid Bio-Composites." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 7265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.7265ecst.
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Nowadays, hybrid bio-composites are being developed by combining different natural resources as reinforcement and filler components, and this has raised their necessary qualities dramatically. Sugarcane fibre and tamarind seed powder particles added to an epoxy resin matrix to test the material's tensile strength were the focus of this study. A reinforcing material is sugarcane fibre, while filler components include tamarind seed powder particles. Different reinforcement and filler materials were used to make hybrid bio-composite specimens, while the epoxy resin weight percentage was maintained constant. Utilizing the hot press compression moulding technology, hybrid bio-composite boards were manufactured from start to finish. Water jet machining is used to remove hybrid bio-composite specimens for compression tests in accordance with ASTM standards from the hybrid bio-composite boards. It has been shown in experiments, for example, that adding tamarind seed powder particles to a sugarcane fiber/epoxy resin matrix considerably increases the hybrid bio-composites' tensile characteristics.
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Nassar, Mahmoud M. A., Belal J. Abu Tarboush, Khalid I. Alzebdeh, Nasr Al-Hinai, and Tasneem Pervez. "New Synthesis Routes toward Improvement of Natural Filler/Synthetic Polymer Interfacial Crosslinking." Polymers 14, no. 3 (February 7, 2022): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030629.
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Among the critical issues dictating bio-composite performance is the interfacial bonding between the natural fibers and polymer matrix. In this regard, this article presents new synthesis routes comprising the treatment and functionalization of both date palm powder (DPP) filler and a polypropylene (PP) matrix to enhance filler–polymer adhesion in the newly developed bio-composites. Specifically, four bio-composite forms are considered: untreated DPP filled PP (DPP-UT/PP), treated DPP filled PP (DPP-T/PP), treated DPP filled functionalized PP using 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (DPP-T/PP-g-IEM), and treated and functionalized DPP using 4-toluenesulfonyl chloride filled functionalized PP using 2-acrylamide ((DPP-T)-g-TsCl/PP-g-AcAm). The functional groups created on the surface of synthesized PP-g-IEM react with activated hydroxyl groups attached to the filler, resulting in chemical crosslinking between both components. Similarly, the reaction of TsCl with NH2 chemical groups residing on the mating surfaces of the filler and polymer generates an amide bond in the interface region. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is used to confirm the successful coupling between the filler and polypropylene matrix after applying the treatment and functionalization schemes. Owing to the introduced crosslinking, the DPP-T/PP-g-IEM bio-composite exhibits the best mechanical properties as compared to the neat polymer, unfunctionalized polymer-based bio-composite, and (DPP-T)-g-TsCl/PP-g-AcAm counterpart. The applied compatibilizers assist in reducing the water uptake of the manufactured bio-composites, increasing their durability.
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Stevulova, Nadezda, and Jozef Junak. "Green Building Materials Based on Waste Filler and Binder." Civil and Environmental Engineering 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 542–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cee-2021-0055.
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Abstract This study is aimed at the application of alternative binder (AB) into bio-aggregate-based composite. The technically important parameters (density, thermal conductivity, water absorption and compressive strength) of 28, 60 and 90 days hardened green composites containing chemically and physico-chemically modified hemp hurds (HH) with AB compared to the Portland cement (PC) are presented. Testing of two reference bio-composites with original HH confirmed higher values of compressive strength and thermal conductivity unlike water absorption for all hardened specimens based on alternative binder (MgO-cement) compared to conventional PC. Changes in the final properties of hardened bio-composites were affected by treatment process of organic filler and alkaline nature of MgO-cement. The combination of purified HH by ultrasound treatment and AB appears to be promising for preparation of bio-based composite material with better properties compared to PC. In this paper, other option of the preparation of bio-composite system based on original (non-treated) filler and binder consisting of optimal activated MgO and silica fume is presented.
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Jena, Hemalata, and Abinash Panigrahi. "The effect of clam shell powder on kinetics of water absorption of jute epoxy composite." World Journal of Engineering 18, no. 5 (February 4, 2021): 684–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-08-2020-0334.
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Purpose Here, attempts have been made to explore the possible use of Marine waste as filler materials into the bio-fibre composites. Clam shell is a type of marine waste which belongs to the class of Bivalvia. It is mainly made of aragonite crystalline polymorphs. This paper aims to develop a new class of natural fibre composite in which jute fibre as reinforcement, epoxy as matrix and clam shell, as particulate microsphere filler. The study investigates the effects of different amounts of clam shell powder on the kinetics of water absorption of jute fibre-reinforced epoxy composite. Two different environmental conditions at room temperature, i.e. distilled water and seawater, are collected for this purpose. Moisture absorption reduces when clam shell is added to the jute-epoxy composite. The curve of water absorption of jute-epoxy composites with filler loading at both environmental conditions follows as Fickian behaviour. Design/methodology/approach Hand lay-up technique to fabricate the composite – Experimental observation Findings The incorporation of Clam shell filler in jute epoxy composite modified the water absorption property of the composite. Hence the present marine waste is an potential filler in jute fibre reinforced polymer composite. Originality/value The paper demonstrates a new class hybrid composite material which uses a marine waste as important phase in the bio-fibre-reinforced composite. It is a new work submitted for original research paper.
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Shaik, Shameem Akthar, Jens Schuster, Yousuf Pasha Shaik, and Monis Kazmi. "Manufacturing of Biocomposites for Domestic Applications Using Bio-Based Filler Materials." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 3 (March 2, 2022): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6030078.
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Filler materials are considered added value (volume) to composite materials. The addition of filler materials leads to altering the material characteristics. Nowadays, there has been a notable increase in bio-based materials in polymers and polymer composites. In this regard, agricultural wastes (low-cost renewable substrates) are used as filler content to prepare bioplastic composites, as they are available plenty in quantity and economical in price. Bioplastics composite samples are compounded by adding different amounts of eggshell powder and walnut shell powder in weight proportion to the plasticized PLA. The plasticization is realized with 5 wt.% of Epoxidized Soybean Oil. The prepared bioplastic granules are further processed by injection molding to dog bone-shaped samples subjected to different mechanical, thermal, and optical microscopy tests. Mechanical tests such as Tensile, Charpy Impact, and Flexural tests yielded decreased properties compared to virgin PLA. However, the properties of plasticized PLA–ES composite showed better results than plasticized PLA–WS composite.
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Nayak, Suhas Yeshwant, Srinivas Shenoy Heckadka, Anil Baby, Rashmi Samant, and K. Rajath Shenoy. "Influence of bio-filler on the mechanical properties of glass/nylon fibre reinforced epoxy based hybrid composites." Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering 21, no. 3 (August 2, 2021): 631–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jcm-200048.
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Studies on bio-fillers addition to polymer composites is gaining momentum as it is an effective substitute for core reinforcements, leading to cost reduction in manufacturing composites and enhanced composite performance. The present study utilizes plain E-glass and nylon fibre woven mats as reinforcements with treated broiler egg shell as a filler for developing the composites. Composite laminates were fabricated with varying filler contents. Composites were characterized for tensile, flexural and impact strength. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out to observe the fibre matrix interactions. Results showed a decline in tensile and flexural properties mainly due to weak interfacial bonding while an improvement in resistance to impact loading was observed in Glass Fibre (GF), Nylon Fibre(NF) and Hybrid Composites (HC) with the addition of filler material.
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Murugan, Giri, Ganesh Babu Loganathan, G. Sivaraman, C. Shilaja, and S. Mayakannan. "Compressive Behavior of Tamarind Shell Powder and Fine Granite Particles Reinforced Epoxy Matrix Based Hybrid Bio-Composites." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 7111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.7111ecst.
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Nowadays, hybrid bio-composites are being developed by combining different natural resources as reinforcement and filler components, and this has raised their necessary qualities dramatically. An epoxy resin matrix for compressive qualities was tested experimentally with the inclusion of fine granite powder and tamarind shell powder particles. As reinforcement materials, fine granite powder and tamarind shell powder are employed. Specimens of hybrid bio-composite were created by altering the reinforcement material weight % while maintaining the epoxy resin weight percentage the same. Utilizing a compression moulding process, composite boards made of hybrid biomaterials were created. Water jet machining is used to remove hybrid bio-composite specimens for compression tests in accordance with ASTM standards from the hybrid bio-composite boards. When fine granite and tamarind shell powder particles are added to the epoxy resin matrix, experimental results show that compressive characteristics of the hybrid bio-composites are greatly improved.
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Rahman, Wan Aizan Wan Abd, N. M. Isa, A. R. Rahmat, N. Adenan, and R. R. Ali. "Rice Husk/High Density Polyethylene Bio-Composite: Effect of Rice Husk Filler Size and Composition on Injection Molding Processability with Respect to Impact Property." Advanced Materials Research 83-86 (December 2009): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.83-86.367.
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The compounding of rice husk and high density polyethylene (HDPE) was undertaken on a Sino PSM 30 co-rotating twin screw extruder. Four sizes of rice husk were studied at various compositions. The size ranged from 500 μm and below (coded A, B, C and D) while the content of rice husk in the composite varies from 30, 40 and 50 percent of weight. A fixed amount of Ultra-Plast TP10 as a compatibilizer and Ultra-Plast TP 01 as lubricant, were added into the bio-composite compound. The injection molding process ability of the bio-composite was studied through flow behavior on melt flow indexer and analyzed on JSW N100 B11 Injection Molding. Size A which has the largest particle is the most appropriate size as the bio-composite filler based on thermal stability test. The melt flow rate of rice husk/HDPE (RHPE) decreases with the increased in rice husk compositions and apparent viscosity also increases with composition for all filler size. Melt flow rate above 4g/10 min was found to be the lower limit for injection molding process. The smaller the filler size, the lower is the impact strength and the increased in the filler composition lowers the impact strength. A bio-composite at 30 weight percent rice husk size A (RH30PEA) was found to have optimum rheological properties with respect to impact strength.
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Senthil Kumar, M., G. Sakthivel, R. Jagadeeshwaran, J. Lakshmipathi, M. Vanmathi, T. Mohanraj, and Yesgat Admassu. "Development of Eco-Sustainable Silica-Reinforced Natural Hybrid Polymer Composites for Automotive Applications." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (December 21, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5924457.
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The increasing demand for eco-friendly materials and technology has made the industry focus on bio-compatible composites. This made the researchers explore the potential of eco-friendly, bio-degradable, and inexpensive banana fibre for automotive applications. This work reports the preparation and testing of banana fibre natural hybrid composite fibres randomly oriented with and without adding silica filler (5–15 wt.%) through a hand lay-up process. The mechanical properties such as tensile modulus, flexural modulus, hardness, impact strength, and water absorption capacity were measured. Composite specimens having a fibre length of 30 mm (15 wt.% of silica) exhibited better mechanical properties. The hardness, tensile, flexural, and impact strength measured were 46.74 HV, 54.71 MPa, 127.94 MPa, and 15.19 kJ/m2. The results showed significant improvement in mechanical properties in silica-reinforced hybrid composite compared to composites without silica filler. The wt.% of banana fibre increases, and the number of free hydroxyls (-OH) groups increases in cellulose, increasing moisture absorption. The pattern in which the composite absorbs the moisture at room temperature is called “Fickian behaviour.” Furthermore, scanning electron microscope (SEM) characterisation studied the interaction between fibre matrix and the distribution of silica reinforcement. This research concludes that bio-composites that exhibit improved mechanical properties are eco-friendly and are found to be suitable for automotive applications that meet present-day requirements.
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Owuamanam, Stephen, Majid Soleimani, and Duncan E. Cree. "Fabrication and Characterization of Bio-Epoxy Eggshell Composites." Applied Mechanics 2, no. 4 (September 29, 2021): 694–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applmech2040040.
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In this study, an innovative composite was fabricated in which the matrix is partially derived from natural sources and the filler from undervalued eggshell waste material. The effect of coating eggshells and mineral limestone with 2 wt.% stearic acid on the mechanical properties of a bio-epoxy matrix was investigated. Eggshells and limestone (untreated and stearic acid-treated) fillers were added to the bio-epoxy matrix in quantities of 5, 10, and 20 wt.% loadings using a solution mixing technique. The CaCO3 content in eggshells was confirmed to be 88 wt.%, and the crystalline phase was found to be calcite. The stearic acid coating did not show any decrease in crystallinity of the fillers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) displayed changes in the fractured surfaces, which infers the fillers altered the bio-epoxy polymer. The mechanical property results showed enhancements in the composite tensile modulus and flexural modulus compared to the pure bio-epoxy, as expected. In contrast, despite the improvement in the tensile and flexural strengths of the stearic acid-treated fillers, the composite strength values were not higher than those of the unfilled bio-epoxy matrix. The energy absorbed by all composites in Charpy impact tests fell below that of the pure bio-epoxy and decreased with an increase in filler content for both untreated and stearic acid-treated fillers tested at 23 and −40 °C. Statistical analysis of the results was conducted using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) with ranking based on Tukey’s method. The study identified that the addition of 5, 10, and 20 wt.% in a bio-epoxy matrix may be acceptable provided the end product requires lower tensile and flexural load requirements than those of the pure bio-epoxy. However, filler loadings below 5 wt.% would be a better choice.
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Dahal, Raj Kumar, Bishnu Acharya, and Animesh Dutta. "The Interaction Effect of the Design Parameters on the Water Absorption of the Hemp-Reinforced Biocarbon-Filled Bio-Epoxy Composites." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 7 (March 23, 2023): 6093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076093.
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Natural fiber-reinforced composites perform poorly when exposed to moisture. Biocarbon has been proven to improve the water-absorbing behavior of natural fiber composites. However, the interaction effect of the design parameters on the biocarbon-filled hemp fiber-reinforced bio-epoxy composites has not been studied. In this study, the effects of the design parameters (pyrolysis temperature, biocarbon particle size, and filler loading) on the water absorptivity and water diffusivity of hemp-reinforced biopolymer composites have been investigated. Biocarbon from the pyrolysis of hemp and switchgrass was produced at 450, 550, and 650 °C. Composite samples with 10 wt.%, 15 wt.%, and 20 wt.% of biocarbon fillers of sizes below 50, 75, and 100 microns were used. The hemp fiber in polymer composites showed a significant influence in its water uptake behavior with the value of water absorptivity 2.41 × 10−6 g/m2.s1/2. The incorporation of biocarbon fillers in the hemp biopolymer composites reduces the average water absorptivity by 44.17% and diffusivity by 42.02%. At the optimized conditions, the value of water absorptivity with hemp biocarbon and switchgrass biocarbon fillers was found to be 0.72 × 10−6 g/m2.s1/2 and 0.73 × 10−6 g/m2.s1/2, respectively. The biocarbon at 650 °C showed the least composite thickness swelling due to its higher porosity and lower surface area. Biocarbon-filled hemp composites showed higher flexural strength and energy at the break due to the enhanced mechanical interlocking between the filler particles and the matrix materials. Smaller filler particle size lowered the composite’s water diffusivity, whereas the larger particle size of the biocarbon fillers in composites minimizes the water absorption. Additionally, higher filler loading results in weaker composite tensile energy at the break due to the filler agglomeration, reduced polymer-filler interactions, reduced polymer chain mobility, and inadequate dispersion of the filler.
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Ibrahim, Ismail, Azlin Fazlina Osman, Sinar Arzuria Adnan, Lai Di Sheng, and Nazrul Haq. "Effects of hectorite loading on tear properties and biodegradability of thermoplastic starch films." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2080, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2080/1/012031.
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Abstract Development of bio-based polymers can reduce human dependence on fossil fuel and move to a sustainable material resource. In this work, thermoplastics starch (TPS) films were produced by plasticization process, in which the crystalline structure of the starch granules was destroyed and reformed by water and glycerine through mechanical stirring and heating process. Hectorite was employed as filler to reinforce the TPS films. The hectorite was subjected to ultrasonication process for reducing the size and aggregation of particles. The ultrasonicated hectorite was added into the TPS solution to produce the TPS/hectorite bio-composite by film casting method. The TPS films with hectorite loading in the range of 1% to 5% were prepared. The morphology, tear strength and soil biodegradability of the TPS/hectorite bio-composite films were studied by altering the loading of hectorite incorporated into the TPS films. Results showed that the TPS/hectorite bio-composite films have higher tear strength compared to the pure TPS films. The tear strength of the bio-composite films slightly increased with hectorite content 1% and 2%. However, as the filler loading increased to 3%, there was a drastic increase of the tear strength. The maximum tear strength value was achieved by the TPS film when 4% hectorite filler was employed. The TPS/4% hectorite (ultrasonicated) has the lowest rate of soil biodegradation due to its lower moisture uptake and greatest interface interaction between starch and hectorite, inhibiting diffusion of bacteria into the films.
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Uram, Katarzyna, Milena Leszczyńska, Aleksander Prociak, Anna Czajka, Michał Gloc, Michał K. Leszczyński, Sławomir Michałowski, and Joanna Ryszkowska. "Polyurethane Composite Foams Synthesized Using Bio-Polyols and Cellulose Filler." Materials 14, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 3474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133474.
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Rigid polyurethane foams were obtained using two types of renewable raw materials: bio-polyols and a cellulose filler (ARBOCEL® P 4000 X, JRS Rettenmaier, Rosenberg, Germany). A polyurethane system containing 40 wt.% of rapeseed oil-based polyols was modified with the cellulose filler in amounts of 1, 2, and 3 php (per hundred polyols). The cellulose was incorporated into the polyol premix as filler dispersion in a petrochemical polyol made using calenders. The cellulose filler was examined in terms of the degree of crystallinity using the powder X-ray diffraction PXRD -and the presence of bonds by means of the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FT-IR. It was found that the addition of the cellulose filler increased the number of cells in the foams in both cross-sections—parallel and perpendicular to the direction of the foam growth—while reducing the sizes of those cells. Additionally, the foams had closed cell contents of more than 90% and initial thermal conductivity coefficients of 24.8 mW/m∙K. The insulation materials were dimensionally stable, especially at temperatures close to 0 °C, which qualifies them for use as insulation at low temperatures.
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Alam, Md Najib, Vineet Kumar, Han-Saem Jung, and Sang-Shin Park. "Fabrication of High-Performance Natural Rubber Composites with Enhanced Filler–Rubber Interactions by Stearic Acid-Modified Diatomaceous Earth and Carbon Nanotubes for Mechanical and Energy Harvesting Applications." Polymers 15, no. 17 (August 31, 2023): 3612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15173612.
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Mechanical robustness and high energy efficiency of composite materials are immensely important in modern stretchable, self-powered electronic devices. However, the availability of these materials and their toxicities are challenging factors. This paper presents the mechanical and energy-harvesting performances of low-cost natural rubber composites made of stearic acid-modified diatomaceous earth (mDE) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The obtained mechanical properties were significantly better than those of unfilled rubber. Compared to pristine diatomaceous earth, mDE has higher reinforcing efficiencies in terms of mechanical properties because of the effective chemical surface modification by stearic acid and enhanced filler–rubber interactions. The addition of a small amount of CNT as a component in the hybrid filler systems not only improves the mechanical properties but also improves the electrical properties of the rubber composites and has electromechanical sensitivity. For example, the fracture toughness of unfilled rubber (9.74 MJ/m3) can be enhanced by approximately 484% in a composite (56.86 MJ/m3) with 40 phr (per hundred grams of rubber) hybrid filler, whereas the composite showed electrical conductivity. At a similar mechanical load, the energy-harvesting efficiency of the composite containing 57 phr mDE and 3 phr CNT hybrid filler was nearly double that of the only 3 phr CNT-containing composite. The higher energy-harvesting efficiency of the mDE-filled conductive composites may be due to their increased dielectric behaviour. Because of their bio-based materials, rubber composites made by mDE can be considered eco-friendly composites for mechanical and energy harvesting applications and suitable electronic health monitoring devices.
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Shou, Yuke, Lanzhi Deng, Xiaoyu Huang, Xinyu Peng, Xinxuan Zhou, Zheng Wang, Yannan Huang, et al. "Effects of Bio-Aging on Mechanical Properties and Microbial Behavior of Different Resin Composites." Biomolecules 13, no. 7 (July 14, 2023): 1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13071125.
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Under challenging oral environments, the overall performance of resin composites is affected by bio-aging. This study investigated the effects of saliva biofilm-induced bio-aging on the mechanical properties and microbial behavior of composites with different filler types. Microhybrid, nanohybrid, nano-filled and nano-filled flowable composites were bio-aged with saliva biofilm for 30 days. Surface morphology, roughness, mechanical and aesthetic properties were determined. A 48 h saliva biofilm model was used to evaluate the microbial behavior of different composites in vitro. Biofilm metabolic activity, lactic acid production and live/dead bacterial staining were tested. Six volunteers were selected to wear intra-oral appliances with composite slabs for 24 h and biofilms were collected and analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing to assess the biofilm formation over those materials in situ. Although there were increasing trends, surface roughness, water resorption and material solubility had no significant changes for all groups after bio-aging (p > 0.05). There were no significant changes in elastic modulus for all groups after aging (p > 0.05). However, a decrease in flexural strength in all groups was observed (p < 0.05), except for the nanoflow composite group (p > 0.05). The Vickers hardness remained stable in all groups after aging (p > 0.05), except for the nano-filled group (p < 0.05). The nanoflow composite showed distinct color changes compared to the micro-hybrid group after aging (p < 0.05). Biofilm metabolic activity and lactic acid production in vitro increased slightly after bio-aging in all groups, but with no statistical significance (p > 0.05). The Shannon index diversity of biofilms in situ decreased after aging (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was shown in species composition at the genus level in all groups (p > 0.05). Resin composites with different sized fillers displayed a relatively stable mechanical performance and uncompromised microbial behavior both in vitro and in situ after 30 days of bio-aging. Based on the results, composites with different filler types can be selected flexibly according to clinical needs. However, a longer time for bio-aging is still needed to confirm the mechanical properties and microbial behaviors of composites in the long run.
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Heckadka, Srinivas Shenoy, Suhas Yeshwant Nayak, P. V. Gouthaman, Abhishek Talwar, V. A. Ravishankar, Linto George Thomas, and Ankur Mathur. "Influence of Sawdust Bio-filler on the Tensile, Flexural, and Impact Properties of Mangifera Indica Leaf Stalk Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites." MATEC Web of Conferences 144 (2018): 02024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814402024.
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The need to have biodegradable composites is aloft in today’s market as they are environment friendly and are also easy to fabricate. In this study, mangifera indica leaf stalk fibres were used as reinforcement along with saw dust as bio-filler material. Unsaturated isophthalic polyester resin was used as the matrix. The fibres were treated with 6 % vol. NaOH and neutralized with 3 % vol. of dilute HCl. Treatment of sawdust fillers was done by using 2% vol. NaOH solution. Hand layup method and compression moulding technique was used to fabricate the composite laminates. Specimens for evaluating the mechanical properties were prepared by using water jet machining. The results indicated an increase in tensile, flexural and impact strength of composites with addition of sawdust upto 3%. Further addition of the bio-filler resulted in decrease of mechanical properties.
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Injorhor, Preeyaporn, Tatiya Trongsatitkul, Jatuporn Wittayakun, Chaiwat Ruksakulpiwat, and Yupaporn Ruksakulpiwat. "Nano-Hydroxyapatite from White Seabass Scales as a Bio-Filler in Polylactic Acid Biocomposite: Preparation and Characterization." Polymers 14, no. 19 (October 4, 2022): 4158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14194158.
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Nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) as a bio-filler used in PLA composites was prepared from fish by acid deproteinization (1DP) and a combination of acid-alkali deproteinization (2DP) followed by alkali heat treatment. Moreover, the PLA/nHAp composite films were developed using solution casting method. The mechanical and thermal properties of the PLA composite films with nHAp from different steps deproteinization and contents were compared. The physical properties analysis confirmed that the nHAp can be prepared from fish scales using both steps deproteinization. 1DP-nHAp showed higher surface area and lower crystallinity than 2DP-nHAp. This gave advantage of 1DP-nHAp for use as filler. PLA composite with 1DP-nHAp gave tensile strength of 66.41 ± 3.63 MPa and Young’s modulus of 2.65 ± 0.05 GPa which were higher than 2DP-nHAp at the same content. The addition of 5 phr 1DP-nHAp into PLA significantly improved the tensile strength and Young’s modulus. PLA composite solution with 1DP-nHAp at 5 phr showed electrospinnability by giving continuous fibers without beads.
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Naik, Prajapati, Samir K. Acharya, Prasanta Sahoo, and Smitirupa Pradhan. "Abrasive wear behaviour of orange peel (biowaste) particulate reinforced polymer composites." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 235, no. 10 (February 4, 2021): 2099–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650121991412.
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The development of lightweight materials has drawn more attention in the last decade in the field of household, construction and automobile sectors in place of conventional materials. New environmental policies are forcing researchers to design and develop new lightweight materials that are environmentally friendly. The development of bio-composites in place of synthetic fibre composites is one of the solutions for this. This article deals with an experimental investigation of tribological properties of orange peel particulate (a biowaste) epoxy composites. The hand layup technique is used to fabricate the composite material by varying the filler loading from 0 to 30% with a variation of 10%. The abrasive wear behaviour of the fabricated composite was analysed by using a pin-on-disc set up under dry sliding conditions with varying loads at different sliding velocities. Based on the experiments, it is observed that the wear behaviour of neat epoxy material has enhanced significantly with the addition of the orange peel particulates as filler materials. The characterisation of orange peel particulates was done using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The surface morphology study of the worn surface with respect to wear mechanism indicates plastic deformation and development of cracks at optimum filler concentration (20 wt%). With a higher filler concentration (30 wt%), brittle failure of the composite was noticed.
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Gojayev, E. M., V. V. Salimova, and S. H. Jabarov. "IR absorption spectra of high-pressure polyethylene modified by fish scales." Modern Physics Letters B 33, no. 33 (November 30, 2019): 1950412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984919504128.
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We study polymeric-based composite materials with nanostructured metal filler and bio-filler; they protect the material from environmental influences, including oxidation, and give the required flexibility to the composite, subject to biocompatibility. Composites were obtained from a homogeneous mixture of the powders of the matrix components and the filler using a heated press at a temperature of 420 K and a pressure of 15 MPa. The quenching crystallization mode is the rapid cooling of samples in a water–ice mixture. The results of a study of IR spectra taken with a Fourier spectrometer Varian 640 FT-IR, high-pressure polyethylene composites modified with biological filler, and LDPE [Formula: see text] vol.% FS [Formula: see text] vol.% Fe bio-nanocomposites in the frequency range 4000–400 cm[Formula: see text] were presented. It was revealed that the introduction of modifiers from fish scales (FS) and metallic nanoparticles (Fe) in LDPE in an optimal amount does not contribute to the appearance of new absorption bands, i.e. it practically does not change the shape of their IR spectrum. This means that the modifier of biological origin is technologically compatible with LDPE. The introduction of fish scale filler to LDPE contributes to a noticeable decrease in the intensity of the formation of C–O groups (1720 cm[Formula: see text]), which is a measure of the oxidative degradation of polymer chains. The results show that the introduction of FS into the structures of high-pressure polyethylene contributes to the formation of an optimal and stable structure, which, in turn, interferes with the intensive development of the photooxidative process caused by UV irradiation.
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Zeghlouli, Jihane, Nicola Schiavone, Haroutioun Askanian, Amine Guendouz, Cherkaoui El Modafar, Philippe Michaud, and Cédric Delattre. "Thermal, Morphological and Mechanical Properties of a BioPE Matrix Composite: Case of Shell, Pulp, and Argan Cake as Biofillers." Materials 16, no. 6 (March 10, 2023): 2241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16062241.
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Extrusion and hot compressing molding processes were used to create bio-polyethylene (BioPE) composites reinforced with argan byproducts (shell, pulp, and argan cake) as bio-fillers. The thermal stability of the composites wass analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Dynamical mechanical analysis and rheological testing were used to investigate their mechanical properties. The morphological results showed a good adhesion between the argan and BioPE matrix. More efficient mechanical properties have been distinguished in the case of argan byproduct-based composite. A higher Young’s modulus was noted for all the biocomposites compared to pure BioPE. Thermal analysis revealed that the addition of bio-filler to polymer reduced decomposition temperatures. This study provides an ecological alternative for upgrading the valorization of abundant and underutilized Moroccan biomass. Furthermore, the possibility of using argan byproducts in composite manufacturing will help open up new markets for what is currently considered waste.
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Dominguez-Candela, Ivan, Daniel Garcia-Garcia, Aina Perez-Nakai, Alejandro Lerma-Canto, Jaime Lora, and Vicent Fombuena. "Contribution to a Circular Economy Model: From Lignocellulosic Wastes from the Extraction of Vegetable Oils to the Development of a New Composite." Polymers 13, no. 14 (July 10, 2021): 2269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13142269.
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The present works focuses on the development of a novel fully bio-based composite using a bio-based high-density polyethylene (Bio-HDPE) obtained from sugar cane as matrix and a by-product of extraction of chia seed oil (CO) as filler, with the objective of achieving a circular economy model. The research aims to revalorize an ever-increasing waste stream produced by the growing interest in vegetable oils. From the technical point of view, the chia seed flour (CSF) was chemically modified using a silane treatment. This treatment provides a better interfacial adhesion as was evidenced by the mechanical and thermal properties as well as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The effect of silane treatment on water uptake and disintegration rate was also studied. On the other hand, in a second stage, an optimization of the percentage of treated CSF used as filler was carried out by a complete series of mechanical, thermal, morphological, colour, water absorption and disintegration tests with the aim to evaluate the new composite developed using chia by-products. It is noteworthy as the disintegration rate increased with the addition of CSF filler, which leads to obtain a partially biodegradable wood plastic composite (WPC) and therefore, becoming more environmentally friendly.
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Ruangudomsakul, Watcharin, Chaiwat Ruksakulpiwat, and Ruksakulpiwat Yupaporn. "The Study of Using Bio-Filler from Cassava Pulp in Natural Rubber Composites." Advanced Materials Research 747 (August 2013): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.747.371.
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Cassava pulp (CP) is an inexpensive and broadly available waste by-product from cassava starch production. This by-product is basically constituted of cellulose fiber and residual starch. In this study, cassava pulp was mixed with natural rubber (NR) with various contents using two roll mills to obtain CP/NR composites. Natural rubber grafted glycidyl methacrylate (NR-g-GMA) was used as compatibilizer in CP/NR/NR-g-GMA composites. Sulfur conventional vulcanization was used. The composite specimens were prepared by compression molding. Mechanical properties and morphological properties of composites were investigated. The results showed that tensile strength was significantly increased with increasing content of cassava pulp up to 20 phr. However, when cassava pulp was increased more than 30 phr, tensile strength was slightly decreased. Elongation at break of NR composites was not changed with increasing cassava pulp. The modulus of NR composites was increased with increasing cassava pulp content. Morphological properties of CP/NR composites was elucidated as well.
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Barzic, Andreea Irina, Iuliana Stoica, Raluca Marinica Albu, and Bogdan Oprisan. "Prediction of the Dielectric Properties of Some Eco-composite Materials for Energy-related Applications." Materiale Plastice 59, no. 4 (January 1, 2001): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.22.4.5621.
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The study establishes a theoretical evaluation trough several models concerning the dielectric properties of some new eco-composites made of a cellulosic derivative matrix - hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) - in which distinct sorts of fillers (ceramic, metallic and bio-derived) were introduced. The investigation describes the impact of the filler addition on the dielectric constant, the dielectric breakdown, and finally how these two factors are contributing to the electric energy density of purposed eco-composites. After incorporation of the reinforcement agents, the dielectric constant significantly increases comparatively with the matrix, as a function of the type of filler used. Moreover, by assessing of the dielectric breakdown, it is observed that with the increase of filler quantity, this parameter slightly decreases for all samples. The data concerning the electric energy density reveal that, by filler insertion in the HPMC matrix, an improvement occurs, especially for the barium titanate system owing to its large dielectric constant. These data are promising for design of new eco-composites having improved dielectric features as demanded for green energy storage devices. Since the materials have biodegradable and biocompatible character, they also have importance in bio-related applications.
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Susanto, Dalhar, Mochamad Chalid, Widyarko, Intan Chairunnisa, and Cut Sannas Saskia. "DRY RICE HUSK FILLER EFFECT TO TENSILE BEHAVIORS OF RECYCLED HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE)-BASED GREEN COMPOSITES." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 56, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.4.9.
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The possibility of using plastic waste to manufacture hybrid bio-composite materials with the dry husk of Asian rice (Oryza sativa L.) is investigated. The most polluted and unsustainable plastic waste is High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) due to its single-use, which decreases in quality if it is reused is selected. The mixtures chosen are local natural fiber and easy to find, potentially a preliminary study of a composites building material. Furthermore, to improve the tensile properties of this hybrid bio-composite material, an additional organic filler is used, such as rice husk (Oryza sativa L.) in a combination of 10%, 12%, and 15%. Samples for this study were processed using the hot press methods based on ASTM D882. Tested for tensile strength, modulus young, yield stress, and elongation is carried out to see an increase in the performance of the biocomposite material. The test results show that the best tensile properties are samples with 12% rice husk, resulting in excellent sample compatibility proofed by Scan Electron Microscopy to study bio-morphological composites. This project has shown that the composites based on natural fiber will be potential building materials due to their improved tensile properties.
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Susanto, Dalhar, Mochamad Chalid, Widyarko, Intan Chairunnisa, and Cut Sannas Saskia. "DRY RICE HUSK FILLER EFFECT TO TENSILE BEHAVIORS OF RECYCLED HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE)-BASED GREEN COMPOSITES." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 56, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.4.9.
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The possibility of using plastic waste to manufacture hybrid bio-composite materials with the dry husk of Asian rice (Oryza sativa L.) is investigated. The most polluted and unsustainable plastic waste is High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) due to its single-use, which decreases in quality if it is reused is selected. The mixtures chosen are local natural fiber and easy to find, potentially a preliminary study of a composites building material. Furthermore, to improve the tensile properties of this hybrid bio-composite material, an additional organic filler is used, such as rice husk (Oryza sativa L.) in a combination of 10%, 12%, and 15%. Samples for this study were processed using the hot press methods based on ASTM D882. Tested for tensile strength, modulus young, yield stress, and elongation is carried out to see an increase in the performance of the biocomposite material. The test results show that the best tensile properties are samples with 12% rice husk, resulting in excellent sample compatibility proofed by Scan Electron Microscopy to study bio-morphological composites. This project has shown that the composites based on natural fiber will be potential building materials due to their improved tensile properties.
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Mirowski, Jacek, Rafał Oliwa, Mariusz Oleksy, Jolanta Tomaszewska, Joanna Ryszkowska, and Grzegorz Budzik. "Poly(vinyl chloride) Composites with Raspberry Pomace Filler." Polymers 13, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071079.
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This study examined, the effect of chemically extracted raspberry pomace on the thermal stability, mechanical properties, flammability, chemical structure and processing of poly(vinyl chloride). It was observed that the pomace in this study was used to extract naphtha, thereby permitting the removal of bio-oil as a factor preventing the obtaining of homogeneous composites. Furthermore, adding 20% raspberry pomace filler after extraction extended the thermal stability time for the composites by about 30%. It was observed that composite density, impact strength, and tensile strength values decreased significantly with increasing concentrations of filler in the PVC matrix. At the same time, their modulus of elasticity and Shore hardness increased. All tested composites were characterized by a good burning resistance with a flammability rating of V0 according to the UL94 test. Adding 20 to 40% of a natural filler to the PVC matrix made it possible to obtain composites for the production of flame resistant elements that emitted less hydrogen chloride under fire conditions while ensuring good rigidity.
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Cree, Duncan, and Majid Soleimani. "Bio-Based White Eggshell as a Value-Added Filler in Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites." Journal of Composites Science 7, no. 7 (July 5, 2023): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs7070278.
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Based on its positive environmental impact, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has been a gradual substitute for synthetic plastics used in diverse applications. The use of industrial limestone (ILS) as a filler in polymers can have advantages of changing the properties of pure polymers. Waste eggshells (WE) can be seen as an alternative filler to ILS as they are also a source of calcium carbonate. To assess the feasibility of both filler types and sizes, PLA composites were manufactured by injection molding with filler contents of 5, 10, and 20 wt.%. Tensile, flexural, and impact mechanical properties were evaluated in addition to water absorption. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine whether statistically significant differences among the measured mechanical properties existed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to view the morphology of the fillers and fractured surfaces. The composite tensile strengths and flexural strengths performed the best when filler loadings were 5 wt.% and 10 wt.%, respectively, for both filler types. The tensile and flexural modulus both increased with filler loadings. The impact strength for the composites was obtained at a threshold level of 5 wt.% filler loadings for both filler types and slightly better for smaller particles sizes. ANOVA identified statistically significant differences for the mean mechanical property values evaluated. SEM showed the fractured surfaces of the PLA composites were different from the pure PLA indicating some transformation occurred to the matrix. The weight gains due to water absorption were observed to increase with increase in content of both filler types while the smaller particles had slightly higher water weight gains. Although the composites containing ILS fillers had somewhat enhanced mechanical properties over the WE-filled composites, the end application will dictate which filler type to use in PLA.
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Thalib, Nur Bazilah, Siti Noor Hidayah Mustapha, Chong Kwok Feng, and Rohani Mustapha. "Tailoring graphene reinforced thermoset and biothermoset composites." Reviews in Chemical Engineering 36, no. 5 (July 28, 2020): 623–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revce-2017-0091.
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AbstractThe surge of knowledge among researchers pertaining to the excellent properties of graphene has led to the utilisation of graphene as a reinforced filler in polymer composites. Different methods of graphene preparation, either bottom-up or top-down methods, are important requirements of starting materials in producing reinforced properties in the composites. The starting graphene material produced is either further functionalised or directly used as a filler in thermoset polymer matrixes. An effective interaction between graphene and polymer matrixes is important and can be achieved by incorporating graphene into a thermoset polymer matrix through melt mixing, solution mixing or in situ polymerisation processes. In addition, by taking into consideration the importance of green and sustainable composites, the details of previous work on graphene reinforced bio-thermoset polymer matrixes is discussed. The resultant mechanical and thermal properties of the composites were associated to the chemical interaction between the graphene filler and a thermoset matrix. Exploration for further variations of graphene polymer composites are discussed by taking the reinforcement properties in graphene composite as a starting point.
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Ikumapayi, Omolayo M., Opeyeolu T. Laseinde, Adedayo S. Adebayo, Jesutoni R. Oluwafemi, Temitayo S. Ogedengbe, Stephen A. Akinlabi, and Esther T. Akinlabi. "An Overview on recent trends in Biopolymer Base Composites for Tissue Regeneration." E3S Web of Conferences 391 (2023): 01085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339101085.
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This paper focused on the short review of biopolymer based composite for tissue regeneration. Biopolymers have been slowly introduced into medical applications as a result of their ability to be bio-degradable and to be easily made. By selecting the appropriate biopolymer containing the selected additives to facilitate the polymer-filler interaction, composites with the desired properties can be obtained. Interfacial interactions between biopolymers, and thus Nano-fillers, significantly control the mechanical properties of biopolymer composites and these biopolymer composites such as bone, cartilage, vascular implants, and others.
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Gortner, Florian, and Peter Mitschang. "Bio-Based and Renewable Filler Materials for Thermoset Compounds." Key Engineering Materials 809 (June 2019): 650–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.809.650.
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Sheet Molding Compound (SMC) was developed in the 1960s and initially enabled the production of glass fiber reinforced polymer composite (GFRPC) in mass production. Nowadays, both material and process are well established for the production of semi-structural components in various applications from construction industry to automotive components. Currently, approximately 20% of all glass fibers produced in Europe are processed to SMC. In this paper, the use of renewable filler materials in SMC is described. By using those alternative fillers, a density reduction of 20%, while maintaining same processability and mechanical properties of SMC, can be achieved.
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Ismail, Ahmad Safwan, Mohammad Jawaid, Norul Hisham Hamid, Ridwan Yahaya, Mohini Sain, and Siti Noorbaini Sarmin. "Dimensional stability, density, void and mechanical properties of flax fabrics reinforced bio-phenolic/epoxy composites." Journal of Industrial Textiles 52 (August 2022): 152808372211235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15280837221123594.
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Due to the growing trend to promote alternative materials, the use of cellulosic fibers as filler/reinforcement in polymer composites has increased in popularity. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of flax fabric loading on the physical and mechanical properties of bio-phenolic/epoxy composites. The composites were fabricated using hand lay-up method in a mould and cured using a hot press. Bio-phenolic/epoxy blend was fabricated as control. The sample was tested for physical, tensile, flexural, impact and morphological properties. The result showed that, increasing the flax fabric loading has increased the water absorption and density of composites. The highest water absorption density was shown by the composite with 50 wt% flax fabric loading which is 3.73% and 1.23 g/cm3. In addition, there is no significant difference in void content for all composites. Moreover, the incorporation of flax fabric as reinforcement has improved the mechanical properties of composites. According to the morphological analysis results of the experiments, there was a good bonding interaction between the flax fabric and bio-phenolic/epoxy. The highest tensile strength, tensile modulus and impact strength was shown by composite with 50 wt% flax fabric which was 105.04 MPa, 9.10 GPa and 11.94 kJ/m2 respectively while composite with 40 wt% showed the highest flexural strength and modulus which was 150.45 MPa and 8.4 GPa respectively. It was concluded that, bio-phenolic/epoxy blend reinforced with 50 wt% flax fabric showed the best overall mechanical properties and it will be used in the future study to fabricate carbon/kevlar/flax reinforced bio-phenolic/epoxy for ballistic helmet application.
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T.L., Musinguzi, Yiga V.A., and Lubwama M. "PRODUCTION OF BIO-COMPOSITE POLYMERS WITH RICE AND COFFEE HUSKS AS REINFORCING FILLERS USING A LOW-COST COMPRESSION MOLDING MACHINE." Journal of Engineering in Agriculture and the Environment 5, no. 1 (September 30, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37017/jeae.v5i1.49.
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A compression molding machine was developed to produce bio-composite polymers using rice and coffeehusks as reinforcing filler (5% weight) with high density polyethylene (95% weight) as the base polymer.Rice and coffee husks are typically disposed by open burning in fields. Their use as reinforcing fillerstherefore reduces on the negative impacts of their disposal. The developed compression molding machinewas constructed using mainly mild steel and stainless steel. It consisted of heating chamber, mold base,compression shaft and observation window. A temperature controller was incorporated to regulate thetemperature in the heating chamber. Elongation, tensile strength and water absorption tests were carried outon the developed bio-composite polymers. Results indicated that inclusion of rice husks (5%) reduced thetensile strength and percentage elongation of the developed bio-composite polymer. Similar results wereobserved with coffee husk. Highest water absorption rates of 8% were observed for bio-composite polymersdeveloped with Arabica coffee husks.
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Buakaew, Wanikorn, Ruksakulpiwat Yupaporn, Nitinat Suppakarn, and Wimonlak Sutapun. "Mechanical, Thermal and Morphological Properties of Poly(butylene Succinate) Filled with Bio-Functional Filler from Eggshell Waste." Advanced Materials Research 747 (August 2013): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.747.72.
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In this work, calcium carbonate derived from eggshell, in a form of eggshell powder (ESP) with an average particle size of 13.96 μm, was used as bio-reinforcing filler for poly (butylene succinate), (PBS). The effect of ESP content on mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of ESP filled PBS was investigated. The ESP/PBS composites were prepared at various ESP contents of 10, 20, 30 and 40 wt.%. It was found that incorporation of ESP into PBS matrix resulted in an improvement of Youngs modulus but it resulted in a decrease of tensile stress at break, yield strength and impact strength of the composite. In addition, increasing ESP content did not significantly influence decomposition temperature and melting temperature of PBS matrix. On the other hand, with increasing ESP content, crystallization temperature of the composite decreased but degree of crystallinity increased. Fracture surface morphology of the PBS composites obtained from scanning electron microscope indicated agglomeration and poor distribution of ESP within the composite matrix. Partial adhesion between ESP surface and PBS matrix was observed as well.
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Chandrappa, Dr Ravi Kumar, and Mrs Sakshi S. Kamath. "The Egg shell as a filler in composite materials - a review." Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering 4, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30464/jmee.2020.4.4.335.
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Current focus is on Natural fibre reinforced polymer composites with its advantages being eco-friendly in nature, high strength to weight ratio, being bio-degradable and naturally available when compared to its counterpart; synthetic fibres which is non-biodegradable, expensive and hazardous in nature. The strength of the natural fibre composites is further enhanced by different types of additives which includes fillers, flame retardants, silanes, coupling agents and so on. One such additives, in role is egg shell powder which greatly influences the strength of natural fibre composites and thus, gains the attention of researches for its incorporation in composite fabrication. The work is in progress with respect to utilizing waste egg shell in composite fabrication, which not only finds solution to discard this waste, but also enhances the strength of composites manufactured. This work is the compilation of work done by different researchers with egg shell in composites, so that the need of its utilization in the same will be clearer with its advantages with respect to achieving greater mechanical strength and wear resistant property and thereby it could be continued to be used as filler during composite production.
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Yuhazril bin Yaakob, Mohd, Mohamad Pazlin bin Saion, and Mohd Amirhafizan bin Husin. "The potency of natural and synthetic composites for ballistic resistance: A review." Applied Research and Smart Technology (ARSTech) 1, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/arstech.v1i2.52.
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Mechanical characteristics of the laminated composite crafted from fabric type reinforcement perhaps inspired via the weaving method and reinforcement agent's usage due to each layer's constructional parameter. As a result, research on the arrangement configuration between bio composite and synthetic fibre for the material shape was proposed to enhance the composite structure's biodiversity and physical characteristics. Substitute for natural fibre in synthetic fibre composite works has shown the excessive capacity to be explored scientifically. The evaluation focused on the concept and essential of bio composite and the synthetic composite fabric positioned over the years from the previous studies of the preliminary researches. The sorts and features of matrix and fibre filler reinforcement materials in composites were also discussed. This assessment's main findings indicated that the composite centre relied on the weave styles and inter-ply and interplay lamination roles. Therefore, the state-of-the-art intraply for synthetic fibre and bio composite fibre in a composite shape was anticipated performing higher in mechanical energy, particularly within the application of ballistic resistance, besides decreased dependency on artificial fibre. It would ultimately suggest the excellent weave sample designs in the proper combination shape of natural and synthetic fibres embedded with polymers. The statistical results were compared with the experimental parameters available inside the literature review. The review explains approximately the studies and evolution within the enhancement of characteristic fibres reinforced polymer composites in ballistic resistance use. This paper goes over the body armour's profitable and present advancement materials, structure and development procedures, and related works on upgrading ballistic energy captivation and upgrading the mechanical tenacity for high impact resistance applications.
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Schiavone, Nicola, Vincent Verney, and Haroutioun Askanian. "High-Density Bio-PE and Pozzolan Based Composites: Formulation and Prototype Design for Control of Low Water Flow." Polymers 13, no. 12 (June 8, 2021): 1908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13121908.
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An eco-friendly solution to produce new material for the material extrusion process is to use quarry waste as filler for biopolymer composites. A quarry waste that is still studied little as a filler for polymer composites is pozzolan. In this study, the optimization of the formulations and processing parameters of composites produced with pozzolan and bio-based polyethylene for 3D printing technology was performed. Furthermore, a precision irrigation system in the form of a drip watering cup was designed, printed, and characterized. The results showed that the presence of the pozzolan acted as a reinforcement for the composite material and improved the cohesion between the layers of the 3D printed objects. Furthermore, the optimization of the process conditions made it possible to print pieces of complex geometry and permeable parts for the control of the water flow rates with an order of magnitude in the range from mL/h to mL/day.
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Fontana, Dario, Federica Recupido, Giuseppe Cesare Lama, Jize Liu, Laura Boggioni, Selena Silvano, Marino Lavorgna, and Letizia Verdolotti. "Effect of Different Methods to Synthesize Polyol-Grafted-Cellulose Nanocrystals as Inter-Active Filler in Bio-Based Polyurethane Foams." Polymers 15, no. 4 (February 12, 2023): 923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15040923.
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Currently, the scientific community has spent a lot of effort in developing “green” and environmentally friendly processes and products, due the contemporary problems connected to pollution and climate change. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are at the forefront of current research due to their multifunctional characteristics of biocompatibility, high mechanical properties, specific surface area, tunable surface chemistry and renewability. However, despite these many advantages, their inherent hydrophilicity poses a substantial challenge for the application of CNCs as a reinforcing filler in polymers, as it complicates their dispersion in hydrophobic polymeric matrices, such as polyurethane foams, often resulting in aggregate structures that compromise their properties. The manipulation and fine-tuning of the interfacial properties of CNCs is a crucial step to exploit their full potential in the development of new materials. In this respect, starting from an aqueous dispersion of CNCs, two different strategies were used to properly functionalize fillers: (i) freeze drying, solubilization in DMA/LiCl media and subsequent grafting with bio-based polyols; (ii) solvent exchange and subsequent grafting with bio-based polyols. The influence of the two functionalization methods on the chemical and thermal properties of CNCs was examined. In both cases, the role of the two bio-based polyols on filler functionalization was elucidated. Afterwards, the functionalized CNCs were used at 5 wt% to produce bio-based composite polyurethane foams and their effect on the morphological, thermal and mechanical properties was examined. It was found that CNCs modified through freeze drying, solubilization and bio-polyols grafting exhibited remarkably higher thermal stability (i.e., degradation stages > 100 °C) with respect to the unmodified freeze dried-CNCs. In addition, the use of the two grafting bio-polyols influenced the functionalization process, corresponding to different amount of grafted-silane-polyol and leading to different chemico-physical characteristics of the obtained CNCs. This was translated to higher thermal stability as well as improved functional and mechanical performances of the produced bio-based composite PUR foams with respect of the unmodified CNCs-composite ones (the best case attained compressive strength values three times more). Solvent exchange route slightly improved the thermal stability of the obtained CNCs; however; the so-obtained CNCs could not be properly dispersed within the polyurethane matrix, due to filler aggregation.
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Sumarji, Sumarji, Fabrobi Ridha, Dedi Dwilaksana, Ahmad Syuhri, and Raihaan Raihaan. "The Effect of Particle Dispersion due to Mixing Speed on Spent Coffee Ground Composites." Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology 4, no. 2 (July 9, 2019): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i2.18175.
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Composites using bio-materials with unique properties, such as spent coffee ground were developed for composite fillers. This study was conducted to produce samples under various mixing speed conditions. This study also determined effect of mixing speeds on particle homogeneity as well as composite dispersion in the final product. The composite dispersion was determined by an index based on a standard deviation of free-path spacing of filler particles using a digital microscope. Results showed that when using high-speed mixing, particle tends to agglomerate with particle clumps. We also obtained that faster mixing speed results more homogeneous mixture compared to slower speed. In short, slower speed can reach similar result in homogeneity levels, but it would require longer time for the mixing process.
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Zicans, Jānis, Remo Merijs Meri, Tatjana Ivanova, Andrejs Kovalovs, and Piotr Franciszczak. "Influence of the Cellulose and Soft Wood Fibres on the Impact and Tensile Properties in Polypropylene Bio Composites." Key Engineering Materials 903 (November 10, 2021): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.903.134.
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Investigation presents an experimental study of mechanical properties of hybrid bio-composites made from man-made cellulose fibres and soft wood microfiller embedded into polypropylene homopolymer matrix at different weight contents. Mechanical properties such as elastic modulus, tensile strength, and impact resistance of the reinforced composites determined for various total weight contents of both biobased fillers were used as the design parameters. The problem was solved by planning the experiments and response surfaces method. The results demonstrate that using the both filler types enhance the mechanical properties. The tensile modulus increases by ~115%. The bio-composite with the highest weight content of man-made cellulose fibres and the lowest content of soft wood microfibers possesses maximum tensile strength (more 66 MPa). Addition of man-made cellulose fibres demonstrate a significant influence on the impact resistance of the investigated composites.
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Dewi, Rozanna, Novi Sylvia, and M. Riza. "The Effect of Rice Husk and Saw Dusk Filler on Mechanical Property of Bio Composite from Sago Starch." International Journal of Engineering, Science and Information Technology 1, no. 3 (July 25, 2021): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.52088/ijesty.v1i3.113.
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Some materials derived from plants can be used as a source of biodegradable thermoplastic materials such as rice, potatoes, corn, sweet potatoes, sago, etc. In this research, thermoplastic sago starch (TPS) with a mixture of two types of fillers was synthesized to become environmentally friendly composites that can be naturally degraded in a relatively short time compared to other conventional plastics which decompose in decades, hence can contribute to environmental conservation efforts. Increasing the strength of bio composite through the presence of fillers will expand its application such as for household application. Sago is available in large quantities in Indonesia and needs to be utilized optimally to increase its added value. TPS is synthesized using sorbitol as a plasticizer so that it becomes a starch paste. Composites are moulded by means of compression moulding using TPS and cellulose as a filler and Polypropylene (PP). The fillers used were sawdust and rice husk with several variations to obtain optimal combination, to improve the mechanical performance of the composites. For rice husk fibre, the highest tensile strength value 13.82 MPa, found at 40% fibre with ratio of TPS: PP 1: 0.5, and the highest elongation value was 16.47% at 40% fibre at ratio of TPS : PP 1: 0.5. For Sawdust fibre, the highest tensile strength value 11.08 MPa, obtained at 20% fibre at ratio of TPS : PP 1 : 1, and the highest elongation value was 18.57% at 20% fibre with ratio of TPS : PP 1 : 1. Type of filler has different effect on the tensile strength and elongation of the bio composite,
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Bisht, Neeraj, and Prakash Chandra Gope. "Effect of rice husk (treated/untreated) and rice husk ash on fracture toughness of epoxy bio-composite." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2020-0018.
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Abstract Present work studies the effect of particle reinforcement on fracture toughness of bio-composites. The filler used has been taken as rice husk. Epoxy resin has been taken as matrix material. Composites with varying filler loading of 10, 20, 30 and 40 wt.% were fabricated. The fracture toughness was seen to be increasing with increase in filler loading. However beyond 20% there was a decrease in fracture toughness with increase in filler loading. The effect of fibre treatment on toughness was also observed. Rice husk fibres pre-treated with NaOH were used. It was observed that fracture toughness further improved due to treatment. The increase in fracture toughness was significant. Fracture toughness increased from 1.072 to 2.7465 MPa√mm for 20% reinforcement and after treatment it increased to 2.876 MPa√mm. It was observed that concentration of treatment media also affects the fracture toughness. Further the effect of hybridization was observed by addition of rice husk ash as a secondary reinforcement. The fracture toughness of the resulting composites was remarkably higher than that of pure epoxy.
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Stevulova, Nadezda, Jozef Junak, and Vojtech Vaclavik. "Effect of Silica Fume as a Component of Alternative Binder on the Selected Technically Important Characteristics of Bio-Aggregate-Based Composites." Materials 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 2153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11112153.
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This experimental study was focused on the application of an alternative binder based on MgO, and the variation of its components by the combination of two MgO products obtained by the calcinations of natural magnesite, siliceous materials (river sand and silica fume), and alkaline admixture in the mixture for a preparation of composite based on biomass waste such as hemp hurds as organic filler. This paper presents the results of the effect of an MgO binder composition on the compressive strength of the bio-aggregate-based composites. Other physical properties, such as the bulk density, thermal conductivity coefficient, and water absorption, were also investigated. The measured strength parameters of the bio-composite samples that were hardened for 28 days demonstrate that the binder consisting of optimal calcined MgO and silica fume as a total replacement for sand ensures a good binding of the matrix with hemp hurd compared to other varied compositions of alternative binder. No significant differences in bulk density and thermal conductivity values were found for these composites. However, the bio-composite specimen with an MgO–SiO2 matrix had the highest compressive strength and achieved the lowest value of water absorption. An increase in hardening time of up to 90 days led to a significant improvement of strength as well as reduction in permeability.
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Loeffen, Anthony, Duncan E. Cree, Mina Sabzevari, and Lee D. Wilson. "Effect of Graphene Oxide as a Reinforcement in a Bio-Epoxy Composite." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5030091.
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Graphene oxide (GO) has gained interest within the materials research community. The presence of functional groups on GO offers exceptional bonding capabilities and improved performance in lightweight polymer composites. A literature review on the tensile and flexural mechanical properties of synthetic epoxy/GO composites was conducted that showed differences from one study to another, which may be attributed to the oxidation level of the prepared GO. Herein, GO was synthesized from oxidation of graphite flakes using the modified Hummers method, while bio-epoxy/GO composites (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.6 wt.% GO) were prepared using a solution mixing route. The GO was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. The thermal properties of composites were assessed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). FTIR results confirmed oxidation of graphite was successful. SEM showed differences in fractured surfaces, which implies that GO modified the bio-epoxy polymer to some extent. Addition of 0.3 wt.% GO filler was determined to be an optimum amount as it enhanced the tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength and flexural modulus by 23, 35, 17 and 31%, respectively, compared to pure bio-epoxy. Improvements in strength were achieved with considerably lower loadings than traditional fillers. Compared to the bio-epoxy, the 0.6 wt.% GO composite had the highest thermal stability and a slightly higher (positive) glass transition temperature (Tg) was increased by 3.5 °C, relative to the pristine bio-epoxy (0 wt.% GO).
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Feng, Ye, B. Ashok, K. Madhukar, Jinming Zhang, Jun Zhang, K. Obi Reddy, and A. Varada Rajulu. "Preparation and Characterization of Polypropylene Carbonate Bio-Filler (Eggshell Powder) Composite Films." International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 19, no. 7 (October 3, 2014): 637–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1023666x.2014.953747.
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Silviana, Silviana, Siti Susanti, and Agus Subagio. "Preliminary study for acetylation of cassava bagasse starch and microfibrillated cellulose of bamboo." MATEC Web of Conferences 156 (2018): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815601019.
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Bio composite matrixes have been developed from several biomaterials, such as starch. One of potential resources is starch isolated from cassava bagasse still consisting 30-50% of starch. Reinforcement material may be inserted into bio composite to tough and reduce the drawback of the starch-based bio composite or bio plastic. Microfibrillated cellulose of bamboo (MFC) can be used as toughening filler for composite matrix. However, surface modification of material could be employed to alter its properties, such as acetylation of starch-based bio composite and microfibrillated cellulose. The acetylation was executed by using glacial acetic acid (GAA) catalyzed with sodium hydroxide. This paper investigates optimum condition of acetylation for bagasse starch (BS) and bamboo MFC in different weight ratio of GAA to BS or MFC (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 1:2, 1:3), temperature range of 30°C to 70°C, and pH range of 7 to 11. Data were resulted from degree of susbtitution for each running. The optimum condition of acetylation of BS was obtained at temperature of 50°C (for BS) and 30°C (for MFC), pH of 9, and 2:1 ratio. This acetylation was confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope.
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Menčík, Přemysl, Radek Přikryl, Štěpán Krobot, Veronika Melčová, Soňa Kontárová, Roderik Plavec, Jan Bočkaj, Vojtech Horváth, and Pavol Alexy. "Evaluation of the Properties of PHB Composite Filled with Kaolin Particles for 3D Printing Applications Using the Design of Experiment." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 19, 2022): 14409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214409.
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In the presented work, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-PHB-based composites for 3D printing as bio-sourced and biodegradable alternatives to synthetic plastics are characterized. The PHB matrix was modified by polylactide (PLA) and plasticized by tributyl citrate. Kaolin particles were used as a filler. The mathematical method “Design of Experiment” (DoE) was used to create a matrix of samples for further evaluation. Firstly, the optimal printing temperature of the first and upper layers was determined. Secondly, the 3D printed samples were tested with regards to the warping during the 3D printing. Testing specimens were prepared using the determined optimal printing conditions to measure the tensile properties, impact strength, and heat deflection temperature (HDT) of the samples. The results describe the effect of adding individual components (PHB, PLA, plasticizer, and filler) in the prepared composite sample on the resulting material properties. Two composite samples were prepared based on the theoretical results of DoE (one with the maximum printability and one with the maximum HDT) to compare them with the real data measured. The tests of these two composite samples showed 25% lower warping and 8.9% higher HDT than was expected by the theory.
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Calovi, Massimo, and Stefano Rossi. "Functional Olive Pit Powders: The Role of the Bio-Based Filler in Reducing the Water Uptake Phenomena of the Waterborne Paint." Coatings 13, no. 2 (February 15, 2023): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020442.
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In this study, olive pit powders were added to a polyurethane-acrylate paint for examining the impact of two alternative functionalization processes in increasing the filler hydrophobicity in an effort to increase the durability of the paint. In order to look into potential changes in morphology and appearance owing to the surface conversion treatments of the two bio-based additives, the coatings were examined using electron microscopy and colorimetric tests. The coating’s resilience and the hydrophobic/hydrophilic role of the fillers were evaluated by salt spray chamber exposure, contact angle measurements, paint liquid resistance, UV-B exposure, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, which highlighted the reduction in water absorption inclination of the filler made of lignocellulose due to the silane and wax functionalization. This study demonstrated that the bio-based filler, if properly functionalized, can actually be implemented as multifunctional pigment in waterborne paints, giving specific aesthetic characteristics, but also improving the barrier performance of the polymeric matrix and increasing the durability of the composite coating.
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Buakaew, Wanikorn, Ruksakulpiwat Yupaporn, Nitinat Suppakarn, and Wimonlak Sutapun. "Effect of Compatibilizers on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of High Density Polyethylene Filled with Bio-Filler from Eggshell." Advanced Materials Research 699 (May 2013): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.699.57.
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In this research work, the effect of compatibilizers on mechanical and thermal properties of ESP/HDPE composites was investigated. High density polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (HDPE-g-MA) and ethylene propylene rubber grafted with maleic anhydride (EPR-g-MA) were used to compatibilize the ESP/HDPE composites. The ESP/HDPE composite with and without the compatibilizes was prepared at 20 wt.% ESP. The volume average particle size of ESP was 20.35 µm. The compatibilized HDPE composites were prepared at 2, 5, 8 and 10 wt.% of HDPE-g-MA and at 2, 5, 8 and 10 wt.% of EPR-g-MA, as well. It was found that ultimate stress, yield strength, and elongation at break of the ESP/HDPE composites prepared with HDPE-g-MA increased with increasing HDPE-g-MA content. In addition, Young’s modulus was maximum at 8 wt.% HDPE-g-MA. The composites filled with HDPE-g-MA had improved impact strength with increasing HDPE-g-MA content. On the other hand, the composites with EPR-g-MA showed a decrease in tensile properties and impact strength when increasing EPR-g-MA content. The impact strength of the HDPE composites compatibilized with EPR-g-MA decreased with increasing EPR-g-MA content. In addition, degree of crystallinity of the composites with EPR-g-MA was higher than that of the composite with HDPE-g-MA. Furthermore, compatibilizing ESP/HDPE composites with either HDPE-g-MA or EPR-g-MA did not influence HDPE and ESP decomposition temperatures, HDPE melting temperature and HDPE crystallization temperature.
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Jordà-Reolid, María, Virginia Moreno, Asunción Martínez-Garcia, José A. Covas, Jaume Gomez-Caturla, Juan Ivorra-Martinez, and Luis Quiles-Carrillo. "Incorporation of Argan Shell Flour in a Biobased Polypropylene Matrix for the Development of High Environmentally Friendly Composites by Injection Molding." Polymers 15, no. 12 (June 20, 2023): 2743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15122743.
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In this study, a new composite material is developed using a semi bio-based polypropylene (bioPP) and micronized argan shell (MAS) byproducts. To improve the interaction between the filler and the polymer matrix, a compatibilizer, PP-g-MA, is used. The samples are prepared using a co-rotating twin extruder followed by an injection molding process. The addition of the MAS filler improves the mechanical properties of the bioPP, as evidenced by an increase in tensile strength from 18.2 MPa to 20.8 MPa. The reinforcement is also observed in the thermomechanical properties, with an increased storage modulus. The thermal characterization and X-ray diffraction indicate that the addition of the filler leads to the formation of α structure crystals in the polymer matrix. However, the addition of a lignocellulosic filler also leads to an increased affinity for water. As a result, the water uptake of the composites increases, although it remains relatively low even after 14 weeks. The water contact angle is also reduced. The color of the composites changes to a color similar to wood. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of using MAS byproducts to improve their mechanical properties. However, the increased affinity with water should be taken into account in potential applications.
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Makri, Sofia P., Eleftheria Xanthopoulou, Panagiotis A. Klonos, Alexios Grigoropoulos, Apostolos Kyritsis, Konstantinos Tsachouridis, Antonios Anastasiou, Ioanna Deligkiozi, Nikolaos Nikolaidis, and Dimitrios N. Bikiaris. "Effect of Micro- and Nano-Lignin on the Thermal, Mechanical, and Antioxidant Properties of Biobased PLA–Lignin Composite Films." Polymers 14, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 5274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235274.
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Bio-based poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composite films were produced using unmodified soda micro- or nano-lignin as a green filler at four different contents, between 0.5 wt% and 5 wt%. The PLA–lignin composite polymers were synthesized by solvent casting to prepare a masterbatch, followed by melt mixing. The composites were then converted into films, to evaluate the effect of lignin content and size on their physicochemical and mechanical properties. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), supported by polarized light microscopy (PLM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to investigate the PLA crystallization and the interactions with Lignin (L) and Nanolignin (NL). The presence of both fillers (L and NL) had a negligible effect on the glass transition temperature (chain diffusion). However, it resulted in suppression of the corresponding change in heat capacity. This was indicative of a partial immobilization of the PLA chains on the lignin entities, due to interfacial interactions, which was slightly stronger in the case of NL. Lignin was also found to facilitate crystallization, in terms of nucleation; whereas, this was not clear in the crystalline fraction. The addition of L and NL led to systematically larger crystallites compared with neat PLA, which, combined with the higher melting temperature, provided indications of a denser crystal structure in the composites. The mechanical, optical, antioxidant, and surface properties of the composite films were also investigated. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus were improved by the addition of L and especially NL. The UV-blocking and antioxidant properties of the composite films were also enhanced, especially at higher filler contents. Importantly, the PLA–NL composite films constantly outperformed their PLA–L counterparts, due to the finer dispersion of NL in the PLA matrix, as verified by the TEM micrographs. These results suggest that bio-based and biodegradable PLA films filled with L, and particularly NL, can be employed as competitive and green alternatives in the food packaging industry.