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Journal articles on the topic 'BIO-DIESEL PRODUCTION'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 September 2023

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1

Urooj, Shabana, Athar Hussain, and Narayani Srivastava. "Biodiesel Production from Algal Blooms." International Journal of Measurement Technologies and Instrumentation Engineering 2, no. 3 (July 2012): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmtie.2012070106.

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Usage of Bio-energy is becoming more and more prominent due to the peak oil crisis. Bio-energy is the energy which can be synthesized using methods and raw material which are available in nature and are derived from the biological sources. They are referred as bio-mass energy, bio-diesel, and bio-power. In this paper the study has been carried out on bio-energy generation in form of bio-diesel and the bio-diesel is produced in the laboratory conditions by using base catalyzed trans-esterification process. The nomenclature bio-diesel is given to the oil which can be generated by using the raw materials which are renewable and are waste materials. It doesn’t contain any percentage of petroleum products in it. It is called bio-diesel because it can be further used to run the diesel engine. In this paper biodiesel is generated using local pond algae by the process of base catalyzed trans-esterification.

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2

Kovač Kralj, Anita, and Davorin Kralj. "Parameters Influences during Biodiesel Production." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 4167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.4167.

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Bio-diesel is a clean burning alternative fuel, produced from domestic, renewable resources. Bio-diesel can be blended at any level with petroleum diesel to create a bio-diesel blend. It can be used in compression-ignition (diesel) engines with little or no modification. Bio-diesel is simple to use, biodegradable, non-toxic, and essentially free of sulphur and aromatics. This paper presents the two following identifiable topic areas as key themes: 1. preparation of an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide – as a catalyst, which can be activated by the most MeO- active groups, and can therefore be converted to methyl esters (biodiesel) from triglyceride. Methoxide (MeO-) was produced from sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and methanol (MeOH) in a batch reactor: NaOH + MeOH = H2O + Na+ + MeO-. During bio-diesel production, methoxide is incorrectly referred to as the product of mixing methanol and sodium hydroxide. An aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide – was prepared as a catalyst, by using different amounts of water at the same temperature. The reaction with lower water took place at the highest and quickest degrees of NaOH conversion and thus more MeO- active groups. The water was effective as an inhibitor.

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3

Kumari, Namrata, and Raghubansh Kumar Singh. "Bio-diesel production from airborne algae." Environmental Challenges 5 (December 2021): 100210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100210.

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4

Achten, W. M. J., L. Verchot, Y. J. Franken, E. Mathijs, V. P. Singh, R. Aerts, and B. Muys. "Jatropha bio-diesel production and use." Biomass and Bioenergy 32, no. 12 (December 2008): 1063–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.03.003.

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5

Rajan, Pandiya, Abdul samad, Nivas E N, Keerthana ., and Ragi Divya shree. "ALTERNATE FUEL BIODIESEL." International Journal of Innovative Research in Information Security 09, no. 03 (June 23, 2023): 168–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26562/ijiris.2023.v0903.23.

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The rapid growth of industrialization and transportation has led to a significant increase in greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation. To mitigate these challenges, there is an urgent need for sustainable energy solutions that can reduce dependence on fossil fuels and minimize environmental impact. Bio-diesel, a renewable and cleaner-burning fuel derived from organic sources, has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional petroleum-based diesel. This abstract provides an overview of bio-diesel, its production process, properties, and its environmental benefits. Bio-diesel is typically produced from feedstocks such as vegetable oils, animal fats, and waste cooking oils through a transesterification process that converts triglycerides into esters. The resulting bio-diesel exhibits similar properties to petroleum diesel, making it compatible with existing diesel engines and infrastructure. One of the significant advantages of bio-diesel is its reduced carbon footprint. It has a significantly lower lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions compared to petroleum diesel, primarily due to the absorption of carbon dioxide during the growth of the feedstock plants. Bio-diesel also contributes to a reduction in air pollutants, such as sulfur oxides and particulate matter, resulting in improved air quality and human health benefits. Additionally, bio-diesel offers economic benefits by promoting local agriculture and creating new job opportunities in the biofuel industry. The utilization of waste cooking oils and animal fats as feedstocks also contributes to waste reduction and efficient resource utilization. Despite its numerous benefits, challenges remain in the widespread adoption of bio-diesel. These challenges include feedstock availability, land use competition with food production, and the need for consistent quality standards. Ongoing research and development efforts are focused on optimizing the production process, exploring alternative feedstocks, and improving the overall sustainability of bio-diesel production. In conclusion, bio-diesel holds great potential as a sustainable alternative to petroleum diesel, offering environmental, economic, and societal benefits. Its reduced carbon footprint and compatibility with existing infrastructure make it a viable option for transitioning towards a greener future. Further advancements in technology and policies supporting bio-diesel production and utilization will play a crucial role in realizing its full potential and achieving a more sustainable energy landscape

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6

Hussien, Marwan, and Hayder Abdul hameed. "Biodiesel production from used vegetable oil (sunflower cooking oil) using eggshell as bio catalyst." Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 20, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2019.4.4.

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Bio-diesel is an attractive fuel fordiesel engines. The feedstock for bio-diesel production is usually vegetable oil, waste cooking oil, or animal fats. This work provides an overview concerning bio-diesel production. Also, this work focuses on the commercial production of biodiesel. The objective is to study the influence of these parameters on the yield of produced. The biodiesel production affecting by many parameters such s alcohol ratio (5%, 10%,15 %, 20%,25%,30%35% vol.), catalyst loading (5,10,15,20,25) g,temperature (45,50,55,60,65,70,75)°C,reaction time (0-6) h, mixing rate (400-1000) rpm. the maximum bio-diesel production yield (95%) was obtained using 20% methanol ratio and 15g biocatalyst at 60°C.

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7

García-Sánchez, Miriam, Mauricio Sales-Cruz, Teresa Lopez-Arenas, Tomás Viveros-García, and Eduardo S. Pérez-Cisneros. "An Intensified Reactive Separation Process for Bio-Jet Diesel Production." Processes 7, no. 10 (September 25, 2019): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7100655.

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An intensified three-step reaction-separation process for the production of bio-jet diesel from tryglycerides and petro-diesel mixtures is proposed. The intensified reaction-separation process considers three sequentially connected sections: (1) a triglyceride hydrolysis section with a catalytic heterogeneous reactor, which is used to convert the triglycerides of the vegetable oils into the resultant fatty acids. The separation of the pure fatty acid from glycerol and water is performed by a three-phase flash drum and two conventional distillation columns; (2) a co-hydrotreating section with a reactive distillation column used to perform simultaneously the deep hydrodesulphurisation (HDS) of petro-diesel and the hydrodeoxigenation (HDO), decarbonylation and decarboxylation of the fatty acids; and (3) an isomerization-cracking section with a hydrogenation catalytic reactor coupled with a two-phase flash drum is used to produce bio-jet diesel with the suitable fuel features required by the international standards. Intensive simulations were carried out and the effect of several operating variables of the three sections (triglyceride-water feed ratio, oleic acid-petro-diesel feed ratio, hydrogen consumption) on the global intensified process was studied and the optimal operating conditions of the intensified process for the production of bio-jet diesel were achieved.

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8

Barman, Ananya, Sangita Bhattacharjee, Trina Dutta, Suparna Pal, Swastika Chatterjee, Prodyut Karmakar, and Sangita Mondal. "Biofuel from organic waste- a smart solution to conserve nonrenewable resources – A review." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2286, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2286/1/012028.

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Abstract Use of bio-fuels, fuels produced from renewable organic material, has the potential to reduce undesirable aspects of fossil fuel production and usage including conventional and greenhouse gas emission. With the continuously depleting fossil fuel reserve, production of biofuel from various feed stocks and processes have shown high potential to provide efficient and cost-effective alternatives, such as, algal photosynthesis, electrochemical carbon fixation, apart from well-developed technologies of production of bio-ethanol and bio diesel. A wide range of bio-fuels including charcoal, bio-oil, renewable diesel, methane and hydrogen can be obtained by pyrolysis of suitable biomass.

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9

Kareem, Kashif, Maheen Rasheed, Aliha Liaquat, Abu Md Mehdi Hassan, Muhammad Imran Javed, and Muhammad Asif. "Clean Energy Production from Jatropha Plant as Renewable Energy Source of Biodiesel." ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering 2, no. 2 (August 19, 2021): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ajse.v2i2.39163.

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Population of the world is increasing very rapidly, due to which energy demand is also is increasing unfortunately Pakistan has deficiency of petroleum of reservoir. Pakistan is producing about 64% of its primary energy from fossil fuel which has serious burden on its economy. At the same Pakistan has been blessed by bio-energy production from different types of biomass waste, jatropha is a wild plant which can at any type of land like in Thar, Thal, Cholistan, and other barren land zones. Sample of jatropha raw oil was collected from local market and it was converted into bio-diesel by transesterification process. Purified jatropha oil was used to produced bio-diesel by Transesterification method, Due to transesterification being reversible, excess alcohol is used to shift the equilibrium towards the product. This project can be started in bellow 10 million capital cost and operating cost is about 0.6 million per month. According to our calculation the bio-diesel production cost will be approximately less than Rs. 30 per liter. If the government and concern department focused on the production of jatropha plant and bio-diesel production by jatropha, it will great contribution in saving import expenditures.

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10

Andrade, J. E., A. Pérez, P. J. Sebastian, and D. Eapen. "RETRACTED: A review of bio-diesel production processes." Biomass and Bioenergy 35, no. 3 (March 2011): 1008–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.12.037.

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11

Joniarta, I. Wayan, and Muhamad Renaldi Setiawan. "PERBANDINGAN EFISIENSI BIAYA PRODUKSI LISTRIK PER KWH ANTARA PENGGUNAAN B30 (BIO DIESEL+HSDF) DAN MFO." Energy, Materials and Product Design 1, no. 1 (May 31, 2022): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/empd.v1i1.632.

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Production cost analysis research was conducted to determine the comparison of production costs produced by fuel types B30 (Bio Diesel+HSDF) and MFO . So that the efficiency of the fuel can be known. Data on usage is taken from the daily report on the operation of the plant on December 31, 2021 at the Ampenan ULPLTD. From the data analysis, it was found that MFO fuel is more efficient than B30 (Bio Diesel+HSDF) fuel. Because to produce 1 kWh using B30 (Bio Diesel+HSDF) fuel requires a production cost of Rp. 4,144.29,- /kWh, while for 1 kWh MFO requires a production cost of Rp. 2,189,655,-/kWh. And specific Fuel Consumption ( SFC ) the fuel required by DO (B30+HSDF) fuel is 0.3166 Ltr/kWh producing a power of 1,143 kWh which is higher than the Specific Fuel Consumption at MFO of 0.18715 Ltr/kWh producing a power of 4974,785 kWh.

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12

Balat, Havva, and Cahide Öz. "Challenges and Opportunities for Bio-Diesel Production in Turkey." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 26, no. 5 (October 2008): 327–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/014459808787945371.

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This paper will discuss the main challenges and opportunities for sustainable production of bio-diesel fuel in Turkey. Turkey's energy demand has risen rapidly as a result of economic and social development over the past two decades. As in many other countries, Turkey is heavily dependent on fossil fuels to meet its energy requirements. Fossil fuels account for approximately 88% of the country's total primary energy consumption. Turkey imports three major sources of energy, and its dependence on imported fossil fuels is expected to increase even further. At present, Turkey's oil production met only 7% of demand, the rest was imported. In spite of Turkey's heavy dependence on fossil fuels for energy demand, the country has a large potential for development of renewable resources of every type. Bio-fuels can provide an opportunity for Turkey to decrease its dependence on foreign oil, eliminate irregularities in agriculture, create new employment opportunities, decrease rural depopulation, and sustainable energy development. Turkey has a large area of suitable agricultural land for the production of bio-fuel crops. Unfortunately, only about 4–5% of total cultivable area is used for cultivating bio-fuel crops. The vegetable oil sector, which is considered to be one of the strengths of the Turkish agriculture and process industry, could be reformed to meet bio-diesel production demands.

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13

E, Vinoth. "Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil." International Journal of Students' Research in Technology & Management 3, no. 8 (November 5, 2015): 448–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/ijsrtm.2015.383.

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Biodiesel is receiving increased attention as an alternative, non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable diesel fuel and contributes a minimum amount of net greenhouse gases, such as CO2, SO2 and NO emissions to the atmosphere. Exploring new energy resources, such as biofuel is of growing importance in recent years. The possibility of obtaining oil from plant resources has created a great importance in several countries. Vegetable oil after esterification being used as bio diesel, Considering the cost and demand of the edible oil is bearable, so it may be preferred for the preparation of bio diesel in India. The transesterification of waste cooking oils with methanol as well as the main uses of the fatty acid methyl esters are reviewed. The general aspects of this process and the applicability of different types of catalysts (acids, alkaline metal hydroxides, alkoxides and carbonates, enzymes and non-ionic bases, such as amines, amides, and guanidine and triamino (imino) phosphoranes) are described. Transesterification is carried in a reaction cavity, once the reaction is complete, glycerine and biodiesel are gravity separated.

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14

Kim, Sung-Min, Deog-Keun Kim, Jin-Suk Lee, Soon-Chul Park, and Young-Woo Rhee. "Esterification Reaction of Animal Fat for Bio-diesel Production." Clean Technology 18, no. 1 (March 30, 2012): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7464/ksct.2012.18.1.102.

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15

Ekeoma, M., P. Okoye, V. Ajiwe, and B. Hameed. "Murex Turnispina Shell as Catalyst for Bio-diesel Production." International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry 14, no. 1 (January 10, 2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2017/32578.

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16

Chatterjee, Rajeshwari, and Sanat Kumar Mukherjee. "Sustainable development of bio-diesel production for cleaner environment." International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management 22, no. 1 (2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijetm.2019.10022942.

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17

Demirbas, A. "Production of Gasoline and Diesel Fuels from Bio-materials." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 29, no. 8 (April 11, 2007): 753–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908310500281288.

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18

Narayanan, D., Y. Zhang, and M. S. Mannan. "Engineering for Sustainable Development (ESD) in Bio-Diesel Production." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 85, no. 5 (2007): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/psep07016.

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19

Sharma, Shivom, and G. P. Rangaiah. "Multi-objective optimization of a bio-diesel production process." Fuel 103 (January 2013): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.05.035.

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20

Supramono, Dijan, Justin Edgar, Setiadi, and Mohammad Nasikin. "Hydrogenation of non-polar Fraction of Bio-oil from Co-pyrolysis of Corn Cobs and Polypropylene for Bio-diesel Production." E3S Web of Conferences 67 (2018): 02030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186702030.

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Bio-diesel was synthesized by hydrogenating the non-polar fraction of the bio-oil produced from the co-pyrolysis between corncobs and polypropylene. Co-pyrolysis of corn cobs and polypropylene was conducted in a stirred tank reactor at heating rate of 5°C/min and maximum temperature of 500°C to attain synergetic effect in non-polar fraction yield where polypropylene served as a hydrogen donor and oxygen sequester so that the oxygenate content in the biofuel product reduced. Stirred tank reactor configuration allowed phase separation between non-polar and polar (oxygenate) compounds in the bio-oil. Hydrogenation reaction of the separated non-polar phase, which contained alkenes, was carried out in a pressured stirred tank reactor using a NiMo/C catalyst in order to reduce the alkene content in the bio-oil. The aim of the present work is to reduce the alkene content in the separated non-polar fraction of bio-oil by catalytic hydrogenation to obtain biofuel with low alkene content and viscosity approaching to that of diesel fuel. To quantify effect of the pressure on the alkene composition, the experiment was done at H2 initial pressures of 4, 7, 10, and 13 bar and at corresponding saturation temperatures of octane. The biofuel products were characterized using GC-MS, LC-MS, FTIR spectroscopy, H-NMR, Higher heating values (HHV) and viscometer for comparison with those of commercial diesel fuel. Analysis of the lower molecular weight fractions of biofuels by GC-MS found that the hydrogenation reactor at pressures at 4 and 7 bar produced biofuels with predominant hydrocarbon contents of cycloalkanes and alkanes, while that at 10 and 13 bar produced biofuels with predominant contents of alkanes and alkenes. In comparison, diesel fuel contains mostly alkanes and aromatics. However, analysis over the whole content of bio-oil by H-NMR found that different pressures of reactor hydrogenation did not reduce alkene compositions in biofuels appreciably from alkene composition in bio-oil feed. In comparison, diesel fuel contained mostly alkanes with aromatic composition about 4% and no alkene content. Various data suggest that alkene content in the biofuels be reduced to approach their viscosity to that of diesel fuel. Modification of the hydrogenation reactor is required by improving convective momentum of hydrogen gas into the bio-oil to enhance contact of solid catalyst, hydrogen gas and bio-oil.

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21

Wang, Yi, Guan Yi Chen, Xiao Xiong Zhang, Li Ping Li, and Bei Bei Yan. "Economic Feasibility and Comprehensive Evaluation Model Analysis on Solid-Catalyzed Bio-Diesel Production." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.515.

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Considerable attention has been given to bio-diesel as a surrogate to fossil fuel reserves and associated environmental problems of burning them. However, the high costs of bio-diesel production remain the main problem in making it competitive. Bio-diesel and glycerol are obtained by reacting virgin vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst or non-catalyst via transesterification. A conceptual process of heterogeneous SnO-catalyzed transesterification is designed based on the condition of 333K and atmospheric pressure, using methanol and waste oil with a molar ratio of 10:1 as raw materials. In this paper, the economic feasibility analysis based on static payback time, dynamic investment payback period, Financial Net Present Value and Return on Investment, is elaborated for 10kton/y capacity transesterification units. Comprehensive evaluation model on four typical methods are done, taking the following factors into consideration including natural resource utilization, impact on environment, economic feasibility and sustainable development of society. As a result, Heterogeneous acid-catalyzed transesterification seems more transcendent.

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22

Kumar Garg, Naveen, and Amit Pal. "An experimental study & analysis of effects of different parameters of microwave in production of bio-diesel." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 234, no. 4 (June 18, 2020): 394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408920931688.

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A novel and rapid method for transesterifying cottonseed oil into bio-diesel using a domestic microwave oven (MW) has been developed in the present study. Five parameters were investigated to see their effect on bio-diesel yield output. These were input power, reaction time, oil-to-methanol molar ratio, turntable speed, and fan cooling speed. The respective values used for experimentation were 200 W to 500 W, 4 to 11 minutes, 1:4.5 to 1:12, 10 to 40 rpm, and 800 to 1500 rpm and the volume of the catalyst was kept constant at 1%. The experimental results of microwave study were compared to the traditional magnetic stirrer (MS) approach for the same molar ratio and catalyst amount. The optimum parameters for the transesterification process assisted by the domestic microwave oven were obtained such as methanol to oil molar ratio (1:4.5), potassium hydroxide catalyst concentration (1% (w/w)), reaction time (11 minutes), turntable speed (40 rpm) and cooling fan speed (1500 rpm). The corresponding yield of cottonseed bio-diesel (CBD (MW)) was 99.5 percent. Compared with the contemporary MS approach for the same molar ratio and catalyst number, the yield of CBD (MS) was recorded in 25 minutes as 61.23 percent. It was also found that the turntable speed and cooling fan rpm of the improved microwave oven greatly, influenced the yield of bio-diesel and facilitated better utilization of microwave energy in mixing and avoid overheating of the sample mixture. A drastic reduction in microwave input power consumption was observed as compared to the pragmatic MS approach. The findings of this study have established the utility of energy-efficient, updated domestic microwave oven in the generation of bio-diesel on a small scale.

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23

El-Maghraby, Rehab M. "A Study on Bio-Diesel and Jet Fuel Blending for the Production of Renewable Aviation Fuel." Materials Science Forum 1008 (August 2020): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1008.231.

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Aviation industry is considered one of the contributors to atmospheric CO2emissions. It is forced to cut off carbon dioxide emission starting 2020. Current trends in bio-jet production involve mega projects with million dollars of investments. In this study, bio-jet fuel production by blending bio-diesel with traditional jet fuel at different concentrations of bio-diesel (5, 10, 15, 20 vol. %) was investigated. This blending technique will reduce bio-jet production cost compared to other bio-jet techniques. Bio-diesel was originally produced by the transesterification of non-edible vegetable oil (renewable sources), so, its blend with jet fuel will has a reduced carbon foot print. The blend was tested to ensure that the end product will meet the ASTM D1655 international specifications for Jet A-1 and Jet A and can be used in aircrafts.Available data on biodiesel blending with jet fuel in the literature is not consistent, there are many contradictory results. Hence, more investigations are required using locally available feedstocks. The main physicochemical properties for Jet A-1 and Jet A according to ASTM D1655 were tested to check if the blend will be compatible with existing turbojet engine systems. Different tests were conducted; vacuum distillation, smoke point, kinematic viscosity, density, flash point, total acidity and freezing point. In addition, heating value of the blend was calculated. The result was then compared with calculated value using blending indices available in the literature. Blending indices were able to predict the laboratory measured specifications for the studied blends.It was found that only 5% bio-diesel- 95% jet fuel blend (B5) meets ASTM standard for Jet A. Hence, biodiesel can be safely used as a blend with fossil-based jet for a concentration of up to 5% without any change in the ASTM specifications. Freezing point is the most important constrain for this blending technique. Higher blends of biodiesel will cause the bio-jet blend to fail ASTM specifications. In general, blending technique will reduce the cost impact that may have been incurred due to change in infrastructure when using other production techniques.

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24

Sanna, Aimaro, Kingsley U. Ogbuneke, and John M. Andrésen. "Upgrading bio-oils obtained from bio-ethanol and bio-diesel production residues into bio-crudes using vis-breaking." Green Chemistry 14, no. 8 (2012): 2294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2gc35345h.

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25

Wang, Yan, and Guan Yi Chen. "A Review of Bio-Oil Production from Sewage Sludge." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 1909–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.1909.

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Bio-oil production from sewage sludge provides a potential sludge treatment alternative, which shows advantages in both sludge treatment and energy recovery. The related technologies to convert sludge into high quality fuel or synthesized bio-diesel have been widely studied recently. In this paper, major effective technologies of low temperature pyrolysis, direct thermochemical liquefaction, microwave pyrolysis and transesterification had been reviewed. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed in detail.

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26

Banik, SK, MA Rouf, M. Khanam, MS Islam, T. Rabeya, F. Afrose, and D. Saha. "Production of bio-diesel from Pithraj (Aphanamixis polystachya) seed oil." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 50, no. 2 (July 30, 2015): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v50i2.24354.

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The Pithraj seed has been collected from Gazipur district, Bangladesh. The oil from the seed was extracted by using Soxhlet apparatus using petroleum ether extraction method. Maximum yield of oil was found to be 50 % when the process was carried out for 2.5 hours. The physicochemical properties of the extracted oil were studied. The properties of the oil reveal that the oil corresponds to diesel except acid value and sulphur content. The optimum conditions of the transesterification of the oil was 40% ethanol and 0.45% KOH at 75 0C for 1.5 hours. The optimum yield was more than 95 %.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 50(2), 135-142, 2015

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27

Curtis, Michael D., John Lanzoni, and Richard Parnas. "High Efficiency Bio-Diesel Production from a Municipal FOG Facility." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2013, no. 3 (January 1, 2013): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864713813503251.

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28

Vinoth Kanna, I., A. Devaraj, and K. Subramani. "Bio diesel production by using Jatropha: the fuel for future." International Journal of Ambient Energy 41, no. 3 (April 16, 2018): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2018.1456962.

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29

Subramaniam, D., A. Murugesan, A. Avinash, and A. Kumaravel. "Bio-diesel production and its engine characteristics—An expatiate view." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 22 (June 2013): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.02.002.

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30

Chatterjee, R., V. Sharma, S. Mukherjee, and S. Kumar. "Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-diesel Production—A Comparative Analysis." Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series C 95, no. 2 (April 2014): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40032-014-0105-5.

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31

Sivashankar, P., J. Weerahewa, G. Pushpakumara, and L. Galagedara. "Economic Analysis of Jatropha Bio-diesel Production in Sri Lanka." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/ijms.v3i1.83.

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32

Wang, Xiang Yu, Zuo Gang Guo, and Shu Rong Wang. "Emulsion Fuels Production between Diesel and Bio-Oil Middle Fraction from Molecular Distillation." Advanced Materials Research 534 (June 2012): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.534.151.

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In this paper, emulsification study on bio-oil middle fraction and diesel was carried out. Mechanical and ultrasound emulsification technologies were used to prepare emulsion fuels between bio-oil middle fraction and diesel with different hydrophile and lipophile balance (HLB) values. It was found that the stability curve of emulsions had two peaks corresponding to the HLB values of 4.3 and 6, respectively. Comparable to the mechanical emulsions, the ultrasound emulsions had longer stable time. The stable time for ultrasound emulsions at the HLB values of 4.3 and 6 were 215 minutes and 143 minutes, respectively. Then the effects of surface tension and droplet size distribution on the stability of emulsions were investigated. It was found that the emulsion fuels with lower surface tension and smaller droplet size had longer stable time.

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Čedík, Jakub, Martin Pexa, Michal Holúbek, Jaroslav Mrázek, Hardikk Valera, and Avinash Kumar Agarwal. "Operational Parameters of a Diesel Engine Running on Diesel–Rapeseed Oil–Methanol–Iso-Butanol Blends." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 27, 2021): 6173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196173.

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This contribution focuses on utilizing blended biofuels of rapeseed oil and methanol with diesel. Rapeseed is one of the most cultivated energy crops in Europe, and its purpose in the blends is to increase the bio-content in test fuels. The purpose of methanol in the blends is to increase bio-content and compensate for the higher viscosity of the rapeseed oil. As methanol is almost insoluble in diesel and rapeseed oil, iso-butanol is used as a co-solvent. The fuel blends were tested in volumetric concentrations of diesel/rapeseed oil/methanol/iso-butanol 60/30/5/5, 50/30/10/10, and 50/10/20/20. Diesel was used as a reference. The measurements were performed on a turbocharged diesel engine Zetor 1204, loaded using the power-takeoff shaft of the Zetor Forterra 8641 tractor. In this paper, the effect of the blended fuels on performance parameters, engine efficiency, production of soot particles, and regulated and unregulated emissions are monitored and analyzed. It was found that engine power decreased by up to 27%, efficiency decreased by up to 5.5% at full engine load, emissions of NOX increased by up to 21.9% at 50% engine load, and production of soot particles decreased; however, the mean size of the particles was smaller.

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Shen, Tao, Chenjie Zhu, Chenglun Tang, Zhi Cao, Linfeng Wang, Kai Guo, and Hanjie Ying. "Production of liquid hydrocarbon fuels with 3-pentanone and platform molecules derived from lignocellulose." RSC Advances 6, no. 67 (2016): 62974–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra14789e.

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Dujjanutat, Praepilas, Nithinun Srihanun, Papasanee Muanruksa, James Winterburn, and Pakawadee Kaewkannetra. "Transesterification and Hydrotreating Reactions of Rice Bran Oil for Bio-Hydrogenated Diesel Production." Energies 16, no. 3 (January 27, 2023): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031347.

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Two different methods of production of bio-hydrogenated diesel (BHD), simply called green diesel from rice bran oil (RBO), were performed. In the first route, a direct hydrotreating reaction of RBO to BHD catalysed by Pd/Al2O3 was performed in a high-pressure batch reactor. Operating conditions were investigated as follows: catalyst loading (0.5 to 1.5% wt.), temperature (325 to 400 °C), initial hydrogen (H2) pressure (40 to 60 bar) and reaction time (30 to 90 min). The optimal condition was obtained at 1% wt catalyst loading, 350 °C, 40 bar H2 pressure and 60 min. Yields of crude/refined biofuels and BHD achieved were approximately 98%, 81.71% and 73.71%, respectively. In another route, transesterification together with hydrotreating reactions of rice bran methyl ester (RBME) to BHD was performed using the optimal conditions obtained from the first route. The amount of 98% crude biofuel was obtained and was equivalent to production yields of refined biofuel (85.71%) and BHD (68.51%). Furthermore, physical and chemical properties of both RBO/RBME green diesel were also considered following ASTM standard methods. In summary, both catalytic reactions were achieved in the range of a low-speed industrial diesel and were further recommended for BHD or green diesel production from RBO.

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Ami, Ben-Amotz. "Bio-fuel production by marine microalgae conversion of electric power plant wastes to bio-diesel and bio-ethanol." Journal of Biotechnology 136 (October 2008): S523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1229.

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Ojolo, S. J., A. O. Adelaja, and G. M. Sobamowo. "Production of Bio-Diesel from Palm Kernel Oil and Groundnut Oil." Advanced Materials Research 367 (October 2011): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.367.501.

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The need for renewable and environmentally friendlier energy sources has led to intensified efforts with respect to research in that area. One of such endeavours is the production of biofuels from various sources of vegetable oils. Therefore, this work is aimed at producing biodiesel from freshly prepared and clean palm kernel oil and groundnut oil making use of methanol and sodium hydroxide pellets in a base-catalysed trans-esterification reaction. 185g groundnut oil and 187g palm kernel was trans-esterified with 37g of methanol and 0.7g of NaOH pellets at 55°C operating temperature. The result gave a percentage conversion of 91.98% for groundnut oil feedstock and 16.18g of glycerol (i.e. soap) as bye product, while palm kernel oil feedstock gave a yield of 90.53% conversion and 15.20g of glycerol. The biodiesel retained the physical properties of the oil such as smell and colour. The density of the biodiesel from groundnut oil was found to be 850.80kg/m3while that of palm kernel oil gave 848.0kg/m3. The kinematic and dynamic viscosities of groundnut oil bio-diesel were obtained to be 15.9mm2/s and 13.5 x 10-3kgm-1s-1while that of palm kernel gave 7.65mm2/s and 6.49 x 10-3kgm-1s-1respectively.

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Al-Zuhair, Sulaiman. "Enzymatic Production of Bio-Diesel from Waste Cooking Oil Using Lipase." Open Chemical Engineering Journal 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2008): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874123100802010084.

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The applications of lipase immobilized on ceramic beads and entrapped in sol-gel matrix, in the production of bio-diesel from waste cooking oil, are compared to that of free lipase. Experimental determination of the effect of molar equivalent of methanol, to moles of ester bond in the triglyceride, on the rate of the enzymatic trans-esterification was experimentally determined. It was found that for the same weight of lipase used, the production of bio-diesel was much higher using lipase immobilized on ceramic beads in comparison to that using lipase entrapped in sol-gel and in free form. Substrates inhibition effect was observed in all cases, which agrees with previous results found in literature. The optimum methanol:oil molar ratio was found to be 0.87 for immobilized lipase from yeast source, C. antartica and 1.00 for free lipase from the same yeast source and immobilized lipase from bacterial source, P. cepacia. On the other hand, it was shown that biodieasel can be produced in considerable amounts, with yield reaching 40%, in absence of organic solvent using immobilized lipase, from P. cepacia, on ceramic beads. The results of this study can be used to determine the kinetics parameters of mathematical models which describe the system.

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Kate, Joeri ten, Ruud Teunter, Ratih Dyah Kusumastuti, and Dirk Pieter van Donk. "Bio-diesel production using mobile processing units: A case in Indonesia." Agricultural Systems 152 (March 2017): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2016.12.015.

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Phimsen, Songphon, Worapon Kiatkittipong, Hiroshi Yamada, Tomohiko Tagawa, Kunlanan Kiatkittipong, Navadol Laosiripojana, and Suttichai Assabumrungrat. "Oil extracted from spent coffee grounds for bio-hydrotreated diesel production." Energy Conversion and Management 126 (October 2016): 1028–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.08.085.

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Sajid, Zaman, Yan Zhang, and Faisal Khan. "Process design and probabilistic economic risk analysis of bio-diesel production." Sustainable Production and Consumption 5 (January 2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2015.10.003.

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., J. Chandini. "PRODUCTION OF BIO-DIESEL FROM MICRO ALGAE GROWN IN WASTE WATER." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 05, no. 27 (September 25, 2016): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2016.0527011.

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Sivakumar, P., K. Anbarasu, and S. Renganathan. "Bio-diesel production by alkali catalyzed transesterification of dairy waste scum." Fuel 90, no. 1 (January 2011): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.08.024.

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Bak, Young-Cheol, Joo-Hong Choi, Sung-Bae Kim, and Dong-Weon Kang. "Production of bio-diesel fuels by transesterification of rice bran oil." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 13, no. 3 (May 1996): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02705945.

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Garcia-Perez, Manuel, Jun Shen, Xiao Shan Wang, and Chun-Zhu Li. "Production and fuel properties of fast pyrolysis oil/bio-diesel blends." Fuel Processing Technology 91, no. 3 (March 2010): 296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.10.012.

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Hancsók, Jenő, Péter Baladincz, Tamás Kasza, Sándor Kovács, Csaba Tóth, and Zoltán Varga. "Bio Gas Oil Production from Waste Lard." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/384184.

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Besides the second generations bio fuels, one of the most promising products is the bio gas oil, which is a high iso-paraffin containing fuel, which could be produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of different triglycerides. To broaden the feedstock of the bio gas oil the catalytic hydrogenation of waste lard over sulphided NiMo/Al2O3catalyst, and as the second step, the isomerization of the produced normal paraffin rich mixture (intermediate product) over Pt/SAPO-11 catalyst was investigated. It was found that both the hydrogenation and the decarboxylation/decarbonylation oxygen removing reactions took place but their ratio depended on the process parameters (T= 280–380∘C,P= 20–80 bar, LHSV = 0.75–3.0 h−1and H2/lard ratio: 600 Nm3/m3). In case of the isomerization at the favourable process parameters (T= 360–370∘C,P= 40 –50 bar, LHSV = 1.0 h−1and H2/hydrocarbon ratio: 400 Nm3/m3) mainly mono-branching isoparaffins were obtained. The obtained products are excellent Diesel fuel blending components, which are practically free of heteroatoms.

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47

Permpool, Napapat, Awais Mahmood, Hafiz Usman Ghani, and Shabbir H. Gheewala. "An Eco-Efficiency Assessment of Bio-Based Diesel Substitutes: A Case Study in Thailand." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020576.

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The development of new bio-based diesel substitutes can improve their compatibility with diesel engines. Nevertheless, for actual implementation, their environmental and economic performance needs to be studied. This study quantified the eco-efficiency of three bio-based diesels, viz., fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), partially hydrogenated FAME (H-FAME), and bio-hydrogenated diesel (BHD), to address the perspective of producers as well as policymakers for implementing the advanced diesel alternatives. The eco-efficiency was assessed as a ratio of life cycle costing as the economic indicator and three different environmental damages—human health, ecosystem quality, and resource availability. The eco-efficiency of FAME was the most favorable among all the potential substitutes with regard to human health and ecosystem quality, but the least favorable for resource availability impact. Even though BHD was beneficial in terms of life cycle costing, it was the least preferable when considering human health and ecosystem quality, though it performed the best for resource availability. H-FAME was also promising, in line with FAME. It is suggested that the technologies for BHD production should be improved, especially the catalyst used, which contributed greatly to environmental impacts and costs.

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Permpool, Napapat, Awais Mahmood, Hafiz Usman Ghani, and Shabbir H. Gheewala. "An Eco-Efficiency Assessment of Bio-Based Diesel Substitutes: A Case Study in Thailand." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020576.

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The development of new bio-based diesel substitutes can improve their compatibility with diesel engines. Nevertheless, for actual implementation, their environmental and economic performance needs to be studied. This study quantified the eco-efficiency of three bio-based diesels, viz., fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), partially hydrogenated FAME (H-FAME), and bio-hydrogenated diesel (BHD), to address the perspective of producers as well as policymakers for implementing the advanced diesel alternatives. The eco-efficiency was assessed as a ratio of life cycle costing as the economic indicator and three different environmental damages—human health, ecosystem quality, and resource availability. The eco-efficiency of FAME was the most favorable among all the potential substitutes with regard to human health and ecosystem quality, but the least favorable for resource availability impact. Even though BHD was beneficial in terms of life cycle costing, it was the least preferable when considering human health and ecosystem quality, though it performed the best for resource availability. H-FAME was also promising, in line with FAME. It is suggested that the technologies for BHD production should be improved, especially the catalyst used, which contributed greatly to environmental impacts and costs.

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Guo, Zuo Gang, Qian Qian Yin, and Shu Rong Wang. "Bio-Oil Emulsion Fuels Production Using Power Ultrasound." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 2709–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2709.

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Ultrasound was adopted to prepare emulsion fuels between bio-oil and 0# diesel. The effects of ultrasound power and treating time on the stability of emulsion fuels were investigated. Excellent stability with stable time as long as 35 hours was obtained under an ultrasound power of 80W and a treating time of 3 minutes. Malvern nanometer particle size analyzer (Zetasizer Nano S90) was used to study the droplet size of emulsion fuels. The emulsion fuels with smaller droplet size had longer stable time. And the droplet size of the optimal emulsion fuel was around 0.4 um.

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Barros, António André Chivanga, Paulo Francisco, Arleth Prata Serafim Francisco, and Adriano da Silva Mateus. "Plug flow reactor (PFR) to palm oil (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) thermal cracking." STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND EXACT SCIENCES 3, no. 4 (November 29, 2022): 719–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54021/seesv3n4-011.

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Given the need to develop and implement alternative renewable energy sources, this research was focused on using palm oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) as a raw material for biofuel production. A bench-scale plug flow reactor was designed and built and it was then used to carry out the thermal cracking experiments aimed at bio-oil production. For each experiment, the bio-oil products were characterized according to the acid value, refraction index, viscosity, and density and distillation curve. The results obtained from each experiment were compared with those for crude oil in order to identify the operation conditions that provide the best quality bio-oil. The bio-oil from each experiment was then fractionated using a distillation column, to produce bio-gasoline, bio-kerosene and green diesel. The distillation products were also characterized, based on the same properties evaluated for the bio-oil, and the results were compared with those for gasoline and diesel fuels. The results of this study show that it is possible to produce a bio-fuel based on bio-oil obtained from the thermal cracking of palm oil using a plug flow reactor, and the product is similar to crude oil, with the exception of the acid index value. With regard to the distillation curve, when compared with those for crude oil (Hungo and Cabinda blends) and its derivatives, good approximations are observed. The thermal cracking of palm oil can therefore be used as a technological strategy to obtain bio-oil and its derivatives and thereby reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels.

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