Journal articles: 'Bio-based Thermoplastic Polyurethane'

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Barmouz, Mohsen, and Amir Hossein Behravesh. "Foaming and thermal characteristics of bio-based polylactic acid–thermoplastic polyurethane blends." Journal of Cellular Plastics 54, no. 6 (August 27, 2018): 931–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x18793841.

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This paper reports a research work on characterization of foamed biocompatible polylactic acid–thermoplastic polyurethane blends in terms of microstructural, thermal, and physical properties. The brittleness of the polylactic acid is compensated via blending with an elastoplastic phase of thermoplastic polyurethane. A range of low bulk density foam with a high cell density was produced in a solid state foaming process. Addition of thermoplastic polyurethane phase acted against the cell growth and thus foam expansion, apparently due to its inherent lower storage modulus, which weakens the polymer matrix and leads to gas escape phenomenon. Evaluation of thermal properties showed a tangible effect of blending and foaming process on crystallization of the specimens, which confirmed that the sensitivity of polylactic acid’s crystallinity to CO2 gas saturation was reduced as a result of thermoplastic polyurethane addition. Measurement of cell diameters and cell densities of the foamed samples demonstrated formation of the fine closed cells structure as a result of suitable foaming parameters that were able to deal with stiffness and strength of the polymeric matrix.

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Saisangtham, Suchawadee, Manunya Okhawilai, and Pranut Potiyaraj. "Preparation of Novel partially Bio-Based Thermoplastic Polyurethane / Polyacrylonitrile Electrospun Fiber Mats." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2175, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2175/1/012005.

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Abstract The partially bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane/polyacrylonitrile electrospun fiber mats at various weight ratio was fabricated via electrospinning technique. A partially bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane was prepared from caprolactone diol and partially bio-based diisocyanate at a mole ratio of 2.1:1. Ethylene glycol was used as a chain extender. Three major effects i.e. solution concentration, distance from tip to collector and applied voltage on morphology of the obtained electrospun fiber mats were systematically investigated using a scanning electron microscope. The design of experiment, namely, Taguchi method was also applied. The morphology of the prepared electrospun fiber mats revealed continuous and smooth fibers without the formation of beads. The fiber diameters of the thermoplastic bio-based polyurethane/polyacrylonitrile were in micron size ranging from 0.2 to 1.4 μm. Moreover, the results showed that with the decrease of concentration, the fiber diameter decreased where the changes of applied voltage and distance from tip to collector resulted in negligible changes in fiber diameter. The findings can be further applied as processing conditions to meet properties requirements for the high-performance separator application.

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Głowińska, Ewa, Paulina Kasprzyk, and Janusz Datta. "The Green Approach to the Synthesis of Bio-Based Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers with Partially Bio-Based Hard Blocks." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 30, 2021): 2334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092334.

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Bio-based polymeric materials and green routes for their preparation are current issues of many research works. In this work, we used the diisocyanate mixture based on partially bio-based diisocyanate origin and typical petrochemical diisocyanate for the preparation of novel bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (bio-TPUs). We studied the influence of the diisocyanate mixture composition on the chemical structure, thermal, thermomechanical, and mechanical properties of obtained bio-TPUs. Diisocyanate mixture and bio-based 1,4-butanediol (as a low molecular chain extender) created bio-based hard blocks (HS). The diisocyanate mixture contained up to 75 wt % of partially bio-based diisocyanate. It is worth mentioning that the structure and amount of HS impact the phase separation, processing, thermal or mechanical properties of polyurethanes. The soft blocks (SS) in the bio-TPU’s materials were built from α,ω-oligo(ethylene-butylene adipate) diol. Hereby, bio-TPUs differed in hard segments content (c.a. 30; 34; 40, and 53%). We found that already increase of bio-based diisocyanate content of the bio-TPU impact the changes in their thermal stability which was measured by TGA. Based on DMTA results we observed changes in the viscoelastic behavior of bio-TPUs. The DSC analysis revealed decreasing in glass transition temperature and melting temperature of hard segments. In general, obtained materials were characterized by good mechanical properties. The results confirmed the validity of undertaken research problem related to obtaining bio-TPUs consist of bio-based hard building blocks. The application of partially bio-based diisocyanate mixtures and bio-based chain extender for bio-TPU synthesis leads to sustainable chemistry. Therefore the total level of “green carbons” increases with the increase of bio-based diisocyanate content in the bio-TPU structure. Obtained results constitute promising data for further works related to the preparation of fully bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers and development in the field of bio-based polymeric materials.

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Rashmi, Baralu Jagannatha, Daniela Rusu, Kalappa Prashantha, Marie France Lacrampe, and Patricia Krawczak. "Development of Water Blown Bio-Based Thermoplastic Polyurethane Foams." Advanced Materials Research 584 (October 2012): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.584.361.

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Water blown biobased thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) foams were prepared using synthetic and biobased chain extender. The concentration of chain extender, blowing agent (BA) and surfactant were varied and their effects on physical, mechanical and morphological properties of foams were investigated. Density, compressive strength and modulus of foams decreases with an increase in BA content and increased with chain extender concentration, but do not change significantly with change in surfactant concentration. The glass-transition temperatures of the foam samples increases with an increase in BA and chain extender concentration. The cell size of the foam sample increases slightly with an increase in BA whereas chain extender concentration has no effect on cell size.

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Mondal, Subrata, Paul Memmott, and Darren Martin. "Preparation and Characterization of Spinifex Resin-based Bio-Polyurethane/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Blends." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 52, no. 15 (December 8, 2013): 1535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2013.820757.

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Tang, Donglin, Christopher W. Macosko, and Marc A. Hillmyer. "Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers from bio-based poly(δ-decalactone) diols." Polym. Chem. 5, no. 9 (2014): 3231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3py01120h.

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Majdoub, Mohammed, Younes Essamlali, Othmane Amadine, Ikram Ganetri, and Mohamed Zahouily. "Organophilic graphene nanosheets as a promising nanofiller for bio-based polyurethane nanocomposites: investigation of the thermal, barrier and mechanical properties." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 39 (2019): 15659–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj03300a.

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The present study focuses on the design of new nanocomposite films using bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) as a polymer matrix and long chain amine functionalized reduced graphene oxide (G-ODA) as a nanofiller.

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Głowińska, Ewa, Olga Gotkiewicz, and Paulina Kosmela. "Sustainable Strategy for Algae Biomass Waste Management via Development of Novel Bio-Based Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers Composites." Molecules 28, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010436.

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This work concerns the waste management method of algae biomass wastes (ABW). For this purpose, we prepared bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (bio-TPU) composites. Algae biomass wastes are derived from algal oil extraction of Chlorella vulgaris and from biomass of Enteromorpha and Zostera marina. ABWs were used in the bio-TPUs composites as a filler in the quantity of 1, 5, 10, and 15 wt.%. The bio-based composites were prepared via the in situ method. Polymer matrix was synthesized from a bio-based polyester polyol, diisocyanate mixture (composed of partially bio-based and synthetic diisocyanates), and bio-based 1,3 propanediol. In this study, the chemical structure, morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of prepared composites were investigated. Based on the conducted research, it was determined that the type and the content of algae waste influence the properties of the bio-based polyurethane matrix. In general, the addition of algae biomass wastes led to obtain materials characterized by good mechanical properties and noticeable positive ecological impact by increasing the total amount of green components in prepared bio-TPU-based composites from 68.7% to 73.54%.

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Hou, Xi, Liwen Sun, Wei Wei, Darlene K. Taylor, Shengpei Su, and Haibin Yu. "Structure and performance control of high‐damping bio‐based thermoplastic polyurethane." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 139, no. 18 (December 30, 2021): 52059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.52059.

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Wang, Zhaoshan, Jieqiong Yan, Tongyao Wang, Yingying Zai, Liyan Qiu, and Qingguo Wang. "Fabrication and Properties of a Bio-Based Biodegradable Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomer." Polymers 11, no. 7 (July 2, 2019): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11071121.

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Using the melt polycondensation of five bio-based aliphatic monomers (succinic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, 1,3-propanediol, and 1,4-butanediol), we first synthesized the more flexible and biodegradable polyester diols (BPD) with an average molecular weight of 3825. Then, the BPD was polymerized with excessive 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). Finally, the molecular chain extender of 1,4-butanediol (BDO) was used to fabricate the biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (BTPU), comprising the soft segment of BPD and the hard segment polymerized by MDI and BDO. Atomic force microscope (AFM) images showed the two-phase structure of the BTPU. The tensile strength of the BTPU containing 60% BPD was about 30 MPa and elongation at break of the BTPU was over 800%. Notably, the BTPU had superior biodegradability in lipase solution and the biodegradation weight loss ratio of the BTPU containing 80% BPD reached 36.7% within 14 days in the lipase solution.

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Rashmi, Baralu Jagannatha, Daniela Rusu, Kalappa Prashantha, Marie France Lacrampe, and Patricia Krawczak. "Development of water-blown bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane foams using bio-derived chain extender." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 128, no. 1 (June 27, 2012): 292–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.38183.

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12

Zhao, Xiuying, Tao Shou, Riran Liang, Shikai Hu, Peng Yu, and Liqun Zhang. "Bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane derived from polylactic acid with high-damping performance." Industrial Crops and Products 154 (October 2020): 112619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112619.

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Blache, Héloïse, Françoise Méchin, Alain Rousseau, Étienne Fleury, Jean-Pierre Pascault, Pierre Alcouffe, Nicolas Jacquel, and René Saint-Loup. "New bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers from isosorbide and rapeseed oil derivatives." Industrial Crops and Products 121 (October 2018): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.004.

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14

Rajput, Bhausaheb S., Thien An Phung Hai, and Michael D. Burkart. "High Bio-Content Thermoplastic Polyurethanes from Azelaic Acid." Molecules 27, no. 15 (July 30, 2022): 4885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154885.

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To realize the commercialization of sustainable materials, new polymers must be generated and systematically evaluated for material characteristics and end-of-life treatment. Polyester polyols made from renewable monomers have found limited adoption in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) applications, and their broad adoption in manufacturing may be possible with a more detailed understanding of their structure and properties. To this end, we prepared a series of bio-based crystalline and amorphous polyester polyols utilizing azelaic acid and varying branched or non-branched diols. The prepared polyols showed viscosities in the range of 504–781 cP at 70 °C, with resulting TPUs that displayed excellent thermal and mechanical properties. TPUs prepared from crystalline azelate polyester polyol exhibited excellent mechanical properties compared to TPUs prepared from amorphous polyols. These were used to demonstrate prototype products, such as watch bands and cup-shaped forms. Importantly, the prepared TPUs had up to 85% bio-carbon content. Studies such as these will be important for the development of renewable materials that display mechanical properties suitable for commercially viable, sustainable products.

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Khalifa, Mohammed, Govind S. Ekbote, S. Anandhan, Guenter Wuzella, Herfried Lammer, and Arunjunai Raj Mahendran. "Physicochemical characteristics of bio‐based thermoplastic polyurethane/graphene nanocomposite for piezoresistive strain sensor." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 137, no. 44 (May 2, 2020): 49364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.49364.

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Włoch, Marcin, and Paulina Landowska. "Preparation and Properties of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Composites Filled with Powdered Buckwheat Husks." Materials 15, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010356.

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Bio-based fillers for the polymer composites are still interesting from the scientific and industrial point of view, due to their low cost and renewable nature. In this work partially green composites were obtained by the mixing of thermoplastic poly(ester-urethane) with the unmodified and modified (by acetylation) grinded buckwheat husks. Obtained biocomposites were characterized in the terms of their chemical structure (FTIR), microstructure (SEM), thermal stability (TGA), thermomechanical properties (DMTA), and selected mechanical properties. The results showed that introduction of grinded buckwheat husks (even if the amount is 60 wt%) permit retaining high values of tensile strength (around 8–10 MPa), but the increasing amount of applied filler is connected with the decreasing of elongation at break. It can result from good interaction between the polymer matrix and the bio-based filler (confirmed by high values of polymer matrix-filler interaction parameter determined from Pukánszky’s model for the tensile strength of composites). The applied chemical treatment results in changing of mechanical properties of filler and composites. Obtained results confirmed the possibility of using powdered buckwheat husks as filler for thermoplastic polyurethane.

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Zeng, Chao, Nai-Wen Zhang, and Jie Ren. "Synthesis and properties of bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane based on poly (L-lactic acid) copolymer polydiol." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 125, no. 4 (January 29, 2012): 2564–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.36283.

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Arik, Nehir, Nesrin Horzum, and Yen Bach Truong. "Development and Characterizations of Engineered Electrospun Bio-Based Polyurethane Containing Essential Oils." Membranes 12, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12020209.

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We report the fabrication of bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fibrous scaffolds containing essential oils (EO). The main goal of this study was to investigate the effects of essential oil type (St. John’s Wort oil (SJWO), lavender oil (LO), and virgin olive oil (OO))/concentration on the electrospinnability of TPU. The effects of applied voltage, flow rate, and end-tip distance on the diameter, morphology, and wettability of the TPU/EO electrospun fibers were investigated. The electrospun TPU/EO scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle (CA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The addition of oil resulted in an increase in the fiber diameter, reduction in the surface roughness, and, accordingly, a reduction in the contact angle of the composite fibers. TPU fibers containing SJWO and LO have a more flexible structure compared to the fibers containing OO. This comparative study fills the existing information gap and shows the benefits of the fabrication of essential-oil-incorporated electrospun fiber with morphology and size range with respect to the desired applications, which are mostly wound dressing and food packaging.

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De Smet, David, Willem Uyttendaele, and Myriam Vanneste. "Bio-Based 2K PU Coating for Durable Textile Applications." Coatings 12, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020169.

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Polyurethane (PU) coatings are often applied on high added value technical textiles. To date, most PU textile coatings are solvent based or water based. Recent advances are made in applying high solid and two-component (2K) PU on textiles. Currently, polymers made from renewable raw materials are experiencing a renaissance, owing to the trend to reduce CO2 emissions and switch to CO2-neutral renewable products. There is also the tendency towards the “bio, eco, natural” consciousness-awakening of the end consumer and the market-driven question to implement renewable materials. However, the application of bio-based coatings on textiles is limited. In this regard, the present study is conducted to develop bio-based 2K PU coating specifically designed for waterproof textiles. A 2K PU coating formulation, composed of bio-based polyol and bio-based isocyanate Desmodur Eco N7300, was made and directly applied on a polyester fabric prior to thermal curing in an oven. The coating was characterized via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The coatings were not thermoplastic and had a glass transition temperature of approximately 50 °C. Since a bio-based pentamethylene diisocyanate trimer (PDI-trimer), Desmodur Eco N7300 was used as an isocyanate source and not a diisocyanate derivative, and the resulting bio-based 2K coating was a thermoset instead of a thermoplastic. The effect of the additives and content of isocyanate on the elongation and stress at break was studied by performing tensile tests (ISO 13934-1) on 50 µm 2K PU films and comparing the obtained values. The performance of the coating was studied by evaluating the resistance to hydrostatic pressure initially and after washing, the Q-panel Laboratory UltraViolet (QUV) aging and the hydrolysis test. The developed bio-based 2K PU coating had excellent hydrostatic pressure, QUV aging resistance, hydrolysis resistance and wash fastness at 60 °C.

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Oh, So-Yeon, Min-Sil Kang, Jonathan C. Knowles, and Myoung-Seon Gong. "Synthesis of bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers containing isosorbide and polycarbonate diol and their biocompatible properties." Journal of Biomaterials Applications 30, no. 3 (June 8, 2015): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885328215590054.

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Tokdemir, Veysel, and Suat Altun. "A case study of wood thermoplastic composite filament for 3D printing." BioResources 17, no. 1 (November 3, 2021): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.1.21-36.

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The 3D printing technology is a method of converting proposed complex geometric shapes into solid models. One of these methods is the FDM (fused deposition modeling) printing technology as a considerably affordable and the most commonly used method in the world. The purpose of this study is to obtain FDM 3D printer filaments that are as natural as possible, resembling wood and evoking the sensation of wood upon touching through deployment of bio-based plastics and additives. Polylactic acid (PLA) and bio thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) were used as matrices, and lignin and Arboform, a lignin-based biomaterial, were used as additives. The characteristics of composites achieved through addition of 10% lignin and Arboform to matrices were identified by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the tensile test. The effects of some printing parameters on the mechanical characteristics were also determined. Lignin induced a decrease in mechanical characteristics for both PLA and TPU. Arboform, on the other hand, demonstrated good bonding with TPU and increased tensile strength. Production of flexible and sufficiently durable parts by means of 10% Arboform-containing TPU filaments was demonstrated.

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Jung, Yang-Sook, Sunhee Lee, Jaehyeung Park, and Eun-Joo Shin. "One-Shot Synthesis of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Based on Bio-Polyol (Polytrimethylene Ether Glycol) and Characterization of Micro-Phase Separation." Polymers 14, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 4269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14204269.

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In this study, a series of bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was synthesized via the solvent-free one-shot method using 100% bio-based polyether polyol, prepared from fermented corn, and 1,4-butanediol (BDO) as a chain extender. The average molecular weight, degree of phase separation, thermal and mechanical properties of the TPU-based aromatic (4,4-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate: MDI), and aliphatic (bis(4-isocyanatocyclohexyl) methane: H12MDI) isocyanates were investigated by gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. Four types of micro-phase separation forms of a hard segment (HS) and soft segment (SS) were suggested according to the [NCO]/[OH] molar ratio and isocyanate type. The results showed (a) phase-mixed disassociated structure between HS and SS, (b) hydrogen-bonded structure of phase-separated between HS and SS forming one-sided hard domains, (c) hydrogen-bonded structure of phase-mixed between HS, and SS and (d) hydrogen-bonded structure of phase-separated between HS and SS forming dispersed hard domains. These phase micro-structure models could be matched with each bio-based TPU sample. Accordingly, H-BDO-2.0, M-BDO-2.0, H-BDO-2.5, and M-BDO-3.0 could be related to the (a)—form, (b)—form, (c)—form, and (d)—form, respectively.

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Garces, Irina T., Samira Aslanzadeh, Yaman Boluk, and Cagri Ayranci. "Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) reinforced shape memory polyurethane ribbons for future biomedical applications and design." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 33, no. 3 (October 30, 2018): 377–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705718806334.

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Shape memory materials are an innovative type of materials that reversibly store a temporary shape and recover back to the original dimensions with the application of an external mechanism such as heat. Shape memory polymers (SMP), specifically thermoplastic SMP (e.g. shape memory polyurethane (SMPU)) have received much attention during the past decade because of the promising future applications and advantages such as ease of processability for thermoplastic SMP (e.g. by 3-D printing), cost, and biocompatibility. In the biomedical field, applications such as stents, surgical sutures, and orthodontic devices, amongst others have been proposed. The addition of fillers to the material can modify the material to improve their load bearing capabilities. Bio-based fillers such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) have been proposed in a variety of reinforcing applications. The present work focuses on the experimental description of the addition of nonmodified CNC to SMPU. The work studied the effect on melt-extruded ribbons, for 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 wt%. An increase of yield point, toughness, flexural modulus, recovery rate, and decrease of total time showed that SMPU/CNC nanocomposites are a potential candidate to use in future biomedical applications.

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Kılınç, Kerim, Yasin Kanbur, and Ümit Tayfun. "Mechanical, thermo-mechanical and water uptake performance of wood flour filled polyurethane elastomer eco-composites: influence of surface treatment of wood flour." Holzforschung 73, no. 4 (April 24, 2019): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0116.

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AbstractAlkaline and silane treatments were applied to wood flour (WF) to enrich its adhesion to bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix. TPU/WF eco-composites were prepared at a constant ratio of 30% by the melt blending process. The mechanical, thermo-mechanical, melt-flow, water uptake and morphological properties of the materials were investigated. Silane-treated WF filled composite exhibited better mechanical performance with respect to untreated WF due to enhancement of adhesion between WF and TPU matrix after surface treatments. This sample also gave the lowest water absorption value among composites. The results confirmed that silane treatment of WF led to significant improvement on the mechanical and physical properties of TPU-based composites in addition to an improved water resistance for outdoor applications.

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Zhang, Lisheng, Zhu Xiong, S. Saqib Shams, Ruilei Yu, Juncheng Huang, Ruoyu Zhang, and Jin Zhu. "Free radical competitions in polylactide/bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane/ free radical initiator ternary blends and their final properties." Polymer 64 (May 2015): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2015.03.032.

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Rokkonen, Teijo, Pia Willberg-Keyriläinen, Jarmo Ropponen, and Tero Malm. "Foamability of Cellulose Palmitate Using Various Physical Blowing Agents in the Extrusion Process." Polymers 13, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 2416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13152416.

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Polymer foams are widely used in several fields such as thermal insulation, acoustics, automotive, and packaging. The most widely used polymer foams are made of polyurethane, polystyrene, and polyethylene but environmental awareness is boosting interest towards alternative bio-based materials. In this study, the suitability of bio-based thermoplastic cellulose palmitate for extrusion foaming was studied. Isobutane, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen (N2) were tested as blowing agents in different concentrations. Each of them enabled cellulose palmitate foam formation. Isobutane foams exhibited the lowest density with the largest average cell size and nitrogen foams indicated most uniform cell morphology. The effect of die temperature on foamability was further studied with isobutane (3 wt%) as a blowing agent. Die temperature had a relatively low impact on foam density and the differences were mainly encountered with regard to surface quality and cell size distribution. This study demonstrates that cellulose palmitate can be foamed but to produce foams with greater quality, the material homogeneity needs to be improved and researched further.

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Oh, Jiyeon, Young Kwang Kim, Sung-Ho Hwang, Hyun-Chul Kim, Jae-Hun Jung, Cho-Hyun Jeon, Jongwon Kim, and Sang Kyoo Lim. "Preparation of Side-By-Side Bicomponent Fibers Using Bio Polyol Based Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) and TPU/Polylactic Acid Blends." Fibers 10, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib10110095.

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In this study, side-by-side bicomponent fibers were prepared by melt spinning using bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and TPU/polylactic acid (PLA) blends. The morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of the fibers were investigated. To this end, the synthesis of TPU using biomass-based polyols and the preparation of TPU/PLA blends were preceded. Their morphological and structural characteristics were investigated. The synthesis of TPU was confirmed through Fourier transform infrared analysis, and as a result of gel permeation chromatograph analysis, a compound having a weight average molecular weight of 196,107 was synthesized. The TPU/PLA blends were blended in the ratio of 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, and 20/80 through a melt extruder. They formed a sea–island structure as a result of scanning electron microscope analysis, and an increase in the PLA content in the TPU matrix caused a decrease in the melt flow index. Finally, TPU/(TPU/PLA) side-by-side bicomponent fibers were prepared by utilizing the above two materials. These fibers exhibited tensile strengths of up to 3624 MPa, with improved biocarbon content of up to 71.5%. These results demonstrate the potential of TPU/(TPU/PLA) side-by-side bicomponent fibers for various applications.

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Parcheta, Paulina, Ewa Głowińska, and Janusz Datta. "Effect of bio-based components on the chemical structure, thermal stability and mechanical properties of green thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers." European Polymer Journal 123 (January 2020): 109422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109422.

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Wang, Xuan, Wei Cai, Daolin Ye, Yulu Zhu, Mulan Cui, Jianchao Xi, Jiajia Liu, and Weiyi Xing. "Bio-based polyphenol tannic acid as universal linker between metal oxide nanoparticles and thermoplastic polyurethane to enhance flame retardancy and mechanical properties." Composites Part B: Engineering 224 (November 2021): 109206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109206.

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Pattamaprom, Cattaleeya, Chien-Hui Wu, Po-Han Chen, Yu-Lin Huang, Palraj Ranganathan, Syang-Peng Rwei, and Fu-Sheng Chuan. "Solvent-Free One-Shot Synthesis of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Based on Bio-Poly(1,3-propylene succinate) Glycol with Temperature-Sensitive Shape Memory Behavior." ACS Omega 5, no. 8 (February 20, 2020): 4058–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b03663.

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Yuan, Dian, Vahab Solouki Bonab, Ammar Patel, Talha Yilmaz, Richard A. Gross, and Ica Manas-Zloczower. "Design Strategy for Self-Healing Epoxy Coatings." Coatings 10, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10010050.

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Self-healing strategies including intrinsic and extrinsic self-healing are commonly used for polymeric materials to restore their appearance and properties upon damage. Unlike intrinsic self-healing tactics where recovery is based on reversible chemical or physical bonds, extrinsic self-healing approaches rely on a secondary phase to acquire the self-healing functionality. Understanding the impacts of the secondary phase on both healing performance and matrix properties is important for rational system design. In this work, self-healing coating systems were prepared by blending a bio-based epoxy from diglycidyl ether of diphenolate esters (DGEDP) with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) prepolymers. Such systems exhibit polymerization induced phase separation morphology that controls coating mechanical and healing properties. Structure–property analysis indicates that the degree of phase separation is controlled by tuning the TPU prepolymer molecular weight. Increasing the TPU prepolymer molecular weight results in a highly phase separated morphology that is preferable for mechanical performances but undesirable for healing functionality. In this case, diffusion of TPU prepolymers during healing is restricted by the epoxy network rigidity and chain entanglement. Low molecular weight TPU prepolymers tend to phase mix with the epoxy matrix during curing, resulting in the formation of a flexible epoxy network that benefits TPU flow while decreasing Tg and mechanical properties. This work describes a rational strategy to develop self-healing coatings with controlled morphology to extend their functions and tailor their properties for specific applications.

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AKIN, Ecem, Sibel DEMIROGLU, Elif ALYAMAÇ, and Özgür SEYDİBEYOĞLU. "Elektro Çekim Yöntemi ile Haloysit Katkılı Biyo-Bazlı Termoplastik Poliüretan Nanolif Üretimi ve Karakterizasyonu." Tekstil ve Mühendis 27, no. 120 (December 30, 2020): 218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7216/1300759920202712001.

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In this study, it was aimed to produce biocomposite nanofibers by using electrospinning technique and to form biocomposite structure, bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane (BioTPU) and halloysite (HST) mineral obtained from natural sources were used. Electrospinning parameters have been optimized for the production of nanofibers with smooth morphology and the polymer solution with the most suitable parameter was determined. Different concentrations of HST filled BioTPU nanofibers were produced and the rheological behavior of the solutions was investigated with a rotational rheometer before electrospinning to observe the effects of halloysite on fiber morphology. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was carried out to determine the chemical composition of acquired nanofibers, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to monitor surface morphologies. Contact angle measurements were carried out to observe the effects of halloysite on the hydrophilicity of nanofiber. According to rheology results, it has been found out that the solution viscosity, storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G'') of halloysite increased up to a certain concentration (0.3 % HST), but later caused falls on viscosity. According to the results of FTIR analysis, there is no chemical bond between halloysite and BioTPU, but SEM images show that halloysite was added to the structure of nanofibers. It was also found that the halloysite added to the structure increased the fiber diameters and that the fiber cross-section was not uniformly distributed along the fiber axis. The results of contact angle analysis indicated that acquired nanofibers have hydrophobic surface and the added halloysite decreases contact angles of nanofibers.

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Petrović, Zoran S., Jelena Milić, Fan Zhang, and Jan Ilavsky. "Fast-responding bio-based shape memory thermoplastic polyurethanes." Polymer 121 (July 2017): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2017.05.072.

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Jung, Yang-Sook, Sunhee Lee, Jaehyeung Park, and Eun-Joo Shin. "Synthesis of Novel Shape Memory Thermoplastic Polyurethanes (SMTPUs) from Bio-Based Materials for Application in 3D/4D Printing Filaments." Materials 16, no. 3 (January 26, 2023): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16031072.

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Bio-based thermoplastic polyurethanes have attracted increasing attention as advanced shape memory materials. Using the prepolymer method, novel fast-responding shape memory thermoplastic polyurethanes (SMTPUs) were prepared from 100% bio-based polyester polyol, poly-propylene succinate derived from corn oil, diphenyl methane diisocyanate, and bio-based 1,3-propanediol as a chain extender. The morphologies of the SMTPUs were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray diffraction, which revealed the interdomain spacing between the hard and soft phases, the degree of phase separation, and the intermixing level between the hard and soft phases. The thermal and mechanical properties of the SMTPUs were also investigated, wherein a high hard segment content imparted unique properties that rendered the SMTPUs suitable for shape memory applications at varying temperatures. More specifically, the SMTPUs exhibited a high level of elastic elongation and good mechanical strength. Following compositional optimization, a tensile strength of 24–27 MPa was achieved, in addition to an elongation at break of 358–552% and a hardness of 84–92 Shore A. Moreover, the bio-based SMTPU exhibited a shape recovery of 100%, thereby indicating its potential for use as an advanced temperature-dependent shape memory material with an excellent shape recoverability.

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Oh, Jiyeon, Young Kwang Kim, Sung-Ho Hwang, Hyun-Chul Kim, Jae-Hun Jung, Cho-Hyun Jeon, Jongwon Kim, and Sang Kyoo Lim. "Synthesis of Thermoplastic Polyurethanes Containing Bio-Based Polyester Polyol and Their Fiber Property." Polymers 14, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 2033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14102033.

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Among the starting materials of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs), it was confirmed that succinic acid-based polyester biopolyols having different molecular weights (Mn = 1000, 2000, and 4000) affect the physicochemical properties of the final polymer significantly. Bio-TPUs synthesized through a solvent-free one-shot polymerization process were synthesized with a polyester polyol, 1,4 butanediol (BDO), and 4,4′-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) in a molar ratio of 1:1:2. As a control group, one typical petroleum-based TPU was synthesized and characterized along with other bio-based TPUs. Representative petroleum-based and bio-based TPUs synthesized were manufactured as monofilaments with a diameter of about 0.2 mm through an extrusion process with different draw ratios (4, 5, and 6 times). The molecular weight and structural properties of the TPUs were characterized by GPC and FT-IR analysis and thermal characterization by DSC and TGA analysis. Petroleum-based TPU and bio-based TPU having the same molecular weight soft segment (SS) tended to have similar molecular weight and hard segment (HS) content. TPUs with high HS content had excellent thermal stability, enabling stable extrusion of TPUs. In addition, it was confirmed that the bio-based TPU fibers produced in this way had a tensile strength corresponding to the physical properties of petroleum-based TPU fibers and an excellent elastic recovery rate of almost 100 %. These results indicate the application potential of bio-TPU.

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Li, Xiang Xu, Mi Hyun Sohn, and Ur Ryong Cho. "Changes in the Properties of Bio-Based Thermoplastic Polyurethanes with Different Chain Extenders." Polymer Korea 43, no. 4 (July 31, 2019): 621–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7317/pk.2019.43.4.621.

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Yuan, Liyun, Wei Zhou, Yong Shen, and Zhibo Li. "Chemically recyclable polyurethanes based on bio-renewable γ-butyrolactone: From thermoplastics to elastomers." Polymer Degradation and Stability 204 (October 2022): 110116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110116.

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Bueno-Ferrer, Carmen, Elodie Hablot, Florence Perrin-Sarazin, M. Carmen Garrigós, Alfonso Jiménez, and Luc Averous. "Structure and Morphology of New Bio-Based Thermoplastic Polyurethanes Obtained From Dimeric Fatty Acids." Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 297, no. 8 (February 7, 2012): 777–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mame.201100278.

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Rashmi, B. J., D. Rusu, K. Prashantha, M.-F. Lacrampe, and P. Krawczak. "Development of bio-based thermoplastic polyurethanes formulations using corn-derived chain extender for reactive rotational molding." Express Polymer Letters 7, no. 10 (2013): 852–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2013.82.

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Kasprzyk, Paulina, Ewa Głowińska, Paulina Parcheta-Szwindowska, Kamila Rohde, and Janusz Datta. "Green TPUs from Prepolymer Mixtures Designed by Controlling the Chemical Structure of Flexible Segments." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14 (July 12, 2021): 7438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147438.

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This study concerns green thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) obtained by controlling the chemical structure of flexible segments. Two types of bio-based polyether polyols—poly(trimethylene glycol)s—with average molecular weights ca. 1000 and 2700 Da were used (PO3G1000 and PO3G2700, respectively). TPUs were prepared via a two-step method. Hard segments consisted of 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanates and the bio-based 1,4-butanodiol (used as a chain extender and used to control the [NCO]/[OH] molar ratio). The impacts of the structure of flexible segments, the amount of each type of prepolymer, and the [NCO]/[OH] molar ratio on the chemical structure and selected properties of the TPUs were verified. By regulating the number of flexible segments of a given type, different selected properties of TPU materials were obtained. Thermal analysis confirmed the high thermal stability of the prepared materials and revealed that TPUs based on a higher amount of prepolymer synthesized from PO3G2700 have a tendency for cold crystallization. An increase in the amount of PO3G1000 at the flexible segments caused an increase in the tensile strength and decrease in the elongation at break. Melt flow index results demonstrated that the increase in the amount of prepolymer based on PO3G1000 resulted in TPUs favorable in terms of machining.

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Orlando, Marco, Gianluca Molla, Pietro Castellani, Valentina Pirillo, Vincenzo Torretta, and Navarro Ferronato. "Microbial Enzyme Biotechnology to Reach Plastic Waste Circularity: Current Status, Problems and Perspectives." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4 (February 15, 2023): 3877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043877.

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The accumulation of synthetic plastic waste in the environment has become a global concern. Microbial enzymes (purified or as whole-cell biocatalysts) represent emerging biotechnological tools for waste circularity; they can depolymerize materials into reusable building blocks, but their contribution must be considered within the context of present waste management practices. This review reports on the prospective of biotechnological tools for plastic bio-recycling within the framework of plastic waste management in Europe. Available biotechnology tools can support polyethylene terephthalate (PET) recycling. However, PET represents only ≈7% of unrecycled plastic waste. Polyurethanes, the principal unrecycled waste fraction, together with other thermosets and more recalcitrant thermoplastics (e.g., polyolefins) are the next plausible target for enzyme-based depolymerization, even if this process is currently effective only on ideal polyester-based polymers. To extend the contribution of biotechnology to plastic circularity, optimization of collection and sorting systems should be considered to feed chemoenzymatic technologies for the treatment of more recalcitrant and mixed polymers. In addition, new bio-based technologies with a lower environmental impact in comparison with the present approaches should be developed to depolymerize (available or new) plastic materials, that should be designed for the required durability and for being susceptible to the action of enzymes.

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Rashmi, B. J., C. Loux, and K. Prashantha. "Bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane and polyamide 11 bioalloys with excellent shape memory behavior." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 134, no. 20 (January 31, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.44794.

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Jung, Yang Sook, Jeongjae Woo, Eunsol Lee, Sunhee Lee, and Eun Joo Shin. "Synthesis and properties of bio-based thermoplastic poly(ether urethane) for soft actuators." Journal of Polymer Research 29, no. 12 (November 24, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10965-022-03375-x.

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AbstractIn this study, bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) for use in soft actuators is bio-based poly(ether-urethane) made using fermented corn, along with bio-derived compounds such as propane-1,3-diol (PDO) as a chain extender. Bio-based TPUs were obtained through a solvent-free one-shot synthesis method, and the effects of varying the [NCO]/[OH] molar ratio and type of isocyanates on chemical structure, thermal stability, and mechanical properties were investigated. The degree of phase separation (DPS) and state of hard segment (HS) / soft segment (SS) of TPU are important factors affecting the thermal and physical properties of the prepared film. These properties depend on the [NCO]/[OH] molar ratio and the type of isocyanates used for polymerization. The results showed that, when aromatic isocyanate was used, the degree of separation of the HS/SS was improved as the molar ratio increased. The average molecular weight and DPS as well as thermal and mechanical properties of 1-isocyanato-4-[(4-isocyanatophenyl)methyl]benzene (MDI)-based TPU samples are all higher than those of 1,1’-methylenebis(4-isocyanatocyclohexane) (H12MDI)-based TPU samples in spite of the lower HS content. These findings of this study are expected to contribute to the preparation of fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing or 4D printing for shape memory polymer from bio-based TPU filaments for use in soft actuators with a shore hardness range of 59~84A.

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Lai, S. M., and Y. C. Lan. "Shape memory properties of melt-blended polylactic acid (PLA)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) bio-based blends." Journal of Polymer Research 20, no. 5 (April 19, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10965-013-0140-6.

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Lai, Sun-Mou, Wan-Ling Wu, and Yu-Jhen Wang. "Annealing effect on the shape memory properties of polylactic acid (PLA)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) bio-based blends." Journal of Polymer Research 23, no. 5 (April 22, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10965-016-0993-6.

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Głowińska, Ewa, Wojciech Wolak, and Janusz Datta. "Eco-friendly Route for Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers with Bio-based Hard Segments Composed of Bio-glycol and Mixtures of Aromatic–Aliphatic and Aliphatic–Aliphatic Diisocyanate." Journal of Polymers and the Environment, January 5, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-020-01992-5.

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Tayfun, Ümit, Alinda Öykü Akar, Fırat Hacıoğlu, and Mehmet Doğan. "Performance enhancement of coir fiber-reinforced elastomeric polyurethane eco-composites via the enrichment of fiber surface using sustainable modifications." Green Materials, January 19, 2023, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.22.00103.

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Tuning the chemical functionality of lignocellulosic fiber plays a key role in the development of mechanically strong composites to overcome the leakage of compatibility between composite phases which is a major challenge in multidimensional applications of eco-composites. Herein, the coconut fiber (CF) surface was enriched via four kinds of modification routes including mercerization, amino-functional silane treatment, bio-based epoxy resin sizing, and isocyanate treatment to enhance its interfacial adhesion to thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix. Tensile strength and Shore-hardness parameters of composites were improved by surface-modified CF inclusions. Thermo-mechanical response of TPU was optimized after CF loadings regardless of treatment type. Composite involving silane-modified CF exhibited the lowest water uptake due to the hydrophobic behavior of the silane layer. The increase in interfacial interaction between the TPU matrix and modified CF was confirmed by SEM investigations. The chemically enriched surface of CF confers the performance of composites thanks to improved adhesion in the TPU-CF interface.

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Xu, Yao, Bingtao Wang, Zhenghong Guo, Zhengping Fang, Peng Chen, and Juan Li. "Effect of a bio-based copolymer containing lysine, dopamine and triazine on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane/ammonium polyphosphate." European Polymer Journal, February 2023, 111938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111938.

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Klute, Marco, Alexander Piontek, Hans-Peter Heim, and Stephan Kabasci. "Effects of blending poly(lactic acid) and thermoplastic polyester polyurethanes on the mechanical and adhesive properties in two-component injection molding." International Polymer Processing, September 16, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2021-4212.

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Abstract One possible way to increase the use of bioplastics and thus contribute to a more resource-efficient and sustainable economy is to broaden the application range of such bioplastics. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a promising and commercially available bio-based and biologically degradable polymer, which exhibits a high strength and stiffness but is very brittle. Blending with other polymers can lead to an enhancement of the ductility of the PLA. The goal of this work was to show that blending of PLA with a bio-based thermoplastic polyester-urethane elastomer (TPU) increases the ductility of the compound and also affects the adhesion of the layers when the materials – the modified PLA compound and the TPU – are processed via two-component (2C) injection molding to form corresponding composite parts. The results show that both goals – the increased ductility as well as the increased adhesion between the polymeric phases in 2C parts – can be reached by compounding PLA with two different bio-based polyester-based TPUs. Tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the compounds decrease according to a linear mixing rule with the addition of TPU. Elongation at break and notched Charpy impact strength increase by 750 and 200%, respectively. By addition of the TPU, the surface free energies of the compounds were increased, especially the polar parts. This led to reduced interfacial tensions between the produced compounds and the neat TPUs and thus increased the adhesion between them. For the softer TPU the adhesion was so strong that the TPU showed a cohesive failure in the 90° peel test and thus could not be separated from the compound substrate at all. For the harder TPU the bonding strength increased by 140% upon the addition of this TPU inside the hard component.

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Baudis, Stefan, Maria Schwarz, Christian Grasl, Helga Bergmeister, Guenter Weigel, Heinrich Schima, and Robert Liska. "(Bio)degradable Urethane-Elastomers for Electrospun Vascular Grafts." MRS Proceedings 1235 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-1235-rr03-30.

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AbstractElectrospinning is a very powerful method to create cellular scaffolds for regenerative medicine – especially for artificial vascular grafts. Commercially available thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (TPUs), like Pellethane™ are FDA approved and have already shown excellent biomechanical properties as electrospun vascular grafts. In order to induce the growth of a neo artery and hence increase the long-term patency of the graft, the use of biodegradable TPUs is beneficial. Therefore we aim for the development of degradable TPUs. In preliminary studies the mechanical properties of segmented TPUs were examined. The tendencies of the properties of the compression-molded bulk materials were also found for the electrospun materials. It could also be shown that the substitution of the aromatic 4,4′-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate building blocks in Pellethane™ with the aliphatic hexamethylene diisocyanate – to avoid toxic aromatic amines as degradation products - only causes minor loss of strength. To obtain degradable TPUs, our concept is to incorporate cleavable ester bonds into the polymer chain. For this purpose, lactic- and terephthalic ester-based cleavable chain extenders were used. The expected degradation products showed no cytotoxicity in-vitro. Degradation tests of polymer samples in phosphate buffered saline at elevated temperatures confirmed the degradability of the new polymers.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bio-based Thermoplastic Polyurethane'

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