Journal articles: 'Bio-based blend'

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El-Maghraby, Rehab M. "A Study on Bio-Diesel and Jet Fuel Blending for the Production of Renewable Aviation Fuel." Materials Science Forum 1008 (August 2020): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1008.231.

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Aviation industry is considered one of the contributors to atmospheric CO2emissions. It is forced to cut off carbon dioxide emission starting 2020. Current trends in bio-jet production involve mega projects with million dollars of investments. In this study, bio-jet fuel production by blending bio-diesel with traditional jet fuel at different concentrations of bio-diesel (5, 10, 15, 20 vol. %) was investigated. This blending technique will reduce bio-jet production cost compared to other bio-jet techniques. Bio-diesel was originally produced by the transesterification of non-edible vegetable oil (renewable sources), so, its blend with jet fuel will has a reduced carbon foot print. The blend was tested to ensure that the end product will meet the ASTM D1655 international specifications for Jet A-1 and Jet A and can be used in aircrafts.Available data on biodiesel blending with jet fuel in the literature is not consistent, there are many contradictory results. Hence, more investigations are required using locally available feedstocks. The main physicochemical properties for Jet A-1 and Jet A according to ASTM D1655 were tested to check if the blend will be compatible with existing turbojet engine systems. Different tests were conducted; vacuum distillation, smoke point, kinematic viscosity, density, flash point, total acidity and freezing point. In addition, heating value of the blend was calculated. The result was then compared with calculated value using blending indices available in the literature. Blending indices were able to predict the laboratory measured specifications for the studied blends.It was found that only 5% bio-diesel- 95% jet fuel blend (B5) meets ASTM standard for Jet A. Hence, biodiesel can be safely used as a blend with fossil-based jet for a concentration of up to 5% without any change in the ASTM specifications. Freezing point is the most important constrain for this blending technique. Higher blends of biodiesel will cause the bio-jet blend to fail ASTM specifications. In general, blending technique will reduce the cost impact that may have been incurred due to change in infrastructure when using other production techniques.

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Kotturu, Chandra Mouli VV, V. Srinivas, V. Vandana, Kodanda Rama Rao Chebattina, and Y. Seetha Rama Rao. "Investigation of tribological properties and engine performance of polyol ester–based bio-lubricant: Commercial motorbike engine oil blends." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 5 (September 27, 2019): 1304–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019878359.

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This article explores the influence of blending polyol ester–based bio-lubricant with commercial lubricant on engine performance. Polyol esters trimethylolpropane ester and pentaerythritol ester were prepared from Calophyllum inophyllum seeds. Extreme care was taken to minimize deterioration of physicochemical properties when blending bio-lubricant with commercial oil. Blending of bio-lubricant with commercial oil was carried out in 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% volume. The test oils were first investigated for wear and friction properties on a four-ball wear tester. Optimum blending ratio was calculated from results of tribological properties, and the blend with optimum blend ratio was investigated for engine performance. The engine performance of the optimum blends was evaluated by conducting a 60-h endurance test on a motorbike. Significant improvement in tribological properties was observed up to a blending percentage of 15% when blending pentaerythritol ester with commercial oil. In the case of trimethylolpropane ester–based bio-lubricant, 10% blending with commercial oil gave optimum performance. The novel evaluation of engine performance of commercial oil and blends has shown a reduction in the wear of engine components with an encouraging decrease in fuel consumption. Metallographic studies conducted on worn piston rings reveal synergy between additives in the commercial oil and esters in the bio-lubricant in reducing wear and friction, thereby reducing fuel consumption.

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Ismail, Ahmad Safwan, Mohammad Jawaid, Norul Hisham Hamid, Ridwan Yahaya, and Azman Hassan. "Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Bio-Phenolic/Epoxy Polymer Blends." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040773.

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Polymer blends is a well-established and suitable method to produced new polymeric materials as compared to synthesis of a new polymer. The combination of two different types of polymers will produce a new and unique material, which has the attribute of both polymers. The aim of this work is to analyze mechanical and morphological properties of bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends to find the best formulation for future study. Bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends were fabricated using the hand lay-up method at different loading of bio-phenolic (5 wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt%, 20 wt%, and 25 wt%) in the epoxy matrix whereas neat bio-phenolic and epoxy samples were also fabricated for comparison. Results indicated that mechanical properties were improved for bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends compared to neat epoxy and phenolic. In addition, there is no sign of phase separation in polymer blends. The highest tensile, flexural, and impact strength was shown by P-20(biophenolic-20 wt% and Epoxy-80 wt%) whereas P-25 (biophenolic-25 wt% and Epoxy-75 wt%) has the highest tensile and flexural modulus. Based on the finding, it is concluded that P-20 shows better overall mechanical properties among the polymer blends. Based on this finding, the bio-phenolic/epoxy blend with 20 wt% will be used for further study on flax-reinforced bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends.

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Titone, Vincenzo, Maria Chiara Mistretta, Luigi Botta, and Francesco Paolo La Mantia. "Toward the Decarbonization of Plastic: Monopolymer Blend of Virgin and Recycled Bio-Based, Biodegradable Polymer." Polymers 14, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 5362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245362.

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Decarbonization of plastics is based on two main pillars: bio-based polymers and recycling. Mechanical recycling of biodegradable polymers could improve the social, economic and environmental impact of the use of these materials. In this regard, the aim of this study was to investigate whether concentrations of the same recycled biopolymer could significantly affect the rheological and mechanical properties of biodegradable monopolymer blends. Monopolymer blends are blends made of the same polymers, virgin and recycled. A sample of commercially available biodegradable blend was reprocessed in a single-screw extruder until two extrusion cycles were completed. These samples were exposed to grinding and melt reprocessed with 75% and 90% of the same virgin polymer. The blends were characterized by tensile tests and rheological tests. The results obtained showed that while multiple extrusions affected the mechanical and rheological properties of the polymer, the concentration of the reprocessed material present in the blends only very slightly affected the properties of the virgin material. In addition, the experimentally observed trends were accurately predicted by the additive model adopted.

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Montava-Jorda, Sergi, Diego Lascano, Luis Quiles-Carrillo, Nestor Montanes, Teodomiro Boronat, Antonio Vicente Martinez-Sanz, Santiago Ferrandiz-Bou, and Sergio Torres-Giner. "Mechanical Recycling of Partially Bio-Based and Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Blends by Reactive Extrusion with Poly(styrene-co-glycidyl methacrylate)." Polymers 12, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12010174.

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In the present study, partially bio-based polyethylene terephthalate (bio-PET) was melt-mixed at 15–45 wt% with recycled polyethylene terephthalate (r-PET) obtained from remnants of the injection blowing process of contaminant-free food-use bottles. The resultant compounded materials were thereafter shaped into pieces by injection molding for characterization. Poly(styrene-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (PS-co-GMA) was added at 1–5 parts per hundred resin (phr) of polyester blend during the extrusion process to counteract the ductility and toughness reduction that occurred in the bio-PET pieces after the incorporation of r-PET. This random copolymer effectively acted as a chain extender in the polyester blend, resulting in injection-molded pieces with slightly higher mechanical resistance properties and nearly the same ductility and toughness than those of neat bio-PET. In particular, for the polyester blend containing 45 wt% of r-PET, elongation at break (εb) increased from 10.8% to 378.8% after the addition of 5 phr of PS-co-GMA, while impact strength also improved from 1.84 kJ·m−2 to 2.52 kJ·m−2. The mechanical enhancement attained was related to the formation of branched and larger macromolecules by a mechanism of chain extension based on the reaction of the multiple glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) groups present in PS-co-GMA with the hydroxyl (–OH) and carboxyl (–COOH) terminal groups of both bio-PET and r-PET. Furthermore, all the polyester blend pieces showed thermal and dimensional stabilities similar to those of neat bio-PET, remaining stable up to more than 400 °C. Therefore, the use low contents of the tested multi-functional copolymer can successfully restore the properties of bio-based but non-biodegradable polyesters during melt reprocessing with their recycled petrochemical counterparts and an effective mechanical recycling is achieved.

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Gökmen, Fatma Özge. "PVP/PVA blended hydrogels as a biofilm for use in food packaging applications." Food and Health 8, no. 3 (2022): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3153/fh22017.

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Bio-films have been produced that attract attention with their functional behavior among conventional food packaging materials of bio-based polymer blends. The physical and morphological properties of copolymeric biofilms have been extensively investigated. Biodegradable polymer and copolymer films were produced by in situ polymerization technique and prepared as solution casting. The strong water absorbency of polyvinyl alcohol and the antimicrobial property of polyvinylpyrrolidone are combined in a single material. Structural and morphological properties of the films were characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscope analysis. These results show that the films obtained can be used as an environmentally friendly bio-based polymer blend packaging material to extend the shelf life of food products.

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Armentano, Ilaria, Elena Fortunati, Nuria Burgos, Franco Dominici, Francesca Luzi, Stefano Fiori, Alfonso Jiménez, et al. "Bio-based PLA_PHB plasticized blend films: Processing and structural characterization." LWT - Food Science and Technology 64, no. 2 (December 2015): 980–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.06.032.

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Ignaczak, Sobolewski, and El Fray. "Bio-Based PBT–DLA Copolyester as an Alternative Compatibilizer of PP/PBT Blends." Polymers 11, no. 9 (August 29, 2019): 1421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11091421.

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The aim of this work was to assess whether synthesized random copolyester, poly(butylene terephthalate-r-butylene dilinoleate) (PBT–DLA), containing bio-based components, can effectively compatibilize polypropylene/poly(butylene terephthalate) (PP/PBT) blends. For comparison, a commercial petrochemical triblock copolymer, poly(styrene-b-ethylene/butylene-b-styrene) (SEBS) was used. The chemical structure and block distribution of PBT–DLA was determined using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. PP/PBT blends with different mass ratios were prepared via twin-screw extrusion with 5 wt% of each compatibilizer. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical analysis were used to assess changes in phase structure of PP/PBT blends. Static tensile testing demonstrated marked improvement in elongation at break, to ~18% and ~21% for PBT–DLA and SEBS, respectively. Importantly, the morphology of PP/PBT blends compatibilized with PBT–DLA copolymer showed that it is able to act as interphase modifier, being preferentially located at the interface. Therefore, we conclude that by using polycondensation and monomers from renewable resources, it is possible to obtain copolymers that efficiently modify blend miscibility, offering an alternative to widely used, rubber-like petrochemical styrene compatibilizers.

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Fangsuwannarak, Karoon, and Kittichai Triratanasirichai. "Influence of TiO₂ and Bio-Solution Based Additives on Exhaust Emissions of a DI Diesel Engine." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 1054–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.1054.

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This study presents the use of bio-solution and nano-Titanium dioxide (TiO2) based additives for dosing in diesel and palm biodiesel (B5). The aim of this work is to enhance the performance of a direct injection (DI) engine and to simultaneously reduce the exhaust gas emissions. The basic properties such as kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, flash point, fire point, and carbon residue of the test fuels were measured and accepted in ASTM standards. Overall, diesel-bio-solution and diesel-TiO2 blends show the lower break specific fuel consumption by 13% and 10%, respectively and the lower exhaust gas emissions, as compared with diesel. B5-bio-solution blend provides the break specific fuel consumption decreased by 1.68%, while exhaust emissions were effectively increased in comparison with B5 fuel.

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Morcillo, Maria del Carmen, Ramón Tejada, Diego Lascano, Daniel Garcia-Garcia, and David Garcia-Sanoguera. "Manufacturing and Characterization of Environmentally Friendly Wood Plastic Composites Using Pinecone as a Filler into a Bio-Based High-Density Polyethylene Matrix." Polymers 13, no. 24 (December 20, 2021): 4462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13244462.

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The use of wood plastic composites (WPC) is growing very rapidly in recent years, in addition, the use of plastics of renewable origin is increasingly implemented because it allows to reduce the carbon footprint. In this context, this work reports on the development of composites of bio-based high density polyethylene (BioHDPE) with different contents of pinecone (5, 10, and 30 wt.%). The blends were produced by extrusion and injection-molded processes. With the objective of improving the properties of the materials, a compatibilizer has been used, namely polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA 2 phr). The effect of the compatibilizer in the blend with 5 wt.% has been compared with the same blend without compatibilization. Mechanical, thermal, morphological, colorimetric, and wettability properties have been analyzed for each blend. The results showed that the compatibilizer improved the filler–matrix interaction, increasing the ductile mechanical properties in terms of elongation and tensile strength. Regarding thermal properties, the compatibilizer increased thermal stability and improved the behavior of the materials against moisture. In general, the pinecone materials obtained exhibited reddish-brown colors, allowing their use as wood plastic composites with a wide range of properties depending on the filler content in the blend.

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Ramos-Rodriguez, David H., Samand Pashneh-Tala, Amanpreet Kaur Bains, Robert D. Moorehead, Nikolaos Kassos, Adrian L. Kelly, Thomas E. Paterson, C. Amnael Orozco-Diaz, Andrew A. Gill, and Ilida Ortega Asencio. "Demonstrating the Potential of Using Bio-Based Sustainable Polyester Blends for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications." Bioengineering 9, no. 4 (April 6, 2022): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9040163.

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Healthcare applications are known to have a considerable environmental impact and the use of bio-based polymers has emerged as a powerful approach to reduce the carbon footprint in the sector. This research aims to explore the suitability of using a new sustainable polyester blend (Floreon™) as a scaffold directed to aid in musculoskeletal applications. Musculoskeletal problems arise from a wide range of diseases and injuries related to bones and joints. Specifically, bone injuries may result from trauma, cancer, or long-term infections and they are currently considered a major global problem in both developed and developing countries. In this work we have manufactured a series of 3D-printed constructs from a novel biopolymer blend using fused deposition modelling (FDM), and we have modified these materials using a bioceramic (wollastonite, 15% w/w). We have evaluated their performance in vitro using human dermal fibroblasts and rat mesenchymal stromal cells. The new sustainable blend is biocompatible, showing no differences in cell metabolic activity when compared to PLA controls for periods 1–18 days. FloreonTM blend has proven to be a promising material to be used in bone tissue regeneration as it shows an impact strength in the same range of that shown by native bone (just under 10 kJ/m2) and supports an improvement in osteogenic activity when modified with wollastonite.

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C, Vijayakumar, Murugesan A, Subramaniam D, and Panneerselvam N. "An Experimental Investigation of Diesel Engine Fuelled with MgO Nano Additive Biodiesel - Diesel Blends." Bulletin of Scientific Research 1, no. 2 (November 16, 2019): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/bsr1924.

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In this experimental investigation compacts the performance and emissions of compression ignition engines fuelled with MgO nano additive, maducaindica bio diesel blends were examined. Based upon the previous literatures only 20% mahuca methyl ester fuel blends without nano additives is suitable for compression ignition engine without affecting engine efficiency and its characteristics. In this paper magnesium oxide nano additives are added into the 40% Mahucaindica biodiesel- diesel blends at the rate of 50ppm for developing the test fuels. In this nano additives improve the properties of diesel fuel like viscosity, calorific value and decreased the flash point and fire point. Then compared the performance and emissions differences of all blended fuels used as a fuel in a diesel engine. The observation of results, 40MgO + 50ppm blended fuels brake thermal efficiency is improved then CO, HC, CO2and smoke decreased compared to other fuel blends. The results are taken into account, a blend of 40MgO+ Mgo50ppm is the best blend ratio compared than other blends with nano additives.

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Sahoo, Sushanta K., Smita Mohanty, and Sanjay K. Nayak. "Correction: Toughened bio-based epoxy blend network modified with transesterified epoxidized soybean oil: synthesis and characterization." RSC Advances 5, no. 20 (2015): 15069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra90007g.

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Correction for ‘Toughened bio-based epoxy blend network modified with transesterified epoxidized soybean oil: synthesis and characterization’ by Sushanta K. Sahoo et al., RSC Adv., 2015, 5, 13674–13691.

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Piontek, Alexander, Oscar Vernaez, and Stephan Kabasci. "Compatibilization of Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) and Bio-Based Ethylene-Propylene-Diene-Rubber (EPDM) via Reactive Extrusion with Different Coagents." Polymers 12, no. 3 (March 6, 2020): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030605.

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Much effort has been made to enhance the toughness of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) to broaden its possible range of usage in technical applications. In this work, the compatibility of PLA with a partly bio-based ethylene-propylene-diene-rubber (EPDM) through reactive extrusion was investigated. The concentration of EPDM in the PLA matrix was in the range of up to 20%. The reactive extrusion was carried out in a conventional twin-screw extruder. Contact angle measurements were performed to calculate the interfacial tension and thus the compatibility between the phases. The thermal and mechanical properties as well as the phase morphology of the blends were characterized. A copolymer of poly (ethylene-co-methyl acrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (EMAGMA) was used as compatibilizer, which leads to a significant reduction in the particle size of the dispersed rubber phase when compared with the blends without this copolymer. The use of EMAGMA combined with soybean oil (SBO) and a radical initiator enhances the elongation at break of the compound. The results indicate that the reduction of the particle size of the dispersed phase obtained with the compatibilizer alone is not sufficient to improve the mechanical properties of the blend system. The induced radical reactions also influenced the mechanical properties of the blend significantly.

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Rosli, Noor Afizah, Wan Hafizi Wan Ishak, Siti Salwani Darwis, Ishak Ahmad, and Mohammad Fauzul Azim Mohd Khairudin. "Bio-nanocomposites based on compatibilized poly(lactic acid) blend-reinforced agave cellulose nanocrystals." BioResources 16, no. 3 (June 16, 2021): 5538–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.3.5538-5555.

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Enhancing the mechanical, thermal, and degradation properties of a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blend without deteriorating its other useful features was the goal of this work. The isolation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from Agave angustifolia fibers was carried out, and the properties of the bio-nanocomposites comprising these CNCs were evaluated, which included PLA, natural rubber (NR), and liquid NR (LNR). Transmission electron microscopy and zeta potential analysis confirmed the successful isolation of CNCs from agave fibers after several chemical treatment steps. The effects of different CNC loadings on the properties of the bio-nanocomposites were investigated using tensile tests, thermal analysis, morphological analysis, and water absorption tests. Bio-nanocomposites containing 5 wt% and 7.5 wt% CNC had the optimal tensile modulus and strength, respectively. Different levels of CNC did not noticeably affect the thermal stability of the bio-nanocomposites, although the thermogram curves increased slightly as CNC content increased. The addition of CNC at different loadings affects the crystallization rate of PLA blend. The water absorption capacity increased as CNC level increased, and 5 wt% CNC gave rise to the highest water absorption. The four-component bio-nanocomposites created in this study provided an alternative for producing new green materials with tunable physical, mechanical, and thermal properties.

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Ofoegbu, Obinna, David Chukwuebuka Ike, Gaber El-Saber Batiha, Hassan Fouad, Roongnapa S. Srichana, and Ian Nicholls. "Molecularly Imprinted Chitosan-Based Thin Films with Selectivity for Nicotine Derivatives for Application as a Bio-Sensor and Filter." Polymers 13, no. 19 (September 30, 2021): 3363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193363.

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This study reports the feasible use of chitosan as a thin film biosensor on the very sensitive quartz crystal micro balance system for detection of blends of multiple templates within a single matrix. The development of chitosan-based thin film materials with selectivity for nicotine derivatives is described. The molecular imprinting of a combination of nicotine derivatives in N-diacryloyl pipiradine-chitosan-methacrylic acid copolymer films on quartz crystal resonators was used to generate thin films with selectivity for nicotine and a range of nicotine analogues, particularly 3-phenylpyridine. The polymers were characterized by spectroscopic and microscopic evaluations; surface area, pore size, pore volume using Breuner-Emmet-Teller method. Temperature characteristics were also studied. The swelling and structure consistency of the Chitosan was achieved by grafting with methylmethacrylic acid and cross-linking with N-diacrylol pipiradine. A blend of 0.002 g (0.04 mmol) of Chitosan, 8.5 μL Methylmethacrylic Acid and 1.0 mg N-diacrylol pipradine (BAP) presented the best blend formulation. Detections were made within a time interval of 99 s, and blend templates were detected at a concentration of 0.5 mM from the Quartz crystal microbalance resonator analysis. The successful crosslinking of the biopolymers ensured successful control of the swelling and agglomeration of the chitosan, giving it the utility potential for use as thin film sensor. This successful crosslinking also created successful dual multiple templating on the chitosan matrix, even for aerosolized templates. The products can be used in environments with temperature ranges between 60 °C and 250 °C.

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Temesgen, Selamu, Mirko Rennert, Tamrat Tesfaye, and Michael Nase. "Review on Spinning of Biopolymer Fibers from Starch." Polymers 13, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071121.

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Increasing interest in bio-based polymers and fibers has led to the development of several alternatives to conventional plastics and fibers made of these materials. Biopolymer fibers can be made from renewable, environmentally friendly resources and can be fully biodegradable. Biogenic resources with a high content of carbohydrates such as starch-containing plants have huge potentials to substitute conventional synthetic plastics in a number of applications. Much literature is available on the production and modification of starch-based fibers and blends of starch with other polymers. Chemistry and structure–property relationships of starch show that it can be used as an attractive source of raw material which can be exploited for conversion into a number of high-value bio-based products. In this review, possible spinning techniques for the development of virgin starch or starch/polymer blend fibers and their products are discussed. Beneficiation of starch for the development of bio-based fibers can result in the sustainable replacement of oil-based high-value materials with cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and abundant products.

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Mohanty, Priyabrata, Tapan Kumar Bastia, Dibakar Behera, and Shivkumari Panda. "Chitosan Grafted Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Vinyl Ester/UPE Blend Based Partially Bio-Nanocomposite." Asian Journal of Chemistry 31, no. 9 (July 31, 2019): 1943–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.22017.

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This work represents the preparation and characterization of some unique properties of vinyl ester (VE) and unsaturated polyester (UPE) blend based nanocomposites by introducing biopolymer chitosan grafted multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Initially, surface grafting of MWCNTs with chitosan was performed by utilizing glutaraldehyde as a cross linking reagent through covalent deposition method and are successfully characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). Then 50:50 wt % of vinyl ester and unsaturated polyester blend was prepared by simple sonication method. Three different specimens of VE/UPE/CS-g-MWCNTs nanocomposites were fabricated with addition of 1, 3 and 5 wt % of functionalized bionanofiller. Chitosan grafting of MWCNTs offered enhanced properties to the nanocomposites suggesting homogeneous distribution of the nanofiller in the matrix with minimum corrosion and swelling properties. 3 wt % of functionalized bionanofiller loading showed superior essential characteristics and after that the properties reduced may be due to the nucleating tendency of the nanofiller particles.

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Saadiah, M. A., and A. S. Samsudin. "Electrical study on Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Polyvinyl alcohol based bio-polymer blend electrolytes." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 342 (April 2018): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/342/1/012045.

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Kumar, Sudheer, Sushanta K. Samal, Smita Mohanty, and Sanjay K. Nayak. "Curing kinetics of bio-based epoxy resin-toughened DGEBA epoxy resin blend." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 137, no. 5 (February 21, 2019): 1567–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-08080-4.

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RAJESWARI, NATARAJAN, SUBRAMANIAN SELVASEKARAPANDIAN, MONI PRABU, SHUNMUGAVEL KARTHIKEYAN, and C. SANJEEVIRAJA. "Lithium ion conducting solid polymer blend electrolyte based on bio-degradable polymers." Bulletin of Materials Science 36, no. 2 (April 2013): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12034-013-0463-2.

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García-Masabet, Violeta, Orlando Santana Pérez, Jonathan Cailloux, Tobias Abt, Miguel Sánchez-Soto, Félix Carrasco, and María Lluïsa Maspoch. "PLA/PA Bio-Blends: Induced Morphology by Extrusion." Polymers 12, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12010010.

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The effect of processing conditions on the final morphology of Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) with bio-based Polyamide 10.10 (PA) 70/30 blends is analyzed in this paper. Two types of PLA were used: Commercial (neat PLA) and a rheologically modified PLA (PLAREx), with higher melt elasticity produced by reactive extrusion. To evaluate the ability of in situ micro-fibrillation (μf) of PA phase during blend compounding by twin-screw extrusion, two processing parameters were varied: (i) Screw speed rotation (rpm); and (ii) take-up velocity, to induce a hot stretching with different Draw Ratios (DR). The potential ability of PA-μf in both bio-blends was evaluated by the viscosity (p) and elasticity (k’) ratios determined from the rheological tests of pristine polymers. When PLAREx was used, the requirements for PA-μf was fulfilled in the shear rate range observed at the extrusion die. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed that, unlike neat PLA, PLAREx promoted PA-μf without hot stretching and the aspect ratio increased as DR increased. For neat PLA-based blends, PA-μf was promoted during the hot stretching stage. DMTA analysis revealed that the use of PLAREx PLAREx resulted in a better mechanical performance in the rubbery region (T > Tg PLA-phase) due to the PA-μf morphology obtained.

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Ahmed, Diyar I., S. Kasolang, M. A. Abu Bakar, and Mohammad H. Yousif. "Alternative Lubricant Based on Renewable Resources for Industrial Applications." Advanced Materials Research 894 (February 2014): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.894.275.

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Bio-lubricants are often touted as a solution but the geographical necessities of cultivation can restrict their practicality as an absolute substitute to petroleum-based lubricants. The development of a novel environmentally-friendly bio-lubricant is the primary focus of this paper. The physico-chemical properties of the bio-lubricant were analyzed using multiple standards tribometers. This study provided sufficient data to conform an ISO VG 68 hydraulic industrial lubricant by blending 52.70 % (wt) soybean oil, 40.55 % (wt) mineral oil, and 6.75 (%) additive packages. This formulated blend as green alternative for machine lubrications will be significant in reducing perilous environmental pollution and depletion of natural resources. Moreover, it can contribute to reduce the global demand of petroleum based lubricant substantially.

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Hopa, Derya Yeşim, Oğuzhan Alagöz, Nazan Yılmaz, Meltem Dilek, Gamze Arabacı, and Tunçer Mutlu. "Biomass co-pyrolysis: Effects of blending three different biomasses on oil yield and quality." Waste Management & Research 37, no. 9 (July 18, 2019): 925–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19860895.

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In the present study, pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse, poppy capsule pulp, and rice husk were conducted in a fixed bed reactor at 550⁰C in nitrogen atmosphere. The moisture (5%–8%), ash (4%–17%), volatile matter (60%–76%), and fixed carbon analyses (11%–24%) of the utilized biomass were conducted. The decomposition behavior of biomasses due to the heat effect was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis . In the pyrolysis of biomasses separately, the highest bio-oil yield was obtained with sugarcane bagasse (27.4%). In the co-pyrolysis of the binary blends of biomass, the highest bio-oil yield was obtained with the rice husk and sugarcane bagasse blends. While the mean bio-oil yield obtained with the separate pyrolysis of these two biomasses was 23.9%, it was observed that the bio-oil yield obtained with the co-pyrolysis of biomass blends was 28.4%. This suggested a synergistic interaction between the two biomasses during pyrolysis. It was observed that as the total ash content in the biomasses used in the pyrolysis increased, the bio-oil yield decreased, and the solid product content increased. Characterization studies of bio-oils were conducted by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and hydrogen-1 nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. Results of these studies revealed that, all bio-oils were mainly composed of aliphatic and oxygenated compounds. The calorific values of bio-oils were determined by calorimeter bomb. Based on the GC-MS, the bio-oils with high fatty acid and its ester content also had high calorific values. The highest calorific value was 29.68 MJ kg-1, and this was obtained by pyrolysis of poppy capsule and sugarcane bagasse blend.

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Madhu, P., L. Vidhya, S. Vinodha, Shiny Wilson, S. Sekar, Pravin P. Patil, S. Kaliappan, and S. Prabhakar. "Co-pyrolysis of Hardwood Combined with Industrial Pressed Oil Cake and Agricultural Residues for Enhanced Bio-Oil Production." Journal of Chemistry 2022 (May 12, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9884766.

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Lignocellulosic biomass is the potential raw material for the production of biofuels through pyrolysis. It is an effective technique for converting biomass to biofuels. However, biofuel from agricultural residues and woody-based feedstocks shows poor fuel properties due to higher oxygen content. Co-pyrolysis is a promising process to produce high-quality bio-oil by two or more different materials. Forestry, industrial, and agricultural outcomes are the ideal co-feedstocks for improved bio-oil quality. In this study, individual and co-pyrolysis of hardwood, pressed mustard oil cake and corncob were conducted at a temperature of 500°C. Before conducting pyrolysis experiments, thermogravimetric analysis was conducted to evaluate thermal degradation behavior. Through individual pyrolysis, corncob yielded a maximum bio-oil of 43.9 wt%. On the other hand co-pyrolysis on binary blends of hardwood and corncob produced maximum bio-oil of 46.2 wt%. Compared to individual pyrolysis, the binary blend produced more bio-oil, suggesting a synergistic effect between hardwood and corncob. The decreased bio-oil yield of 40.1 wt% during co-pyrolysis of ternary blends suggests negative synergistic effects prejudiced by the volatiles available in the biomass mixture. The improved quantitative synergistic results in the co-pyrolysis process give crucial information for the development of feed-flexible, higher bio-oil production and clean operating systems. The characterization studies on bio-oil by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and 1H NMR spectroscopy have shown that the bio-oil is a combination of aliphatic and oxygenated compounds. The analysis of the heating value shows that the bio-oil can be utilized as a fuel for heating applications.

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Brüster, Berit, Yann-Olivier Adjoua, Reiner Dieden, Patrick Grysan, Carlos Eloy Federico, Vincent Berthé, and Frédéric Addiego. "Plasticization of Polylactide with Myrcene and Limonene as Bio-Based Plasticizers: Conventional vs. Reactive Extrusion." Polymers 11, no. 8 (August 18, 2019): 1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11081363.

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Polylactide (PLA) was blended by conventional and reactive extrusion with limonene (LM) or myrcene (My) as bio-based plasticizers. As-processed blends were carefully analyzed by a multiscale and multidisciplinary approach to tentatively determine their chemical structure, microstructure, thermal properties, tensile and impact behaviors, and hydrothermal stability. The main results indicated that LM and My were efficient plasticizers for PLA, since compared to neat PLA, the glass transition temperature was reduced, the ultimate tensile strain was increased, and the impact strength was increased, independently of the type of extrusion. The addition of a free radical initiator during the extrusion of PLA/LM was beneficial for the mechanical properties. Indeed, the probable formation of local branched/crosslinked regions in the PLA matrix enhanced the matrix crystallinity, the tensile yield stress, and the tensile ultimate stress compared to the non-reactive blend PLA/LM, while the other properties were retained. For PLA/My blends, reactive extrusion was detrimental for the mechanical properties since My polymerization was accelerated resulting in a drop of the tensile ultimate strain and impact strength, and an increase of the glass transition temperature. Indeed, large inclusions of polymerized My were formed, decreasing the available content of My for the plasticization and enhancing cavitation from inclusion-matrix debonding.

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He, Wei-Lin, Yi-Ting Huang, Liang Gu, Ji-Cheng Shen, Xian-Wei Cheng, and Jin-Ping Guan. "Fabrication of P/N/B-Based Intumescent Flame-Retardant Coating for Polyester/Cotton Blend Fabric." Materials 15, no. 18 (September 15, 2022): 6420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15186420.

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Polyester/cotton (T/C) blend fabrics are highly flammable due to the particular “scaffolding effect”. In this work, an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) agent containing P, N, and B was designed and synthesized using bio-based phytic acid, pentaerythritol, boric acid, and urea. The IFR compounds were deposited onto a T/C blend fabric by the surface-coating route. The chemical structure of IFR agent and its potential cross-linking reactions with T/C fibers were characterized. The morphology, thermal stability, heat-release ability, flame retardancy, and mechanism of coated T/C blend fabrics were explored. The self-extinguishing action was observed for the coated T/C blend fabric with a weight gain of 13.7%; the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value increased to 27.1% versus 16.9% for a pristine one. Furthermore, the intumescent flame retardant (IFR) coating imparted T/C blend fabrics with high thermal stability and significantly suppressed heat release by nearly 50%. The char residue analyses on morphology and element content confirmed the intumescent FR action for coated T/C blend fabrics. The prepared IFR coating has great potential to serve as an eco-friendly approach for improving the flame retardancy of T/C blend textiles.

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Mohajer, Setareh, Masoud Rezaei, and Seyed Fakhreddin Hosseini. "Physico-chemical and microstructural properties of fish gelatin/agar bio-based blend films." Carbohydrate Polymers 157 (February 2017): 784–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.10.061.

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El Miri, Nassima, Karima Abdelouahdi, Mohamed Zahouily, Aziz Fihri, Abdellatif Barakat, Abderrahim Solhy, and Mounir El Achaby. "Bio-nanocomposite films based on cellulose nanocrystals filled polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan polymer blend." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 132, no. 22 (February 14, 2015): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.42004.

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Khalili, Houssine, Mohamed Hamid Salim, Sif-eddine Jabor Tlemcani, Rachid Makhlouf, Fatima-Zahra Semlali Aouragh Hassani, Houssine Ablouh, Zineb Kassab, and Mounir El Achaby. "Bio-Nanocomposite Films Based on Cellulose Nanocrystals Filled Polyvinyl Alcohol/Alginate Polymer Blend." Journal of Fibers and Polymer Composites 1, no. 2 (October 28, 2022): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.55043/jfpc.v1i2.56.

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In this work, the Juncus plant was used as an abundant and sustainable raw material for the production of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). Herein, cellulose nanocrystals were prepared via sulfuric acid hydrolysis exhibiting a needle-like shape morphology, with an average diameter of 6.8 ± 1.8 nm and length of 457 ± 76 nm, arising to an aspect ratio of 59. Moreover, X-ray diffraction and TGA show that the CNCs exhibit high crystallinity and good thermal property respectively compared to other sources. Further investigation was conducted by preparing novel bio-nanocomposites through the incorporation of CNCs into the polyvinyl alcohol- alginate (PVA-ALG) blend matrix. Thus, giving enhanced properties compared to the pure matrix, particularly the mechanical properties due to the good interfacial adhesion, confirmed by FTIR analysis, while maintaining good transparency at low CNCs concentration, which is required for packaging application.

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Chung, Jae Woo, Ji Hwan Park, Hyung-Min Choi, and Kyung Wha Oh. "Synthesis and characterization of a dyeable bio-based polyurethane/branched poly(ethylene imine) interpenetrating polymer network with enhanced wet fastness." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 3 (December 4, 2017): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517743739.

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Bio-based polyurethane is synthesized from biodegradable polycaprolactone, methylene diphenyl diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol. The bio-based polyurethane is blended with branched polyethyleneimine by a solution casting method and further treated with glutaraldehyde. From nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, leaching tests and contact angle measurements, it was found that a semi-interpenetrating polymer network structure is induced by the glutaraldehyde treatment of the bio-based polyurethane/branched polyethyleneimine blend film, which resulting from the crosslinking of branched polyethyleneimine by imine bonds formed from the amine-aldehyde reaction between branched polyethyleneimine and glutaraldehyde. In addition, the glass transition temperature, Young’s modulus and the shape retention results show that the mechanical strength of bio-based polyurethane, which is weakened by the plasticizing effect of branched polyethyleneimine, is restored by the formation of the semi-interpenetrating network structure. We found that the bio-based polyurethane/branched polyethyleneimine with a semi-interpenetrating network shows a much higher affinity for Acid Red 4 than bio-based polyurethane, and the wet fastness of dye is significantly improved by the formation of the semi-interpenetrating network.

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Zhang, Yue, Xinda Li, Yanping Yang, Ai Lan, Xiaoyun He, and Muhuo Yu. "In situ graft copolymerization of l-lactide onto cellulose and the direct melt spinning." RSC Adv. 4, no. 65 (2014): 34584–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra02727b.

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In order to prepare bio-degradable cellulose-based fibers in an environmentally-friendly way, graft copolymerization of l-lactide (LLA) onto cellulose was carried out through a co-rotating twin-screw extruder and then the blend melt was directly spun.

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Yuryev, Yury, Amar K. Mohanty, and Manjusri Misra. "Novel super-toughened bio-based blend from polycarbonate and poly(lactic acid) for durable applications." RSC Advances 6, no. 107 (2016): 105094–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra21208e.

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Olejnik, Olga, Anna Masek, and Jakub Zawadziłło. "Processability and Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Polylactide/Polyhydroxybutyrate (PLA/PHB) Bioblends." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 14, 2021): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040898.

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This work considers the application of eco-friendly, biodegradable materials based on polylactide (PLA) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), instead of conventional polymeric materials, in order to prevent further environmental endangerment by accumulation of synthetic petro-materials. This new approach to the topic is focused on analyzing the processing properties of blends without incorporating any additives that could have a harmful impact on human organisms, including the endocrine system. The main aim of the research was to find the best PLA/PHB ratio to obtain materials with desirable mechanical, processing and application properties. Therefore, two-component polymer blends were prepared by mixing different mass ratios of PLA and PHB (100/0, 50/10, 50/20, 40/30, 50/50, 30/40, 20/50, 10/50 and 0/100 mass ratio) using an extrusion process. The prepared blends were analyzed in terms of thermal and mechanical properties as well as miscibility and surface characteristics. Taking into account the test results, the PLA/PHB blend with a 50/10 ratio turned out to be most suitable in terms of mechanical and processing properties. This blend has the potential to become a bio-based and simultaneously biodegradable material safe for human health dedicated for the packaging industry.

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Giancola, Giorgiana, and Richard L. Lehman. "Viscosity and domain morphology in binary immiscible blends of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) and polyamide6,10." Journal of Polymer Engineering 32, no. 4-5 (August 1, 2012): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2012-0011.

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Abstract Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) and polyamide6,10 (PA6,10) are polymers with significant bio-based content that forms an immiscible blend system of high-value engineering materials with enhanced sustainability. Knowledge of the melt viscosity of these thermoplastic materials is critical, when processing blends to achieve optimum morphologies. We measured the viscosities of five extruded blends near the phase inversion composition, over a range of shear rates using both parallel plate and capillary methods. Based on the viscosities of the end-members, Jordhamo co-continuity should be observed in the 21–44 volume percent PTT range, depending on the processing shear rate. Extruded blend viscosities were lower than the linear rule of mixtures and the phase inversion composition was identified near 55 volume percent PTT. SEM images showed clear indications of developing co-continuity in the 55 volume percent PTT. We conclude that the viscosities of immiscible polymer blends in this system do not follow the rule of mixtures, due to slip between immiscible domain interfaces, but that the viscosity and the power law index are useful in locating the phase inversion composition. The empirical Jordhamo relationship, although generally useful in immiscible polymer systems, is not as valuable in this system.

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Mencik, Premysl, Veronika Melcova, Sona Kontarova, Radek Prikryl, Dagmara Perdochova, and Martina Repiska. "Biodegradable Composite Materials Based on Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) for 3D Printing Applications." Materials Science Forum 955 (May 2019): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.955.56.

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Presented work deals with the development of bio-source and biodegradable composite material for 3D printing. Polymer blend based on poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) (60 wt%) and poly (lactic acid) (25 wt%) plasticized by tributyl citrate (15 wt%) was used as a matrix. This base blend was filled with 10 vol% of kaolin or limestone. Zinc stearate was used for the surface treatment of the limestone samples. The mechanical and thermal properties of the composites, as well as their behavior during 3D printing process, were compared with unfilled blend and commercial poly (lactic acid) based 3D printing filament. Warping behavior, one of the main problems of 3D printing materials, was studied by means of warp coefficient. Cross-sections of specimens 3D printed under the same processing conditions were observed by the optical microscope. In the case of composite samples, individual filaments were separated. Despite the separation, composites filled with kaolin and with surface treated limestone exhibited satisfying mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed good particle distribution of the samples with kaolin and surface treated limestone. No significant particle agglomerates were formed in the composites with limestone proving good dispergation ability of zinc stearate. Thermogravimetric analysis and Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed no degradable effect of the used fillers on base polymer matrix. Observed results indicate that kaolin and surface treated limestone are suitable fillers for the bio-source composites used for 3D printing.

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Muthuraj, R., A. R. Horrocks, and B. K. Kandola. "Hydroxypropyl-modified and organosolv lignin/bio-based polyamide blend filaments as carbon fibre precursors’." Journal of Materials Science 55, no. 16 (February 27, 2020): 7066–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04486-w.

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Hadibarata, Tony, Winda Umarie, Bieby Voijant Tangahu, Putri Ramadhany, and Gilang Ananda Putra. "Green technology of natural fiber reinforced bio-composites as alternative sustainable product." Environmental and Toxicology Management 2, no. 2 (September 23, 2022): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33086/etm.v2i2.3406.

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Proactive strategies are being opted by metallurgical, foundry and manufacturing industries with respect to their experiences working with product designing based on product life cycle assessments. Without the consideration of the potential impacts on the life cycle, the development of new products would barely be sustainable. “Green” composites or bio-composites are fully degradable composites mainly consisting of a blend of biopolymer matrix and natural fibers which act as a reinforcing phase. In this study, natural bio-composite was reviewed as an alternative sustainable product. The types of natural fibers were also described as raw material of natural bio-composite. In addition, development natural fibers nowadays were mentioned. Furthermore, the application of natural fiber reinforced bio-composites was also presented.

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Barreca, Francesco, Natale Arcuri, Giuseppe Davide Cardinali, and Salvatore Di Fazio. "A Bio-Based Render for Insulating Agglomerated Cork Panels." Coatings 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 1478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121478.

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Natural and bio-based thermal insulation materials play an important role in the lifecycle impact of buildings due to their influence on the amount of energy used in indoor temperature control and the environmental impact of building debris. Among bio-based materials, cork is widespread in the Mediterranean region and is one of the bio-based materials that is most frequently used as thermal insulation for buildings. A particular problem is the protection of the cork-agglomerated panels from external stress and adverse weather conditions; in fact, cork granulates are soft and, consequently, cork panels could be damaged by being hit or by excessive sun radiation. In this study, an innovative external coat for cork-agglomerated panels made of a blending composite of beeswax and rosin (colophony) is proposed. The performance of this composite, using different amounts of elements, was analysed to discover which mix led to the best performance. The mix of 50% beeswax and 50% rosin exhibited the best performance out of all the mixes. This blend demonstrated the best elongation and the lowest fracture density, characteristics that determine the durability of the coating. A performance comparison was carried out between cork panel samples coated with lime render and beeswax–rosin coating. The coating of beeswax and resin highlighted a detachment value about 3.5 times higher than the lime plaster applied on the side of the cork.

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Ocelić Bulatović, Vesna, Anamarija Turković, Emi Govorčin Bajsić, Romana Zovko, Antun Jozinović, Dajana Kučić Grgić, and Lucija Mandić. "Environmentally Friendly Packaging Materials Based on Thermoplastic Starch." Chemical & biochemical engineering quarterly 33, no. 3 (2019): 347–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15255/cabeq.2018.1548.

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Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is extensively used as packaging material, and as such has a short service life, but long environmental persistence. The alternative to reducing the impact of LDPE as packaging material on the environment is to blend it with carbohydrate-based polymers, like starch. Therefore, the focus of this investigation was to prepare bio-based blends of LDPE and thermoplastic starch (TPS) containing different amounts of TPS using a Brabender kneading chamber. Due to incompatibility of LDPE/ TPS blends, a styrene–ethylene/butylene–styrene block copolymer, grafted with maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MA) containing 2 mol % anhydride groups, was added as a compatibilizer. The effect of the biodegradable, hydrophilic TPS, its content, and the incorporation of the compatibilizer on the properties of LDPE/TPS blends were analysed. The characterization was performed by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and water absorption (WA). Based on the results of the morphological structure, a good dispersion of the TPS phase in LDPE matrix was obtained with the incorporation of compatibilizer, which resulted in better thermal and barrier properties of these materials.

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Ghahremani, Amirreza, Mohammad Ahari, Mojtaba Jafari, Mohammad Saidi, Ahmad Hajinezhad, and Ali Mozaffari. "Experimental and theoretical study on spray behaviors of modified bio-ethanol fuel employing direct injection system." Thermal Science 21, no. 1 Part B (2017): 475–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci160108253g.

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One of the key solutions to improve engine performance and reduce exhaust emissions of internal combustion engines is direct injection of bio-fuels. A new modified bio-ethanol is produced to be substituted by fossil fuels in gasoline direct injection engines. The key advantages of modified bio-ethanol fuel as an alternative fuel are higher octane number and oxygen content, a long-chain hydro-carbon fuel, and lower emissions compared to fossil fuels. In the present study spray properties of a modified bio-ethanol and its atomization behaviors have been studied experimentally and theoretically. Based on atomization physics of droplets dimensional analysis has been performed to develop a new non-dimensional number namely atomization index. This number determines the atomization level of the spray. Applying quasi-steady jet theory, air entrainment and fuel-air mixing studies have been performed. The spray atomization behaviors such as atomization index number, Ohnesorge number, and Sauter mean diameter have been investigated employing atomization model. The influences of injection and ambient conditions on spray properties of different blends of modified bio-ethanol and gasoline fuels have been investigated performing high-speed visualization technique. Results indicate that decreasing the difference of injection and ambient pressures increases spray cone angle and projected area, and decreases spray tip penetration length. As expected, increasing injection pressure improves atomization behaviors of the spray. Increasing percentage of modified bio-ethanol in the blend, increases spray tip penetration and decreases the projected area as well.

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Siracusa, Valentina, Svetlana Karpova, Anatoliy Olkhov, Anna Zhulkina, Regina Kosenko, and Alexey Iordanskii. "Gas Transport Phenomena and Polymer Dynamics in PHB/PLA Blend Films as Potential Packaging Materials." Polymers 12, no. 3 (March 12, 2020): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030647.

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Actually, in order to replace traditional fossil-based polymers, many efforts are devoted to the design and development of new and high-performance bioplastics materials. Poly(hydroxy alkanoates) (PHAS) as well as polylactides are the main candidates as naturally derived polymers. The intention of the present study is to manufacture fully bio-based blends based on two polyesters: poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and polylactic acid (PLA) as real competitors that could be used to replace petrol polymers in packaging industry. Blends in the shape of films have been prepared by chloroform solvent cast solution methodology, at different PHB/PLA ratios: 1/0, 1/9, 3/7, 5/5, 0/1. A series of dynamic explorations have been performed in order to characterize them from a different point of view. Gas permeability to N2, O2, and CO2 gases and probe (TEMPO) electron spin resonance (ESR) analyses were performed. Blend surface morphology has been evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) while their thermal behavior was analyzed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) technique. Special attention was devoted to color and transparency estimation. Both probe rotation mobility and N2, O2, and CO2 permeation have monotonically decreased during the transition from PLA to PHB, for all contents of bio-blends, namely because of transferring from PLA with lower crystallinity to PHB with a higher one. Consequently, the role of the crystallinity was elucidated. The temperature dependences for CO2 permeability and diffusivity as well as for probe correlation time allowed the authors to evaluate the activation energy of both processes. The values of gas transport energy activation and TEMPO rotation mobility are substantially close to each other, which should testify that polymer segmental mobility determines the gas permeability modality.

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Mazlan, Nurul Musfirah, Mark Savill, and Timos Kipouros. "Evaluating NOx and CO emissions of bio-SPK fuel using a simplified engine combustion model: A preliminary study towards sustainable environment." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 231, no. 5 (April 19, 2016): 859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410016643980.

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Awareness of environmental and economic issues associated with fossil fuel has led to the exploration of alternative fuels for aviation. Analysis and measurements of alternative fuel using real aircraft engines are complex and costly. Thus, evaluation only through computation is an option at present. This paper presents an analysis of aircraft engine emissions, particularly NOx and CO, from the blend of bio-synthetic paraffinic kerosene (bio-SPK) fuel with kerosene using a simplified gas emission model. Three different fuels, namely, a conventional aviation fuel Jet-A, Jatropha bio-SPK and Camelina bio-SPK were tested as pure and as blends with Jet-A. Chemical properties of the tested fuels were introduced into HEPHAESTUS, an in-house gas emission software developed in Cranfield University. HEPHAESTUS was developed based on the physics-based approach by incorporating a number of stirred reactors to predict NOx, CO, UHC and soot. Gaseous emissions generated from kerosene were observed to follow the trends provided by the ICAO databank. The capability of HEPHAESTUS in predicting the NOx and CO level from biofuel is yet to be explored. The level of NOx and CO predicted in this study followed the trends shown in the literature, although they quantitatively differed. Compared to Jet-A, NOx decreased and CO increased as the percentage of Jatropha bio-SPK and Camelina bio-SPK in the mixture increased. NOx reduction was consistent with the reduction in flame temperature because NOx generation considered in the model was dominantly based on thermal NOx. In contrast, increases in CO were due to low flame temperature that led to incomplete combustion. The consistency of the results obtained showed that the computational work performed in this study as an initial step toward the prediction of emission level of biofuels was successful. However, further studies on the experimental work or computational fluid dynamic simulation is essential.

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Lertwongpipat, Naphaporn, Nawadon Petchwatana, and Sirijutaratana Covavisaruch. "Enhancing the Flexural and Impact Properties of Bioplastic Poly(lactic acid) by Melt Blending with Poly(butylene succinate)." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.106.

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Bio-based biodegradable Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) suffers limitations such as brittleness and slow crystallization. This study aims to resolve the brittle nature of PLA by blending with Poly (butylene succinate) (PBS), a more ductile biodegradable polymer with superior toughness and flexural properties. In this research, a series of PLA/PBS blends was prepared at the blend ratios of 100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 20/80 and 0/100. FTIR showed that there was no change in the functional groups of the PLA/PBS blends. Thermal stability assessed by TGA revealed that PBS degraded at higher temperature than that of PLA; the decomposition temperature (Td) at 10% weight loss of PLA and PBS were 330.8 and 356.4°C respectively. The Td of all the blends increased gradually with the addition of PBS. The flexural properties in terms of the flexural strength and the flexural modulus of the blends reduced significantly with PBS content. The PLA/PBS specimens with greater PBS content were softened and flexed more easily, thereby requiring a much lower flexural strength. The flexural modulus of the 80/20 and 60/40 blends dropped from 3.5 GPa for neat PLA to 3.2 GPa and 2.1 GPa while the flexural strength also declined from 105.3 MPa to 90.9 MPa and 69.1 MPa respectively. The toughness of all the blends was greater than that of neat PLA; in particular the 60/40 blend exhibited superior impact strength of 48.7 J/m compared with 30.9 J/m of the neat PLA. The microscopic images of all the blends showed two distinct phases; the 60/40 blend consisted of well dispersed small particles of the tough PBS, resulting in greater absorption of energy upon impact.

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Simar-Mentières, S., F. Nesslany, M. L. Sola, S. Mortier, J. M. Raimbault, F. Gondelle, L. Chabot, P. Pandard, D. Wils, and A. Chentouf. "Toxicology and Biodegradability of a Phthalate-Free and Bio-Based Novel Plasticizer." Journal of Toxicology 2021 (July 12, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9970896.

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Phthalate esters, mainly di-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP), represent a class of chemicals primarily used as plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride in a wide range of domestic and industrial applications. These phthalate esters are low-toxicity environmental contaminants. To address these drawbacks, POLYSORB® ID 37, a blend of diesters obtained from esterification of isosorbide with plant-based fatty acids, was developed. The company can now offer PVC manufacturers a new product which competes with phthalates and other such chemicals. The market for plasticizers is very important, and ROQUETTE intends to provide a more sustainable and safer product. Isosorbide diester is bio-based (made from glucose and vegetable fatty acids). This plasticizer is registered in REACH regulation for high volumes (>1000 T/year). Risk assessment was obtained by conducting a wide range of biodegradability and toxicological protocols, using rodent models, according to established guidelines. Overall, all of the toxicological and biodegradability studies demonstrated that POLYSORB® ID 37 is nontoxic to mammalian life and is readily biodegradable.

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Sahoo, Sushanta K., Smita Mohanty, and Sanjay K. Nayak. "Toughened bio-based epoxy blend network modified with transesterified epoxidized soybean oil: synthesis and characterization." RSC Advances 5, no. 18 (2015): 13674–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra11965g.

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Ilangovan, Manikandan, Hongyi Gan, Taizo Kabe, and Tadahisa Iwata. "Bio-based polymer blend with tunable properties developed from paramylon hexanoate and poly(butylene succinate)." Polymer 270 (March 2023): 125791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125791.

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Jorda-Reolid, Maria, Jaume Gomez-Caturla, Juan Ivorra-Martinez, Pablo Marcelo Stefani, Sandra Rojas-Lema, and Luis Quiles-Carrillo. "Upgrading Argan Shell Wastes in Wood Plastic Composites with Biobased Polyethylene Matrix and Different Compatibilizers." Polymers 13, no. 6 (March 17, 2021): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13060922.

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The present study reports on the development of wood plastic composites (WPC) based on micronized argan shell (MAS) as a filler and high-density polyethylene obtained from sugarcane (Bio-HDPE), following the principles proposed by the circular economy in which the aim is to achieve zero waste by the introduction of residues of argan as a filler. The blends were prepared by extrusion and injection molding processes. In order to improve compatibility between the argan particles and the green polyolefin, different compatibilizers and additional filler were used, namely polyethylene grafted maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA 3 wt.-%), maleinized linseed oil (MLO 7.5 phr), halloysite nanotubes (HNTs 7.5 phr), and a combination of MLO and HNTs (3.75 phr each). The mechanical, morphological, thermal, thermomechanical, colorimetric, and wettability properties of each blend were analyzed. The results show that MAS acts as a reinforcing filler, increasing the stiffness of the Bio-HDPE, and that HNTs further increases this reinforcing effect. MLO and PE-g-MA, altogether with HNTs, improve the compatibility between MAS and Bio-HDPE, particularly due to bonds formed between oxygen-based groups present in each compound. Thermal stability was also improved provided by the addition of MAS and HNTs. All in all, reddish-like brown wood plastic composites with improved stiffness, good thermal stability, enhanced compatibility, and good wettability properties were obtained.

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Hassan, Mohammed, Farid Nasir Ani, and Samion Syahrullail. "The Tribological Characteristics of RBD Palm Olein with Jatropha Oil Blend Using Four-Ball Tribotester with Different Normal Loads." Applied Mechanics and Materials 819 (January 2016): 499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.819.499.

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Vegetable oils are bio-fluids that could replace petroleum-based products due to its environment friendly characteristics and becoming an important source of bio-lubricants. The great advantage of vegetable oils is that they are widely available, renewable source of bio-lubricants. Moreover, vegetable oil based lubricant have shown the potential to reduce carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon emissions when operated in engines. There are two ways to use vegetable oil as a bio-lubricant, either use directly the neat vegetable oil without any additives or use with certain blending ratio of the vegetable oil with mineral lubricant. In this paper, the influences of the normal load on the tribological characteristics for the blending of two types of vegetable oils were investigated and compared with commercial lubricant oil by the use of the four ball tribotester. The vegetable blends are RBD palm olein and Jatropha oil ratio of RBD40/J60. All experimental works were conforming to ASTM D4172. The results exhibited that the both blending of RBD palm olein and Jatropha oil has lower the wear scar of ball bearings and coefficient of friction compared to commercial lubricant oil. As a conclusion, the blending of RBD palm olein and Jatropha oil has better performance compared to commercial lubricant oil or neat RBD palm olein.

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Koskela, Suopajärvi, Mattila, Uusitalo, and Fabritius. "Lignin from Bioethanol Production as a Part of a Raw Material Blend of a Metallurgical Coke." Energies 12, no. 8 (April 23, 2019): 1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081533.

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Replacement of part of the coal in the coking blend with lignin would be an attractive solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from blast furnace (BF) iron making and for obtaining additional value for lignin utilization. In this research, both non-pyrolyzed and pyrolyzed lignin was used in a powdered form in a coking blend for replacing 5-, 10- and 15 m-% of coal in the raw material bulk. Graphite powder was used as a comparative replacement material for lignin with corresponding replacement ratios. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed for all the raw materials to obtaining valuable data about the raw material behavior in the coking process. In addition, chemical analysis was performed for dried lignin, pyrolyzed lignin and coal that were used in the experiments. Produced bio cokes were tested in a compression strength experiment, in reactivity tests in a simulating blast furnace shaft gas profile and temperature. Also, an image analysis of the porosity and pore shapes was performed with a custom made MatLab-based image analysis software. The tests revealed that the pyrolysis of lignin before the coking process has an increasing impact on the bio coke strength, while the reactivity of the bio-cokes did not significantly change. However, after certain level of lignin addition the effect of lignin pyrolysis before the coking lost its significance. According to results of this research, the structure of bio cokes changes significantly when replacement of coal with lignin in the raw material bulk is at a level of 10 m-% or more, causing less uniform structure thus leading to a less strong structure for bio cokes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bio-based blend'

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