Academic literature on the topic 'BIO-ACTIVE FILM'
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Journal articles on the topic "BIO-ACTIVE FILM"
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Yu, Xin Gang, En Shen Wu, and Zeng Min Han. "Study on BAF Lipid Phosphorus Biomass and SOUR Active Tests." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 2437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.2437.
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By taking the fillings from the wastewater treatment reactor of a practically stable operation of the BAF, it is to test the lipid phosphorus biomass both in the bio-film and floc in the fillings, and active changing laws of microbes. The experiments show that BAF sewage treatment results from the joint action of bio-film and biological floc. The experiments provide theoretical foundations for the operating mechanism of BAF, packing height and the optimization of backwash time. Due to its high efficiency, energy saving, small area, easy operation and management, Biological Aerated Filter (BAF) technology has become a research focus[1] of a biological wastewater treatment technology in recent years. BAF process is characterized of a lot of filler in the activated sludge, besides the bio-film on the fillings. This sludge contains active living organisms, shed bio-film, suspended matters from the raw sewage and other adsorptions from the wastewater. They are collectively referred to as biological floc. When oxidating and decomposing organic matters in the sewage, it intercepts and adsorb sunken substances. Throughout BAF operation process, it is as irreplaceable as the bio-film.
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Oyekanmi, A. A., U. Seeta Uthaya Kumar, Abdul Khalil H. P. S., N. G. Olaiya, A. A. Amirul, A. A. Rahman, Arif Nuryawan, C. K. Abdullah, and Samsul Rizal. "Functional Properties of Antimicrobial Neem Leaves Extract Based Macroalgae Biofilms for Potential Use as Active Dry Packaging Applications." Polymers 13, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 1664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13101664.
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Antimicrobial irradiated seaweed–neem biocomposite films were synthesized in this study. The storage functional properties of the films were investigated. Characterization of the prepared films was conducted using SEM, FT-IR, contact angle, and antimicrobial test. The macroscopic and microscopic including the analysis of the functional group and the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry test revealed the main active constituents present in the neem extract, which was used an essential component of the fabricated films. Neem leaves’ extracts with 5% w/w concentration were incorporated into the matrix of seaweed biopolymer and the seaweed–neem bio-composite film were irradiated with different dosages of gamma radiation (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 kGy). The tensile, thermal, and the antimicrobial properties of the films were studied. The results revealed that the irradiated films exhibited improved functional properties compared to the control film at 1.5 kGy radiation dosage. The tensile strength, tensile modulus, and toughness exhibited by the films increased, while the elongation of the irradiated bio-composite film decreased compared to the control film. The morphology of the irradiated films demonstrated a smoother surface compared to the control and provided surface intermolecular interaction of the neem–seaweed matrix. The film indicated an optimum storage stability under ambient conditions and demonstrated no significant changes in the visual appearance. However, an increase in the moisture content was exhibited by the film, and the hydrophobic properties was retained until nine months of the storage period. The study of the films antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (SA), and Bacillus subtilis (BS) indicated improved resistance to bacterial activities after the incorporation of neem leaves extract and gamma irradiation. The fabricated irradiated seaweed–neem bio-composite film could be used as an excellent sustainable packaging material due to its effective storage stability.
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Martiny, Thamiris Renata, Vijaya Raghavan, Caroline Costa de Moraes, Gabriela Silveira da Rosa, and Guilherme Luiz Dotto. "Bio-Based Active Packaging: Carrageenan Film with Olive Leaf Extract for Lamb Meat Preservation." Foods 9, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 1759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9121759.
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Carrageenan-based active packaging film was prepared by adding olive leaf extract (OLE) as a bioactive agent to the lamb meat packaging. The OLE was characterized in terms of its phenolic compounds (T.ph), antioxidant activity (AA), oleuropein, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Escherichia coli. The film’s formulation consisted of carrageenan, glycerol as a plasticizer, water as a solvent, and OLE. The effects of the OLE on the thickness, water vapor permeability (WVP), tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EB), elastic modulus (EM), color, solubility, and antimicrobial capacity of the carrageenan film were determined. The OLE had the following excellent characteristics: the T.ph value was 115.96 mgGAE∙g−1 (d.b), the AA was 89.52%, the oleuropein value was 11.59 mg∙g−1, and the MIC was 50 mg∙mL−1. The results showed that the addition of OLE increased the thickness, EB, and WVP, and decreased the TS and EM of the film. The solubility was not significantly affected by the OLE. The color difference with the addition of OLE was 64.72%, which had the benefit of being a barrier to oxidative processes related to light. The film with the OLE was shown to have an antimicrobial capacity during the storage of lamb meat, reducing the count of psychrophiles five-fold when compared to the samples packed by the control and commercial films; therefore, this novel film has the potential to increase the shelf life of lamb meat, and as such, is suitable for use as active packaging.
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Cheong, Kuan Yew, Ilias Ait Tayeb, Feng Zhao, and Jafri Malin Abdullah. "Review on resistive switching mechanisms of bio-organic thin film for non-volatile memory application." Nanotechnology Reviews 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 680–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2021-0047.
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Abstract Bio-organic, as one of the sustainable and bioresorbable materials, has been used as an active thin film in producing resistive switching random access memory (RRAM) due to its specialized properties. This type of nonvolatile memory consists of a simple unit structure with the processed and solidified bio-organic-based thin film sandwiched between two electrodes. Its memory characteristics are significantly affected by the resistive-switching mechanism. However, to date, the reported mechanisms are very diverse and scattered, and to our best knowledge, there is no literature that reviewed comprehensively the mechanisms of resistive switching in bio-organic-based thin films. Therefore, the objective of this article is to critically analyze data related to the mechanisms of the bio-organic-based RRAM since it was first reported. Based on the pool of literature, three types of mechanisms are categorized, namely electronic, electrochemical, and thermochemical, and the naming is well justified based on the principle of operation. The determining factors and roles of bio-organic material and the two electrodes in governing the three mechanisms have been analyzed, reviewed, discussed, and compared.
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Roy, Swarup, Deblina Biswas, and Jong-Whan Rhim. "Gelatin/Cellulose Nanofiber-Based Functional Nanocomposite Film Incorporated with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 8 (August 4, 2022): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6080223.
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A novel bio-based nanocomposite film was developed using the combination of gelatine and cellulose nanofiber (CNF) as a polymer matrix and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONP) as nanofillers. The nanocomposite film solution was developed using simple solution mixing and film prepared by the following casting methods. The fabricated nanocomposite film containing 2 wt% of ZnONP shows excellent UV-light barrier properties (>95%) and high transparency (>75%). The presence of ZnONP also improves the mechanical strength of the film by ~30% compared to pristine gelatin/CNF-based film, while the flexibility and rigidity of the nanocomposite film were also slightly improved. The addition of ZnONP slightly increased (~10%) the hydrophobicity while the water vapor barrier properties remain unaltered. The hydrodynamic properties of the bio-based film were also changed in the presence of ZnONP, moisture content and the swelling ratio slightly enhanced, whereas water solubility was decreased. Moreover, the integration of ZnONP introduced antibacterial activity toward foodborne pathogens. The fabricated bio-based nanocomposite film could be useful in active packaging applications.
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Baghi, Fatemeh, Sami Ghnimi, Emilie Dumas, and Adem Gharsallaoui. "Development of a multilayer biodegradable active packaging based on nano emulsions, for the bio preservation of food." MATEC Web of Conferences 379 (2023): 05008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202337905008.
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Multi-layer biodegradable active packaging is a new class of innovative food packaging containing bioactive compounds that are able to maintain food quality and extend shelf life preservation by releasing an active agent during storage. In this context, this study aims to develop and characterize three-layer biodegradable active films: 2 outer layers of ethylcellulose (EC) and a layer internal pectin containing nanoemulsions (NE) of trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) as an antimicrobial agent. Trans-cinnamaldehyde (NE) nanoemulsions were prepared with soy lecithin as an agent. emulsifier to stabilize the TC and protect it for the duration of the film manufacturing. The average size and the zeta potential of the nanoemulsion droplets were 103.93 nm and -46 mV, respectively. The opacity of samples of monolayer and multilayer films decreased by 15.19 (A*mm-1) for the monolayer film of pectin incorporated by nanocapsules at 2.02 for multilayer films. In addition, the multilayer technique has made it possible to improve the mechanical properties of the films compared to monolayers with greater resistance breakage and greater extensibility. Inhibition tests on four bacteria representatives of bacteria pathogens and spoilage found in food industries have confirmed the antimicrobial activity, both, mono and multilayers. The work presented in this study offers perspectives for the fabrication packaging based on antimicrobial and biodegradable multilayer films.
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Giannakas, Aris E., Vassilios K. Karabagias, Dimitrios Moschovas, Areti Leontiou, Ioannis K. Karabagias, Stavros Georgopoulos, Andreas Karydis-Messinis, et al. "Thymol@activated Carbon Nanohybrid for Low-Density Polyethylene-Based Active Packaging Films for Pork Fillets’ Shelf-Life Extension." Foods 12, no. 13 (July 3, 2023): 2590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12132590.
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Τhe replacement of food packaging additives and preservatives with bio-based antioxidant/antibacterial compounds has been a common practice in recent years following the trend of bioeconomy and nanotechnology. Such bio-additives are often enclosed in nanocarriers for a controlled release process. Following this trend in this work, a thymol (TO)-rich activated carbon (AC) nanohybrid was prepared and characterized physicochemically with various techniques. This TO@AC nanohybrid, along with the pure activated carbon, was extruded with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) to develop novel active packaging films. The codenames used in this paper were LDPE/xTO@AC and LDPE/xAC for the nanohybrid and the pure activated carbon, respectively. X-ray diffractometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy measurements showed high dispersity of both the TO@AC nanohybrid and the pure AC in the LDPE matrix, resulting in enhanced mechanical properties. The active film with 15 wt.% of the TO@AC nanohybrid (LDPE/15TO@AC) exhibited a 230% higher water/vapor barrier and 1928% lower oxygen permeability than the pure LDPE film. For this active film, the highest antioxidant activity referred to the DPPH assay (44.4%), the lowest thymol release rate (k2 ≈ 1.5 s−1), and the highest antibacterial activity were recorded, resulting in a 2-day extension of fresh pork fillets’ shelf-life.
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Inta, Orathai, Rangrong Yoksan, and Jumras Limtrakul. "Hydrophobically modified chitosan: A bio-based material for antimicrobial active film." Materials Science and Engineering: C 42 (September 2014): 569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.05.076.
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Viscusi, Gianluca, Elena Lamberti, Francesca D’Amico, Loredana Tammaro, and Giuliana Gorrasi. "Fabrication and Characterization of Bio-Nanocomposites Based on Halloysite-Encapsulating Grapefruit Seed Oil in a Pectin Matrix as a Novel Bio-Coating for Strawberry Protection." Nanomaterials 12, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 1265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12081265.
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In the framework of designing a novel bio-coating for the preservation of fresh fruits, this paper reports the design, preparation, and characterization of novel bio-nanocomposites based on pectin loaded with grapefruit seed oil (GO), a natural compound with antimicrobial properties, encapsulated into halloysite nanotubes (HNTs). The vacuum-based methodology was used for the encapsulation of the oil into the hollow area of the nanotubes, obtaining nano-hybrids (HNT-GO) with oil concentrations equal to 20, 30, and 50 wt%. Physical properties (thermal, mechanical, barrier, optical) were analyzed. Thermal properties were not significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the filler, while an improvement in mechanical performance (increase in elastic modulus, stress at breaking, and deformation at breaking up to 200%, 48%, and 39%, respectively, compared to pure pectin film) and barrier properties (increase in water permeability up to 480% with respect to pure pectin film) was observed. A slight increase in opacity was detected without significantly compromising the transparency of the films. The release of linoleic acid, the main component of GO, was followed for 21 days and was correlated with the amount of the hybrid filler, demonstrating the possibility of tailoring the release kinetic of active molecules. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the prepared bio-composites as an active coating, fresh strawberries were coated and compared to uncoated fruit. Qualitative results showed that the fabricated novel bio-coating efficiently extended the preservation of fresh fruit.
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K Janet Jemimah and Priya R Iyer. "Production of biopolymer films using groundnut oilcake." International Journal of Science and Technology Research Archive 3, no. 1 (September 30, 2022): 192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.53771/ijstra.2022.3.1.0097.
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Protein-based biopolymer films were produced using Groundnut (Arachis hypogea) oilcake. Thin, semi-transparent, brownish films were obtained, the films were smooth and uniform. The film was plasticized using PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) and glycerol was added to improve the elasticity. This resulted in the film being more flexible and more like conventional plastics. The thickness of the film was found. The tensile strength and the elongation at break were calculated. The water absorption capacity of the films was also estimated. Further, FTIR and SEM analysis were done to find out the chemical structures and morphological microstructures of the film. X-ray diffraction studies were also done. Also, antimicrobial and antioxidant assays were performed to find out the potential of the film as active food packaging. All these tests prove that the GOC films are capable of being used as food packaging alternative for conventional plastics. Biopolymer films were prepared using the protein extracted from groundnut oilcake. Its various characteristics were evaluated. These films can be used as substitutes to conventional food packaging plastics. The development of new bio-materials from agricultural wastes/ by-products of oil industry, may be good and cheap sources of both energy and protein. The present study focused on obtaining useful protein-based biodegradable films for an eco-friendly option. Potential applications of the obtained bio-polymer films include wrapping of different fabricated foods for shelf-life extension. These types of protein-based films are very useful as they are readily biodegradable in nature and also, they are sourced from natural and renewable raw materials rather than petroleum-based plastics.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "BIO-ACTIVE FILM"
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Kurek, Mia. "Comprehensive study of the effects of formulation and processing parameters on structural and functional properties of active bio-based packaging films." Thesis, Dijon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DIJOS095/document.
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Cette étude porte sur l’analyse du mécanisme de transfert du carvacrol (molécule antimicrobienne volatile) au travers de films à base de chitosan. La composition, la structure, les paramètres de procédés et de séchage de la couche de chitosan ont été corrélés aux propriétés physico-chimiques et fonctionnelles des films. La compréhension de ces facteurs et de leurs influences est cruciale à l’optimisation de la production de films actifs à base de polyéthylène enduits de chitosan. En effet, composition, microstructure et condition environnementale (température, humidité) conditionnent la rétention puis la libération contrôlée du carvacrol. La présence d’humidité induit absorption, gonflement, et plastification du chitosan, et par conséquent influe sur la structure, ses propriétés thermiques et de surface. L’absorption d’humidité, due au changement de structure, entraîne une forte augmentation de la perméabilité aux gaz et à la vapeur d’eau, et favorise ainsi la libération du carvacrol, nécessaire à une efficacité antimicrobienne rapide. Cette dernière, ainsi que l’impact sensoriel sur l’aliment emballé, sont directement corrélés aux aspects cinétiques et de partage des vapeurs de carvacrol. Ces travaux ont ainsi mis en évidence l’importance le compréhension de mécanismes de transfert dans les emballages à base de bio-polymères sur leur production et application industriellesThe aim of this study is the analysis of structure and transfer mechanisms through chitosan based food packaging materials with incorporated carvacrol as a model of antimicrobial active substance. Integration of composition parameters, structure, processing and drying of chitosan systems is correlated to its physico chemical and functional properties. Understanding and detailed analyses of processing parameters is crucial in production of active chitosan coatings applied on conventional materials such as polyethylene. So, the knowledge of composition and microstructure in association to environmental conditions, control the retention and the release kinetics of carvacrol from chitosan film. Water vapour was crucial parameter that strongly influenced adsorption, swelling and plasticization of chitosan based films, as well as thermal, surface and mechanical properties. By changing the matrix structure, penetrating water molecules decreased gas barrier efficiency and increased release of carvacrol. Furthermore, release of carvacrol in the headspace was correlated to the antimicrobial efficiency and to the organoleptic impact on packed food products. Such investigation highlights the transfer mechanism within bio-based materials, prior to efficiency prediction for their industrial development.In dry conditions, all chitosan films were fairly good gas barriers (about 10 17 g/m∙s∙Pa). Chitosan coated polyethylene films were up to 10000 times less permeable than uncoated PE. Increase in the environmental humidity above 60% and up to 96% (that represents the conditions of a real fresh food packaging system), significantly increased gas permeability of all chitosan films. Mechanical tests confirmed that when relative humidity increased, structural changes were induced. Therefore, extensive water plasticization of chitosan matrix was observed.Diffusion coefficients of carvacrol from chitosan film increased up to 1000 times when humidity increased from 0% to 100%. Water vapour triggers the release of carvacrol in the vapour phase. This indicates the importance of controlling the environmental conditions in the packaging at the time of the application but also during the active film storage.Films with carvacrol concentrations in the vapour phase above 2x10-7 g/mLair were efficient against large spectrum of bacteria, including some Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. In some instances the concentration that was required for carvacrol antimicrobial efficiency was not organoleptically acceptable to consumers
Cilj ovog rada je analiza strukture i mehanizama prijenosa tvari kroz ambalažne materijale za pakiranje hrane na bazi kitozana s inkorporiranim karvakrolom kao modelnom aktivnom antimikrobnom tvari. Integrirani sastavni parametri, struktura, proizvodnja i sušenje kitozanskog sustava korelirani su sa njegovim fizikalno-kemijskim i funkcionalnim svojstvima. Razumijevanje i detaljna analiza procesnih parametara predstavlja ključan korak u proizvodnji aktivnih kitozanskih prevlaka na konvencionalnim materijaima kao što je polietilen. Dakle, poznavanje sastava i mikrostrukture u ovisnosti o okolnim uvjetima, osnovni je preduvjet za kontrolirano zadržavanje i otpuštanje karvakrola iz filmova na bazi kitozana. Vodena para predstavlja ključni parametar koji značajno utječe na adsorpciju, bubrenje i plastifikaciju kitozanskih filmova, kao i na njegova toplinska, površinska, i mehanička svojstva. Penetracijom (prodiranjem) molekula vode dolazi do promjene strukture matriksa, smanjuje se učinkovitost barijernih svojstava prema plinovima i povećava otpuštanje karvakrola. Otpuštanje karvakrola u zračnom prostoru u korelaciji je sa antimikrobnom učinkovitosti i organoleptičkim svojstvima upakiranih prehrambenih proizvoda. Ovo istraživanje prije svega naglašava značaj poznavanja mehanizma prijenosa tvari unutar biomaterijala koji je neophodan za predviđanje učinkovite primjene na industrijskoj razini
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SOURABH. "SYNTHESIS & CHARACTERIZATION OF BIO ACTIVE GLASS AS DOPANT IN GELATIN FILM." Thesis, 2016. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/15186.
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Gelatin is a biodegradable, biocompatible and non immunogenic product, suitable for medical applications. To for various biomedical and other application of gelatin its mechanical, chemical and structural properties plays a vital role .So in the present study we are going to characterize various mechanical and structural properties of gelatin and bioglass (as a dopant) enriched gelatin films by various physical & mechanical characterization techniques like FTIR ,SEM ,XRD and UTM etc. With the help of various characterization techniques we can specify the various uses and application area of gelatin and gelatin doped materials.
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ZIYAMBI, TAFADZWA. "PHYSIOCHEMICAL BEHAVIOUR OF CHITOSAN/POLYVINYL ALCOHOL BINARY FILM FOR FOOD PACKAGING." Thesis, 2016. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/14824.
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The aim of this study is to prepare, characterize and further develop films of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan. Blends which comprise of synthetic and natural polymers embody a fresh group of materials and have attracted considerable attention especially in bio application when used as a biomaterial. The resulting properties of the blends mainly rely on the properties of the constituent polymers and on the phase morphology that has been developed during blending. These antimicrobial packaging films have been of much concern due their ability to slow or kill pathogenic microorganisms that tend to reduce the shelf life of food products. Thus chitosan based films have been studied because of their effectiveness in food preservation. Chitosan is well known for its excellent biocompatibility and biodegradable properties. It also has got a high modulus of elasticity which is due to high glass transition temperature and also its crystallinity. PVA is known to be a semi crystalline, excellent chemical resistance water soluble, better film and fiber forming, non-toxic, good mechanical properties, biocompatible and biodegradable synthetic polymer. The present work describes the structural characterization, thermal study, surface morphology and bioactive behavior of edible cross-linked chitosan-PVA film. An edible film is prepared by blending chitosan and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with glutaradehyde as cross-linker. The presence of hydrogen bonding between ─OH of PVA and ─OH or ─NH2 of chitosan has been ascertained by IR study. TGA thermogram of chitosan-PVA film has provided a fair idea about the thermal degradation and the energy required to vaporize the water present in the film. Antimicrobial assessment has shown the positive inhibitory effect against E. coli. When chitosan and PVA are blended there is improved strength as well as flexibility of the films. Adding a cross linking agent will further improve the tensile strength but decrease the elongation properties of the films. As the PVA content in the film increase the water uptake increases due to an increase in the hydroxyl groups thus water uptake can be reduced by minimizing the amount of PVA, adding a cross linking agent and adjusting the pH of the solution. Thus bulk and surface hydrophilicity of the films is improved. The findings of the antimicrobial activity has demonstrated that chitosan-PVA solution may be used for the preservation of fruits and vegetables.
Book chapters on the topic "BIO-ACTIVE FILM"
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Singh, Sudarshan, and Warangkana Chunglok. "Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications of Bio-Based Excipients." In Biopolymers Towards Green and Sustainable Development, 105–38. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815079302122010008.
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The success of an active pharmaceutical depends on how efficiently and precisely the polymeric dosage form can deliver it for effective treatment. Polymers are recognized as inactive pharmaceutical excipients and the backbone of the drug delivery system that plays an essential role in the design of dosage forms. Biodegradable polymer-based drug delivery system has gained significant attention among researchers and manufacturers in the last few decades, compared to synthetic non-biodegradable and their analog polymers. Synthetic biodegradable biopolymers demonstrate excellent efficacy in the design and development of drug delivery that enables the incorporation of active pharmaceuticals into the body. Despite the wide effectiveness of currently available polymers in the design of drug delivery systems, the quest for biocompatible, biodegradable, and easily accessible novel polymers with multifarious applications is still protractile. Due to safety and regulatory approval requirements in the development of novel inactive pharmaceuticals, the introduction of new excipients is much limited. However, the development of bio-based polymers with modification as required could be a valuable way to address the problem associated with synthetic polymers. In this chapter, an overview has been presented on the various applications of bio-based polymers ranging from oral conventional drug delivery to reduction and capping of metallic materials. Moreover, details are presented on the technology-based use of biopolymers in the fabrication of modified oral drug delivery, microneedles, packaging film, and biogenic synthesis of metallic nanoparticles.
Conference papers on the topic "BIO-ACTIVE FILM"
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Stack, M. M., J. Rodling, and M. T. Mathew. "Micro-Abrasion-Corrosion Mapping of Bio-Materials: Some New Perspectives." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-64156.
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Recent developments in the studies of micro-abrasion have resulted in the construction of mechanistic maps where the change in micro-abrasion is presented as a function of the main tribological parameters. However, in many practical situations where micro-abrasion occurs, the environment tends to be corrosive. In such cases, the interaction of micro-abrasion and corrosion is of interest because the combined interaction may lead to “synergistic” or “antagonistic” effects, where corrosion may have a deleterious or beneficial effect in modifying the mechanical properties of the surface. In this paper, the micro-abrasion of a Co-Cr specimen against an ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) ball was studied in Ringers solution. The effects of applied load at a range of electrochemical potentials were investigated. Atomic force and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to identify the extent of wear and the role of the corrosion film on the micro-abrasion rate enabling the various wear, corrosion and the interactive effects to be evaluated for the system. The results showed that various micro-abrasion-corrosion mechanisms could be identified in active and passive conditions. These were used to generate micro-abrasion-corrosion mechanism maps showing the change in mechanism as functions of load and applied potential and the extent of interaction between the wear and the corrosion processes was demonstrated on such maps. Possible uses of the generic form of these maps to identify micro-abrasion-corrosion mechanisms in other bio-medical applications are addressed in this paper.
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Shelton, John, William J. Craft, Jaehwan Kim, Jamil Grant, Jag Sankar, and Sang H. Choi. "Fatigue Properties of Electro-Active Papers for Biomimetic Actuators." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-80552.
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Cellulose-based Electro-Active Papers (EAPap) have been studied as potential actuators as a result of their low voltage operation, light weight, and low power consumption. In addition, they are bio-degradable and potentially inexpensive.1 The construction of many EAPap electromechanical actuators has been based on cellulose paper film coated with thin electrode layers. This EAPap actuator has shown a reversible and reproducible bending movement as well as longitudinal displacement under low voltage alternating current. However, the EAPap is a complex anisotropic material, which has not been extensively characterized and additional basic and design testing is required before developing EAPap application and devices. It is important to know the extended fatigue and elastic properties of EAPap materials, and this requires testing and evaluation. It has been known that the cellulose based EAPap has two distinct elastic constants connected by a bifurcation point along the stress strain diagram.2 The initial Young’s modulus of EAPap is in the range of 5-8GPa, - quite high compared to other polymer materials.3 Since these materials are anisotropic, elastic properties also differ as a function of orientation. These materials are sensitive to humidity and temperature. Fatigue tests conducted and described in this paper identify critical properties of this under-analyzed class of materials to provide a measure of its fatigue capabilities. Mechanical strain of EAPap materials has been evaluated, and it appears to follow closely a linear creep model as confirmed by low frequency cyclic (fatigue) loading. The creep parameter has also been determined to be a function of temperature and load level for all the EAPap materials tested.
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Kim, Jaehwan, Zoubeida Ounaies, Sung-Ryul Yun, Yukeun Kang, and Seung-Hun Bae. "Electroactive Paper Materials Coated With Carbon Nanotubes and Conducting Polymers." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79579.
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Electro-Active Paper (EAPap) materials based on cellulose are attractive for many applications because of their low voltage operation, lightweight, dryness, low power consumption, bio-degradable. The construction of EAPap actuator has been achieved using the cellulose paper film coated with thin electrode layers. This actuator showed a reversible and reproducible bending movement. In order to improve both force and displacement of this, EAPap actuator efforts are made to construct the device using increasing number of complementary conducting polymer layers and carbon nanotubes. A hybrid EAPap actuator is developed using single-wall carbon nanotubes (CNT)/Polyaniline (PANi) electrodes, as a replacement to gold electrodes. It is expected that the use of CNT can enhance the stiffness of the tri-layered actuator, thus improving the force output. Furthermore, the presence of the CNT may increase the actuation performance of the EAPap material. CNT is dispersed in NMP(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidine), and the resulting solution is used as a solvent for PANi. The CNT/PANi/NMP solution is then cast on the EAPap by spin coating. The coated EAPap is dried in an oven. The effect of processing parameters on the final performance of the CNT/PANi electrodes is assessed. The final performance of the electrodes is quantified in terms of the electrical conductivity under dc and ac measurement conditions. The actuation output of the CNT/PANi/EAPap samples is tested in an environmental chamber in terms of free displacement and blocked force. The performance of the hybrid actuators is also investigated in terms of frequency, voltage, humidity and temperature to help shed light on the mechanism responsible for actuation. Comparison of these results in that of the EAPap with PANi and gold electrodes are also accomplished. EAPap materials are bio-degradable that is important property for artificial muscle actuators for biomimetic with controlled properties and shape.
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Wang, Wenhu, and Sharmila Mukhopadhyay. "Bio-mimetic nanostructured thin films for surface-active devices." In International Workshop on Thin Films for Electronics, Electro-Optics, Energy and Sensors, edited by Guru Subramanyam, Partha Banerjee, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, and Nian X. Sun. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2647658.
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Niculescu, Mihaela-Doina, Cristina Emanuela Enascuta, Maria Stanca, Carmen Cornelia Gaidau, Cosmin Alexe, Mihai Gidea, and Marius Becheritu. "Complexes based on collagen and keratin for applications in agriculture." In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.ii.19.
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In the circular economy context, the use of proteins from collagen and keratin by-products of leather industry to obtain products for agriculture serves to reduce the carbon footprint generated from industry by reducing the amount of chemical synthesis products administered in agricultural technologies. This paper presents complexes based on collagen and keratin extracts obtained from by-products of the leather industry and their characterization. Thermal and chemical-enzymatic hydrolysis of semi-processed leather and degreased wool by-products was performed for protein extraction. Complexes were obtained by addition and crosslinking with active principles and vegetable tannins to collagen and keratin extracts. The characterization of complexes was performed based on the results of analytical investigations by physico-chemical methods: volumetry, potentiometry, IR spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering and Texture Analysis. It has been found that collagen and keratin extracts contain sufficient proportions of small and medium size components size, of the order of 1-100 nm and of 100-1000 nm, specific for free amino acids and small oligopeptides with a role in bio stimulating seed germination, but also contain large size components, over 1000 nm, in considerable proportions, which provide the adhesive and film-forming properties, with a role in foliar application and retarded release of amino acids.
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Bovo, Mirko, and Mohammed Jaasim Mubarak Ali. "Piston Pre-Heating Using a Pressurized-Heated Oil Buffer: A Practical Method to Reduce ICE Emissions and Fuel Consumption." In 16th International Conference on Engines & Vehicles. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-24-0123.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Engine cold start is characterized by sub-optimal combustion efficiency due to the low temperature of the combustion chamber; this heavily increases engine raw emissions at start. One driving phenomenon is a limited fuel evaporation rate. Consequently, a liquid fuel film remains on the piston top at ignition. Liquid fuel deposited on the piston top is a well-known cause of “pool-fire”, leading to high levels of particle emissions; a problem particularly noticeable with bio-based renewable fuels. Engine piston pre-heating can be deployed to prevent or limit the formation of such fuel film and associated pollutants. In this work a practical technique is proposed to effectively pre-heat the pistons immediately before engine cold start. The device consists of a pressurized-heated oil buffer which pre-heats the pistons via the existing piston cooling nozzles. The device provides further benefits in emissions and fuel consumption in two ways: 1) the warm oil pre-lubricates the engine working surfaces reducing friction and 2) reducing the engine thermal inertial by reducing the active oil mass. The first part of this work is a detailed summary of numerical and experimental analysis evidencing the benefits of piston and engine oil pre-heating. The study suggests a near complete evaporation of the fuel film on the piston top at ignition timing, primary source of cold start particle emissions and a reduction in HC due to the favorable combustion chamber preconditioning. Emissions are further lowered by the reduced engine friction due to oil and bearing pre-heating. Moreover, lower engine friction and higher combustion efficiency return a decrease in vehicle fuel consumption. The second part of this work describes the pressurized oil buffer working principles, its pros and cons. The third part elaborates on the implementation strategy and synergies of the oil buffer with different powertrains and application scenarios.</div></div>
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Lupandin, Vladimir, Martyn Hexter, and Alexander Nikolayev. "Lycoming T-53 Gas Turbine Engine Modification for Industrial Application." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-27517.
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This paper describes a development program active at Magellan Aerospace Corporation since 2003, whereby specific modifications are incorporated into an Avco Lycoming T-53 helicopter gas turbine engine to enable it to function as a ground based Industrial unit for distributed power generation. The Lycoming T-53 is a very well proven and reliable two shaft gas turbine engine whose design can be traced back to the 1950s and the fact of its continued service to the present day is a tribute to the original design/development team. Phase 1 of the Program introduces abradable rotor path linings, blade coatings and changes to seal and blade tip clearances. Magellan has built a test cell to run the power generation units to full speed and full power in compliance with ISO 2314. In co-operation with Zorya-Mashproekt, Ukraine, the exhaust emissions of the existing combustion system for natural gas was reduced by 30%. New nozzles for low heat value fuels and for high hydrogen content fuels (up to 60% H2) have been developed. The T-53 gas turbine engine exhaust gas temperature is typically around 620 deg C, which makes it a very good candidate for co-generation and recuperated applications. As per Phase 2 of the program, the existing helicopter integral gearbox and separate industrial step-down gearbox will be replaced with single integral gearbox that will use the same lubrication oil system as the gas turbine engine. The engine power output will increase to 1200 kW at the generator terminals with an improvement to 25% efficiency ISO. Phase 3 of the Program will see the introduction of a new silo type combustion system, developed in order to utilize alternative fuels such as bio-diesel, biofuel (product of wood pyrolysis), land fill gases, syn gases etc. Phase 4 of the Program in cooperation with ORMA, Russia will introduce a recuperator into the package and is expected to realize a boost in overall efficiency to 37%. The results of testing the first two T-53 industrial gas turbine engines modified per Phase 1 will be presented.