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Journal articles on the topic 'Binocular rivalry'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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1

Blake, R. "Binocular rivalry." Journal of Vision 11, no. 15 (December 21, 2011): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/11.15.76.

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2

Norcia, Anthony M. "Binocular Rivalry." Optometry and Vision Science 82, no. 9 (September 2005): 797–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.opx.0000178359.16782.15.

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3

Blake, Randolph, and Frank Tong. "Binocular rivalry." Scholarpedia 3, no. 12 (2008): 1578. http://dx.doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.1578.

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4

Clifford, Colin W. G. "Binocular rivalry." Current Biology 19, no. 22 (December 2009): R1022—R1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.006.

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5

Lee, Sang-Hun, and Randolph Blake. "Rival ideas about binocular rivalry." Vision Research 39, no. 8 (April 1999): 1447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(98)00269-7.

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6

Harrad, Richard A., Suzanne P. McKee, Randolph Blake, and Yuede Yang. "Binocular Rivalry Disrupts Stereopsis." Perception 23, no. 1 (January 1994): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p230015.

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Does the shift from binocular rivalry to fusion or stereopsis take time? We measured stereoacuity after rivalry suppression of one half-image of a stereoacuity line target. After the observer signalled that the single stereo half-image had been suppressed, the other half-image was presented for a variable duration. Stereoacuity thresholds were elevated for 150–200 ms. A control experiment demonstrated that the threshold elevation was due to rivalry suppression per se, rather than masking effects associated with the rivalry-inducing target. Monocular Vernier thresholds, measured as the smallest identifiable abrupt shift in the upper line of an aligned Vernier target that had previously been suppressed by rivalry, were elevated for a much longer duration. This result shows that an appropriately matched stereo pair can break rivalry suppression more easily than can monocular changes in position. With the aid of a similar paradigm, we also measured the duration needed to detect a disparate feature in a random-dot stereogram after rivalry suppression of one half-image of the stereogram. Observers could correctly identify the location of the disparate feature (upper or lower visual field) when the other half-image was presented for a duration ranging from 150–650 ms. In the absence of the matching half-image, the first half-image was suppressed by the rival target for a far longer duration (a few seconds). These findings show that although stereopsis and fusion terminate rivalry, both are initially disrupted for a few hundred milliseconds by rivalry suppression.
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7

Hasegawa, Yosuke, and Kazuo Bingushi. "Binocular stereopsis loss by binocuclar correspondent rivalry." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 83 (September 11, 2019): 2C—031–2C—031. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.83.0_2c-031.

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8

KAKIMOTO, YUTA, and KAZUYUKI AIHARA. "HIERARCHICAL SPATIO-TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF A CHAOTIC NEURAL NETWORK FOR MULTISTABLE BINOCULAR RIVALRY." New Mathematics and Natural Computation 05, no. 01 (March 2009): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793005709001301.

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Binocular rivalry is perceptual alternation that occurs when different visual images are presented to each eye. Despite the intensive studies, the mechanism of binocular rivalry still remains unclear. In multistable binocular rivalry, which is a special case of binocular rivalry, it is known that the perceptual alternation between paired patterns is more frequent than that between unpaired patterns. This result suggests that perceptual transition in binocular rivalry is not a simple random process, and the memories stored in the brain can play an important role in the perceptual transition. In this study, we propose a hierarchical chaotic neural network model for multistable binocular rivalry and show that our model reproduces some characteristic features observed in multistable binocular rivalry.
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9

Freeman, Alan W., and Vincent A. Nguyen. "Controlling binocular rivalry." Vision Research 41, no. 23 (October 2001): 2943–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(01)00181-x.

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10

de Weert, Charles M. M., and Nicholas J. Wade. "Compound binocular rivalry." Vision Research 28, no. 9 (January 1988): 1031–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(88)90080-6.

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11

Zhou, Jiawei, Alexandre Reynaud, and Robert F. Hess. "Aerobic Exercise Effects on Ocular Dominance Plasticity with a Phase Combination Task in Human Adults." Neural Plasticity 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4780876.

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Several studies have shown that short-term monocular patching can induce ocular dominance plasticity in normal adults, in which the patched eye becomes stronger in binocular viewing. There is a recent study showing that exercise enhances this plasticity effect when assessed with binocular rivalry. We address one question, is this enhancement from exercise a general effect such that it is seen for measures of binocular processing other than that revealed using binocular rivalry? Using a binocular phase combination task in which we directly measure each eye’s contribution to the binocularly fused percept, we show no additional effect of exercise after short-term monocular occlusion and argue that the enhancement of ocular dominance plasticity from exercise could not be demonstrated with our approach.
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12

Sobel, Kenith V., and Randolph Blake. "How Context Influences Predominance during Binocular Rivalry." Perception 31, no. 7 (July 2002): 813–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3279.

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Variations in the predominance of an object engaged in binocular rivalry may arise from variations in the durations of dominance phases, suppression phases, or both. Earlier work has shown that the predominance of a binocular rival target is enhanced if that target fits well—via common color, orientation, or motion—with its surrounding objects. In the present experiments, the global context outside of the region of rivalry was changed during rivalry, to learn whether contextual information alters the ability to detect changes in a suppressed target itself. Results indicate that context will maintain the dominance of a rival target, but will not encourage a suppressed target to escape from suppression. Evidently, the fate of the suppressed stimulus is determined by neural events distinct from those responsible for global organization during dominance. To reconcile diverse findings concerning rivalry, it may be important to distinguish between processes responsible for selection of one eye's input for dominance from processes responsible for the implementation and maintenance of suppression.
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13

Dieter, Kevin C., Michael D. Melnick, and Duje Tadin. "Perceptual training profoundly alters binocular rivalry through both sensory and attentional enhancements." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 45 (October 24, 2016): 12874–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602722113.

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The effects of attention, as well as its functional utility, are particularly prominent when selecting among multiple stimuli that compete for processing resources. However, existing studies have found that binocular rivalry—a phenomenon characterized by perceptual competition between incompatible stimuli presented to the two eyes—is only modestly influenced by selective attention. Here, we demonstrate that the relative resistance of binocular rivalry to selective modulations gradually erodes over the course of extended perceptual training that uses a demanding, feature-based attentional task. The final result was a dramatic alteration in binocular rivalry dynamics, leading to profound predominance of the trained stimulus. In some cases, trained observers saw the trained rival image nearly exclusively throughout 4-min viewing periods. This large change in binocular rivalry predominance was driven by two factors: task-independent, eye-specific changes in visual processing, as well as an enhanced ability of attention to promote predominance of the task-relevant stimulus. Notably, this strengthening of task-driven attention also exhibited eye specificity above and beyond that from observed sensory processing changes. These empirical results, along with simulations from a recently developed model of interocular suppression, reveal that stimulus predominance during binocular rivalry can be realized both through an eye-specific boost in processing of sensory information and through facilitated deployment of attention to task-relevant features in the trained eye. Our findings highlight the interplay of attention and binocular rivalry at multiple visual processing stages and reveal that sustained training can substantially alter early visual mechanisms.
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14

Blake, Randolph, Karen Yu, Michelle Lokey, and Hideko Norman. "Binocular Rivalry and Motion Perception." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10, no. 1 (January 1998): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892998563770.

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In a series of experiments psychophysical techniques were used to study the relation between binocular rivalry and motion perception. An initial series of experiments confirmed that motion enhances the predominance of an eye during rivalry, although the direction of motion does not matter. The presence of an annulus of motion immediately surrounding one eye's rival target greatly enhances dominance of that target, but the influence of the annulus progressively decreases as the separation between disk and annulus increased. Opponent directions of motion in disk and annulus yield greater dominance than when dots in the disk and annulus moved in identical directions. In a second experiment the two eyes were adapted to orthogonal directions of motion, generating strong, distinctively different monocular motion aftereffects (MAEs). Even though the two eyes view physically identical random-motion displays following differential adaptation, binocular rivalry of the discrepant MAEs can occur. Finally, using a stimulus replacement technique to measure detectability of translational and rotational motion, it was found that both types of motion were readily detected during periods of dominance but went undetected during periods of suppression. Taken together, these results bear on the process responsible for rivalry and its neural locus relative to the analysis of different types of motion.
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15

Wade, Nicholas J. "On the Art of Binocular Rivalry." i-Perception 12, no. 6 (November 2021): 204166952110538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20416695211053877.

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Binocular rivalry has a longer descriptive history than stereoscopic depth perception both of which were transformed by Wheatstone's invention of the stereoscope. Thereafter, artistic interest in binocular vision has been largely confined to stereopsis. A brief survey of research on binocular contour rivalry is followed by anaglyphic examples of its expression as art. Rivalling patterns can be photographs, graphics, and combinations of them. In addition, illustrations of binocular lustre and interactions between rivalry and stereopsis are presented, as are rivalling portraits of some pioneers of the science and art of binocular vision. The question of why a dynamic process like binocular rivalry has been neglected in visual art is addressed.
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16

van der Zwan, Rick, and Peter Wenderoth. "Psychophysical evidence for area V2 involvement in the reduction of subjective contour tilt aftereffects by binocular rivalry." Visual Neuroscience 11, no. 4 (July 1994): 823–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800003114.

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AbstractPrevious research suggests binocular rivalry disrupts extrastriate, but not striate processes, although the locus along the visual pathway at which such disruption first occurs is uncertain. It has been argued that subjective contours arise via a two-stage process in which end-stopped cells feed into orientation-sensitive neurones in V2, and that orientation aftereffects induced with subjective contours are the product of mechanisms similar to those giving rise to real contour aftereffects. If binocular rivalry disrupts the acquisition of subjective contour aftereffects, then it follows from this model that rivalry disrupts processing in V2. Experiments reported here confirm this and provide evidence which suggests binocular rivalry arises through interactions between binocular neurones, rather than via some type of specialized binocular rivalry mechanism.
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17

O'Neil, S. F., G. P. Caplovitz, and M. Webster. "Sibling Rivalry: Facial distinctiveness and binocular rivalry." Journal of Vision 11, no. 11 (September 23, 2011): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/11.11.616.

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18

Blake, Randolph, Lynn Zimba, and Douglas Williams. "Visual motion, binocular correspondence and binocular rivalry." Biological Cybernetics 52, no. 6 (October 1985): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00449596.

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19

Wilkinson, F., O. Karanovic, and HR Wilson. "Binocular Rivalry in Migraine." Cephalalgia 28, no. 12 (December 2008): 1327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01696.x.

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Cortical hyperexcitability in migraine could arise from abnormally weak inhibition or from strengthened intracortical excitatory mechanisms. The present study employed binocular rivalry to differentiate between these possibilities. Rivalry between static oriented grating patterns was examined in migraine with aura (MA), migraine without aura (MoA) and headache-free control participants. A non-significant trend toward elevated mean dominance intervals (monocular percepts, in seconds) was seen in both migraine groups at all contrasts. Second, significant interocular differences in rivalry dominance durations were seen in the MoA group compared with controls; this difference also approached significance in the MA group. Finally, both MA and MoA exhibited significantly greater visual discomfort than the control group in the presence of both static stripes and flickering visual stimuli. The rivalry results provide no support for weakened intracortical inhibition in migraine. Optical or neural precortical differences in the eyes' input strengths paired with enhanced recurrent cortical excitation can explain these findings.
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20

Pettigrew, John D. "Laughter abolishes binocular rivalry." Clinical and Experimental Optometry 88, no. 1 (January 2005): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0938.2005.tb06662.x.

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21

Jack, Bradley N. "Binocular Rivalry for Beginners." i-Perception 3, no. 8 (January 2012): 503–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/i003ir.

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22

Paffen, Chris L. E., David Alais, and Frans A. J. Verstraten. "Attention Speeds Binocular Rivalry." Psychological Science 17, no. 9 (September 2006): 752–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01777.x.

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23

Wade, Nicholas J., and Charles M. M. De Weert. "Aftereffects in Binocular Rivalry." Perception 15, no. 4 (August 1986): 419–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p150419.

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Five experiments are reported in which the aftereffect paradigm was applied to binocular rivalry. In the first three experiments rivalry was between a vertical grating presented to the left eye and a horizontal grating presented to the right eye. In the fourth experiment the rivalry stimuli consisted of a rotating sectored disc presented to the left eye and a static concentric circular pattern presented to the right. In experiment 5 rivalry was between static radiating and circular patterns. The predominance durations were systematically influenced by direct (same eye) and indirect (interocular) adaptation in a manner similar to that seen for spatial aftereffects. Binocular adaptation produced an aftereffect that was significantly smaller than the direct aftereffect, but not significantly different from the indirect one. A model is developed to account for the results; it involves two levels of binocular interaction in addition to monocular channels. It is suggested that the site of spatial aftereffects is the same as that for binocular rivalry, rather than sequentially prior.
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24

Wolfe, Jeremy M. "Stereopsis and binocular rivalry." Psychological Review 93, no. 3 (1986): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.93.3.269.

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25

Brascamp, Jan W., and Randolph Blake. "Inattention Abolishes Binocular Rivalry." Psychological Science 23, no. 10 (August 28, 2012): 1159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797612440100.

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26

Paffen, C. L. E., F. A. J. Verstraten, and Z. Vidnyanszky. "Learning affects binocular rivalry." Journal of Vision 6, no. 6 (March 24, 2010): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/6.6.848.

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27

Sengpiel, Frank. "Binocular rivalry: Ambiguities resolved." Current Biology 7, no. 7 (July 1997): R447—R450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(06)00215-6.

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28

Li, Hsin-Hung, James Rankin, John Rinzel, Marisa Carrasco, and David J. Heeger. "Attention model of binocular rivalry." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 30 (July 10, 2017): E6192—E6201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620475114.

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When the corresponding retinal locations in the two eyes are presented with incompatible images, a stable percept gives way to perceptual alternations in which the two images compete for perceptual dominance. As perceptual experience evolves dynamically under constant external inputs, binocular rivalry has been used for studying intrinsic cortical computations and for understanding how the brain regulates competing inputs. Converging behavioral and EEG results have shown that binocular rivalry and attention are intertwined: binocular rivalry ceases when attention is diverted away from the rivalry stimuli. In addition, the competing image in one eye suppresses the target in the other eye through a pattern of gain changes similar to those induced by attention. These results require a revision of the current computational theories of binocular rivalry, in which the role of attention is ignored. Here, we provide a computational model of binocular rivalry. In the model, competition between two images in rivalry is driven by both attentional modulation and mutual inhibition, which have distinct selectivity (feature vs. eye of origin) and dynamics (relatively slow vs. relatively fast). The proposed model explains a wide range of phenomena reported in rivalry, including the three hallmarks: (i) binocular rivalry requires attention; (ii) various perceptual states emerge when the two images are swapped between the eyes multiple times per second; (iii) the dominance duration as a function of input strength follows Levelt’s propositions. With a bifurcation analysis, we identified the parameter space in which the model’s behavior was consistent with experimental results.
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29

Blake, Randolph, Jan Brascamp, and David J. Heeger. "Can binocular rivalry reveal neural correlates of consciousness?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1641 (May 5, 2014): 20130211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0211.

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This essay critically examines the extent to which binocular rivalry can provide important clues about the neural correlates of conscious visual perception. Our ideas are presented within the framework of four questions about the use of rivalry for this purpose: (i) what constitutes an adequate comparison condition for gauging rivalry's impact on awareness, (ii) how can one distinguish abolished awareness from inattention, (iii) when one obtains unequivocal evidence for a causal link between a fluctuating measure of neural activity and fluctuating perceptual states during rivalry, will it generalize to other stimulus conditions and perceptual phenomena and (iv) does such evidence necessarily indicate that this neural activity constitutes a neural correlate of consciousness? While arriving at sceptical answers to these four questions, the essay nonetheless offers some ideas about how a more nuanced utilization of binocular rivalry may still provide fundamental insights about neural dynamics, and glimpses of at least some of the ingredients comprising neural correlates of consciousness, including those involved in perceptual decision-making.
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30

Jagtap, Abhilasha R., and Jan W. Brascamp. "Does Cortical Inhibition Explain the Correlation Between Bistable Perception Paradigms?" i-Perception 12, no. 3 (March 2021): 204166952110200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20416695211020018.

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When observers view a perceptually bistable stimulus, their perception changes stochastically. Various studies have shown across-observer correlations in the percept durations for different bistable stimuli including binocular rivalry stimuli and bistable moving plaids. Previous work on binocular rivalry posits that neural inhibition in the visual hierarchy is a factor involved in the perceptual fluctuations in that paradigm. Here, in order to investigate whether between-observer variability in cortical inhibition underlies correlated percept durations between binocular rivalry and bistable moving plaid perception, we used center-surround suppression as a behavioral measure of cortical inhibition. We recruited 217 participants in a test battery that included bistable perception paradigms as well as a center-surround suppression paradigm. While we were able to successfully replicate the correlations between binocular rivalry and bistable moving plaid perception, we did not find a correlation between center-surround suppression strength and percept durations for any form of bistable perception. Moreover, the results from a mediation analysis indicate that center-surround suppression is not the mediating factor in the correlation between binocular rivalry and bistable moving plaids. These results do not support the idea that cortical inhibition can explain the between-observer correlation in mean percept duration between binocular rivalry and bistable moving plaid perception.
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31

Buckthought, Athena, Lisa E. Kirsch, Jeremy D. Fesi, and Janine D. Mendola. "Interocular Grouping in Perceptual Rivalry Localized with fMRI." Brain Topography 34, no. 3 (April 19, 2021): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10548-021-00834-4.

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AbstractBistable perception refers to a broad class of dynamically alternating visual illusions that result from ambiguous images. These illusions provide a powerful method to study the mechanisms that determine how visual input is integrated over space and time. Binocular rivalry occurs when subjects view different images in each eye, and a similar experience called stimulus rivalry occurs even when the left and right images are exchanged at a fast rate. Many previous studies have identified with fMRI a network of cortical regions that are recruited during binocular rivalry, relative to non-rivalrous control conditions (termed replay) that use physically changing stimuli to mimic rivalry. However, we show here for the first time that additional cortical areas are activated when subjects experience rivalry with interocular grouping. When interocular grouping occurs, activation levels broadly increase, with a slight shift towards right hemisphere lateralization. Moreover, direct comparison of binocular rivalry with and without grouping highlights strong focused activity in the intraparietal sulcus and lateral occipital areas, such as right-sided retinotopic visual areas LO1 and IP2, as well as activity in left-sided visual areas LO1, and IP0-IP2. The equivalent analyses for comparable stimulus (eye-swap) rivalry showed very similar results; the main difference is greater recruitment of the right superior parietal cortex for binocular rivalry, as previously reported. Thus, we found minimal interaction between the novel networks isolated here for interocular grouping, and those previously attributed to stimulus and binocular rivalry. We conclude that spatial integration (i.e,. image grouping/segmentation) is a key function of lateral occipital/intraparietal cortex that acts similarly on competing binocular stimulus representations, regardless of fast monocular changes.
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32

Blake, Randolph, and Karin Boothroyd. "The precedence of binocular fusion over binocular rivalry." Perception & Psychophysics 37, no. 2 (March 1985): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03202845.

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33

Zou, Jinyou, Sheng He, and Peng Zhang. "Binocular rivalry from invisible patterns." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 30 (June 27, 2016): 8408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604816113.

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Binocular rivalry arises when incompatible images are presented to the two eyes. If the two eyes’ conflicting features are invisible, leading to identical perceptual interpretations, does rivalry competition still occur? Here we investigated whether binocular rivalry can be induced from conflicting but invisible spatial patterns. A chromatic grating counterphase flickering at 30 Hz appeared uniform, but produced significant tilt aftereffect and orientation-selective adaptation. The invisible pattern also generated significant BOLD activities in the early visual cortex, with minimal response in the parietal and frontal cortical areas. Compared with perceptually matched uniform stimuli, a monocularly presented invisible chromatic grating enhanced the rivalry competition with a low-contrast visible grating presented to the other eye. Furthermore, switching from a uniform field to a perceptually matched invisible chromatic grating produced interocular suppression at approximately 200 ms after onset of the invisible grating. Experiments using briefly presented monocular probes revealed evidence for sustained rivalry competition between two invisible gratings during continuous dichoptic presentations. These findings indicate that even without visible interocular conflict, and with minimal engagement of frontoparietal cortex and consciousness related top-down feedback, perceptually identical patterns with invisible conflict features produce rivalry competition in the early visual cortex.
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34

MILLER, S. M., B. D. GYNTHER, K. R. HESLOP, G. B. LIU, P. B. MITCHELL, T. T. NGO, J. D. PETTIGREW, and L. B. GEFFEN. "Slow binocular rivalry in bipolar disorder." Psychological Medicine 33, no. 4 (May 2003): 683–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291703007475.

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Background. The rate of binocular rivalry has been reported to be slower in subjects with bipolar disorder than in controls when tested with drifting, vertical and horizontal gratings of high spatial frequency.Method. Here we assess the rate of binocular rivalry with stationary, vertical and horizontal gratings of low spatial frequency in 30 subjects with bipolar disorder, 30 age- and sex-matched controls, 18 subjects with schizophrenia and 18 subjects with major depression. Along with rivalry rate, the predominance of each of the rivaling images was assessed, as was the distribution of normalized rivalry intervals.Results. The bipolar group demonstrated significantly slower rivalry than the control, schizophrenia and major depression groups. The schizophrenia and major depression groups did not differ significantly from the control group. Predominance values did not differ according to diagnosis and the distribution of normalized rivalry intervals was well described by a gamma function in all groups.Conclusions. The results provide further evidence that binocular rivalry is slow in bipolar disorder and demonstrate that rivalry predominance and the distribution of normalized rivalry intervals are not abnormal in bipolar disorder. It is also shown by comparison with previous work, that high strength stimuli more effectively distinguish bipolar from control subjects than low strength stimuli. The data on schizophrenia and major depression suggest the need for large-scale specificity trials. Further study is also required to assess genetic and pathophysiological factors as well as the potential effects of state, medication, and clinical and biological subtypes.
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35

Freeman, Alan W. "Multistage Model for Binocular Rivalry." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 6 (December 2005): 4412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00557.2005.

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Binocular rivalry is the alternating perception that occurs when incompatible stimuli are presented to the two eyes: one monocular stimulus dominates vision and then the other stimulus dominates, with a perceptual switch occurring every few seconds. There is a need for a binocular rivalry model that accounts for both well-established results on the timing of dominance intervals and for more recent evidence on the distributed neural processing of rivalry. The model for binocular rivalry developed here consists of four parallel visual channels, two driven by the left eye and two by the right. Each channel consists of several consecutive processing stages representing successively higher cortical levels, with mutual inhibition between the channels at each stage. All stages are architecturally identical. With n the number of stages, the model is implemented as 4 n nonlinear differential equations using a total of eight parameters. Despite the simplicity of its architecture, the model accounts for a variety of experimental observations: 1) the increasing depth of rivalry at higher cortical areas, as shown in electrophysiological, imaging, and psychophysical experiments; 2) the unimodal probability density of dominance durations, where the mode is less than the mean; 3) the lack of correlation between successive dominance durations; 4) the effect of interocular stimulus differences on dominance duration; and 5) eye suppression, as opposed to feature suppression. The model is potentially applicable to issues of visual processing more general than binocular rivalry.
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36

Westendorf, David H., and M. Paz Galupo. "Binocular rivalry of equiluminant targets." Perception & Psychophysics 54, no. 3 (May 1993): 417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03205277.

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37

Kimura, Tatsuhiro, Tomokazu Kawamura, Kiyoyuki Yamazaki, and Katsuro Okamoto. "Dominance reversal of binocular rivalry." Japanese journal of ergonomics 34, Supplement (1998): 252–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5100/jje.34.supplement_252.

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38

Stalmeier, Peep F. M., and Charles M. M. De Weert. "Binocular rivalry with chromatic contours." Perception & Psychophysics 44, no. 5 (September 1988): 456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03210431.

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39

Blake, Randolph, David Westendorf, and Robert Fox. "Temporal perturbations of binocular rivalry." Perception & Psychophysics 48, no. 6 (November 1990): 593–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03211605.

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40

Ritchie, Kay L., Rachel L. Bannerman, and Arash Sahraie. "Redundancy Gain in Binocular Rivalry." Perception 43, no. 12 (January 2014): 1316–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p7808.

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41

Hohwy, Jakob. "Predictive Coding and Binocular Rivalry." i-Perception 2, no. 4 (May 2011): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/ic340.

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42

Fukuda, Hideko, and Randolph Blake. "Spatial interactions in binocular rivalry." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 18, no. 2 (1992): 362–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.18.2.362.

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Said, C., R. Egan, M. Behrmann, and D. Heeger. "Normal binocular rivalry in autism." Journal of Vision 12, no. 9 (August 10, 2012): 1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/12.9.1365.

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Ramachandran, V. "Form, motion, and binocular rivalry." Science 251, no. 4996 (February 22, 1991): 950–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.2000497.

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Makous, W., J. Fiser, and P. J. Bex. "Contrast averaging in binocular rivalry." Journal of Vision 4, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/4.8.245.

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Sobel, K., and R. Blake. "Subjective contours and binocular rivalry." Journal of Vision 2, no. 7 (March 14, 2010): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/2.7.460.

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FLITCROFT, D. I., and J. W. MORLEY. "Accommodation in Binocular Contour Rivalry." Vision Research 37, no. 1 (January 1997): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(96)00146-0.

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Ngo, Trung T., Steven M. Miller, Guang B. Liu, and John D. Pettigrew. "Binocular rivalry and perceptual coherence." Current Biology 10, no. 4 (February 2000): R134—R136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00399-7.

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Kim, Yee-Joon, Marcia Grabowecky, and Satoru Suzuki. "Stochastic resonance in binocular rivalry." Vision Research 46, no. 3 (February 2006): 392–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2005.08.009.

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Andrews, Timothy J. "Binocular rivalry and visual awareness." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5, no. 10 (October 2001): 407–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01756-3.

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