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1
Herndon, Rebecca M., Jay Balasubramanian, Klaus Woelk, and Magdy Abdelrahman. "Physical and Chemical Methods to Assess Performance of TPO-Modified Asphalt Binder." Applied Sciences 14, no. 8 (April 14, 2024): 3300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14083300.
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The demand for effective asphalt additives is growing as road infrastructure ages and more sustainable pavement solutions are needed. Tire pyrolysis oil (TPO) is an example material that has been gaining attention as a potential asphalt additive. While physical performance grade (PG) temperatures are the predominant performance requirements for asphalt binders, chemical properties are also significant in the evaluation of asphalt performance. There is a need to chemically characterize the aging of asphalt binders modified with TPO and link chemical changes in binder components to binder performance. This study compares 2%, 4%, and 8% TPO and asphalt binder blends via dynamic shear rheometry (DSR), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry. The variability in the modified blends was seen by both physical and chemical testing during four different blending times (1, 60, 120, and 240 min). After blending, high and intermediate PGs were determined by physical testing. The 8% TPO blend reduced the high PG of the binder from 64 °C to 58 °C. This effect was confirmed by chemical testing through changes in carbonyl indices and NMR relaxation times. With more oil present in the binder matrix, the binder’s resistance to rutting was reduced. While the high PG was hindered, the intermediate PG remained unchanged for all TPO blends. This physical similarity was mirrored in chemical testing. The chemical and physical variability along with the hindrance of the high PG temperature indicate that more treatment may be needed before TPO can be effectively applied to asphalt binders. This study suggests a correlation between physical performance and key chemical indicators.
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Çolak, Adnan. "Physical, mechanical, and durability properties of gypsumPortland cementnatural pozzolan blends." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28, no. 3 (June 1, 2001): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-123.
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This paper deals with the effect of gypsumPortland cement and gypsumPortland cementnatural pozzolan ratios on the physical, mechanical, and durability properties of gypsumPortland cementnatural pozzolan blends. The results indicate that the setting time of these paste decreases with the increase of gypsum content in the mixture, ranging from 8 to 11 min. The addition of superplasticizer increases the setting time from approximately 11 to 35 min. This increase is greatly dependent on the plasticizer admixture dosage. These blends show a kinetic of capillary water absorption very similar to that of the Portland cement binder. Sorptivity is strongly influenced by the type of binder, binder composition and waterbinder ratio. Porosity of blended gypsum binders ranges from 12% to 37%. Their water absorption is high, reaching 27% in the blends with a greater proportion of gypsum. The gypsumPortland cement blends themselves possess good water resistance, which is further enhanced by the addition of natural pozzolan and superplasticizer. The water-cured blends with the composition of 41:41:18 (gypsum : Portland cement : natural pozzolan) and 41:41:18S1 (gypsum : Portland cement : natural pozzolan : 1% superplasticizer) offer a compressive strength of approximately 20 MPa at room temperature. These blends give excellent properties retention after aging in water at 20°C for 95 days. Their good resistance to water decreases as the gypsum content in the mixture is raised. However, the strength loss for the gypsumPortland cementnatural pozzolan blends is generally less than that observed for the gypsum binder.Key words: gypsum, Portland cement, natural pozzolan, physical, mechanical, durability.
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Zhu, Yuefeng, Jiawei Zhang, Chundi Si, Tao Yan, and Yanwei Li. "Laboratory Evaluation on Performance of Recycled Asphalt Binder and Mixtures under Short-Term Aging Conditions." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 19, 2021): 3404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063404.
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As asphalt materials are exposed to very high temperatures before construction, such as in the transportation stage or the storage stage, short-term aging of asphalt material occurs. At these stages, diffusion or blending between RAP (reclaimed asphalt pavement) binder and virgin binder may occur. In this study, recycled blends, incorporating SBS modified binder, RAP binder and recycling agents, were prepared with incremental RAP binders of up to 40%, and RTFO (Rolling Thin-Film Oven) tests in condition times of 300 and 600 min were conducted on the recycled blends. Characterization tests included ΔTcr, complex modulus master curve, a G-R (Glover-Rowe) parameter on recycled blends, and dynamic modulus, fracture test, and midpoint bending fatigue tests on mixtures. The ΔTcr and the G-R parameter results showed that aging time significantly affected the cracking resistance of the recycled blends. Compared to the virgin SBS modified asphalt binder, the recycled blends tended to be more sensitive to the aging process. The complex modulus master curve of binders and the dynamic modulus and phase angle results of mixtures show that the binder/mixtures appear to be stiffer with an increase in the RAP binder dosage. Generally, the low temperature cracking and fatigue cracking resistance of virgin mixtures is better than that of RAP mixtures, especially for high RAP binder dosage mixtures, and longer aging times have a negative impact on the cracking resistance of mixture. However, when we extend RTFO aging time, the higher dosage of RAP mixtures show better cracking resistance than the lower dosage of RAP mixtures. The reason for this could be that the chemical process may occur between the virgin SBS modified asphalt binder and the RAP binder at high temperatures.
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Ashtiani, Milad Zokaei, Walaa S. Mogawer, and Alexander J. Austerman. "A Mechanical Approach to Quantify Blending of Aged Binder from Recycled Materials in New Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 28 (August 20, 2018): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118787634.
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In the paving industry, there is increased interest in using recycled materials like recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) and reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP) due to the valuable asphalt binder contained within them. The major concern with using these materials is that the binder they contain is highly aged, which could lead to reduced mixture durability. Therefore, a method is needed to quantify the extent to which the aged binders from these materials blend with virgin binder when producing mixtures in order to understand better their effects on mixture performance. In this study, a new approach to quantify the amount of blending that occurs between aged RAS and RAP binders and a virgin binder was developed. Asphalt binders were extracted and recovered from RAS and RAP stockpiles and blended with a PG64-28 virgin binder in varying proportions. The master curves of these mixtures were constructed at 20°C. Asphalt mixtures containing different proportions of the same RAS and RAP stockpiles were then designed and the dynamic moduli of the mixtures were measured to construct mixture master curves at 20°C. The binder master curves for each blending proportion were then substituted into a locally calibrated Hirsch model to predict the mixture master curves. Comparison of the measured and predicted mixture master curves suggested that the aged binder from RAS and RAP blends with the virgin binder less than 40% and 60%, respectively. Cracking tests were also conducted to validate the proposed degrees of blending from a mixture mechanical performance point of view.
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Aeron, P., and P. Aggarwal. "Effect of aging on reclaimed asphalt pavement and rejuvenators." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1248, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1248/1/012099.
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Abstract Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) material primarily consists of extracted asphalt concretes from the existing road infrastructure. It comprises 2 major non-renewable resources, i.e., aggregates and bituminous binder and their conscious use can ensure the sustainability of bituminous pavement construction. In this study, more focus is given to the asphalt binder, which is extracted from RAP. It has been tried to replace more and more new virgin binders with recycled RAP binders. But to counteract the higher stiffness of the RAP binder, it is rejuvenated to achieve strength higher or equivalent to the target binder. To have confidence in the efficacy of the RAP binder and rejuvenator in unaged and aged conditions, different combinations of blends are made and tested in aged as well as unaged conditions. In this study, Two RAP sources with and without virgin binder are rejuvenated with two rejuvenators. Physio-rheological tastings are done on each same. Based on achieved results aging index of all the blends is found. These results authenticate the aging properties of RAP binder as well as rejuvenators.
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Aguirre, Max A., Marwa M. Hassan, Sharareh Shirzad, Louay N. Mohammad, Samuel B. Cooper, and Ioan I. Negulescu. "Performance Characteristics of Asphalt Binders containing Sodium-Alginate Hollow Fibers and Recycled Materials." MATEC Web of Conferences 271 (2019): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927103004.
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Self-healing products such as hollow-fibers filled with an asphalt rejuvenator present an emerging technology that would enhance an asphalt mixture’s resistance to cracking damage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rejuvenating efficiency of sodium-alginate fibers containing a rejuvenator product using asphalt binder blends containing extracted binder from recycled materials. The effects of adding extracted binder from recycled materials and sodium-alginate fibers on asphalt binder blends were evaluated by conducting a series of chemical and binder tests. HP-GPC and FTIR test results showed that the addition of fibers in blends containing recycled materials resulted in an increase in the HMW/LMW ratios. Some of the added polymeric fibers are thought to have increased the HMW fraction, thus leading to increase in the HMW/LMW ratio. The increase of the HMW fraction suggests that some of the fibers, which are polymers, caused the increase in the HMW/LMW ratios. MSCR test results showed that a binder blend with extracted binder from recycled materials and sodium-alginate fibers would have less rutting susceptibility than a conventional virgin binder would.
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Lindh, Per, and Polina Lemenkova. "Simplex Lattice Design and X-ray Diffraction for Analysis of Soil Structure: A Case of Cement-Stabilised Compacted Tills Reinforced with Steel Slag and Slaked Lime." Electronics 11, no. 22 (November 14, 2022): 3726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223726.
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Evaluating the structure of soil prior to building construction is valuable in a large variety of geotechnical and civil engineering applications. To built an effective framework for assessing the strength of the stabilised soil, the presented workflow includes a complex approach of simplex lattice design and X-ray diffraction for the analysis of soil structure. Different from the traditional in situ measurements, we propose a statistical framework for effective decision-making on binder combination to stabilise soil collected in three localities of Southern Sweden—Bromölla Municipality (Skåne County), Petersborg (Östergötland County) and Örebro (Örebro County). A practical solution is presented that includes the evaluation of strength properties of various types of soil using ordinary Portland cement (OPC), slaked lime and steel slag as pure agents and blended binders. The specimens were collected in Southern Sweden and included sandy silty tills and clay till (clay content 6–18%). The preprocessing included the mineralogical analysis of mineral composition and soil structure by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a sieve. The soil samples were fabricated, compacted, rammed, stabilised by six binder blends and assessed for uniaxial compressive strength (UCS). The moisture condition value (MCV) and water content tests were done for compacted soil and showed variation in the MCV values for different binders. The study determined the effects from binder blends on the UCS gain in three types of soil, measured on days 7, 28 and 90. Positive effects were noted from the steel slag/lime blends on the UCS gain in sandy silty tills. A steel slag/slaked lime mixed binder performed better compared to the pure binders. The effectiveness of the simplex lattice design was demonstrated in a series of ternary diagrams showing soil strength evaluated by adding the stabilising agents in different proportions.
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Karki, Pravat, and Fujie Zhou. "Systematic Method for Quantifying Re-Refined Engine Oil Bottom Content in Binders: Using X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2632, no. 1 (January 2017): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2632-06.
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Re-refined engine oil bottom (REOB) has been used to modify asphalt binders for a long time. Recent studies revealed that pavements constructed with REOB-modified binders cracked much faster than those constructed with binders containing no REOB. Therefore, some state transportation agencies enforced a complete ban while others set an upper limit for its use. It is imperative to quantify REOB content in binders. This paper presents a systematic method to address this need. Researchers prepared 414 asphalt binder–REOB blends using 16 base binders and six REOBs at five dosages, and measured intensities of 11 key elements using wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. XRF tests showed that element intensities depended directly on ( a) binder source, ( b) binder performance grade, ( c) REOB source, and ( d) REOB content. This method has three major steps. In the first step, potential sources and performance-grade levels of binders that were used to prepare an unknown sample on the basis of its closeness to calibration standards in an intensity plot of sulfur versus vanadium were identified. In the second step, potential sources of REOBs were determined on the basis of calibration curves of the ratio of calcium and potassium intensities. In the final step, the REOB content in an unknown sample was estimated by using the calibration curve of the zinc intensity of the selected binder source, binder performance grade, and REOB source. The reasonableness of this method was verified by preparing and testing some additional blends. These tests showed that the new method can quantify REOB content in asphalt binders with reasonable accuracy.
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Owaid, Haider Mohammed, Roszilah Hamid, and Mohd Raihan Taha. "Influence of Thermally Activated Alum Sludge Ash on the near Surface Characteristics of Multiple-Blended Binders Concretes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.421.
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This research presents the results of an investigation on the influence of thermally activated alum sludge ash (AASA) as a partial cement replacement on the near-surface characteristics of binary and ternary blended binder (TBB) concretes incorporating silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and palm oil fuel ash (POFA). All of the mixtures were prepared with a water/binder ratio and total binder content of 0.30 and 493 kg/m3, respectively. Initial surface absorption (ISAT) and sorptivity tests were conducted at the age of 28 days. Results indicate decrease in the ISAT and sorptivity values of binary blended binders with 15% AASA cement replacement compared with the control and 20% AASA concretes. A higher replacement level of 20% AASA did not help improve inner core durability but improved surface durability characteristics. All TBB concretes performed better than the binary blends with AASA at the same replacement levels.
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Kogbara, Reginald B. "A review of the mechanical and leaching performance of stabilized/solidified contaminated soils." Environmental Reviews 22, no. 1 (March 2014): 66–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2013-0004.
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Stabilization/solidification (S/S) technology, which basically involves chemical fixation and immobilization of contaminants (primarily metals) in the matrix of cementitious binders, is widely used for treatment of contaminated soils. This paper presents a critical review of the performance of commonly used blended binder systems in S/S technology. The binders considered are Portland cement and blends of cement–fly ash, cement–slag, lime–slag, and lime–fly ash. This work compares and evaluates the performance of contaminated soils treated by the binders in terms of commonly used mechanical and leaching properties, including unconfined compressive strength (UCS), bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, and leachability. The long-term performance of S/S-treated soils is also reviewed. It was observed that the inclusion of slag in a binder blend gave superior performance compared to fly ash. Generally, the leachability of common contaminants in soil can be reduced to acceptable levels with approximately 20%–35% dosage of the different binders. The UCS was observed to be optimum around the optimum water content for compaction. The hydraulic conductivity was approximately 10−9 m/s over time. Long-term performance of treated soils showed consistent effectiveness over a period of 5–14 years with fluctuations in mechanical and leaching behaviour caused by the complex nature and variability of S/S-treated soils.
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Michael, Tiza. "Characterization of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and Optimization in Polymer Modified Asphalt Blends: A Review." CEBEL Vol 2 Issue 2 April 2021 2, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36937/cebel.2021.002.004.
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This study reviews relevant literature on the characterization of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and its interaction with polymer modified asphalt(PMA). The study on fatigue cracking indicates that several indexes of binder performance usually decreased the tolerance to cracking of the Polymer Modified Asphalt (PMA). In another perspective, RAP binding rigidity affects the PMA binder tolerance to fatigue. The greater the rigidity of the RAP binder, the more fatigue strength the binders would provide. In addition, several researchers have demonstrated that the quality of RAP binder decreased the elastomeric response worth. It was generally found that the RAP binder effect on the PMA binder is similar to the unmodified binder effect. The resistance to rutting in the PMA binder improves and at the same time, fatigue cracking and thermal cracking are adequately minimized. Moreover, several researchers have shown that the inclusion of a RAP lowers elastomeric efficiency. In summary, RAP binding stiffness and gradation are essential features for PMA-mix designs. The review further illustrates that during the process of RAP binder characterization, the mortar testing process without the use of binder extraction is more effective than the conventional method. Also, the best measure for the evaluation of the fatigue cracking efficiency of RAP containing PMA blends does not seem to have gained any consensus among researchers as several researchers seem to have varying conclusions. Literature on Life Cycle Analysis of RAP has also been reviewed and presented.
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Jiang, Yanxu, Xingyu Gu, Zhou Zhou, Fujian Ni, and Qiao Dong. "Laboratory Observation and Evaluation of Asphalt Blends of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Binder with Virgin Binder using SEM/EDS." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 28 (July 1, 2018): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118782023.
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In this paper, microscopic technique tests were carried out to observe and evaluate the degree of blending between reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) binder and virgin binder in hot mixed asphalt mixture. To this end, titanium dioxide (TiO2) was selected as a tracer to tag virgin binder. Scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM/EDS) experiments were conducted on compacted recycled asphalt mixtures and virgin asphalt mixtures. The element mass ratio of titanium over sulfur (Ti:S) was proposed as an quantitative indicator of blending ratio to accurately evaluate the degree of partial blending between RAP and virgin binders. The SEM/EDS images visually displayed the partial blending in high RAP mixtures. Different partial blending patterns were observed under different handling processes. The results of EDS tests indicated that with the increase of the RAP content, the blending degree of virgin and aged binder decreased rapidly, and the homogeneity of blended binder became weakened. In addition, aging process and recycling agent could improve the efficiency of RAP binder as it is blended with virgin one, and it should be noted that the inter-diffusion of old and new binders need enough time. This methodology provides a systemic approach to determine the degree of binder blending in RAP mixture.
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Bouldin, M. G., J. H. Collins, and A. Berker. "Rheology and Microstructure of Polymer/Asphalt Blends." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 64, no. 4 (September 1, 1991): 577–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538574.
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Abstract This work demonstrates the effectiveness of polymers in improving, especially, the high temperature properties of asphalt. The appropriate choice of asphalt, asphalt-grade, polymer type, polymer concentration, and the method of mixing determine if a network-like structure is formed. This morphology significantly improves the creep performance of the binder at elevated temperatures, i.e., the binder has the ability to store deformation energy with subsequent recoil. This is contrary to Newtonian fluids which transform the energy into viscous flow (no recoil). Within the context of dynamic mechanical measurements, the presence of a polymeric network is manifested through the appearance of a plateau modulus. In the case of binders containing block copolymers, we have repeatedly observed that such property improvement in the high-temperature range is generally accompanied by a reduction of the glassy modulus at the low-temperature range as well. It should be noted that by modifying low-viscosity asphalts (i.e., low AC-grades) with polymers, binders can be obtained which exhibit significantly lower moduli at low temperatures and higher moduli at elevated temperatures. This suggests that although using a high AC-grade asphalt may yield satisfactory results at a particular temperature (high temperature), one may instead optimize binders over the entire temperature range (high and low) by starting with a low AC-grade and adding polymer. These results indicate that careful Theological measurements can be a powerful tool in the characterization and design of viscoelastic blends.
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Emmaima, Ali Mohamed, Shaban Ismael Albrka Ali, and Khalifa Salem Gallouz. "Experimental Investigation of Polymer and Nanomaterial modified Asphalt Binder." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 14, no. 1 (February 8, 2024): 12869–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.6607.
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Modifying the asphalt binder and mixture becomes one of the best ways to mitigate pavement distress and increase the service life of constructed road networks. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of modified asphalt binders with the best different percentages of polymer and nanoparticles. Typical asphalt binder (penetration, softening point, and viscosity) and frequency sweep tests were used to evaluate the physical and rheological properties of modified asphalt binders with 5% Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA), 5% aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3), and 5% calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The results showed that the physical properties of all modified blends improved compared to those of the base asphalt binder. The improvement in softening point was up to 19%, the penetration reduction was nearly 69%, and the sensitivity to elevated temperatures was reduced by up to 13%. Evaluation of the rheological properties showed that modified asphalt with 5% Al2O3 binder had the highest permanent deformation resistance, followed by 5% ASA. The 5% CaCO3 binder showed a small improvement compared to the other samples. The results showed that the 5% Al2O3 binder had the highest complex modulus and the lowest phase angle, which means that it has the best viscoelastic properties. Therefore, it can be recognized as the best asphalt binder among the modified binders in this study.
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Zhao, Yunchuan, Xuming Dong, Zicun Zhou, Jiangfeng Long, Guoyun Lu, and Honggang Lei. "Investigation on Roles of Packing Density and Water Film Thickness in Synergistic Effects of Slag and Silica Fume." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 15, 2022): 8978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248978.
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The ternary blended cement with finer slag and silica fume (SF) could improve the packing density (PD) through the filling effect. The excess water (water more than needed for filling into voids between the cement particles) can be released to improve the fresh properties and densify the microstructure which is beneficial for improving the hardened properties. To verify the hypothesis and reveal how and why (cement + slag + SF) the ternary blends could bring such advantages, the binder pastes incorporating slag and SF with various water-to-binder ratios were produced to determine the PD experimentally. To evaluate the optimum water demand (OWD) for maximum wet density, the influence of the dispersion state of the binder on PD was investigated using the wet packing density approach. The effect of PD of various binary and ternary binder systems on water film thickness (WFT), fluidity, setting time, and compressive strength development of cement paste was also investigated. The results show that the ternary blends could improve the PD and decrease the water film thickness (WFT). The enhanced PD and altered WFT are able to increase fluidity and compressive strength. The ternary blends could improve the compressive strengths by increasing PD and exerting nucleation and pozzolanic effects.
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Shirzad, Sharareh, Marwa M. Hassan, Max A. Aguirre, Samuel Cooper, and Ioan I. Negulescu. "Effects of Light-Activated Self-Healing Polymers on the Rheological Behaviors of Asphalt Binder Containing Recycled Asphalt Shingles." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 28 (May 15, 2018): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118772726.
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A new generation of ultraviolet (UV) light-activated, self-healing polymers was evaluated with the aim to enhance the elastic recovery of the binder and to increase its self-healing abilities. This study had three main objectives: (a) to develop an optimized synthesis procedure for producing light-activated self-healing polymers, (b) to examine the thermal stability of the prepared self-healing polymers, and (c) to evaluate the effect of self-healing polymers on the rheological properties of asphalt binder containing binder extracted from recycled asphalt shingles (RAS). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of UV-activated polymers in the laboratory. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis showed that the materials produced achieved the required thermal stability at high temperature. Measuring the viscosity of different binder blends with and without RAS and with and without self-healing polymers revealed that the additive decreased the viscosity of the binder blends containing RAS, thereby providing blends with a better workability. Furthermore, rheological results showed that the rutting resistance of the binder blends containing RAS was improved by increasing the percentage of self-healing polymer. Results also showed improved rheological behaviors at low service temperature with 5% self-healing polymer and with exposure to UV light.
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Costa, Carla, and José Marques. "Feasibility of Eco-Friendly Binary and Ternary Blended Binders Made of Fly-Ash and Oil-Refinery Spent Catalyst in Ready-Mixed Concrete Production." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 3, 2018): 3136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093136.
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Large-scale recycling of new industrial wastes or by-products in concrete has become a crucial issue for construction materials sustainability, with impact in the three pillars (environmental, social and economic), while still maintaining satisfactory, or improved, concrete performance. The main goal of the paper is to evaluate the technological feasibility of the partial, or total, replacement of fly-ashes (FA), widely used in ready-mixed concrete production, with spent equilibrium catalyst (ECat) from the oil-refinery industry. Three different concrete mixtures with binary binder blends of FA (33.3% by mass, used as reference) and of ECat (16.7% and 33.3%), as well as a concrete mixture with a ternary binder blend with FA and ECat (16.7%, of each) were tested regarding their mechanical properties and durability. Generically, in comparison with commercial concrete (i) 16.7% ECat binary blended concrete revealed improved mechanical strength and durability; (ii): ternary FA-ECat blended binder concrete presented similar properties; and (iii) 33% ECat binary blended concrete has a lower performance. The engineering performance of all ECat concretes meet both the international standards and the reference durability indicators available in the scientific literature. Thus, ECat can be a constant supply for ready-mixed eco-concretes production, promoting synergetic waste recycling across industries.
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Onn, Chiu Chuen, Kim Hung Mo, Mohammed K. H. Radwan, Wen Hong Liew, Chee Guan Ng, and Sumiani Yusoff. "Strength, Carbon Footprint and Cost Considerations of Mortar Blends with High Volume Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 16, 2019): 7194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247194.
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Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) is a by-product obtained from the iron making process and has suitable properties to be utilized as high volume cement replacement to produce sustainable concrete. This study focuses on investigating the influence of GGBFS replacement level (0%–70%) and water/binder ratio (0.45 and 0.65) on the performance of cement mortar blends. In order to characterize the engineering performance, the compressive strength of the mortar blends was evaluated. Whereas to ascertain the carbon footprint, environmental life cycle assessment was conducted. Besides the compressive strength and carbon footprint, the materials cost for each mortar blends was computed. Based on the compressive strength/carbon footprint ratio analysis, it was found that increased replacement level of GGBFS gave better performance while the cost efficiency analysis shows that suggested GGBFS replacement level of up to 50%. Overall, in considering the strength performance, carbon footprint and materials cost, the recommended GGBFS replacement level for cement blends is 50%. In addition, when the binder content is kept constant, mortar blends with lower water/binder ratio is preferable when considering the same parameters.
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Koudelka, Tomas, Michal Varaus, and Pavel Sperka. "Influence of Aging on Oil Rejuvenated Binder." Key Engineering Materials 737 (June 2017): 528–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.737.528.
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The presence of aged binder in asphalt mixtures containing high amount of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is the main reason why the technology of oil rejuvenation (modification) was introduced. When the recycling rate generally exceeds 25 %, it is essential to modify aged binder characteristics in order to guarantee that asphalt mixture performance remains the same as in the case of the virgin mixture. Reclaimed asphalt binder is much stiffer compared to the virgin binder and therefore it is perceived to be susceptible to cracking at low temperatures. The aim of this study is to compare various oil modifiers and evaluate their effects on rheological characteristics before and after the aging. Four different oils were blended together with an artificially aged binder in concentrations which ensure that resulting blends have similar properties as the virgin reference binder. The effect of aging during the production process was simulated by the RTFOT (Rolling Thin Film Oven Test) procedure, long term aging was then simulated by modified RTFOT test with prolonged exposition period. The blends performance assessment was carried out by the frequency sweep test on the Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) and by the evaluation of the critical temperatures on the Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR). The results indicate that addition of oil rejuvenators did not negatively influence binder stiffness at higher temperatures and at the same time enhanced its properties at low temperatures significantly. However, due to the aging effect the difference between stiffness critical temperature and m-value critical temperature increase considerably which might indicate decreasing colloidal stability and lower ability to relax induced stresses.
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West, Randy C., Gale C. Page, John G. Veilleux, and Bouzid Choubane. "Effect of Tire Rubber Grinding Method on Asphalt-Rubber Binder Characteristics." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1638, no. 1 (January 1998): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1638-16.
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The results of a study carried out to evaluate the effect of rubber grinding processes on the properties and characteristics of the resulting asphalt-rubber binder are presented. Several ambient and cryogenic ground tire rubber (GTR) materials were evaluated using measurements of surface areas and bulk densities. The rubber materials were then, respectively, mixed with an AC-30 asphalt; the resulting blends were tested to determine the corresponding viscosity, settlement during storage, and potential for binder draindown. The findings indicate that the asphalt-rubber binders produced with rubber from the different grinding processes have measurable differences in properties and storage characteristics that are critical to the performance of the binder in open-graded mixtures. The wet-ground rubber material had substantially lower bulk densities and larger surface areas than rubber resulting from other grinding methods. GTR materials with greater specific surface areas and more irregularly shaped particles produced asphalt-rubber binders with higher viscosities. Binders with the cryogenic ground rubber had the greatest amount of settlement and the least resistance to draindown.
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Ghabchi, Rouzbeh. "Effect of Lignin Type as an Additive on Rheology and Adhesion Properties of Asphalt Binder." Solids 3, no. 4 (October 26, 2022): 603–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/solids3040038.
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Utilization of alternative asphalt binders and additives from renewable sources, given the scale and the impact of the asphalt pavement industry, is an important step toward a sustainable future for the surface transportation infrastructure. Among several sources available for harvesting sustainable construction materials, bio-based materials from agricultural feedstock are known to be one of the most reliable, renewable, environmentally friendly, and economically feasible solutions to achieve this goal. Lignin, one of the most abundant materials in nature, is the byproduct of several industries, specifically pulp processing and biofuel production facilities. Given its physical properties, the use of lignin as a partial replacement for petroleum-based asphalt binder has been studied and proven promising. However, lignin’s properties vary depending on its source and processing techniques. Therefore, incorporating lignin in asphalt binders can result in different mechanical properties, depending on its type and chemical composition. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of three different lignin types, when used as an asphalt binder modifier, on the rheological properties of the asphalt binder, aging characteristics, and its adhesion to different aggregates. This study’s findings showed that, when incorporated in an asphalt binder at the same amount, different lignin types have significantly different effects on asphalt binder blends’ rheological, aging, and adhesion properties. Different rheological, aging, and adhesion properties of the binders result in different mechanical characteristics in asphalt mixes containing lignin-modified asphalt binders.
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Owaid, Haider Mohammed, Roszilah Hamid, and Mohd Raihan Taha. "Strength - Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Relationship of Thermally Activated Alum Sludge Multiple Blended High Performance Concretes." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.521.
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In this research the performance of ultrasonic pulse velocity in concrete is examined as a nondestructive experiment, in order to estimate compressive strength of thermally activated alum sludge multiple blended high performance concretes (HPC) that contain AAS, silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) are determined in both binary and ternary blends of cement. The water/binder ratio and total binder content are fixed at 0.30 and 493 kg/m3 for all types of mixes. The ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) of each concrete mix was measured using 100mm cubes after a curing period of ages of 3, 7, 28, 56 and 90 days. The results indicate a very positive exponential relationship between compressive strength and UPV for both binary and ternary blends of HPC mixtures, with coefficient correlation (R2) of 0.889.
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Wilińska, Iwona, Barbara Pacewska, and Valentin Antonovič. "Hydration Processes of Four-Component Binders Containing a Low Amount of Cement." Materials 15, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 2192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15062192.
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Results of research on hydration of four-component binders containing very high amounts of supplementary cementitious materials were presented. The samples were composed of blended pozzolana (a mix of conventional fly ash and spent aluminosilicate catalyst), cement (about 20 wt.% in the binder) and Ca(OH)2. Spent aluminosilicate catalyst was proposed as activating component which can improve properties of low-cement blends, while the role of Ca(OH)2 was to enhance pozzolanic reaction. Early and later hydration periods of such blends were investigated by calorimetry, TG/DTG, FTIR and X-ray diffraction. Initial setting time as well as compressive strength were also determined. It was concluded that enhancement of reactivity and improvement of properties of fly ash–cement binders are possible by replacing a part of fly ash with more active fine-grained pozzolana and introducing additional amounts of Ca(OH)2. The spent catalyst is mainly responsible for accelerating action during the first hours of hydration and for progress of early pozzolanic reaction. Fly ash develops its activity over time, thus synergic effect influences the later properties of composites. Samples containing blended pozzolana exhibit shorter initial setting times and higher compressive strength, as well as faster consumption of Ca(OH)2 compared to the reference. Investigated mixtures seem to be promising as “green” binders, alternatives to cement, after optimizing their compositions or additional activating procedure.
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Veropalumbo, Rosa, Francesca Russo, Cristina Oreto, Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore, Letizia Verdolotti, Herminio Muiambo, Salvatore Antonio Biancardo, and Nunzio Viscione. "Chemical, Thermal, and Rheological Performance of Asphalt Binder Containing Plastic Waste." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 15, 2021): 13887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413887.
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In order to meet the environmental needs caused by large plastic waste accumulation, in the road construction sector, an effort is being made to integrate plastic waste with the function of polymer into asphalt mixtures; with the purpose of improving the mechanical performance of the pavement layers. This study focuses on the effect of a recycled mixture of plastic waste on the chemical, thermal, and rheological properties of designed asphalt blends and on the identification of the most suitable composition blend to be proposed for making asphalt mixture through a dry modification method. Thermo-gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis were carried out to investigate the effect of various concentrations and dimensions of plastic waste (PW) on the neat binder (NB). The frequency sweep test and the multiple stress creep and recovery test were performed to analyze the viscoelastic behavior of the asphalt blends made up of PW in comparison with NB and a commercial modified bitumen (MB). It has been observed that the presence of various types of plastic materials having different melting temperatures does not allow a total melting of PW powder at the mixing temperatures. However, the addition of PW in the asphalt blend significantly improved the aging resistance without affecting the oxidation process of the plastic compound present in the asphalt blend. Furthermore, when the asphalt blend mixed with 20% PW by the weight of bitumen is adopted into the asphalt mixture as polymer, it improves the elasticity and strengthens the mixture better than the mixture containing MB.
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Knapp, Angela M., and John W. Halloran. "Binder Removal from Ceramic-Filled Thermoplastic Blends." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 89, no. 9 (August 9, 2006): 2776–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01179.x.
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Pournoman, Sara, Elie Y. Hajj, Nathan Morian, and Amy Epps Martin. "Impact of Recycled Materials and Recycling Agents on Asphalt Binder Oxidative Aging Predictions." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 28 (September 20, 2018): 277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118797205.
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The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of selected recycling agents (RAs) and recycled materials on the development of cracking potential with respect to oxidative aging. Given the complex nature of varying base asphalt binders, recycled materials, whether recycled asphalt pavement (RAP), reclaimed asphalt shingles (RAS), or both, and the complexity of their combined interactions with recycling agents, standard evaluation protocols for binder grading and evaluation may be insufficient. The binder blend aging predictions or oxidation modeling evaluation was introduced as a means to evaluate the combined influence of both binder oxidation kinetics and resulting rheological changes on the measured cracking potential of the various binder blends—that is, Glover–Rowe (G-R) parameter—driven by temperature estimation modeling over simulated in-service durations at example geographic locations. This evaluation has demonstrated the importance of adequate characterization of the specific materials being used in conjunction with selection of the correct dose of the appropriate recycling agent to ensure sufficient resistance to cracking and embrittlement of proposed material combinations. The combined influence of all the interested components did not always add up to the sum of the individual parts, nor are the measured interactions consistent with increased levels of oxidation. Therefore, the prevailing conclusion of the study as a whole indicated that material-specific evaluations are needed to identify the complex interactions taking place within the material combinations of interest, but also multiple levels of aging at appropriate intervals may be necessary for comprehensive characterization.
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Kenneth Miebaka Oba and Emmanuel Ledesi Tigbara. "Characterisation of Saw Dust Ash – Quarry Dust Bituminous Concrete." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 11, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.11.1.17.
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This study evaluates usefulness of Quarry Dust and Saw Dust Ashas mineral fillers in a bituminous concrete in order to reduce cost and encourage reuse of waste materials in the environment. Bituminous concrete blends were generated with 4% Quarry Dust and 4% Saw Dust Ash replacements of aggregates. The binder contents were 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5 and 5% for a 60/70 penetration grade bituminous binder. Briquette specimens were formed using the five different bituminous concrete blends. Standard laboratory experiments were conducted on the aggregates, Quarry Dust, Saw Dust Ash, bituminous binder and bituminous concrete specimens based on the relevant codes and standards. The Marshall method was used for the bituminous concrete design procedure. The optimum binder content was found to be 4.88% using the standard Marshall curves. At optimum binder content, using 4% design air void for medium traffic and maximum aggregate of 10mm, the Stability, Flow, VMA and VFA were 8.15kN, 8.28(0.25mm), 15.22% and 74.2% respectively. These were found to have passed the Asphalt Institute design criteria.
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Norita, Hassan, Ahmad Haji Sahrim, Norhamidi Muhamad, and Mohd Afian Omar. "Thermoplastic Natural Rubber (TPNR) as a Backbone Binder for Metal Injection Molding Process." Advanced Materials Research 428 (January 2012): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.428.24.
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Thermoplastic natural rubbers (TPNR) blends consist of thermoplastics, such as low density polyethylene (LDPE), alloyed with natural rubber (NR) with different thermoplastic to NR ratios. The soft grade TPNR is produced by blends with compositions richer in rubber while the harder grades can contain up to about 30% NR. This study investigate the influence of new binder system containning of TPNR on injection parameter, density of injected molded specimen and changes during solvent extraction. Results shows that TPNR plays an important role as a good binder system and shortens the solvent extraction process.
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Liu, Tao, Weidang Duan, Jialin Zhang, Qiuping Li, Jian Xu, Jie Wang, Yongchun Qin, and Rong Chang. "Evaluation of the Rheological Properties of Virgin and Aged Asphalt Blends." Polymers 14, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 3623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173623.
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To evaluate the effects of the source and admixture of aged asphalt on the rheological properties of reclaimed asphalt binders, the relative viscosity (Δη), relative rutting factor (ΔG*/sinδ), and relative fatigue factor (ΔG*sinδ) were selected as evaluation indicators based on the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) tests to characterize the rheological properties of a reclaimed asphalt binder under medium- and high-temperature conditions. The results of the study showed that the viscosity, rutting factor, and fatigue factor of the reclaimed asphalt binder increased with the addition of aged asphalt; however, the effect of the source and admixture of aged asphalt could not be assessed. The relative viscosity, relative rutting factor, and relative fatigue factor are sensitive to the source, admixture, temperature, and aging conditions, which shows the superiority of these indicators. Moreover, the relative viscosity and relative rutting factor decreased linearly with increasing temperature under high-temperature conditions, while the relative fatigue factor increased linearly with increasing temperature under medium-temperature conditions. In addition, the linear trends of the three indicators were independent of the source and admixture of aged asphalt. These results indicate that the evaluation method used in this study can be used to assess the effects of virgin asphalt and aged asphalt on the rheological properties of reclaimed asphalt binders, and has the potential for application. The viscosity of recycled asphalt increases, and the rutting factor and fatigue factor both increase. The high-temperature stability of reclaimed asphalt is improved, and the fatigue crack resistance is weakened.
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D’Angelo, Simone, Gilda Ferrotti, Fabrizio Cardone, and Francesco Canestrari. "Asphalt Binder Modification with Plastomeric Compounds Containing Recycled Plastics and Graphene." Materials 15, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15020516.
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Polymer-modified bitumens are usually employed for enhancing the mixture performance against typical pavement distresses. This paper presents an experimental investigation of bitumens added with two plastomeric compounds, containing recycled plastics and graphene, typically used for asphalt concrete dry modification. The goal was to study the effects of the compounds on the rheological response of the binder phase, as well the adhesion properties, in comparison with a reference plain bitumen. The blends (combination of bitumen and compounds) were evaluated through dynamic viscosity tests, frequency sweep tests, and multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) tests. Moreover, the bitumen bond strength (BBS) test was performed to investigate the behavior of the systems consisting of blends and aggregate substrates (virgin and pre-coated). The rheological tests indicated that both blends performed better than the plain bitumen, especially at high temperature, showing an enhanced rutting resistance. In terms of bond strength, comparable results were found between the blends and reference bitumen. Moreover, no performance differences were detected between the two types of blends.
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Forton, Andrei, Salvatore Mangiafico, Cédric Sauzéat, Hervé Di Benedetto, and Paul Marc. "Critical Temperatures Blending Chart for Binder Blends Produced with RAP Binder and Rejuvenator." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 50, no. 1 (May 27, 2021): 20200710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte20200710.
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Mullapudi, Ramya Sri, Priyadarshini Saha Chowdhury, and Kusam Sudhakar Reddy. "Fatigue and Healing Characteristics of RAP Binder Blends." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 32, no. 8 (August 2020): 04020214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0003284.
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Forton, Andrei, Adelin Stirb, and Paul Marc. "Influence of Anti-Stripping Green Additives on Binder Performance." Sustainability 15, no. 5 (March 3, 2023): 4560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15054560.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of anti-stripping green additives on the behaviour of a fresh binder. Firstly, the adhesiveness (spectrophotometric method) and affinity (rolling bottles method) of a binder with a penetration grade of 50/70 on two types of aggregates (natural quarry aggregates from two different sources) were investigated. The results show a weak bond and stripping between the 50/70 binder and the aggregates. Therefore, two different anti-stripping green additives (named A and B) were used in three percentages. A total of six blends were tested to establish the optimal content of the additive by performing a series of conventional tests combined with the adhesiveness test and the affinity test. Finally, the rheological behaviour of the optimal blends and of the fresh binder was investigated by performing DSR tests. The 0.4% dosage of green additive B was considered the most effective due to the fact that this dosage did not have a significant influence on the conventional properties and rheological behaviour of the 50/70 binder but had a major impact on the adhesiveness (15% increase), affinity after 6 h (13% increase), and affinity after 24 h (25% increase).
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Loganina, Valentina Ivanovna, Ludmila V. Makarova, Roman V. Tarasov, and Marija A. Sadovnikova. "Composition Limy Binder with the Use of the Synthesized Aluminosilicates for Dry Construction Blends." Advanced Materials Research 977 (June 2014): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.977.34.
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One of the perspective directions is the use the composite binder, containing nanostructuring additives, in the formulation of dry construction blends. The consolidation about the composition and properties of additives based on the synthesized aluminosilicates, intended for finishing limy dry construction blends are provided in work. It is established that the synthesized aluminosilicates are characterized by high activity of interaction of the additive with a lime. The influence of the additive on durability of a limy composite is shown. It is revealed that composition binder, consisting of a slaked lime and a synthesized zeolites possesses the larger water resistance in comparison with a slaked lime.
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Xu, Fengchi, Yao Zhao, and Kangjian Li. "Using Waste Plastics as Asphalt Modifier: A Review." Materials 15, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010110.
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The use of waste products in the production of asphalt binders and asphalt mixtures has become widespread due to economic and environmental benefits. In particular, the use of recycled waste plastic in asphalt binders and mixtures is gaining more attention. This review presents analyses and comparisons of various forms of waste plastic used in asphalt modification, and approaches to incorporating waste plastic into asphalt mixtures, both for single and composite modifications. It focuses on the properties of waste plastics, asphalt binders, and asphalt mixtures. Overall, the incorporation of plastic waste into asphalt mixtures can significantly improve high-temperature performance and has potential economic and environmental benefits. The performance of modified asphalt is highly dependent on multiple factors, such as waste sources, waste plastic dosages, blending conditions, and the pretreatment methods for waste plastic. There are different ways to apply waste plastics to blend into a mixture. In addition, this paper discusses the current challenges for waste plastic-modified asphalt, including the stability, low-temperature performance, modification mechanism, and laboratory problems of the blends. The use of chemical methods, such as additives and functionalization, is considered an effective way to achieve better interactions between waste plastics and the binder, as well as achieving a higher sufficiency utilization rate of waste plastics. Although both methods provide alternative options to produce waste plastic-modified asphalt with stability and high performance, the optimal proportion of materials used in the blends and the microcosmic mechanism of composite modified asphalt are not clear, and should be explored further.
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Norita, Hassan, Noor Azlina Hassan, Sahrim H. Ahmad, N. Muhamad, Mohd Afian Omar, and Mou’ad A. Tarawneh. "Investigations on Metal Injection Molding of 316L SS Using Thermoplastic Natural Rubber (TPNR) Binder as a New System." Advanced Materials Research 576 (October 2012): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.576.150.
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Metal injection molding (MIM) is a near net-shape manufacturing technology that is capable of mass production of complex parts cost-effectively. The unique features of the process make it an attractive route for the fabrication of the new binder system since the success of MIM process is dependent on the outward appearance of the resultant feedstock. Thermoplastic natural rubbers (TPNR) blends consist of thermoplastics, such as polyethylene (PE), alloyed with natural rubber (NR) with different thermoplastic to NR ratios. The soft grade TPNR is produced by blends with compositions richer in rubber while the harder grades can contain up to about 30 % NR. This study investigates the influence of new binder system consisting of TPNR on injection parameter, density of injected molded specimen and changes during solvent extraction. Results show that TPNR plays an important role as a good binder system and shortens the solvent extraction process.
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Forton, Andrei, Salvatore Mangiafico, Cedric Sauzéat, Hervé Di Benedetto, and Paul Marc. "Behaviour of binder blends: experimental results and modelling from LVE properties of pure binder, RAP binder and rejuvenator." Road Materials and Pavement Design 22, sup1 (March 30, 2021): S197—S213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2021.1905699.
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Yang, Dao Wu, Yi Liu, Yan Yao, and Hai Xia Tong. "Calorimetric Study of Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum as Set Retarders in Portland Cement." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.673.
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The paper is focused on clarifying the influence of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum in replacing natural gypsum (NG) in the production of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). FGD gypsum was taken from Yi Yang power plant in Hunan, China. OPC clinker blends with 1–7 % of FGD gypsum to produce the binder of clinker/FGD gypsum. The properties of FGD gypsum was investigated via Chemical analysis, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and differential thermal analysis (DTA)/thermogravimetric (TG) to evaluate the properties of binder. In present experiment, conduction calorimetry was applied to investigate the early hydration of binders. It was concluded that the blending of FGD gypsum reduced early hydration exothermic peak value of clinker and delayed the appearing time of exothermic peak at 30, and finally the early hydration of clinker was delayed effectively. This FGD gypsum is suitable as cement set retarders.
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Noinak, U., Lerpong Jarupan, Chiravoot Pechyen, and C. Nandhivajrin. "Effect of Phthalic Anhydride Loading on Alkyd Resins for Paperboard Coating." Advanced Materials Research 506 (April 2012): 556–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.506.556.
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Alkyd resins were cheap and can perform good properties depend on the modification. In this study, commercial alkyd resins were blended with various proportions of phthalic anhydride and oil on solid. The solvent system showed a clear single phase solution and a clear coat of binder. All the blends were applied on duplex paperboards. The evaluation of coat ability in terms of drying time, adhesion, glossiness, rub resistance, and physical appearance were investigated.
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Cuadri, Antonio A., Clara Delgado-Sánchez, Francisco Javier Navarro, and Pedro Partal. "Short- and Long-Term Epoxy Modification of Bitumen: Modification Kinetics, Rheological Properties, and Microstructure." Polymers 12, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030508.
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Aiming to gain knowledge in the epoxy-bitumen modification mechanisms, this work explores the effects that epoxy concentration and ambient curing exert on the physico-chemistry and thermo-rheological properties of epoxy-modified binders. Process rheokinetics of epoxy-bitumen blends indicates that binder short-term modification (i.e., during processing) is accelerated by epoxy concentration. Furthermore, a synergistic effect of epoxy concentration and ambient curing is found during long-term modification (i.e., during curing at ambient conditions). As a result, viscous and viscoelastic rheological properties of binders are enhanced at medium/high in-service temperatures, at least, after one month of curing. FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy) tests and SARAs (Saturates, Aromatics, Resins and Asphaltenes) analysis confirm the existence of esterification/etherification reactions between epoxy oxirane groups and the carbonyl groups available in aromatic and resin molecules. Thus, the new high molecular weight compounds increase the asphaltenic fraction of modified bitumen. Likewise, nonreversing heat flow curves obtained by modulated calorimetry corroborate the formation of such highly structured domains responsible for the final binder performance.
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EINSLA, BRIAN, ETHAN GLOR, JOHN ROPER, JEFF LEITINGER, NICK NICHOLAS, and SAMANTHA WOODFIN. "The use of hollow sphere pigments as strength additives in paper and paperboard coatings—Part 2: Optimization in paperboard formulations for opacity and strength." November 2020 19, no. 11 (December 1, 2020): 597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj19.11.597.
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This report aims to summarize the efforts in testing the properties of coatings for paperboard utilizing hollow sphere pigments (HSPs). HSPs are known to effectively scatter light and replace titanium dioxide (TiO2) in architectural coating formulations. The effect of the particle size and void fraction was evaluated, along with many coating parameters, including level of addition, binder chemistry, and blends of two HSPs. The small HSPs that have optimized voids for scattering light showed equivalent strength to the TiO2-containing control. The strength data was surprising, particularly the improvement in strength for coatings containing large particle size HSPs. Because of this increase in strength, four parts of binder could be removed, which allowed for higher brightness while not compromising other properties, including hot melt glueability. These trends held true using different binder chemistries (styrene acrylic, vinyl acrylic, and styrene butadiene). Upon refining the formulations further, blends of two HSPs showed further benefit.
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Chomicz-Kowalska, Anna, Joanna Bartos, Krzysztof Maciejewski, and Mateusz M. Iwański. "The Combined Effects of Additives on the Conventional and High-Temperature Performance Properties of Warm Mix Asphalt Binders." Materials 16, no. 24 (December 14, 2023): 7648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16247648.
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The present study investigates the effects of the simultaneous use of two additives, an organosilane warm mix asphalt (WMA) agent and a grade-bumping polyolefin compound, on the conventional and high-temperature performance properties of a paving grade 50/70 bitumen and a polymer-modified 45/80-55 bitumen. The WMA agent and polyolefin additive were introduced to the binders at rates of up to 0.3% and 2%, respectively. The base asphalt binders and their blends with the additives were tested before and after aging in a rolling thin film oven test at a temperature of 143 °C. The effects of the investigated additives were found to be dependent on the type of base binder and its aging state. It was generally observed that the WMA additive decreased the performance of the asphalt binders and limited the effects of the other additive, which increased the high-temperature stiffness and non-recoverable compliance of the blends. This interaction amounted to as much as an approx. 20% decrease in high-temperature stiffness and non-recoverable compliance of the binders. The additives caused a small increase in the elasticity of the binders and improved their creep performance when measured in multiple stress creep recovery tests.
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Zhou, Fujie, Peiru Chen, and Shin-Che Huang. "Characteristics of Virgin and Recycled Asphalt Shingle Binder Blends." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2444, no. 1 (January 2014): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2444-09.
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Li, Limin, Lingming Yang, Yuliang Lin, and Xiancai Zhang. "A Compressive Review on High- and Low-Temperature Performance of Asphalt Modified with Nanomodifier." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (April 7, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5525459.
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At present, rutting and cracking have become serious issues in asphalt pavement, especially in the areas of summer heat and winter cold. Nanomodifier has been widely used in recent years due to its unique properties in improving the characteristics of asphalt binders. To make better use of nanomodifier to solve the problem of rutting and cracking of pavement, a compressive review on the high- and low-temperature performance of nanomodified asphalt is performed. The results indicate that for high- and low-temperature performance of asphalt binder, the effectiveness of nanomodification is found to be strictly influenced by the combination of original asphalt type, nanomodifier type, nanomodifier dosage, nanoparticle size, and preparation of nanomodified asphalt, and the high-temperature antirutting performance and low-temperature crack resistance of final blends are various with the combination. Chemical composition, microstructure, dispersion, and compatibility of final blends were the possible reason causing the difference. The rational selection of the combination can improve the high-temperature rutting resistance and the low-temperature cracking resistance of asphalt binder. So far, there is a lack of systematic investigation in this regard. Therefore, it is very necessary to study systematically the original asphalt, nanomodifier, nanomodifier dosage, nanoparticle size, and preparation of nanomodified asphalt effect on the high and low performance of nanomodified asphalt, especially in the modification mechanism in the future.
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Ebailila, Mansour, John Kinuthia, and Jonathan Oti. "Suppression of Sulfate-Induced Expansion with Lime–Silica Fume Blends." Materials 15, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 2821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15082821.
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Sulfate-induced expansion resulting from the formation of ettringite in sulfate-bearing soil stabilised with calcium-based stabilisers is a problematic issue with technical and economic implications. Thus, this research examines the viability of the co-addition of lime (L) and silica fume (S) at varying binder dosages (4, 6, and 10 wt%), with a view of establishing the optimum blend of L–S for suppressing the ettringite-induced expansion of artificially high sulfate-dosed soil (kaolinite-K and gypsum-G). To do so, a series of laboratory specimens, designed using different gypsum and lime concentrations, were investigated using unconfined compression strength (UCS), linear expansion, and derivative thermo-gravimetric analysis (DTG) as the main criteria for the examination. The research outcomes indicated that the increasing substitution of L with S induces a gradual reduction on the UCS and linear expansion at binder levels of 4 and 6 wt%, while its usage in a high binder level (10 wt%), can yield an expansion reduction, with no compromise on the UCS performance. Therefore, silica fume has the potential for restricting ettringite formation and suppressing the expansion, of which 3L7S is the optimum blending ratio for suppressing the expansion.
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Iqbal, Muhammad Ayyan, Umbreen Us Sahar, Alireza Bahrami, Noor Yaseen, and Iffat Siddique. "Development of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash Blended Cementitious Composites Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes and Polypropylene Fibers." Journal of Composites Science 8, no. 3 (March 4, 2024): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs8030094.
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Cement-based composites, as primary construction materials, have undergone significant advancements over the years, yet researchers still face challenges in terms of their durability and impact on the environment. The goal of this research is to develop environmentally friendly cementitious composites blended with sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) and reinforce them with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and polypropylene (PP) fibers. Because of the high cost associated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and PP fibers, as well as CO2 emission, which affect the economic and environmental aspects of this field, an agricultural waste such as SCBA was introduced in the current study that is both economically and environmentally viable. For this purpose, five mixes were designed by varying the CNTs content whilst keeping the PP fibers and SCBA contents constant at 1.5% and 15% by weight of the binder (ordinary Portland cement + SCBA), respectively. The developed blends were tested for various mechanical and durability properties, i.e., compressive strength, flexural strength, impact strength, water absorption, and ultrasonic pulse velocity. Moreover, the microstructures of the newly developed low-carbon SCBA-based composites reinforced with PP fibers and CNTs were studied through scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results showed that the developed blends incorporating 15% SCBA, 1.5% PP fibers, and 0.08% CNTs, by weight of the binder, demonstrated the compressive, flexural, and impact strengths as 15.30 MPa, 0.98 MPa, and 0.11 MPa, respectively. The investigated blends proved to be cost-effective and environmentally beneficial, rendering them suitable for utilization in general construction and maintenance works.
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Garces-Vargas, Juan Francisco, Yosvany Díaz-Cardenas, Franco Zunino, Juan Ribalta-Quesada, Karen Scrivener, and Fernando Martirena. "The Challenge of Grinding Ternary Blends Containing Calcined Clays and Limestone." Minerals 12, no. 9 (September 16, 2022): 1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12091170.
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The inclusion of high specific surface materials such as calcined clays in cementitious systems enhances the hydration of clinker products at very early ages, but it may also increase water demand; thus, the pursuit of a flowing concrete may demand an increase in the dosage of superplasticizers. The grinding regime can have a major influence on the properties of the cementitious system and could help mitigate the problem of water demand. This paper discusses the impact of grinding alternatives for the production of a binder consisting of clinker, calcined clay, limestone and gypsum. Two main target products will be discussed: (i) LC3, a binder with a formulation of 50% clinker, 30% calcined clay, 15% limestone and 5% gypsum, co-ground all together, and (ii) LC2, a mineral addition with a formulation of 60% calcined clay, 35% limestone and 5% gypsum, ground separately and further blended with Portland cement on a 1:1 basis (mass). The experimental program is carried out in several stages: (i) the binder, (ii) cement pastes and (iii) standard mortars, and concrete grinding aids from the family TEA are used to enhance grinding, and their impact is also be assessed.
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Delaroa, Claire, René Fulchiron, Eric Lintingre, Zoé Buniazet, and Philippe Cassagnau. "Impact of Polymer Binders on the Structure of Highly Filled Zirconia Feedstocks." Polymers 12, no. 10 (September 29, 2020): 2247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102247.
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The impact of polypropylene and high-density polyethylene backbone binders on the structure of organic matrix, feedstock, and ceramic parts is investigated in terms of morphology in this paper. The miscibility of wax with polyethylene and polypropylene is investigated in the molten state via a rheological study, revealing wax full miscibility with high-density polyethylene and restricted miscibility with polypropylene. Mercury porosimetry measurements realized after wax extraction allow the characterization of wax dispersion in both neat organic blends and zirconia filled feedstocks. Miscibility differences in the molten state highly impact wax dispersion in backbone polymers after cooling: wax is preferentially located in polyethylene phase, while it is easily segregated from polypropylene phase, leading to the creation of large cracks during solvent debinding. The use of a polyethylene/polypropylene ratio higher than 70/30 hinders wax segregation and favors its homogeneous dispersion in organic binder. As zirconia is added to organic blends containing polyethylene, polypropylene, and wax, the pore size distribution created by wax extraction is shifted towards smaller pores. Above zirconia percolation at 40 vol%, the pore size distribution becomes sharp attesting of wax homogeneous dispersion. As the PP content in the organic binder decreases from 100% to 0%, the pore size distribution is reduced of 30%, leading to higher densification ability. In order to ensure a maximal densification of the final ceramic, polyethylene/polypropylene ratios with a minimum content of 70% of high-density polyethylene should be employed.
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Yang, Zhenzhen, Hansong Ye, Qiang Yuan, Baiyun Li, Yuelin Li, and Dajun Zhou. "Factors Influencing the Hydration, Dimensional Stability, and Strength Development of the OPC-CSA-Anhydrite Ternary System." Materials 14, no. 22 (November 18, 2021): 7001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14227001.
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Due to the advantages of high early strength and rapid setting, ternary systems consisting of ordinary Portland clinker (OPC), calcium sulphoaluminate (CSA) clinker, and anhydrite have broad application prospects. However, further studies need to be undertaken to find a more optimal mixing proportion of this ternary binder in order to meet basic performance requirements. In this paper, isothermal calorimetric tests, chemical shrinkage tests, drying shrinkage tests, and compressive strength tests were carried out to systematically identify the effect of the OPC/CSA ratio and anhydrite dosage on the hydration, mechanical property development, and dimensional stability of ternary binders. It was found that a higher CSA content leads to a higher cumulative hydration heat, a shorter acceleration period, and a delayed induction period, which can be ascribed to the retardation of C3S at a high aluminate concentration. However, a higher addition of anhydrite can retard the main peak of hydration despite promoting the intermediate peak and improving the hydration reaction rate. The drying shrinkage of blends decreases first along with the CSA proportion and then increases. Moreover, a higher anhydrite content mitigates the drying shrinkage and hinders the strength development. Finally, considering the properties of both the fresh and hardened binder, the ternary blends with 5% anhydrite and OPC/CSA ratios ranging from 3/7 to 2/8 were identified as most suitable for applications that require a high early strength, stable late strength, and small level of shrinkage.
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Simsek, Eren, Oguzhan Oguz, Kaan Bilge, Mehmet Kerem Citak, Oguzhan Colak, and Yusuf Z. Menceloglu. "Poly(propylene)/waste vulcanized ethylene- propylene-diene monomer (PP/WEPDM) blends prepared by high-shear thermo-kinetic mixer." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 50, no. 6 (November 12, 2017): 537–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244317741759.
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Polypropylene (PP)–waste elastomer blends are particularly attractive as an economical way of producing sustainable materials, relieving the stress on the environment. Although PP is a commodity thermoplastic finding employment in various applications, its relatively low impact strength might be a significant factor limiting the variety of uses in many industries. Extensive consumption of thermoset elastomers has been a worldwide waste disposal problem. Here, we describe a facile, economical method for reuse of waste ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber to produce impact resistant blend materials with the PP via a high-shear thermokinetic mixer. In these blends, waste EPDM was used in various concentrations ranging from 20 to 80 wt%, as the remaining part, PP acts as a carrier matrix or a physical binder depending on the concentration in the blend. Briefly, fivefold increase was achieved in the impact resistance of PP by the addition of 60 wt% EPDM waste. The blend with 80 wt% waste EPDM shows characteristics similar to a thermoplastic elastomer. The conclusion of the study is that the blending method is quite effective to produce high-performance blend materials consisting of high concentrations of thermoset waste which addresses the worldwide disposal problem of waste thermoset rubbers.