Relevant bibliographies by topics / Binder blends

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Binder blends'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 1 June 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Binder blends"

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Herndon, Rebecca M., Jay Balasubramanian, Klaus Woelk, and Magdy Abdelrahman. "Physical and Chemical Methods to Assess Performance of TPO-Modified Asphalt Binder." Applied Sciences 14, no. 8 (April 14, 2024): 3300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14083300.

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The demand for effective asphalt additives is growing as road infrastructure ages and more sustainable pavement solutions are needed. Tire pyrolysis oil (TPO) is an example material that has been gaining attention as a potential asphalt additive. While physical performance grade (PG) temperatures are the predominant performance requirements for asphalt binders, chemical properties are also significant in the evaluation of asphalt performance. There is a need to chemically characterize the aging of asphalt binders modified with TPO and link chemical changes in binder components to binder performance. This study compares 2%, 4%, and 8% TPO and asphalt binder blends via dynamic shear rheometry (DSR), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry. The variability in the modified blends was seen by both physical and chemical testing during four different blending times (1, 60, 120, and 240 min). After blending, high and intermediate PGs were determined by physical testing. The 8% TPO blend reduced the high PG of the binder from 64 °C to 58 °C. This effect was confirmed by chemical testing through changes in carbonyl indices and NMR relaxation times. With more oil present in the binder matrix, the binder’s resistance to rutting was reduced. While the high PG was hindered, the intermediate PG remained unchanged for all TPO blends. This physical similarity was mirrored in chemical testing. The chemical and physical variability along with the hindrance of the high PG temperature indicate that more treatment may be needed before TPO can be effectively applied to asphalt binders. This study suggests a correlation between physical performance and key chemical indicators.
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Çolak, Adnan. "Physical, mechanical, and durability properties of gypsum–Portland cement–natural pozzolan blends." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28, no. 3 (June 1, 2001): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-123.

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This paper deals with the effect of gypsum–Portland cement and gypsum–Portland cement–natural pozzolan ratios on the physical, mechanical, and durability properties of gypsum–Portland cement–natural pozzolan blends. The results indicate that the setting time of these paste decreases with the increase of gypsum content in the mixture, ranging from 8 to 11 min. The addition of superplasticizer increases the setting time from approximately 11 to 35 min. This increase is greatly dependent on the plasticizer admixture dosage. These blends show a kinetic of capillary water absorption very similar to that of the Portland cement binder. Sorptivity is strongly influenced by the type of binder, binder composition and water–binder ratio. Porosity of blended gypsum binders ranges from 12% to 37%. Their water absorption is high, reaching 27% in the blends with a greater proportion of gypsum. The gypsum–Portland cement blends themselves possess good water resistance, which is further enhanced by the addition of natural pozzolan and superplasticizer. The water-cured blends with the composition of 41:41:18 (gypsum : Portland cement : natural pozzolan) and 41:41:18S1 (gypsum : Portland cement : natural pozzolan : 1% superplasticizer) offer a compressive strength of approximately 20 MPa at room temperature. These blends give excellent properties retention after aging in water at 20°C for 95 days. Their good resistance to water decreases as the gypsum content in the mixture is raised. However, the strength loss for the gypsum–Portland cement–natural pozzolan blends is generally less than that observed for the gypsum binder.Key words: gypsum, Portland cement, natural pozzolan, physical, mechanical, durability.
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Zhu, Yuefeng, Jiawei Zhang, Chundi Si, Tao Yan, and Yanwei Li. "Laboratory Evaluation on Performance of Recycled Asphalt Binder and Mixtures under Short-Term Aging Conditions." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 19, 2021): 3404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063404.

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As asphalt materials are exposed to very high temperatures before construction, such as in the transportation stage or the storage stage, short-term aging of asphalt material occurs. At these stages, diffusion or blending between RAP (reclaimed asphalt pavement) binder and virgin binder may occur. In this study, recycled blends, incorporating SBS modified binder, RAP binder and recycling agents, were prepared with incremental RAP binders of up to 40%, and RTFO (Rolling Thin-Film Oven) tests in condition times of 300 and 600 min were conducted on the recycled blends. Characterization tests included ΔTcr, complex modulus master curve, a G-R (Glover-Rowe) parameter on recycled blends, and dynamic modulus, fracture test, and midpoint bending fatigue tests on mixtures. The ΔTcr and the G-R parameter results showed that aging time significantly affected the cracking resistance of the recycled blends. Compared to the virgin SBS modified asphalt binder, the recycled blends tended to be more sensitive to the aging process. The complex modulus master curve of binders and the dynamic modulus and phase angle results of mixtures show that the binder/mixtures appear to be stiffer with an increase in the RAP binder dosage. Generally, the low temperature cracking and fatigue cracking resistance of virgin mixtures is better than that of RAP mixtures, especially for high RAP binder dosage mixtures, and longer aging times have a negative impact on the cracking resistance of mixture. However, when we extend RTFO aging time, the higher dosage of RAP mixtures show better cracking resistance than the lower dosage of RAP mixtures. The reason for this could be that the chemical process may occur between the virgin SBS modified asphalt binder and the RAP binder at high temperatures.
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Ashtiani, Milad Zokaei, Walaa S. Mogawer, and Alexander J. Austerman. "A Mechanical Approach to Quantify Blending of Aged Binder from Recycled Materials in New Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 28 (August 20, 2018): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118787634.

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In the paving industry, there is increased interest in using recycled materials like recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) and reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP) due to the valuable asphalt binder contained within them. The major concern with using these materials is that the binder they contain is highly aged, which could lead to reduced mixture durability. Therefore, a method is needed to quantify the extent to which the aged binders from these materials blend with virgin binder when producing mixtures in order to understand better their effects on mixture performance. In this study, a new approach to quantify the amount of blending that occurs between aged RAS and RAP binders and a virgin binder was developed. Asphalt binders were extracted and recovered from RAS and RAP stockpiles and blended with a PG64-28 virgin binder in varying proportions. The master curves of these mixtures were constructed at 20°C. Asphalt mixtures containing different proportions of the same RAS and RAP stockpiles were then designed and the dynamic moduli of the mixtures were measured to construct mixture master curves at 20°C. The binder master curves for each blending proportion were then substituted into a locally calibrated Hirsch model to predict the mixture master curves. Comparison of the measured and predicted mixture master curves suggested that the aged binder from RAS and RAP blends with the virgin binder less than 40% and 60%, respectively. Cracking tests were also conducted to validate the proposed degrees of blending from a mixture mechanical performance point of view.
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Aeron, P., and P. Aggarwal. "Effect of aging on reclaimed asphalt pavement and rejuvenators." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1248, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1248/1/012099.

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Abstract Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) material primarily consists of extracted asphalt concretes from the existing road infrastructure. It comprises 2 major non-renewable resources, i.e., aggregates and bituminous binder and their conscious use can ensure the sustainability of bituminous pavement construction. In this study, more focus is given to the asphalt binder, which is extracted from RAP. It has been tried to replace more and more new virgin binders with recycled RAP binders. But to counteract the higher stiffness of the RAP binder, it is rejuvenated to achieve strength higher or equivalent to the target binder. To have confidence in the efficacy of the RAP binder and rejuvenator in unaged and aged conditions, different combinations of blends are made and tested in aged as well as unaged conditions. In this study, Two RAP sources with and without virgin binder are rejuvenated with two rejuvenators. Physio-rheological tastings are done on each same. Based on achieved results aging index of all the blends is found. These results authenticate the aging properties of RAP binder as well as rejuvenators.
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Aguirre, Max A., Marwa M. Hassan, Sharareh Shirzad, Louay N. Mohammad, Samuel B. Cooper, and Ioan I. Negulescu. "Performance Characteristics of Asphalt Binders containing Sodium-Alginate Hollow Fibers and Recycled Materials." MATEC Web of Conferences 271 (2019): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927103004.

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Self-healing products such as hollow-fibers filled with an asphalt rejuvenator present an emerging technology that would enhance an asphalt mixture’s resistance to cracking damage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rejuvenating efficiency of sodium-alginate fibers containing a rejuvenator product using asphalt binder blends containing extracted binder from recycled materials. The effects of adding extracted binder from recycled materials and sodium-alginate fibers on asphalt binder blends were evaluated by conducting a series of chemical and binder tests. HP-GPC and FTIR test results showed that the addition of fibers in blends containing recycled materials resulted in an increase in the HMW/LMW ratios. Some of the added polymeric fibers are thought to have increased the HMW fraction, thus leading to increase in the HMW/LMW ratio. The increase of the HMW fraction suggests that some of the fibers, which are polymers, caused the increase in the HMW/LMW ratios. MSCR test results showed that a binder blend with extracted binder from recycled materials and sodium-alginate fibers would have less rutting susceptibility than a conventional virgin binder would.
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Lindh, Per, and Polina Lemenkova. "Simplex Lattice Design and X-ray Diffraction for Analysis of Soil Structure: A Case of Cement-Stabilised Compacted Tills Reinforced with Steel Slag and Slaked Lime." Electronics 11, no. 22 (November 14, 2022): 3726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223726.

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Evaluating the structure of soil prior to building construction is valuable in a large variety of geotechnical and civil engineering applications. To built an effective framework for assessing the strength of the stabilised soil, the presented workflow includes a complex approach of simplex lattice design and X-ray diffraction for the analysis of soil structure. Different from the traditional in situ measurements, we propose a statistical framework for effective decision-making on binder combination to stabilise soil collected in three localities of Southern Sweden—Bromölla Municipality (Skåne County), Petersborg (Östergötland County) and Örebro (Örebro County). A practical solution is presented that includes the evaluation of strength properties of various types of soil using ordinary Portland cement (OPC), slaked lime and steel slag as pure agents and blended binders. The specimens were collected in Southern Sweden and included sandy silty tills and clay till (clay content 6–18%). The preprocessing included the mineralogical analysis of mineral composition and soil structure by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a sieve. The soil samples were fabricated, compacted, rammed, stabilised by six binder blends and assessed for uniaxial compressive strength (UCS). The moisture condition value (MCV) and water content tests were done for compacted soil and showed variation in the MCV values for different binders. The study determined the effects from binder blends on the UCS gain in three types of soil, measured on days 7, 28 and 90. Positive effects were noted from the steel slag/lime blends on the UCS gain in sandy silty tills. A steel slag/slaked lime mixed binder performed better compared to the pure binders. The effectiveness of the simplex lattice design was demonstrated in a series of ternary diagrams showing soil strength evaluated by adding the stabilising agents in different proportions.
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Karki, Pravat, and Fujie Zhou. "Systematic Method for Quantifying Re-Refined Engine Oil Bottom Content in Binders: Using X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2632, no. 1 (January 2017): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2632-06.

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Re-refined engine oil bottom (REOB) has been used to modify asphalt binders for a long time. Recent studies revealed that pavements constructed with REOB-modified binders cracked much faster than those constructed with binders containing no REOB. Therefore, some state transportation agencies enforced a complete ban while others set an upper limit for its use. It is imperative to quantify REOB content in binders. This paper presents a systematic method to address this need. Researchers prepared 414 asphalt binder–REOB blends using 16 base binders and six REOBs at five dosages, and measured intensities of 11 key elements using wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. XRF tests showed that element intensities depended directly on ( a) binder source, ( b) binder performance grade, ( c) REOB source, and ( d) REOB content. This method has three major steps. In the first step, potential sources and performance-grade levels of binders that were used to prepare an unknown sample on the basis of its closeness to calibration standards in an intensity plot of sulfur versus vanadium were identified. In the second step, potential sources of REOBs were determined on the basis of calibration curves of the ratio of calcium and potassium intensities. In the final step, the REOB content in an unknown sample was estimated by using the calibration curve of the zinc intensity of the selected binder source, binder performance grade, and REOB source. The reasonableness of this method was verified by preparing and testing some additional blends. These tests showed that the new method can quantify REOB content in asphalt binders with reasonable accuracy.
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Owaid, Haider Mohammed, Roszilah Hamid, and Mohd Raihan Taha. "Influence of Thermally Activated Alum Sludge Ash on the near Surface Characteristics of Multiple-Blended Binders Concretes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.421.

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This research presents the results of an investigation on the influence of thermally activated alum sludge ash (AASA) as a partial cement replacement on the near-surface characteristics of binary and ternary blended binder (TBB) concretes incorporating silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and palm oil fuel ash (POFA). All of the mixtures were prepared with a water/binder ratio and total binder content of 0.30 and 493 kg/m3, respectively. Initial surface absorption (ISAT) and sorptivity tests were conducted at the age of 28 days. Results indicate decrease in the ISAT and sorptivity values of binary blended binders with 15% AASA cement replacement compared with the control and 20% AASA concretes. A higher replacement level of 20% AASA did not help improve inner core durability but improved surface durability characteristics. All TBB concretes performed better than the binary blends with AASA at the same replacement levels.
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Kogbara, Reginald B. "A review of the mechanical and leaching performance of stabilized/solidified contaminated soils." Environmental Reviews 22, no. 1 (March 2014): 66–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2013-0004.

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Stabilization/solidification (S/S) technology, which basically involves chemical fixation and immobilization of contaminants (primarily metals) in the matrix of cementitious binders, is widely used for treatment of contaminated soils. This paper presents a critical review of the performance of commonly used blended binder systems in S/S technology. The binders considered are Portland cement and blends of cement–fly ash, cement–slag, lime–slag, and lime–fly ash. This work compares and evaluates the performance of contaminated soils treated by the binders in terms of commonly used mechanical and leaching properties, including unconfined compressive strength (UCS), bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, and leachability. The long-term performance of S/S-treated soils is also reviewed. It was observed that the inclusion of slag in a binder blend gave superior performance compared to fly ash. Generally, the leachability of common contaminants in soil can be reduced to acceptable levels with approximately 20%–35% dosage of the different binders. The UCS was observed to be optimum around the optimum water content for compaction. The hydraulic conductivity was approximately 10−9 m/s over time. Long-term performance of treated soils showed consistent effectiveness over a period of 5–14 years with fluctuations in mechanical and leaching behaviour caused by the complex nature and variability of S/S-treated soils.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Binder blends"

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Forton, Andrei-Roman. "Thermomechanical behaviour of bituminous materials including RAP and rejuvenator and environmental impact of their fabrication process." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSET005.

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L'étude présentée dans cette thèse a été réalisée dans le cadre d'une collaboration entre l'Université Polytechnique de Timisoara (UPT, Universitatea Politehnica Timisoara) de Roumanie et l'Université de Lyon / ENTPE en France. Les objectifs sont, i) la caractérisation des performances thermomécaniques des mélanges de liants et des enrobés bitumineux produits à partir d’agrégats d’enrobés (RAP) et de réjuvénant et, ii) l'étude de l'impact environnemental lié à la production d'un mélange contenant différentes quantités de matériaux RAP et de réjuvénant. Des études expérimentales poussées ont été réalisées sur les liants d’une part, et sur les enrobés, d’autre part. Tous les essais sur les liants et les enrobés ainsi que l'évaluation de l'impact environnemental ont été réalisés à l'UPT. Les analyses et la modélisation de la plupart des paramètres / caractéristiques des liants et des enrobés ont été effectuées au laboratoire LTDS de l'ENTPE. L'étude sur les liants s'est concentrée sur les propriétés de liants produits en mélangeant un liant pur (50/70 pen.), un liant extrait du RAP, et un réjuvénant d'origine végétale. L'étude sur les enrobés s'est concentrée sur l'investigation de 13 enrobés bitumineux produits avec différentes quantités de matériau RAP, et avec ou sans réjuvénant. Le liant pur, le liant du RAP et le réjuvénant utilisés dans les enrobés, ainsi que leurs proportions, sont les mêmes que celles utilisées pour la campagne expérimentale sur les mélanges de liants. Une analyse de l'impact environnemental (EIA) a été réalisée afin d'estimer l'impact environnemental potentiel lié au processus de fabrication des enrobés bitumineux considérés
The study presented in this thesis has been carried out within a collaboration between Politehnica University Timisoara (UPT) from Romania and Université de Lyon/École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE), laboratory LTDS from France. The objectives are, i) the characterization of the thermomechanical performances of binder blends and bituminous mixtures produced with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and rejuvenator and, ii) the investigation of the potential environmental impact related to the production of a mixture containing different amounts of RAP material and rejuvenator. Therefore, comprehensive experimental investigations were performed on binders and mixtures. All tests on binders and mixtures were performed in the Road Laboratory from UPT, together with the environmental impact assessment. On the other hand, the analyses, estimations and predictions of most parameters/characteristics of binders and mixtures were performed at ENTPE. The study on binders focused on the properties of different binder blends produced by mixing one type of fresh binder (a straight run 50/70 pen. grade), a RAP-extracted binder and a rejuvenator of vegetal origin. The study on mixtures focused on the investigation on 13 bituminous mixtures
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Soleymani, Hamid-Reza. "Viscoelastic characterization of blended binders for asphalt pavement recycling." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0008/NQ27432.pdf.

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Iqbal, Md Tanvir. "Evaluation of Asphalt Mixtures Incorporating Terminal Blend GTR (Ground Tire Rubber) Binders." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1462970773.

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Shams, M. A. "The use of ternary blended binders in high-consistence concrete." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1437231/.

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This study has investigated the feasibility and advantages of using ternary blended binders containing limestone powder (LP), i.e. Portland-limestone cement (PLC), with fly ash (FA) or ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS) in three types of high-consistence concrete i.e. self-compacting concrete (SCC), flowing concrete (FC) and underwater concrete (UWC), concentrating on the hardened mechanical and durability properties. Initially, mix design methods, tests, target fresh properties and constituent materials were selected for each concrete type. In the first stage of the study SCC mixes were formulated with binary and ternary binder blends with up to 80% cement replacement (by volume). The hardened properties of these, i.e. compressive and tensile strength, sorptivity and rapid chloride penetration resistance, were measured and the relationships between these investigated. Optimum replacement levels of GGBS and FA were estimated (40 and 20% respectively), and were used in the subsequent stages of the study on FC and UWC. The main outcomes were: -It is feasible to produce high-consistence concrete using ternary blended binders with LP and GGBS or FA. -It is possible to achieve similar or higher long-term compressive strengths with ternary binder mixes than with binary binder mixes for concrete with low water/cement ratio (<0.4). -A good relationship was obtained between the sorptivity results and the compressive strength which was independent of the concrete type, age and powder composition. -No relationship between the rapid chloride penetration test results and the compressive strength was obtained; the results had a high degree of scatter. There were reductions in the total embodied carbon contents of the concrete mixes with the incorporation of additions. There is scope for further investigating the synergistic effect between limestone powder and ggbs and fly ash to further reduce the Portland cement content leading to greater potential economic and environmental advantages.
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Jafer, H. M. "Soft soil stabilisation using a novel blended cementitious binder produced from waste fly ashes." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2017. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/7541/.

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Soil stabilisation is one of the most common techniques used to mitigate the undesirable properties of soft soils such as low compressive strength and high compressibility. Cement is the most commonly used binder for soil improvement applications in the UK and worldwide due to its high strength performance. However, its manufacture is energy intensive and expensive, contributing approximately 7% of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Therefore, the search for alternative raw materials, such as waste and by-products, is becoming critical in order to develop cost effective and more environmentally friendly binders to replace cement and reduce its negative environmental impact. Blended waste material fly ashes have been identified as promising alternatives to traditional binders (cement CEM-I) in different construction industries including ground improvement. The reuse of waste material fly ashes such as waste paper sludge ash (WPSA), palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and rice husk ash (RHA) has many advantages, specifically in terms of eliminating the cost of their transportation and eventual landfill, their continuous supply and the negligible, or zero, cost of production. This research project details the process of the development of a new cementitious binder, produced by blending cement-free WPSA, POFA and RHA under physico-chemical activation using flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) gypsum, for use in soft soil stabilisation. The effects of different binders produced from unary (WPSA), binary (WPSA and POFA) and ternary (WPSA, POFA and RHA) blended mixtures, along with ground and FGD gypsum activated ternary mixtures, on the geotechnical properties of soft soils, were extensively investigated. Comparisons of Atterberg limits, strength (unconfined compressive strength (UCS)), compressibility characteristics and durability (wetting-drying cycles effect) of untreated soil and soil stabilised with the optimum unary, binary, ternary and activated ternary mixtures and a reference cement treated soil, have been carried out. An investigation of the microstructural and mineralogical composition of the newly developed binder, in comparison to those of the reference cement, was also carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy analysis. The results indicate that the soil stabilised with the ternary mixture activated by FGD gypsum (T+FGD), had the greatest compressive strength, compressibility and durability improvement; the performance of the newly developed cementitious binder was comparable to that of the reference cement. This binder comprises 8% WPSA + 2% POFA + 2% RHA activated with 5% of FGD, by the total mass of binder. The addition of FGD gypsum has been observed to enhance the pozzolanic reaction, leading to improved geotechnical properties; mainly UCS which increased over time of curing and exceeded that for the soil treated with reference cement, after 180 days. The results obtained from XRD analysis, SEM testing and EDX analysis revealed the formation of hydrated cementitious products represented by calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H), Portlandite (CH) and ettringite. The formation of these hydrates reveals the developments gained in the geotechnical properties of the treated soil. A solid, coherent and compacted soil structure was achieved after using T+FGD, as confirmed by the formation of C-S-H, CH and ettringite. Therefore, a new, Cost effect, eco-friendly and sustainable cementitious binder has been successfully developed and can be used with confidence for soft soil stabilisation, as a 100% replacement of conventional cement.
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Mizerová, Cecílie. "Binární alkalicky aktivované kompozitní materiály s cihelným prachem." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372259.

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The thesis is focused on the application of brick powder in production of binary alkali-activated binders with metakaolin, slag and fly ash. The theoretical part summarizes recent fields of use of the ceramic waste in construction and binder industry and prerequisite properties of the brick powder for alkaline activation. Brick powder based geopolymers made in the experimental work were tested for their mechanical properties, porosity and microstructure, flow properties of the fresh geopolymers were evaluated by rheometric measurements. In accordance with the results it can be concluded that brick powder could be a suitable precursor for blended binders with metakaolin and slag, these samples exhibited good mechanical properties and microstructure characteristics. The combination with fly ash was less applicable due to a rapid setting, hardening retarder used in these binders caused significant deterioration of the mechanical properties of the material.
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Zaťko, Petr. "Vliv rozptýlené výztuže na průběh zrání polymercementových hmot." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-265336.

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The diploma thesis is focused on polymercement materials with dispersed reinforcement. The aim of this work is development of suitable polymercement mixture and monitoring of the impact of dispersed reinforcement on the course of maturation of these materials and physico-mechanical properties. The effect of high temperatures on the properties of the mortar is also examined. Emphasis is placed on the use of alternative resources and byproducts. Mixed binder of cement and slag and admixture of microsilica was used. Recycled cellulose was used as dispersed reinforcement and was compared with commercial polypropylene fibers.
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Záruba, Jiří. "Vývoj požárně odolných správkových malt s jemnozrnným plnivem." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227280.

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The diploma thesis is focused on fire-resistant repair mortar with fine-grained filler. The aim of this work is the research and development of fine-grained Mortars resistant to high temperatures, which are characteristic at the beginning of the fire. The theoretical knowledge with subsequently realized laboratory verification was used. At-tention was paid to the masses based on the mixed binder comprising cement and blast furnace slag, respectively. high-temperature ash. Cellulose fibres were used as the dis-persed reinforcement. Two kinds of aggregate were assessed - fly ash agloporit and am-phibolite incl. combinations thereof. Laboratory tests were carried out via determination of basic material properties (density, strength, consistency, dimensional changes etc.) after exposure to extreme temperatures. A substantial part of the research was also study of different cooling conditions - slow and fast (water and air). Selected formulations were subjected to temperatures up to 1200 ° C. In the conclusion is selected several recipes that have been found to be optimal for continuing research on the basis of the results and findings.
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Qiu, Yue-Hong, and 邱耀弘. "Development of a Colored Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals Powder- Binder Blend." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75455043034873967602.

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Du, Preez Morne Phillip. "Sensitivity of strength and durability properties of blended cement concrete to changes in water/binder ratio and binder content." Thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/28070.

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A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. Johannesburg, 2019
There are numerous studies that assess the effects of changes in the water/binder (w/b) ratio and binder content on strength and durability properties of concrete. However, limited information is available on the extent to which changes in w/b ratio and binder content affects concrete strength and durability. This study focused on the sensitivity of concrete to changes in these parameters to further the understanding of the material by determining the importance of the parameters on the resultant concrete properties and providing practical guidelines for the mix design process. Concrete test specimens were made using two w/b ratios (0.45 and 0.65), two binder contents (350 and 450kg/m³) and three binder types PC (plain Portland Cement), 70/30 PC/fly ash (FA) and 50/50 PC/ground-granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS). One parameter was varied at a time. Compressive strength tests were conducted at 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days and durability index tests at 28 and 56 days. The results indicate that increases in w/b ratio lead to lower compressive strengths and increased permeability, sorptivity and chloride conductivity. Increases in binder content have beneficial effects on compressive strength; however, this trend does not continue indefinitely and is related to the paste content range, aggregate content and grading. Furthermore, binder content increases proved to be detrimental to concrete durability by decreasing the oxygen permeability (OPI) and increasing the water sorptivity (WSI) and chloride conductivity (CCI) indices. In general, for all the binder types investigated, both the strength and durability properties were more sensitive to changes in w/b ratio than binder content. The compressive strength of FA concretes was the most affected by a change in w/b ratio. The sensitivity hierarchy of compressive strength of PC and GGBS concretes to a change in w/b ratio varied with age. For the three different binder types, sensitivity of compressive strength to changes in w/b ratio generally decreased with age. The extent to which a change in binder content affects compressive strength varies with age and no clear binder type hierarchy is evident. The w/b ratio therefore remains the controlling factor of compressive strength. For the parameters tested, the OPI of FA concretes exhibited the highest sensitivity to changes in w/b ratio followed by GGBS and PC concretes respectively. Moreover, GGBS concretes were the most sensitive to changes in binder content followed by PC and FA concretes. As with compressive strength, sensitivity of OPI to changes in both w/b ratio and binder content decreases with age. The sensitivity variance of OPI between changes in w/b ratio and binder content is considered to be minimal, less than 5.0%, and therefore both of these parameters need to be carefully considered in the mix design process when assessing permeability requirements. The results also indicate that the sensitivity of WSI to changes in w/b ratio follows a similar pattern to compressive strength and decreases in the following order: FA > PC > GGBS. Furthermore, this sensitivity increases with age apart from one FA specimen. The sensitivity trends for binder content variations are not well defined; however, they generally decrease with age. W/b ratios and paste contents therefore need to be kept as low as possible in concrete mixes. CCI sensitivity to changes in w/b ratio decreases in the following order: PC > FA > GGBS. The sensitivity to changes in binder content generally decreased as follows: GGBS > PC FA. The extent to which a change in w/b ratio and binder content affects CCI generally decreases with age. These findings reiterated the need to control the paste volume. Adopting the highest replacement levels of GGBS leads to the lowest chloride conductivity. However, these concrete mixes exhibit the highest sensitivity to changes in paste content
MT 2019
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Books on the topic "Binder blends"

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Carli, Linda L. Social Influence and Gender. Edited by Stephen G. Harkins, Kipling D. Williams, and Jerry Burger. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859870.013.16.

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This chapter reviews current research on gender and social influence. Overall, men exert greater influence than women do. Women’s disadvantage derives from gender stereotypes that characterize men as more competent and agentic than women and that require women to be more selfless and communal than men. Both agentic and communal behaviors predict influence. As a result, women are subjected to a double bind. They may lack influence because of doubt about their competence, or they may lack influence because their competent behavior elicits concern that they are insufficiently communal. In contrast, men have greater behavioral flexibility than women do as influence agents. Men tend to be more resistant to women’s influence than women are, particularly when female influence agents behave in a highly competent manner. Resistance to female influence can be reduced in contexts that are stereotypically feminine and when women display a blend of agentic and communal qualities.
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Book chapters on the topic "Binder blends"

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Forton, A., Salvatore Mangiafico, Cédric Sauzéat, Hervé Di Benedetto, and Paul Marc. "Estimation of Complex Shear Modulus of Binder Blends Produced with RAP Binder and Rejuvenator." In RILEM Bookseries, 725–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46455-4_92.

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Hamaguchi, Maki, Noriyuki Okuyama, Takahiro Shishido, Koji Sakai, Nobuyuki Komatsu, Naoki Kikuchi, Toshinori Inoue, Jiro Koide, and Hideki Kasahara. "Prebaked Anode from Coal Extract (3) — Carbonization Properties of Hypercoal and Its Blends with Binder Pitch." In Light Metals 2012, 1219–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48179-1_210.

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Hamaguchi, Maki, Noriyuki Okuyama, Takahiro Shishido, Koji Sakai, Nobuyuki Komatsu, Naoki Kikuchi, Toshinori Inoue, Jiro Koide, and Hideki Kasahara. "Prebaked Anode from Coal Extract (3) - Carbonization Properties of Hypercoal and its Blends with Binder Pitch." In Light Metals 2012, 1219–21. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118359259.ch210.

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Bucher, R., M. Cyr, and G. Escadeillas. "Carbonation of Blended Binders Containing Metakaolin." In RILEM Bookseries, 27–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9939-3_4.

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Provis, John L., and Susan A. Bernal. "Binder Chemistry – Blended Systems and Intermediate Ca Content." In Alkali Activated Materials, 125–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7672-2_5.

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Muhammad Fauzi, Nurshamimie, Mohd Fadzil Arshad, Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya, Mazidah Mukri, Sajjad Ali Mangi, and Warid Wazien Ahmad Zailani. "Setting Time of Treated Sludge Containing Blended Binder." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 563–71. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9267-4_56.

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Hou, Jinlong, Xiaojun LÜ, Hongliang Zhang, Yanqing Lai, and Jie Li. "Furan Resin and Pitch Blends as Binders for TiB2-C Cathodes." In Light Metals 2011, 1117–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48160-9_189.

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Hou, Jinlong, Xiaojun Lü, Hongliang Zhang, Yanqing Lai, and Jie Li. "Furan Resin and Pitch Blends as Binders for TiB2-C Cathodes." In Light Metals 2011, 1117–21. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118061992.ch189.

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Duan, W., Y. Zhuge, and Y. Liu. "Effect of Blending Alum Sludge and Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag as Cement Replacement to Mitigate Alkali-Silica Reaction." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 93–102. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3330-3_12.

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AbstractThe alkali–silica reaction (ASR) is a severe durability issue in cement-based materials. Although using calcium-rich supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) is beneficial for improving mechanical performance, it can lead to critical ASR-induced damage, primarily when high-reactive aggregates are used. We used alum sludge, a byproduct of drinking water treatment processes, and found it to have high efficiency in mitigating ASR in mortars containing GGBS as cement replacement and waste glass as high-reactive aggregate. The raw alum sludge was calcined for 2 h at 800 ℃ and ground to pass a 75-µm sieve. Ternary blended binders were made by replacing 10, 20 and 30% of cement with the mixture of alum sludge and GGBS (ratio 1:1). The mortar samples exhibited a considerable compressive strength and significant ASR resistance when 30% of cement was replaced with the mixture of alum sludge and GGBS compared with the reference samples. Microstructural characterization using X-ray diffraction, backscattered electron images and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated that increasing the aluminum content of the alum sludge could prevent the formation of detrimental Ca-rich and low-flowable ASR gels. The hindering effect was attributed to the alkaline binding ability and the extra precipitation of calcium aluminum silicate hydrate phases due to the abundant Al in the binder.
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Wang, Di, Augusto Cannone Falchetto, Martin Hugener, Laurent Porot, Atsushi Kawakami, Bernhard Hofko, Andrea Grilli, et al. "Effect of Aging on the Rheological Properties of Blends of Virgin and Rejuvenated RA Binders." In RILEM Bookseries, 3–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46455-4_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Binder blends"

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Justnes, Harald, Tobias Danner, and Mehrdad Torabzadegan. "Effect of Calcium Nitrate on the Performance of Slag Blended Cement." In Non-Traditional Cement and Concrete 2023 conference. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-fenfc4.

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Portland cement has been replaced with 50% ground, granulated blastfurnace slag (ggbs) of two types. The influence of 2 and 4% calcium nitrate accelerator on early hydration of such binders was investigated by isothermal calorimetry as well as X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetry. The strength development of mortar based on these binder blends has been followed up to 28 days and the influence of calcium nitrate discussed. One ggbs lower in SiO2, Al2O3 and MgO yielded somewhat lower strength (about 90%) than the other. Addition of calcium nitrate led to lower strength at 1 day, but higher strength from 3 days on-wards. The blends with the two ggbs achieved similar strength at 7 and 28 days when blended with 4% calcium nitrate. Calcium nitrate led to more ettringite formation and AFm phases (probably nitrate version) at 1-day sealed curing. However, the calcium hydroxide content was reduced. Potential explanations for calcium hydroxide reduction are discussed.
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V., Aswani, Shobha Elizabeth Thomas, and Ramaswamy K. P. "Effect of Admixtures in Blast Furnace Slag-fly Ash Based Alkali-activated Paste." In 6th International Conference on Modeling and Simulation in Civil Engineering. AIJR Publisher, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.156.29.

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Portland cement can be replaced with alkali-activated binders (AABs), a sustainable material. They make use of industrial byproducts rich in aluminosilicates to produce hardened binders under alkaline conditions. The effective utilization of alkali-activated binders in each particular place is greatly influenced by the ease in accessibility of suitable precursors and activators. Slag-based AAB can make a strong and durable mix under ambient curing. But its poor workability and fast setting characteristics limit its scope of wide applications. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the effect of admixtures on the setting time of Alkali-activated Paste with blends of slag and fly ash (BFS-FA AAP). A combination of red gypsum and phosphoric acid is the admixture considered for the study. Setting time of BFS-FA AAP activated with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate is studied considering different control factors, including Na2O/b ratio, BFS/binder and activator modulus (SiO2/ Na2O). The phosphoric acid, when added at 0.45 M along with red gypsum at 2.5% of binder content retarded the setting time of AAP effectively.
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Rahman, A. S. M. Asifur, and Rafiqul A. Tarefder. "Effect of Fineness Modulus and Uniformity Coefficient on the Complex Modulus Function of Asphalt Concrete." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-72268.

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Different material attributes such as mix volumetrics, aggregate gradations, and binder characteristics are the factors affecting viscoelastic material functions of asphalt concrete. In this study, the effects of aggregate gradation on the complex modulus function of asphalt concrete are determined. The two distinct properties of the aggregate blend considered in this study are the fineness modulus and the uniformity coefficient. A total of 54, plant produced, asphalt concrete mixtures with asphalt binders having various performance grades and sources were collected from the manufacturing plants. The asphalt-aggregate mixtures were then compacted, cored, and sawed to cylindrical specimens. Three cylindrical specimens from each of the asphalt-aggregate mixtures were prepared and tested in the laboratory for complex or dynamic modulus. After that, average mastercurves of complex modulus and phase angle were generated by applying time-temperature superposition principle. Study showed that the complex modulus function of asphalt concrete is significantly related to the fineness modulus and uniformity coefficient of the aggregate blends used in the asphalt-aggregate mixture.
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Baginda, Muhammad Sultan, Basuki Wirjosentono, Tamrin, Amir Hamzah Siregar, and Diana Adnanda Nasution. "Efficiency of maleic anhydride-modified polystyrene/natural rubber blends as sand aggregate binder." In 3RD INTERNATIONAL POSTGRADUATE CONFERENCE ON MATERIALS, MINERALS & POLYMER (MAMIP) 2019. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0015717.

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Lin, Liulan, Qingxi Hu, Li Zhao, and Minglun Fang. "Influence of Microstructure on the Binder Ratio of B-TCP Tissue Scaffolds Using Selective Laser Sintering." In 2007 First International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnc2007-21093.

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The growing interest in scaffold-guided tissue engineering (TE) to guide and support cell proliferation in the repair and replacement of bone defects gave rise to the quest for a precise. Rapid prototyping (RP) has been identified as a promising technique capable of building complex objects with pre-designed macro- and microstructures. Calcium phosphate ceramics are biocompatible and may develop interactions with human living bone tissues. They are used clinically on the surface of orthopedic implants to improve primary fixation or in the form of porous blocks. The research focused on the macro and micro-structure of using the selective laser sintering (SLS) technique for creating porous tissue engineering scaffolds. The composite blends obtained by physical blending nano TCP and micro polymer powder binders. The SLS-fabricated test specimens were characterized using XRD and scanning electron microscopy. The total porous volume of the ceramics was over 70% and the pore size from several μm to 600μm. The results obtained ascertained that SLS-fabricated scaffolds have good potential for TE applications.
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"Hydration of MgO/hydromagnesite Blends." In SP-349: 11th ACI/RILEM International Conference on Cementitious Materials and Alternative Binders for Sustainable Concrete. American Concrete Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51732735.

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"High-Performance Concrete Using Blended and Triple Blended Binders." In "SP-149: High-Performance Concrete - Proceedings, International Conference Singapore, 1994". American Concrete Institute, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/4078.

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Giandomenico, Manuel, Filippo Edoardo Capasso, Sokol Muca, Maria Carolina Gaetani, Sara Iafrate, Marco Bartolini, Ulderico Santamaria, Angela Calia, Emilia Vasanelli, and Davide Melica. "RETOUCHING MURAL PAINTINGS IN HYPOGEUM: PRELIMINARY STUDY AND FIRST RESULTS." In RECH6 - 6th International Meeting on Retouching of Cultural Heritage. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/rech6.2021.13533.

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This study was carried out during the ICR conservation project involving two of the mural paintings of the Saint Peter and Paul’s hypogeum in Matera. Retouching mural paintings preserved in such a peculiar environment as hypogea is not an ordinary operation. In these contexts, relative humidity approximating to 100% makes hygroscopic materials less durable, favouring biological growth on them. In addition, severe climatic conditions can lead to a fast degradation of retouching materials. Watercolours, extensively employed for retouching mural paintings, are not completely recommendable in such humid environments, so a research was planned to find a compatible and alternative binding media. A study was carried out on laboratory samples to select the most suitable binding media among the following: two synthetic resins, Laropal A81 and Regalrez 1094, and two natural products, Funori and arabic gum. Each binder was blended with two different pigments. For each binder four different dilutions were tested, in order to find out how these factors could have affected the analysed properties. These products have been investigated in relation to their optical properties, wettability, vapour and water permeability, resistance to salt crystallisation and bioreceptivity. Some tests were repeated after an artificial ageing process, based on cyclical alternation of humid-cold and dry-hot exposure conditions. In addition to the laboratory tests, some in situ applications were performed. Amongst four binders, Regalrez 1094 showed the best results. Nevertheless, its bioreceptivity and applicability issues make necessary to continue and develop further research.
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Ferdaus, Rashida, Khairil Azman Masri, Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya, and Shoaib Md Shahnewaz. "Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Hot Mix Asphalt Incorporating Polypropylene and Polyethylene Fibers." In World Sustainable Construction Conference Series 2022. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-sl037b.

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Polymer-modified binders in hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures have become more widely used in recent years. To prevent fatigue, rutting and various distresses, different types of polymer modifiers have been utilized. This study investigates modifying asphalt mixture in dense asphalt mixture with polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) fibers. The performance test includes softening point, penetration test as physical properties, and dynamic creep test for mechanical behavior of modified PP, PE, and unmodified asphalt. The dosage of PP and PE adopted for this study was 0.5% - 2.5% by weight of the asphalt binder. The results of the study are that the effect of polypropylene and polyethylene fibers on asphalt mixture behavior is sensibly good from considering rheological and mechanical properties. Furthermore, PE offers a better blend in comparison to PP was found in softening point and penetration tests. Consequently, a modifying content of 2% of PP and PE by weight of asphalt is suggested for the enhancement of asphalt mixtures, as determined by the dynamic modulus test at 40 C. A further consideration is highlighted that combining a polymer with hot mix asphalt maximized the service life of the pavement.
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"Sulfate Resistance of Ternary Blend Concretes: Influence of Binder Composition on Performance." In SP-317: Sulfate Attack on Concrete: A Holistic Perspective. American Concrete Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51700841.

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Reports on the topic "Binder blends"

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MacPhee, T. Coprocessing residues as binder additives to coking coal blends. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304584.

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MacPhee, T. Coprocessing consortium - year 3 progress report: project f 5 coprocessing residues as binder additives to coking coal blends. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304549.

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Lomboy, Gilson, Douglas Cleary, Seth Wagner, Yusef Mehta, Danielle Kennedy, Benjamin Watts, Peter Bly, and Jared Oren. Long-term performance of sustainable pavements using ternary blended concrete with recycled aggregates. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40780.

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Dwindling supplies of natural concrete aggregates, the cost of landfilling construction waste, and interest in sustainable design have increased the demand for recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) in new portland cement concrete mixtures. RCA repurposes waste material to provide useful ingredients for new construction applications. However, RCA can reduce the performance of the concrete. This study investigated the effectiveness of ternary blended binders, mixtures containing portland cement and two different supplementary cementitious materials, at mitigating performance losses of concrete mixtures with RCA materials. Concrete mixtures with different ternary binder combinations were batched with four recycled concrete aggregate materials. For the materials used, the study found that a blend of portland cement, Class C fly ash, and blast furnace slag produced the highest strength of ternary binder. At 50% replacement of virgin aggregates and ternary blended binder, some specimens showed comparable mechanical performance to a control mix of only portland cement as a binder and no RCA substitution. This study demonstrates that even at 50% RCA replacement, using the appropriate ternary binder can create a concrete mixture that performs similarly to a plain portland cement concrete without RCA, with the added benefit of being environmentally beneficial.
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Singhvi, Punit, Javier García Mainieri, Hasan Ozer, and Brajendra Sharma. Rheology-Chemical Based Procedure to Evaluate Additives/Modifiers Used in Asphalt Binders for Performance Enhancements: Phase 2. Illinois Center for Transportation, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-020.

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The increased use of softer binders in Illinois over the past decade is primarily attributed to the increased use of recycled materials in asphalt pavement construction. The shift in demand of using PG 58-28 over PG 64-22 has resulted in potential alternative methods to produce softer binders more economically using proprietary products. However, there are challenges in using these proprietary products for asphalt modification because of uncertainty in their long-term performance and significant variability in binder chemistry. The current SuperPave performance grading specification for asphalt binders is insufficient in differentiating binders produced from these modifiers. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of various softener-type asphalt binder modifiers using a wide array of rheological and chemistry tests for their integration into the Illinois Department of Transportation’s material specifications. The small-strain rheological tests and their parameters allowed for consistent grouping of modified binders and can be used as surrogates to identify performing and nonperforming asphalt binders. A new parameter, Δ|G*|peak τ, was developed from the linear amplitude sweep test and showed potential to discriminate binders based on their large-strain behavior. Chemistry-based parameters were shown to track aging and formulation changes. The modifier sources were identified using fingerprint testing and were manifested in the modified binder chemical and compositional characteristics. The two sources of base binders blended with the modifiers governed the aging rate of the modified binders. Mixture performance testing using the Illinois Flexibility Index Test and the Hamburg Wheel-Track Test were consistent with the rheological and chemical findings, except for the glycol amine-based modified binder, which showed the worst cracking performance with the lowest flexibility index among the studied modifiers. This was contrary to its superior rheological performance, which may be attributed to lower thermal stability, resulting in high mass loss during mixing. According to the characterization of field-aged binders, laboratory aging of two pressurized aging vessel cycles or more may represent realistic field aging of 10 to 15 years at the pavement surface and is able to distinguish modified binders. Therefore, an extended aging method of two pressurized aging vessel cycles was recommended for modified binders. Two different testing suites were recommended for product approval protocol with preliminary thresholds for acceptable performance validated with field-aged data.
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Ohlsson, O. Results of combustion and emissions testing when co-firing blends of binder-enhanced densified refuse-derived fuel (b-dRDF) pellets and coal in a 440 MW{sub e} cyclone fired combustor. Volume 3: Appendices. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10180124.

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Ohlsson, O. Results of combustion and emissions testing when co-firing blends of binder-enhanced densified refuse-derived fuel (b-dRDF) pellets and coal in a 440 MW{sub e} cyclone fired combustor. Volume 1: Test methodology and results. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10180121.

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Ohlsson, O. Results of combustion and emissions testing when co-firing blends of binder-enhanced densified refuse-derived fuel (b-dRDF) pellets and coal in a 440 MW{sub e} cyclone fired combustor. Volume 2: Field data and laboratory analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10180119.

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