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Academic literature on the topic 'Bill of Embodied Energy'

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Journal articles on the topic "Bill of Embodied Energy"

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Roh, Seungjun, Sungho Tae, Rakhyun Kim, and Suroh Park. "Probabilistic Analysis of Major Construction Materials in the Life Cycle Embodied Environmental Cost of Korean Apartment Buildings." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (February 6, 2019): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030846.

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This study employs probabilistic analysis to evaluate the life cycle embodied environmental cost of Korean apartment buildings, with a focus on six major construction materials. To this end, the bill of materials was analyzed for 443 Korean apartment buildings according to the type and plan form, and probability density functions (PDFs) were established for the input quantities of the six materials under consideration. Life cycle scenarios were then examined for each material, and their respective life cycle embodied environmental cost factors were established, using a monetary valuation-based damage cost life cycle analysis model. The estimated environmental costs were evaluated by apartment structural type and plan form, based on probability distributions using the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). Building life cycle embodied environmental cost was estimated between 16.87 USD/m2 and 23.03 USD/m2 (90% confidence interval). Among the structure types analyzed, the highest costs were associated with the wall structure, followed by rigid frame and flat plate structures; at the plan form level, costs followed the sequence plate-type > mixed-type > tower type for a given type of structure.
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Lee, Dongyoun, Goune Kang, Chulu Nam, Hunhee Cho, and Kyung-In Kang. "Stochastic Analysis of Embodied Carbon Dioxide Emissions Considering Variability of Construction Sites." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (August 4, 2019): 4215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154215.

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The current method of estimating CO2 emissions during the construction phase does not consider the variability that can occur in actual work. Therefore, this study aims at probabilistic CO2 estimation dealing with the statistical characteristics in activity data of building construction work, focused on concrete pouring work and based on field data. The probabilistically estimated CO2 emissions have some differences from CO2 emissions measured by current deterministic methods. The results revealed that the minimum difference was 11.4%, and the maximum difference was 132.7%. This study also used Monte Carlo simulations to derive information on a probability model of CO2 emissions. Results of the analysis revealed that there is a risk of underestimating emissions because the amount of emissions was estimated at a level that exceeds the 95% confidence interval of the simulation results. In addition, the probability that CO2 emissions using the measured activities data were less than the estimated CO2 emissions using the bill of quantity was 73.2% in the probability distribution model.
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Spencer, Paul. "US Energy bill." Refocus 6, no. 5 (September 2005): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1471-0846(05)70437-6.

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HESS, GLENN. "ENERGY BILL SET." Chemical & Engineering News Archive 83, no. 31 (August 2005): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v083n031.p012.

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Maize, KennedyP. "Energy bill update." Electricity Journal 5, no. 5 (June 1992): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1040-6190(92)90059-g.

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JOHNSON, JEFF. "ENERGY BILL PASSES HOUSE." Chemical & Engineering News 81, no. 16 (April 21, 2003): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v081n016.p010.

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LOIS. "HOUSE PASSES ENERGY BILL." Chemical & Engineering News 83, no. 18 (May 2, 2005): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v083n018.p008.

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JOHNSON, JEFF. "SENATE PASSES ENERGY BILL." Chemical & Engineering News 83, no. 27 (July 4, 2005): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v083n027.p006a.

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Bush, S. "Senate approves energy bill." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 73, no. 9 (1992): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91eo00074.

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Griffin, J. "Towards an Energy Bill." Power Engineer 17, no. 5 (2003): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pe:20030503.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bill of Embodied Energy"

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Ting, Siu Keih, and ting0009@hotmail com. "Optimisation of Embodied Energy in Domestic Construction." RMIT University. Applied Sciences, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080107.142556.

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Over the years many developed economies around the world have used the domestic building sector capital growth as an indicator and as a stimulant to economic growth. However, attention to environmental duty of this industry has come to light only recently. There is an apparent increase in government attention and community awareness regarding the sustainability aspect of this growing industry and a greater emphasis is now being given to its environmental duty. The present pattern of metropolitan development in major Australian cities is one of spreading low-density suburbs. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics the current trend indicates that there is a 30% increase in average dwelling size and material consumption and also a decline in the number of people per dwelling. This means the energy consumption per capital, both embodied and operational energy is on the rise in the domestic sector. In relative terms the emphasis on the conservation of embodi ed energy component is far less than the operational energy component. This research dissertation discusses the importance and needs in addressing this existing gap. Housing is an essential amenity. However the impact, due to current trend of increasing embodied energy consumption per capital should be minimised. This may even require major cultural shift to traditional construction processes, practices and home owner perceptions. This thesis presents the outcomes of a study investigating ways to produce a
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Treloar, Graham John, and edu au jillj@deakin edu au mikewood@deakin edu au wildol@deakin edu au kimg@deakin. "A Comprehensive Embodied Energy Analysis Framework." Deakin University. School of Architecture and Building, 1998. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20041209.161722.

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The assessment of the direct and indirect requirements for energy is known as embodied energy analysis. For buildings, the direct energy includes that used primarily on site, while the indirect energy includes primarily the energy required for the manufacture of building materials. This thesis is concerned with the completeness and reliability of embodied energy analysis methods. Previous methods tend to address either one of these issues, but not both at the same time. Industry-based methods are incomplete. National statistical methods, while comprehensive, are a ‘black box’ and are subject to errors. A new hybrid embodied energy analysis method is derived to optimise the benefits of previous methods while minimising their flaws. In industry-based studies, known as ‘process analyses’, the energy embodied in a product is traced laboriously upstream by examining the inputs to each preceding process towards raw materials. Process analyses can be significantly incomplete, due to increasing complexity. The other major embodied energy analysis method, ‘input-output analysis’, comprises the use of national statistics. While the input-output framework is comprehensive, many inherent assumptions make the results unreliable. Hybrid analysis methods involve the combination of the two major embodied energy analysis methods discussed above, either based on process analysis or input-output analysis. The intention in both hybrid analysis methods is to reduce errors associated with the two major methods on which they are based. However, the problems inherent to each of the original methods tend to remain, to some degree, in the associated hybrid versions. Process-based hybrid analyses tend to be incomplete, due to the exclusions associated with the process analysis framework. However, input-output-based hybrid analyses tend to be unreliable because the substitution of process analysis data into the input-output framework causes unwanted indirect effects. A key deficiency in previous input-output-based hybrid analysis methods is that the input-output model is a ‘black box’, since important flows of goods and services with respect to the embodied energy of a sector cannot be readily identified. A new input-output-based hybrid analysis method was therefore developed, requiring the decomposition of the input-output model into mutually exclusive components (ie, ‘direct energy paths’). A direct energy path represents a discrete energy requirement, possibly occurring one or more transactions upstream from the process under consideration. For example, the energy required directly to manufacture the steel used in the construction of a building would represent a direct energy path of one non-energy transaction in length. A direct energy path comprises a ‘product quantity’ (for example, the total tonnes of cement used) and a ‘direct energy intensity’ (for example, the energy required directly for cement manufacture, per tonne). The input-output model was decomposed into direct energy paths for the ‘residential building construction’ sector. It was shown that 592 direct energy paths were required to describe 90% of the overall total energy intensity for ‘residential building construction’. By extracting direct energy paths using yet smaller threshold values, they were shown to be mutually exclusive. Consequently, the modification of direct energy paths using process analysis data does not cause unwanted indirect effects. A non-standard individual residential building was then selected to demonstrate the benefits of the new input-output-based hybrid analysis method in cases where the products of a sector may not be similar. Particular direct energy paths were modified with case specific process analysis data. Product quantities and direct energy intensities were derived and used to modify some of the direct energy paths. The intention of this demonstration was to determine whether 90% of the total embodied energy calculated for the building could comprise the process analysis data normally collected for the building. However, it was found that only 51% of the total comprised normally collected process analysis. The integration of process analysis data with 90% of the direct energy paths by value was unsuccessful because: • typically only one of the direct energy path components was modified using process analysis data (ie, either the product quantity or the direct energy intensity); • of the complexity of the paths derived for ‘residential building construction’; and • of the lack of reliable and consistent process analysis data from industry, for both product quantities and direct energy intensities. While the input-output model used was the best available for Australia, many errors were likely to be carried through to the direct energy paths for ‘residential building construction’. Consequently, both the value and relative importance of the direct energy paths for ‘residential building construction’ were generally found to be a poor model for the demonstration building. This was expected. Nevertheless, in the absence of better data from industry, the input-output data is likely to remain the most appropriate for completing the framework of embodied energy analyses of many types of products—even in non-standard cases. ‘Residential building construction’ was one of the 22 most complex Australian economic sectors (ie, comprising those requiring between 592 and 3215 direct energy paths to describe 90% of their total energy intensities). Consequently, for the other 87 non-energy sectors of the Australian economy, the input-output-based hybrid analysis method is likely to produce more reliable results than those calculated for the demonstration building using the direct energy paths for ‘residential building construction’. For more complex sectors than ‘residential building construction’, the new input-output-based hybrid analysis method derived here allows available process analysis data to be integrated with the input-output data in a comprehensive framework. The proportion of the result comprising the more reliable process analysis data can be calculated and used as a measure of the reliability of the result for that product or part of the product being analysed (for example, a building material or component). To ensure that future applications of the new input-output-based hybrid analysis method produce reliable results, new sources of process analysis data are required, including for such processes as services (for example, ‘banking’) and processes involving the transformation of basic materials into complex products (for example, steel and copper into an electric motor). However, even considering the limitations of the demonstration described above, the new input-output-based hybrid analysis method developed achieved the aim of the thesis: to develop a new embodied energy analysis method that allows reliable process analysis data to be integrated into the comprehensive, yet unreliable, input-output framework. Plain language summary Embodied energy analysis comprises the assessment of the direct and indirect energy requirements associated with a process. For example, the construction of a building requires the manufacture of steel structural members, and thus indirectly requires the energy used directly and indirectly in their manufacture. Embodied energy is an important measure of ecological sustainability because energy is used in virtually every human activity and many of these activities are interrelated. This thesis is concerned with the relationship between the completeness of embodied energy analysis methods and their reliability. However, previous industry-based methods, while reliable, are incomplete. Previous national statistical methods, while comprehensive, are a ‘black box’ subject to errors. A new method is derived, involving the decomposition of the comprehensive national statistical model into components that can be modified discretely using the more reliable industry data, and is demonstrated for an individual building. The demonstration failed to integrate enough industry data into the national statistical model, due to the unexpected complexity of the national statistical data and the lack of available industry data regarding energy and non-energy product requirements. These unique findings highlight the flaws in previous methods. Reliable process analysis and input-output data are required, particularly for those processes that were unable to be examined in the demonstration of the new embodied energy analysis method. This includes the energy requirements of services sectors, such as banking, and processes involving the transformation of basic materials into complex products, such as refrigerators. The application of the new method to less complex products, such as individual building materials or components, is likely to be more successful than to the residential building demonstration.
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Pullen, Stephen. "Embodied energy of building materials in houses /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SBLM/09sblmp982.pdf.

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Seow, Yingying. "A framework for modelling embodied product energy to support energy efficient manufacturing." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8766.

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This thesis reports on the research undertaken to minimise energy consumption within the production phase of a product lifecycle through modelling, monitoring and improved control of energy use within manufacturing facilities. The principle objective of this research is to develop a framework which integrates energy data at plant and process levels within a manufacturing system so as to establish how much energy is required to manufacture a unit product. The research contributions are divided into four major parts. The first reviews relevant literature in energy trends, related governmental policies, and energy tools and software. The second introduces an Embodied Product Energy framework which categorises energy consumption within a production facility into direct and indirect energy required to manufacture a product. The third describes the design and implementation of a simulation model based on this framework to support manufacturing and design decisions for improved energy efficiency through the use of what-if scenario planning. The final part outlines the utilisation of this energy simulation model to support a Design for Energy Minimisation methodology which incorporates energy considerations within the design process. The applicability of the research concepts have been demonstrated via two case studies. The detailed analysis of energy consumption from a product viewpoint provides greater insight into inefficiencies of processes and associated supporting activities, thereby highlighting opportunities for optimisation of energy consumption via operational or design improvements. Although the research domain for this thesis is limited to the production phase, the flexibility offered by the energy modelling framework and associated simulation tool allow for their employment other product lifecycle phases. In summary, the research has concluded that investment in green sources of power generation alone is insufficient to deal with the rapid rise in energy demand, and has highlighted the paramount importance of energy rationalisation and optimisation within the manufacturing industry.
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Montebelli, Alberto. "Modeling the Role of Energy Management in Embodied Cognition." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-77231.

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The quest for adaptive and autonomous robots, flexible enough to smoothly comply with unstructured environments and operate in close interaction with humans, seems to require a deep rethinking of classical engineering methods. The adaptivity of natural organisms, whose cognitive capacities are rooted in their biological organization, is an obvious source of inspiration. While approaches that highlight the role of embodiment in both cognitive science and cognitive robotics are gathering momentum, the crucial role of internal bodily processes as foundational components of the biological mind is still largely neglected. This thesis advocates a perspective on embodiment that emphasizes the role of non-neural bodily dynamics in the constitution of cognitive processes in both natural and artificial systems. In the first part, it critically examines the theoretical positions that have influenced current theories and the author's own position. The second part presents the author's experimental work, based on the computer simulation of simple robotic agents engaged in energy-related tasks. Proto-metabolic dynamics, modeled on the basis of actual microbial fuel cells for energy generation, constitute the foundations of a powerful motivational engine. Following a history of adaptation, proto-metabolic states bias the robot towards specific subsets of behaviors, viably attuned to the current context, and facilitate a swift re-adaptation to novel tasks. Proto-metabolic dynamics put the situated nature of the agent-environment sensorimotor interaction within a perspective that is functional to the maintenance of the robot's overall `survival'. Adaptive processes tend to convert metabolic constraints into opportunities, branching into a rich and energetically viable behavioral diversity.
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Fernando, Anton Tharanga Deshan. "Embodied Energy Analysis of New Zealand Power Generation Systems." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5213.

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Embodied energy is the energy consumed in all activities necessary to support a process in its entire lifecycle. For power generation systems, this includes the energy cost of raw material extraction and transportation, plant construction, energy generation and the recycling and disposal stages following actual use. Embodied energy analysis is a crude method of estimating the environmental impacts and depletion of natural resources consequent to a certain process. In effect, the higher the embodied energy of a process, the greater the green house gas emissions and the depletion of the natural resources. This thesis presents the embodied energy analysis carried out on some New Zealand power plants belonging to various methods of generation, namely, natural gas combined cycle (NGCC), natural gas open cycle (NGOC), wind, reservoir hydro and run of river hydro power plants. The analysis was carried out using a combination of process chain analysis and input output analysis, which are the two fundamental methodologies for embodied energy analysis. It follows the standards set out by the International Organisation for Standardisation 14040 series, and uses some guidelines given in the International Federation of Institutes for Advanced Study workshop on energy analysis methodology and conventions. From the analysis, it was found that for renewable generation power plants, the exploration and plant construction phase of the lifecycle contributes the largest amount of embodied energy, while for the non renewable power plants, the largest amount of embodied energy is contributed by the plant operation and maintenance phase of the lifecycle. The lifecycle energy payback ratio, which corresponds to the ratio of electrical energy output over the total lifecycle energy input, of the power plants are 96.9, 62.8, 7.96, 0.487 and 0.354 for run of river hydro, reservoir hydro, wind, NGCC and NGOC, respectively. Therefore, the lifecycle performance of renewable electricity generation is superior to non renewable electricity generation. Hence, the environmental impacts and depletion of natural resources from non renewable electricity generation is higher than renewable electricity generation. From the generation methodologies, hydro power plants have exceptional performance characteristics.
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Mo, Weiwei. "Water's Dependence on Energy: Analysis of Embodied Energy in Water and Wastewater Systems." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4374.

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Water and wastewater treatment is a critical service provided for protecting human health and the environment. Over the past decade, increasing attention has been placed on energy consumption in water and wastewater systems for the following reasons: (1) Water and energy are two interrelated resources. The nexus between water and energy can intensify the crises of fresh water and fossil fuel shortages; (2) The demand of water/wastewater treatment services is expected to continue to increase with increasing population, economic development and land use change in the foreseeable future; and (3) There is a great potential to mitigate energy use in water and wastewater systems by recovering resources in wastewater treatment systems. As a result, the goal of this dissertation study is to assess the life cycle energy use of both water supply systems and wastewater treatment systems, explore the potential of integrated resource recovery to reduce energy consumption in wastewater systems, and understand the major factors impacting the life cycle energy use of water systems. To achieve the goal, an input-output-based hybrid embodied energy model was developed for calculating life cycle energy in water and wastewater systems in the US. This approach is more comprehensive and less labor intensive than the traditional life cycle assessment. Additionally, this model is flexible in terms of data availability. It can give a rough estimation of embodied energy in water systems with limited data input. Given more site specific data, the model can modify the embodied energy of different energy paths involved in water related sectors. Using the input-output-based hybrid embodied energy model, the life cycle energy of a groundwater supply system (Kalamazoo, Michigan) and a surface water supply system (Tampa, Florida) was compared. The two systems evaluated have comparable total energy embodiments based on unit water production. However, the onsite energy use of the groundwater supply system is approximately 27% greater than the surface water supply system. This was primarily due to more extensive pumping requirements. On the other hand, the groundwater system uses approximately 31% less indirect energy than the surface water system, mainly because of fewer chemicals used for treatment. The results from this and other studies were also compiled to provide a relative comparison of embodied energy for major water supply options. The comparison shows that desalination is the most energy intensive option among all the water sources. The embodied energy and benefits of reclaimed water depend on local situations and additional treatment needed to ensure treated wastewater suitable for the desired application. A review was conducted on the current resource recovery technologies in wastewater treatment systems. It reveals that there are very limited life cycle studies on the resource recovery technologies applied in the municipal wastewater treatment systems and their integrations. Hence, a life cycle study was carried out to investigate the carbon neutrality in a state-of-art wastewater treatment plant in Tampa, FL. Three resource recovery methods were specifically investigated: onsite energy generation through combined heat and power systems, nutrient recycling through biosolids land application, and water reuse for residential irrigation. The embodied energy and the associated carbon footprint were estimated using the input-output-based hybrid embodied energy model and carbon emission factors. It was shown that the integrated resource (energy, nutrient and water) recovery has the potential to offset all the direct operational energy; however, it is not able to offset the total embodied energy of the treatment plant to achieve carbon neutrality. Among the three resource recovery methods, water reuse has the highest potential of offsetting carbon footprint, while nutrient recycling has the lowest. A final application of the model was to study on the correlation between embodied energy in regional water supply systems and demographic and environmental characteristics. It shows that energy embodied in water supply systems in a region is related to and can be estimated by population, land use patterns, especially percentage of urban land and water source, and water sources. This model provides an alternative way to quickly estimate embodied energy of water supply in a region. The estimated embodied energy of water supply can further be used as a supporting tool for decision making and planning.
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Davies, Philip J. "Assessing initial embodied energy in UK non-domestic construction projects." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/20341.

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There is an increasing need to reduce energy consumption to tackle the adverse effects of climate change. The UK government has established numerous directives and policies to encourage carbon dioxide (CO2) emission and energy reduction within the non-domestic sector. However these measures are primarily focused towards reducing operational energy (i.e. energy used during building occupier activity), largely overlooking initial embodied energy. The trend towards reduced operational energy consumption due to energy efficient design is leading initial embodied energy to become a more significant part of project life cycle energy. Initial embodied energy relates to the energy use during the material, transportation and construction phases up to project practical completion, which is of keen interest to contractors due to their significant role in project procurement and delivery. Opportunities to address project life cycle energy are typically identified through a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). However at present there is little validated data, no coherent method for data capture and limited incentive for project stakeholders to address initial embodied energy consumption. In response, this research project presents a contractor s practical approach towards assessing initial embodied energy consumption within UK non-domestic construction projects. An action research methodological approach enabled the assessment and potential reduction of initial embodied energy to be explored within a large principal contractor through five research cycles which included diagnosing and action planning, action taking, evaluating and specified learning. A comprehensive framework is designed to highlight the significance of initial embodied energy consumption relative to specific construction packages, activities and sub-contractors. This framework is then explored within three UK non-domestic construction projects (i.e. two industrial warehouses and one commercial office). Capturing information from live projects enables practical challenges and opportunities inherent when addressing initial embodied energy consumption to be identified. A series of contractor current practices are reviewed, and subsequently improved, to enhance their compliance with the framework requirements. The findings emphasise the importance of material phase impacts, especially construction packages which primarily contain steel and concrete-based materials (i.e. ground and upper floor, external slab and frame). The importance of project type, site area, building lifespan and waste consumption are also recognised to reduce initial embodied energy consumption. The framework provides a practical approach for initial embodied energy assessment which can readily be adopted to help highlight further opportunities to reduce energy consumption. The research project concludes by presenting a number of recommendations for consideration by the construction industry and associated stakeholders, along with requirements for future research.
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Jones, Craig I. "Life cycle energy consumption and environmental burdens associated with energy technologies and buildings." Thesis, University of Bath, 2011. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532723.

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This portfolio of published research contains nine papers and assesses the life cycle environmental burdens of energy technologies and buildings. Several analytical tools were used but these all fall under the umbrella of environmental life cycle assessment (LCA), and include energy analysis, carbon appraisal and the consideration of other environmental issues. The life cycle of all products starts with an assessment of embodied impacts. The current author has completed significant research on the embodied carbon of materials. This includes the creation of a leading embodied carbon database (the ICE database) for materials which has been downloaded by over 10,000 professionals and has made a significant contribution to knowledge. This portfolio of work includes analysis on methods for recycling in embodied impact assessment and LCA. This is an influential topic and therefore appears in two of the publications. The ICE database was applied by the current author to over 40 domestic building case studies and an embodied carbon model for buildings was created from these. The latter was used to provide benchmark values for six types of new houses in the UK.The portfolio of work then progresses to full LCA of energy systems. LCA is used to assess the embodied impacts versus operational impacts of 11 kV electrical cables. In this case embodied impacts were not significant and preference should be given to reducing electrical losses in the cables. The tool of LCA was then applied to a national electricity network. It revealed that Lebanon had a particularly poor centralised electricity network that was both unreliable and unsustainable with high impacts in all environmental categories. The final paper in this portfolio is on Building Integrated PV (BIPV) and brings together all aspects of the current author’s work and knowledge. It considers embodied burdens, electricity generation and BIPV can replace roofing materials.
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Shadram, Farshid. "Supporting the Embodied Energy Assessment in a BIM-driven Design Process." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Industriellt och hållbart byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-60289.

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Recent studies indicate that the embodied energy originating from the buildingmaterial supply chain (i.e. off-site production of materials and components andassociated transportation to the construction site) contributes significantly tothe total life-cycle energy use. Therefore, considering its impact during thebuilding design and pre-construction stage provides an opportunity to affect thebuilding energy use and sustainability performance. However, there are twomajor shortcomings with the life cycle assessment (LCA) tools used forassessment and reduction of the embodied energy use during the buildingdesign and pre-construction stage. (1) Many of the LCA tools use databasesbased on industry-average values which hinders the possibility to account forthe differences in the embodied impact of specific materials sourced fromindividual suppliers. (2) Lack of interoperability between the LCA tools andthe Building Information Modeling (BIM) software which has become an assetfor supporting decisions during building design and pre-construction. Thisinteroperability issue increases the amount of time and effort required forassessment of the embodied energy and also increases the risks for mistakes,misunderstandings and errors due to the manual re-entry of BIM data into the LCA tools. Therefore, the overall purpose of the research is to investigate the possibility tomitigate the aforementioned shortcomings by integrating the analyses of theembodied energy into a BIM-driven design process. Two research questionshave been defined: (1) What is a suitable data source for assessment of theembodied energy? (2) How can the embodied energy assessment be integratedinto a BIM-driven design process? To address the first research question in identifying a suitable data source forassessing the embodied energy, literature studies were conducted to provideinsights into the existing Life-Cycle Inventory (LCI) data used for assessmentof the embodied energy. To address the second research question, several caseswere studied using a prototyping approach which enabled the identification ofrequired processes and functions for supporting assessment of the embodiedenergy in a BIM-driven design process. The result of the literature studies and answer to the first research questionindicate that Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) of materials andcomponents can be recognized as a suitable data source for assessment of theembodied energy. EPDs provide a detailed LCA data for a specific productwhich is implemented according to Product Category Rules (PCR) and verifiedby an independent third party. PCRs provide pre-established guidelines andrequirements for the LCA of a certain product category and by this meanensure the principle for comparability of the LCA data. The main outcome ofthe second research question is a framework which highlights the requiredprocesses for facilitating and supporting assessment of the embodied energy ina BIM-driven design process. The framework uses the suppliers’ EPDs tosupport the design decisions and enable assessment of the embodied impactcaused by the building material supply chain. The framework also ensuresBIM-LCA interoperability by integrating the Extract, Transform Load (ETL)technology with BIM, enabling an automated or semi-automated assessmentprocess, to reduce the amount of time, efforts and risks for mistakes that wasreported to be the major obstacles within the embodied energy assessment.
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Books on the topic "Bill of Embodied Energy"

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords. Energy Bill[HL]. London: Stationery Office, 2004.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords. Energy Bill [HL]. London: Stationery Office, 2003.

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Great, Britain Parliament. Sustainable Energy Bill. London: Stationery Office, 2003.

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Parliament, Great Britain. Sustainable Energy Bill. London: Stationery Office, 2003.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords. Energy Bill [HL]. London: Stationery Office, 2004.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords. Energy Bill [HL]. London: Stationery Office, 2004.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords. Sustainable Energy Bill. London: Stationery Office, 2003.

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Great, Britain Parliament. Energy efficiency bill. London: Stationery Office, 2000.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords. Energy Bill[HL]. London: Stationery Office, 2004.

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Parliament, Great Britain. Energy conservation (Housing) bill. London: Stationery Office, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bill of Embodied Energy"

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Volk, Tyler. "Embodied Energy." In Gaia’s Body, 155–87. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2190-6_6.

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McCardell, Sandra. "Utility Bill Analysis." In Energy Effectiveness, 133–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90255-5_12.

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Imhoff, Daniel, and Christina Badaracoo. "Energy and Climate Change." In The Farm Bill, 147–57. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-975-3_19.

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Singh, R., and Ian J. Lazarus. "Energy-Efficient Building Construction and Embodied Energy." In Sustainability through Energy-Efficient Buildings, 89–107. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315159065-5.

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Wasiak, Andrzej. "The Effects of Embodied Energy." In Modeling Energetic Efficiency of Biofuels Production, 65–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98431-5_6.

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Humar, Iztok, Xiaohu Ge, Lin Xiang, Minho Jo, Min Chen, and Jing Zhang. "Embodied Energy of Communication Devices." In Green Communications, 55–72. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118759257.ch4.

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Heun, Matthew Kuperus, Michael Carbajales-Dale, and Becky Roselius Haney. "Stocks and Flows of Embodied Energy." In Lecture Notes in Energy, 91–107. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12820-7_5.

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Rauf, S. Bobby. "Electrical Power Bill Calculation and Electrical Energy Cost Reduction." In Electrical Engineering Fundamentals, 313–30. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429355233-11.

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Abey, Sharon T., and Sreevalsa Kolathayar. "Embodied Energy and Carbon Emissions of Pavements: A Review." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 167–73. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7557-6_14.

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Vengala, Jagadish. "Comparison of Embodied Energy in Different Bamboo-Based Houses." In Advances in Sustainable Construction Materials, 197–208. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3361-7_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Bill of Embodied Energy"

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Makonin, Stephen, Laura Guzman Flores, Robyn Gill, Roger Alex Clapp, Lyn Bartram, and Bob Gill. "A Consumer Bill of Rights for Energy Conservation." In 2014 IEEE Canada International Humanitarian Technology Conference (IHTC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ihtc.2014.7147535.

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Duffy, A., and M. Conroy. "Embodied transport energy analysis of imported wood pellets." In ENERGY 2007. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/esus070301.

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Sousa, Gabriel, Jean Patric da Costa, Emerson Giovani Carati, Rafael Cardoso, and Carlos Marcelo de Oliveira Stein. "Constrained Optimum Photovoltaic Generation Dispatch for Energy Bill Minimization." In 2018 13th IEEE International Conference on Industry Applications (INDUSCON). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/induscon.2018.8627349.

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Chupong, Charnon, and Boonyang Plangklang. "Electricity bill forecasting application by home energy monitoring system." In 2017 International Electrical Engineering Congress (iEECON). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieecon.2017.8075759.

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Casey, Sean, Moncef Krarti, Marcus Bianchi, and David Roberts. "Identifying Inefficient Single-Family Homes With Utility Bill Analysis." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90431.

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Differentiating between energy-efficient and inefficient single-family homes on a community scale helps identify and prioritize candidates for energy-efficiency upgrades. Prescreening diagnostic procedures can further retrofit efforts by providing efficiency information before a site-visit is conducted. We applied the prescreening diagnostic is applied to a simulated community of homes in Boulder, Colorado and analyzed energy consumption data to identify energy-inefficient homes. A home is defined as efficient if it is compliant with the prescriptive measures of the 2009 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC-2009) for Boulder, Colorado. Previous research indicates a correlation between building operational efficiency and the Heating Slope (HS) regression parameter resulting from the variable-base degree day method. We compared the HS values across a community of houses and those of an IECC-2009-compliant home to identify energy-inefficient homes on a community-scale. To simulate community-wide HS identification, we used DOE-2 energy simulation software for defined home archetypes and corresponding occupant behavior to artificially generate 567 sets of monthly natural gas consumption data Home archetypes were either compliant or incompliant at three conditioned areas; occupant effects were also simulated. Each simulation produced twelve months of natural gas use data. We used monthly energy consumption datasets to estimate the HS values with regression analysis and sorted the homes based on HS values.
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Senavirathna, A. M. N. N., W. A. S. Wijesinghe, and C. Premachandra. "Smart Home Energy Management System to Reduce Monthly Electricity Bill." In 2019 IEEE 8th Global Conference on Consumer Electronics (GCCE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gcce46687.2019.9015221.

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Myers, Mark. "Building IT infrastructure to automate bid-to-bill workflow for CAISO MRTU market." In Energy Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pes.2008.4596044.

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Hernandez, Patxi, and Paul Kenny. "Zero Energy Houses and Embodied Energy: Regulatory and Design Considerations." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54290.

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Building energy performance regulations and standards around the world are evolving aiming to reduce the energy use in buildings. As we move towards zero energy buildings, the embodied energy of construction materials and energy systems becomes more important, as it represents a high percentage of the overall life cycle energy use of a building. However, this issue is still ignored by many regulations and certification methods, as happens with the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), which focuses on the energy used in operation. This paper analyses a typical house designed to comply with Irish building regulations, calculating its energy use for heating and how water with the Irish national calculation tool, which uses a methodology in line with the EPBD. A range of measures to reduce the energy performance in use of this typical house are proposed, calculating the reduced energy demand and moving towards a zero energy demand building. A life-cycle approach is added to the analysis, taking into account the differential embodied energy of the implemented measures in relation to the typical house base-case, annualizing the differential embodied energy and re-calculating the overall energy use. The paper discusses how a simplified approach for accounting embodied energy of materials could be useful in a goal to achieve the lowest life-cycle energy use in buildings, and concludes with a note on how accounting for embodied energy is a key element when moving towards zero energy buildings.
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Mathur, Rishi, and Kamlesh Kalbande. "Internet of Things (IoT) based Energy Tracking and Bill Estimation System." In 2020 Fourth International Conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud) (I-SMAC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i-smac49090.2020.9243480.

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Holtzhausen, H. J. "Embodied energy and its impact on architectural decisions." In SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2007. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sdp070361.

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Reports on the topic "Bill of Embodied Energy"

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Alstone, Peter, Evan Mills, and Arne Jacobson. Embodied Energy and Off-Grid Lighting. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1050681.

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Hausman, Catherine. Shock Value: Bill Smoothing and Energy Price Pass-Through. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24558.

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Brosius, Dale, and Ravi Deo. Impact of Technology Developments on Cost and Embodied Energy of Advanced Polymer Composite Components. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1437162.

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none,. Analyzing and Managing Bill Impacts of Energy Efficiency Programs. Principles and Recommendations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1219680.

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Belzer, D., G. Mosey, P. Plympton, and L. Dagher. Home Performance with ENERGY STAR: Utility Bill Analysis on Homes Participating in Austin Energy's Program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/910503.

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Carpenter, Robert T. Distances Traveled by our Four Oldest RTG-Powered Spacecraft, DOE Memo to Al Newhouse, Bob Lange, Ed Mastal, Art Mehner, Bev Cook & V. Cassella of DOE. Attached is a copy of letter from Hazel R. O'Leary, Secretary of Energy to Admiral Bruce Demars, Secretary of the Navy dated 5/4/1994, subject: 100 Million Mile Milestone on Nuclear Power. Attached is a copy of letter from President Bill Clinton to Hazel Rollins O'Leary, Secretary of Energy dated 4/25/1994. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1033424.

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