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Books on the topic 'Bilateral handel'
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1
Driels, Morris. Adaptive control of direct drive dexterous robotic hand with bilateral tactile sensing. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1990.
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2
The Japan-U.S. trade friction dilemma: The role of perception. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 1998.
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3
Silja, Schaffstein. Part I The Doctrine of Res Judicata in Litigation, 2 The Doctrine of Res Judicata in International Law. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198715610.003.0003.
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This chapter discusses how international law deals with the problems of multiple proceedings and conflicting judgments concerning the doctrine of res judicata. In international law, the problem is handled differently depending on whether it arises in the private or public international law context. In private international law, the problem has long been resolved by domestic private international law acts and various bilateral conventions. In Europe, the Brussels I Regulation seeks to avoid these problems among Member States by unifying rules on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments. On the other hand, in public international law, a uniform doctrine of res judicata has been developed on the basis of domestic res judicata rules.
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Foster, Helen, and Paul A. Brogan, eds. Rashes in paediatric rheumatology. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592630.003.0010.
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Systemic JIA 448Palmar psoriasis in a patient with psoriatic JIA 448Nail pits and psoriasis in a patient with psoriatic JIA 449Psoriatic JIA (elbows) 449Psoriatic JIA (hands) 450HSP with bilateral ankle swelling 450Juvenile dermatomyositis with periorbital oedema 451Severe juvenile dermatomyositis with anterior chest wall vasculitis—‘shawl sign’ ...
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R, Krugman Paul, ed. Trade with Japan: Has the door opened wider? Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.
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6
Krotz, Ulrich, and Katharina Wolf. Franco-German Defence and Security Cooperation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0026.
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Bilateral Franco-German cooperation in security and defence is characterized by a paradox. On the one hand, France and Germany are closely connected institutionally, and consult across all key areas of foreign policy, security, and defence in highly regularized ways. On the other hand, the countries’ general orientations in security and defence, as well as their strategic postures and numerous policy preferences in these domains, often are disparate and, not infrequently, deeply divergent. This chapter outlines both the institutional underpinnings of the robust Franco-German bilateral connection and the enduring differences between France and Germany. It then explores how this ‘double logic’ of institutional cohesion versus preference divergence plays out across key areas in security and defence, including armament cooperation; nuclear forces; the Franco-German brigade and the Eurocorps; and military deployment. The chapter concludes by discussing where the Franco-German relationship may be heading, and the implications of these developments for European politics.
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Cronin, Bruce. Treaty Law: New Trends. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.355.
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Treaties are agreements between sovereign states, and occasionally between states and international organizations. Treaties can include conventions, covenants, charters, and statutes, all of which are legally binding under international law. There are two main types of treaties: bilateral and multilateral. Bilateral agreements are concluded by a limited number of states (usually two), and typically address a narrow set of issues that are unique to specific parties and particular circumstances. Multilateral treaties, on the other hand, establish generalized principles of conduct that apply to a wide range of states without regard to the future particularistic interests of the parties or the strategic exigencies that may exist in a particular occurrence. Treaties can serve a wide variety of functions: ending wars and establishing conditions for peace; creating new international organizations or alliances; generating new rules of coexistence and cooperation; regulating a particular type of behavior; distributing resources; and initiating new rights and obligations for future relations. No single organization or agency has the authority to enforce treaty commitment. Rather, treaties can be enforced in at least two ways. First, states can use diplomatic, economic, and/or military coercion. Second, some treaties establish their own enforcement mechanisms; for example Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter grants enforcement authority to the Security Council.
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Voon, Tania, and Andrew Mitchell. Community Interests and the Right to Health in Trade and Investment Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825210.003.0014.
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The authors examine the interaction between international trade and investment law on the one hand and the right to health as a human right on the other. They argue that international economic law has the potential to make a profound impact on the realization of the right to health. Yet the relationship between international economic law, on the one hand, and international human rights law and the right to health, on the other, is rarely acknowledged explicitly in the primary sources of trade and investment law. The chapter considers the U.N. treatment of this relationship as well as the right to health and human rights in WTO agreements, preferential trade agreements, bilateral investment treaties, and international disputes. Using tobacco control as a case study, the chapter concludes that international economic law has the capacity to balance health interests, such that the objectives of health, trade, and investment can be aligned.
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Brummer, Klaus, and Friedrich Kießling, eds. Zivilmacht Bundesrepublik? Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748904878.
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Employing perspectives from the fields of political science and history, this interdisciplinary volume examines the explanatory power of the concept of ‘civilian power’ for the foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Germany. Based on European and global topics, the volume examines whether the foreign behaviour of the Federal Republic before and after 1989 can be understood through this concept. Moreover, it examines similar historical concepts like the ‘culture of restraint’, alternatives to civilian power or deviations from the respective concepts in the Federal Republic’s practice of foreign policy. The respective case studies it conducts not only employ relational perspectives through which the Federal Republic’s bilateral relations can be investigated through a theoretical lens, but also examine domestic processes of interpretation and contestation about Germany as a ‘civilian power’. With contributions by Klaus Brummer, Friedrich Kießling, Kristina Spohr, Hanns W. Maull, Gunther Hellmann, Andreas Plöger, Dominik Geppert, Sebastian Harnisch, Ulrich Lappenküper, Mladen Mladenov, Bernhard Stahl, Andreas N. Ludwig, Caroline Rothauge, Christian Rabini, Katharina Dimmroth, Mischa Hansel, Kai Oppermann, Patrick A. Mello.
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Seline, Trevisanut. Part II Commercial Aspects of the Marine Environment, 12 The Contribution of UNHCR to Ocean Governance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198823964.003.0012.
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This chapter discusses the role of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in ocean governance. Created in 1950 to replace the International Refugee Organization, the UNHCR provides protection to refugees and displaced persons. In addition to promoting the development and ratification of multilateral and bilateral agreements for the protection of refugees, the UNHCR assists governments and private organizations dealing with the repatriation or settlement of refugees in host countries. The chapter first provides a brief overview of the UNHCR’s beginnings and the progressive expansion of its mandate before analysing the role of the UNHCR Executive Committee (ExCom). It then considers how the UNHCR handles crises involving irregular migration by sea, including the Haitian crisis and the Indochinese crisis, along with its influence on the development of the international legal framework of search and rescue services. Finally, it highlights the ways in which the UNHCR contributes to ocean governance.
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Christina, Binder. Part I The UNDRIP’s Relationship to Existing International Law, Ch.4 The UNDRIP and Interactions with International Investment Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673223.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the relationship of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) to international investment and economic law. Interactions between international investment law and indigenous rights are becoming more frequent. On the one hand, there is a quantitative increase in foreign investments. These investments are protected by an ever denser net of bilateral investment treaties (BITs). On the other hand, indigenous peoples' territories are often resource-rich areas with significant attraction for foreign investors. This entails a considerable risk that investment projects on indigenous territories encroach upon indigenous rights. Negative consequences include detrimental impacts on indigenous peoples' relationship to their lands, environmental degradation, and pollution. These risks are even more acute, given the importance of lands for indigenous culture. Thus, indigenous rights increasingly conflict with the rights of foreign investors and show an evident need for coordination between both systems — indigenous peoples' rights and international investment law.
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de Bie, Robertus M. A. The Stand-Alone Tremor. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0022.
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Essential tremor is defined as long-standing bilateral hand/arm tremor that is visible and may occur persistently during posture-holding, simple movements, and action. The tremor may be slightly asymmetrical. Other areas of the body that may be affected are head and neck (most frequently), the voice, and legs. Head tremor without limb tremor is accepted as essential tremor, although this definition remains controversial. Essential tremor is a progressive disease and manifests at any age. Tremor in Parkinson’s disease mostly starts unilaterally. A no–no or yes–yes tremor of the head indicates essential tremor, whereas a tremor of the jaw or tongue fits with Parkinson’s disease. The cogwheel phenomenon may also occur in patients with essential tremor. Toxins and medications as the cause for postural/kinetic tremor must be ruled out. Pharmacological options for essential tremor can be unsatisfactory.
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Antonio R, Parra. 11 “The Premier International Investment Arbitration Facility in the World”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198767466.003.0011.
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This chapter examines activities of the Centre from the start of 2011 to the end of June 2015. Almost 50 percent more cases were registered at ICSID in that period compared to the previous five years. The chapter provides some statistics on the cases of this period. As in the decade before, it shows, most the cases were brought to ICSID on the basis of the dispute settlement provisions of investment treaties, mostly bilateral investment treaties (BITs) (in over 60 percent of the cases). A large proportion of the cases (more than ten percent) came to ICSID under the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT). Cases submitted to the Centre pursuant to the dispute resolution clauses of investment contracts made up for a smaller share of the total. A handful (5 percent) of the cases were initiated under dispute settlement provisions of an investment law of the host State. The chapter then looks at institutional developments of ICSID during the period and considers new challenges that ICSID might meet in the future.
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Alexander, Proelss, and Hofmann Tobias. Part IV Transnational Organised Crime as Matter of Certain Branches of International Law, 20 Law of the Sea and Transnational Organised Crime. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198733737.003.0020.
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A decade ago, the High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change identified transnational organised crime (TOC) as one of the six clusters of threats that the international community has to face in the twenty-first century, thus recognizing and highlighting how important the suppression of TOC is for a more secure world. This chapter outlines the pertinent legal framework provided by the international law of the sea, sets out the circumstances under which states are entitled to exercise jurisdiction over foreign ships, and addresses many of the highly sensitive issues surrounding shipping interdiction. It argues that the international law of the sea establishes a legal framework for cooperation that, on one hand, sets comparatively narrow limits for unilateral enforcement measures, but at the same time leaves sufficient room for flexibility in respect of bilateral and multilateral approaches addressing the interdiction of suspected vessels.
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Danae, Azaria. Treaties on Transit of Energy via Pipelines and Countermeasures. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198717423.001.0001.
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This monograph examines the relationship between treaties providing for uninterrupted energy transit and countermeasures under the law of international responsibility. It analyses the obligations governing energy transit through pipelines in multilateral and bilateral treaties, looking at the WTO Agreement, the Energy Charter Treaty, and sixteen bespoke pipeline treaties. It argues that a number of transit obligations under these treaties are indivisible, reflecting the collective interests of states parties. The analysis is placed in the historical and normative landscape of freedom of transit in international law. After setting out the content and scope of obligations concerning transit of energy, it distinguishes countermeasures from treaty law responses, and examines the dispute settlement and compliance supervision provisions in these treaties. Building on these findings, the work discusses the availability and lawfulness of countermeasures as, on the one hand, a means of implementing the transit state’s responsibility for interruptions of energy transit via pipelines; and, on the other hand, circumstances that preclude the wrongfulness of the transit state’s interruptions of transit. The competing interests of the transit state and those of the states dependent on the pipeline make this question one of the most controversial aspects of modern international law.
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von Bernstorff, Jochen. “Community Interests” and the Role of International Law in the Creation of a Global Market for Agricultural Land. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825210.003.0015.
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The chapter explores the notion of “community interests” with regard to the global “land-grab” phenomenon. Over the last decade, a dramatic increase of foreign investment in agricultural land could be observed. Bilateral investment treaties protect around 75 per cent of these large-scale land acquisitions, many of which came with associated social problems, such as displaced local populations and negative consequences for food security in Third World countries receiving these large-scale foreign investments. Hence, two potentially conflicting areas of international law are relevant in this context: Economic, social, and cultural rights and the principles of permanent sovereignty over natural resources and “food sovereignty” challenging large-scale investments on the one hand, and specific norms of international economic law stabilizing them on the other. The contribution discusses the usefulness of the concept of “community interests” in cases where the two colliding sets of norms are both considered to protect such interests.
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E, Barfield Claude, ed. Expanding U.S.-Asian trade and investment: New challenges and policy options. Washington, D.C: AEI Press, 1997.
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