Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bilateral cooperation agreements'

This paper attempts to determine the theoretical requirements for a non-state actor to give peacekeepers to a Member state of the United Nations, who would in turn give those peacekeepers to the United Nations. The paper examines two case studies, specifically the contract between Blackwater and the United States Department of State and the SHIRBRIG series of treaties. The paper finds that there is some overlap between a Member state’s needs and a non-state actor’s needs and that there is a theoretical possibility of the donation stated above taking place.

Trabalho de Projecto para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Administração Pública
A evacuação de doentes ao abrigo dos acordos bilaterais para saúde, entre Portugal e os PALOP, conduz, em grande parte dos casos, a situações de carência após a alta hospitalar. Este estudo pretende alertar para a disparidade do que é acordado entre as partes e a realidade vivida pelos sujeitos. Propõe-se a sua inclusão num projecto de economia social, que surja na base na potenciação dos recursos locais e fomente, acima de tudo, a redefinição do projecto de vida dos indivíduos, permitindo-lhes a saída da situação de carência, que aqui se apresenta com a dicotomia económica/relacional. O método de pesquisa utilizado foi a história de vida, permitindo enquadrar os testemunhos do sujeito individual no sujeito social. As entrevistas mostraram as dificuldades sentidas por estas pessoas, e pela sua família, ao nível económico e o isolamento social de que padecem em Portugal. Apesar das situações de carência vividas, muitas não pensam regressar ao país de origem, e é nas redes de apoio informal que encontram o suporte económico, cultural e anímico necessário ao dia-a-dia.
The patients evacuation under the bilateral agreements, between Portugal and the PALOP countries, often drives to impoverishment situations after hospital discharge. This work aims to aware for the disparity of the deal between intervenient and the day life experienced by the individuals. A social economy project is suggested, where the subjects can participate, based on the potentiation of the local resources and, above all, gives a new perspective of the life project, allowing to exit from the in needing situation, presented here as the dichotomy economic/relational. The research method is the life history, allowing the self-testimonials to be framed in the social-self. The conducted interviews revealed the difficulty situations experienced by subjects and their families, in terms of, among others, finances and isolation, while leaving in Portugal. Despite those situations, many of them don´t consider the return to their native country, even being the informal social help networks where they found the support, of economic and cultural nature, needed for day life.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the economic development of Australia and New Zealand at the end of the 1980's and beginning of the 1990's and its impact on both countries' status in the Asia-Pacific region. This study consists of three chapters. The first chapter deals with the undergone microeconomic and macroeconomic reforms at the end of the 1980's and throughout the 1990's and discusses the economic situation before and after the changes. The second chapter analyses the history of and current relations between Australia, New Zealand and countries and regional groups in the Asia-Pacific region (China, Japan, South Korea, APEC, ASEAN and EAS). The chapter also pays close attention to areas that have the potential to strengthen relations and cooperation in the future. The third chapter analyses Australia's and New Zealand's relationship with the European Union and investigates possibilities of strengthening the European Union's position in the Asia-Pacific region via EU-Australia-New Zealand relations.

O Direito da Concorrência e o Direito Internacional da Concorrência são recentes ramos na história da Ciência Jurídica. A dimensão unilateral do Direito Internacional da Concorrência relaciona-se à aplicação extraterritorial das legislações de defesa da concorrência, o que desencadeia problemas e limitações no plano internacional. Não existe regramento multilateral para a regulação da matéria concorrencial no plano internacional. Na dimensão regional são considerados os acordos regionais (Mercosul, União Europeia e NAFTA). No plano bilateral são encontrados os casos mais concretos de aplicação do Direito Internacional da Concorrência, os quais atualmente relacionam-se a processos de cooperação jurídica internacional. Há um amplo espaço para avanço na regulação da cooperação internacional em sede de atos de concentração multijurisdicionais.
Competition Law and International Competition Law are recently developed branches of the legal sciences. The unilateral dimension of the International Competition Law relates to the extraterritorial enforcement of competition laws, which causes problems and limitations on the international arena. There is a lack of multilateral set of rules for the competition regulation at an international level. The regional agreements shall be considered at regional dimension (Mercosur, European Union and NAFTA). The most concrete cases for the application of the International Competition Law are found at the bilateral level, which are currently related to the international legal cooperation process. There is a wide range for development on the regulation of the international cooperation in relation to the multijurisdictional concentration acts.

La mondialisation est une réalité du XXIe siècle. Le développement, la fabrication et la distribution des médicaments ont été internationalisés. Cette mondialisation croissante a fondamentalement changé l‟environnement pharmaceutique et induit des nouveaux défis pour tous les acteurs du système. Le paradigme réglementaire est en effet passé du plan national au plan international; les normes pharmaceutiques internationales sont donc plus importantes que jamais auparavant. La coopération et l‟harmonisation de la réglementation pharmaceutique sont devenues la seule solution évidente pour satisfaire le droit fondamental de l‟Homme de pouvoir accéder à des médicaments de bonne qualité, sûrs et efficaces, à la fois dans les pays développés et dans les pays en voie de développement.Dans ce contexte, de nombreuses initiatives de coopération ont été initiées aux niveaux bilatéral, régional et mondial et les efforts d‟harmonisation ont été renforcés. L‟éventail des collaborations va de la simple coopération technique à une intégration pleine et entière des systèmes et des règlementations.Ce document présente la situation actuelle de ce phénomène large et complexe de coopération et d‟harmonisation dans le secteur pharmaceutique (Partie I), il examine de manière exhaustive sa valeur ajoutée, ses paramètres critiques ainsi que ses facteurs d‟influence (Partie II) dans le but de recommander des actions et des mesures destinées à soutenir les prochaines étapes de coopération et d‟harmonisation (Partie III). Toutes ces recommandations supportent la création d‟un système pharmaceutique mondial mieux coordonné. Celui-ci représente l‟alternative la plus réaliste pour atteindre l‟objectif : Etablir une coalition mondiale d’autorités de santé et répondre à une demande exigeant davantage de coopération et d’harmonisation dans le secteur pharmaceutique. Ce système s‟appuie sur les réalisations accomplies jusque-là et utilise comme base les innombrables projets d‟harmonisation et de coopération développés au cours des années. Il présente des avantages pour tous les acteurs du système et fournirait également une valeur ajoutée significative pour la promotion et la protection de la santé publique mondiale
Globalisation is a reality of the 21st century. The development, manufacture and distribution of medicines have been internationalised. This increased globalisation has fundamentally changed the environment for regulating medicines and created unique regulatory challenges for all stakeholders. The regulatory paradigm has indeed changed from national to international and international pharmaceutical norms and standards are more important than ever before. International cooperation and harmonisation of the pharmaceutical regulation has became the only clear choice to meet the fundamental human right to have access to high quality, safe and effective medicines in both developed and developing countries.In this context, many cooperative initiatives have been established at the bilateral, regional and global levels and harmonisation efforts have been enhanced. All these initiatives have taken a variety of forms, from informal cooperation to full integration of regulatory systems.This document provides the current status of this complex and broad phenomenon of cooperation and harmonisation in the pharmaceutical sector (Part I), thoroughly evaluates its added value and its critical parameters and influencing factors (Part II) in order to recommend actions and measures to support the next steps for cooperation and harmonisation (Part III). All these recommendations support the establishment of a better coordinated global pharmaceutical system which represents the best realistic alternative to fulfil the objective to establish a global coalition of regulators and to respond to an increased demand to further cooperation in the pharmaceutical sector. This proposed framework, which leverages all the on-going positive cooperation initiatives and uses as foundations all the numerous harmonisation projects developed over the years, presents advantages for all stakeholders and would definitively have significant added value to the promotion and protection of global public health

The outset of this study is to contribute to the literature concerning China’s increasing economic interest to engage in the African context, its economies and resource abundandce. The overarching research problem is that the approaches held by the respective African state entities may facilitate increasing development gains for the recipient state of this economic interest in principle. To adress this research problem the study is undertaken by conducting a comparative case study where three cases/states, with presumably diverging economic and political status, are likely to effect their overall state approaches differently. Research questions, which are addressed by the creation of an idealtype analytic matrix, concern whether the states of South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe take on a more ‘permissive’ or ‘restrictive’ approach towards China’s economic interst and whether the approaches can be looked upon on both aggratege and case/area-specific levels. The main findings are that a clear tendency of the ‘permissive approach’ may be noted on a aggregate level for all cases. Further, the cases’ economic and poltical status does not necessarily effect this aggregate tendency but but rather the dynamics in case-specific areas deemed relevant in this analysis. The desire to grasp the interest seems greater than internal dynamics.

Malgré l’amélioration du régime des droits de propriété intellectuelle (DPI) en Chine après l’accession de celle-ci à l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) en 2001, la question relative aux DPI demeure l’un des « sujets de vive préoccupation » dans le commerce sino-européen. Selon la stratégie européenne visant à assurer le respect des DPI dans les pays tiers, adoptée en 2005 et renouvelée en 2014, la Chine est ciblée par la Commission européenne comme le premier pays tiers dans lequel les autorités locales ne prennent pas de mesure efficace pour s’attaquer aux problèmes de violations des DPI. En raison des enjeux politiques et économiques importants pour l’UE, son intervention est nécessaire pour améliorer le régime des DPI et l’environnement de l’investissement en Chine. L’analyse de l’action extérieure de l’UE s’appuie sur l’étude des instruments auxquels elle recourt en vue de renforcer la protection et le respect des DPI en Chine. L’objet de notre recherche est d’examiner la manière dont l’Union choisit d’exploiter les instruments à géométrie variable au sein des enceintes multilatérale et bilatérale. Deux axes distincts mais complémentaires orientent la mise en œuvre de l’action extérieure de l’UE vis-à-vis de la Chine : l’approche coopérative, d’une part, et de l’approche conventionnelle, d’autre part. L’approche coopérative vise d’abord à rapprocher le régime juridique chinois des standards les plus élevés du droit de l’UE. En dépit d’un certain nombre de difficultés limitant l’efficacité de l’action extérieure de l’UE, la coopération bilatérale avec la Chine permet de contribuer à l’amélioration du régime juridique chinois. La convergence normative devrait ensuite faciliter l’apparition d’une approche commune entre l’UE et la Chine sur le plan conventionnel. Il importe à cet égard de souligner la position divergente de la Chine face à la promotion de l’UE, par la voie conventionnelle, d’un renforcement de la protection et du respect des DPI. Malgré la convergence accrue des positions européenne et chinoise favorables à la protection « ADPIC-plus » des DPI, la Chine se montre réticente voire hostile envers les initiatives conventionnelles de l’UE tendant à renforcer les mesures relatives au respect des DPI
Despite the improvement of China’s intellectual property rights (IPR) regime after this country’s World Trade Organization (WTO) accession in 2001, the IPR remains one of “major concerns” in Sino-European trade relation. According to European strategy for the enforcement of intellectual property rights in third countries, adopted in 2005 and renewed in 2014, China is identified by the European Commission as first priority country, in which the local authority does not take effective measures to tackle the problems caused by IPR violations. Taking into account the EU’s important political and economic concerns, his action is necessary in order to improve the IPR regime and the investment environment in China. The analysis of EU’s external action is based on the instruments used to strengthen IPR’s protection and enforcement in China. The purpose of our research is to examine the EU’s method to use the different instruments within the multilateral and bilateral fora. Two distinct but complementary axes orientate the undertaking of EU’s external action vis-à-vis China: cooperative approach, on the one hand, and the conventional approach, on the other hand. Firstly, the cooperative approach aims to bring Chinese legal system closer to higher standards in EU law. In spite of certain difficulties limiting the efficacy of EU external action, the bilateral cooperation with China can contribute to a better legal system in China. Then, the normative convergence should be able to facilitate the emergence of a common approach between the EU and China in the conventional framework. In this respect, it is important to emphasis Chinese divergent position with regard to EU’s conventional approach aiming to strengthen IPR protection and enforcement. Despite the increasing convergence of European and Chinese positions favorable toward “TRIPs-plus” protection, China seems reluctant even hostile to EU’s conventional initiatives intending to strengthen IPR enforcement measures

This dissertation deals with international transport law and looks at the development of bilateral air service agreements governing international scheduled flights from their inception after the Chicago Conference of 1944 until the present day. The Chicago Conference left a legacy of separation in airline services. Scheduled and nonscheduled flights came into existence and bilateral agreements are needed to regulate international scheduled services. The relationship between the state and its designated airline forms the pivot of the bilateral relationship. However, the aviation relationship between state and airline and between states inter se face challenges as globalisation and development take place in the air transport industry. New methods of cooperation now exist which need to be adapted to suit the needs of individual countries and airlines. South Africa has accepted the challenges of development and undertaken modern methods of cooperation such as code-sharing.
Law
LL.M.

This study analysed the intricacies of trade flows imbibed in the EU-SA TDCA. It assessed the trade creation and trade diversion effects of this bilateral trade agreement – using the top 10 selected commodity exports. This follows the report on the Harmonised System (HS) at the 2-digit codes. A Gravity Model Approach on bilateral trade flows is grounded on panel data models for the period 2000-2017 between South Africa as exporter country and the twenty EU countries (EU-20) as importer country-block out of the twenty-eight countries (EU-28). The study reports that the EU-SA TDCA enhanced significant trade expansion and trade creation effects. Mixed results for GDPs and GDPPKs for both South Africa and the EU countries were reported, but the overall results showed that the bilateral agreement do affect South African commodity exports more negatively, albeit with few positive effects from the EU countries in particular. Besides, ICTSA does have a negative effect on commodity exports, while the South African REER has the positive effect on export models. Lastly, the distance as a proxy of transportation costs negatively affects South Africa’s exports, while common colonial relationship and English as common official language have both a positive effect on exports. The findings imply that trade policies should focus on adequate telecommunication tools, alongside fair trade practices allowing South Africa to integrate with the global market, promote economic growth as well as enhance competitive advantage in most sectoral trades.
Business Management
M. Com. (Business Management (International Business and Finance))

LL.M.
Modern competition occurs in a global market and straddles various state borders. This international dimension of competition law (antitrust law) subsequently raises concerns whether one state can apply its competition rules extraterritorially against an undertaking in another country, when the latter behaves in an anti-competitive manner that, for example, have adverse effects in the territory of the former. In the context of such extraterritorial enforcement, the concept of the Effects doctrine as created and developed in the antitrust jurisprudence of the United States plays an important role. In this dissertation the issue of extraterritorial antitrust jurisdiction is investigated in an attempt to suggest a suitable basis for assertion of such jurisdiction. The evolution of the Effects doctrine in the United States and its further development and qualification in American Antitrust jurisprudence is addressed as well as its interrelation with the concept of international comity. Thereafter the basis for assertion of extraterritorial antitrust jurisdiction by the European Community is investigated. In this regard the long favoured Single Economic Entity Theory is addressed as well as the development of a form of Effects doctrine by the European Commission which eventually culminated in acceptance of an “Effects/Implementa-tion doctrine” by the European Court of Justice in the Wood Pulp case. It should however be noted that the scope of the extraterritorial application of the competition rules of the European Community is extended by the EC Merger Control Regulation 139/2004. Thus, the jurisdictional range of the Merger Control Regulation is considered in chapter 4. It is submitted that although the Effects doctrine is competent as sole basis for exercising extraterritorial antitrust jurisdiction, it has various disadvantages, inter alia that it evokes conflict between states due to differences in competition law and policy and various states interests. Consequently co-operation on a bilateral level is investigated in chapter 5 as a possible solution. Finally, the South African stance on the extraterritorial enforcement of its Competition Act 89 of 1998 is investigated in chapter 6 and certain observations and suggestions are made for future exercise of extraterritorial antitrust jurisdiction.

O presente Relatório de Estágio apresenta o trabalho realizado durante cinco meses no Gabinete de Relações Internacionais e Protocolo (GARIP), Divisão de Relações Internacionais (DRI) da Assembleia da República. Durante este período procedeu-se, principalmente, à elaboração de fichas técnicas e atualização de dados correspondentes a países em relações bilaterais com Portugal, bem como à análise e apoio às reuniões da delegação da Assembleia da República à Assembleia Parlamentar da Comunidade de Países de Língua Portuguesa (AP-CPLP) e aos Grupos Parlamentares de Amizade dos países correspondentes. O relatório está dividido em três capítulos, começando pela apresentação e enquadramento do GARIP e da DRI no âmbito da Assembleia da República, tal como da organização da instituição, no seu todo. O segundo capítulo trata das tarefas realizadas durante o período de estágio, fichas técnicas, reuniões da delegação da Assembleia da República à AP-CPLP, Conferências, Tomada de Posse do Presidente da República e demais atividades em que tenha contribuído. Na última fase deste relatório propomo-nos, ou seja, perceber a importância da APCPLP dentro da CPLP e a sua verdadeira utilidade para a execução de medidas da organização, ou seja, o nível de cooperação entre as duas organizações.
This Internship Report presents the work accomplished in the International Relations and Protocol Office (GARIP), International Relations Division (DRI) of Parliament, during a five month period. The main work focus during this period was the preparation of technical files and the updating of data corresponding to countries in bilateral relations with Portugal, as well as the analysis and support provided for meetings of Parliament delegates to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries (AP-CPLP) and the Parliamentary Friendship Groups of the corresponding countries. The report is divided into three chapters, beginning with the presentation and framing of GARIP and DRI in the context of the Parliament, as well as the organization of the institution as a whole. The second chapter addresses the tasks carried out during the internship period, the fact sheets, meetings of the Parliamentary delegation to the APCPLP, Conferences, the Swearing-in of the President and other activities to which I contributed. In the last part of this report we endeavour to understand the importance of AP-CPLP within the CPLP and its true value for the implementation of organizational measures, that is, the level of cooperation between the two organizations.

博士
淡江大學
歐洲研究所博士班
102
In November 2009, the European Union (EU) and Indonesia signed a Partnership Cooperation Agreement (PCA). This agreement strengthened the bilateral relations between the EU and Indonesia that has been existed for more than thirty years, under the 1980 EC – ASEAN Partnership Agreement (EAPA). In addition to that, the PCA aims to be a legal framework and guideline for expanding cooperation between the two parties. Economic interests were the primary force behind the establishment of EC- ASEAN interregional relations. However, the development of the EC’s foreign policy profile and its intraregional tendencies in Asia became the other main reason for the EC’s engagement with Southeast Asia. This aspiration is formalised by the signature of the 1980 EC - ASEAN Cooperation Agreement, which encompasses aspects of trade, economic and development policy. However, the different level of development and political principles between the EU and ASEAN made this interregional relation have some difficulties. The EU further considers to strengthening bilateral partnership with the individual ASEAN countries, including Indonesia, which is significant particularly, in order to maintain EU economic and political interests, and to manage global and regional issues. Among Southeast Asian countries, Indonesia is the first country to sign a PCA with the EU. In spite of its remarkable transition from an authoritarian to a democratic country at the end of the 1990s, Indonesia is still facing substantial internal challenges. Meanwhile, the stability of Indonesia is a necessary condition to secure EU economic and political interests in this country and in the region. In conclusion, the PCA allows both sides to build connections easily. The EU needs the PCA in order to show its capacity in the development of Indonesia. It can facilitate the public diplomacy of EU in Indonesia. For Indonesia, the direct interaction through PCA provides an opportunity to gain a bigger support from the EU, which is significant to back up the current achievement of Indonesia and the effort to raise its international posture. Secondly, the PCA enables the EU to look for its strategic partner to support interregional relations. The PCA gives an opportunity for the EU to strengthen its partnership with Indonesia on non-economic issues. Additionally, the partnership will support EU involvement in Southeast Asia and will back up its interregional relations. Thirdly, the PCA can contribute to the improvement of Indonesia’s internal capacity as a regional and global actor. Therefore, the commitment, capabilities and good coordination between state and non-state actors from Indonesian side, are significant in ensuring all programmes under PCA work well. Fourthly, the partnership under PCA gives an opportunity to strengthen Indonesia’s position to be considered as one of the EU’s significant partners in Southeast Asia. This partnership means that Indonesia is significantly recognised in the region for its dynamic achievements. Bilateral relations with the EU will boost the position of Indonesia as a leader in Southeast Asia.

This research was based on the implementation analysis of the South Africa-China bilateral agreements, specifically the case of the South African Agricultural Technology Demonstration Centre (SAATDC). In this regard, the researcher was of the view that, with implementation analysis, it is possible to identify the particular circumstances that could affect implementation of a particular policy, both in advance of a policy’s adoption or after it is implemented. This research tracked the implementation of the SAATDC bilateral agreement to examine whether this bilateral agreement was effectively implemented or not. There is a need to translate political commitment into a practical programme for successful implementation. Implementation is one of the major problems confronting developing nations, of which South Africa is one. Furthermore the researcher investigated whether the SAATDC bilateral agreement meets necessary pre-conditions of policy implementation, necessary for successful policy implementation, and examines whether these pre-conditions are adequately addressed in the bilateral policy document.Previous research has shown that once these preconditions are met, the potential for successful implementation of a policy increases. There is a need in South Africa to fully exploit opportunities provided through similar Chinese aid projects for the benefit of local workers such as artisans, engineers and project managers by ensuring that bilateral agreements adequately address factors that could undermine South Africa’s ASGISA and JIPSA objectives regarding skills and technology transfer. It is important to investigate whether the bilateral agreement here makes sufficient provision for adequate involvement of South African engineers, artisans and South African companies in the implementation of such Chinese aid programmes or projects. There is a need to enhance the sophistication of local artisans and engineers as required by the ASGISA and JIPSA strategy and objectives.
Public Administration & Management
M. Admin. (Public Administration)

The absence of a relevant legal basis between huge commercial partners such as the EU as a single entity and the Russian Federation promoted the emergence of a legal vacuum. The long term cooperation between Russia and the EU has only one bilateral agreement - the Agreement on Partnership and Cooperation signed in 1994, which is however obsolete, and does not meet the contemporary needs. The adequate legal basis for Russia-EU cooperation in the gas sector is still missing. The protection of investments in the gas sector is being realized by bilateral agreements between Russia and EU member states, soft law and general international agreements, without any specifications for those two partners. The only international instrument covering the energy relations of these two partners - Energy Charter Treaty cannot be considered as a reliable mechanism, as Russia withdrew from it more than 8 years ago. The reasons of the withdrawal and the Yukos case as an illustrative example are discussed in this paper. In order to avoid uncertainty in such strategic area as gas investment relations and unpredictable decisions between the states represented by the commercial entities, there is a need to design a substantive legal basis, and a need to consider on the adequate dispute resolution body. In this thesis, key...