Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bilan du carbone'
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Hammel, Éric. "Prothèse totale de hanche à composant fémoral carbone-carbone : bilan à cinq ans." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR25223.
Full textVautey, Philippe. "Bilan des performances mécaniques des composites carbone/thermoplastiques pour l'aéronautique." Compiègne, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993COMP0639.
Full textBARIGAH, TETE SEVERIEN. "Etude du bilan carbone de deux clones de peuplier a croissance contrastee." Paris 11, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA112353.
Full textLebaube, Stéphanie. "Bilan de carbone et croissance du hêtre (Fagus sylvatica L. ) en conditions naturelles." Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10189.
Full textLe, Maire Guerric. "Détermination du bilan de carbone de la forêt de Fontainebleau : apport de la télédétection pour la spatialisation des paramètres d'entrée." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112298.
Full textThe comprehension of the role of the terrestrial ecosystems, and in particular the forests, in the carbon cycle is necessary to apprehend the evolution of atmospheric CO2. The estimation of carbon fluxes and stocks of a managed forest (Fontainebleau Forest, 17000 ha) is carried out with CASTANEA, a forest ecosystem model based on the ecophysiological elementary processes. This model is adapted and spatialized on the study site. Simulations are carried out by homogeneous forest stand, and added on the entire forest. The input parameters are obtained from data bases obtained from forest inventories and pedological inventories carried out by the French National Forest Office (Office National des Forêts), from satellite data and ground measurements. A study of sensitivity of the model is first realized to determine which parameters are most sensitive and thus which parameters must be estimated precisely. Some significant parameters, as the foliar nitrogen concentration or the leaf mass per area are difficult to determine on such scales: the contribution of the satellite hyperspectral remote sensing for the determination of these parameters is explored. Various scales are studied separately: the foliar scale, the scale of canopy and the scale of the forest. An approach combining the simulation of reflectances with the PROSAIL model and experimental measurements, based on reflectance indices, is tested on the various scales. Indices of chlorophyl content and leaf mass per area are obtained with the PROSAIL model and are tested to the experimental measurements
Bortoluzzi, Estelle. "Bilan de carbone d'une tourbière anciennement exploitée du massif du Jura à différents stades de régénération." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00083447.
Full textAfin d'effectuer le bilan de carbone d'une tourbière anciennement exploitée du massif du Jura, trois stades de régénération ont été choisis : tourbe nue, régénération récente avec principalement Eriophorum angustifolium et régénération avancée avec une majorité de Sphagnum. Les flux de carbone et les facteurs abiotiques et biotiques les influençant ont été suivis très régulièrement pendant deux saisons complètes de végétation afin d'établir un modèle empirique et de simuler les flux de carbone.
La station de tourbe nue est une faible source de carbone (entre -19 et -32 g C m-2 an-1). Les deux stations en régénération sont des puits de carbone légèrement plus faibles pour la station récente (entre 67 et 166 g C m-2 an-1) que pour la station avancée (entre 93 et 183 g C m-2 an-1).
La mesure du δ13C du CO2 respiré des trois stations étudiées a permis de les distinguer avec une signature isotopique de plus en plus négative depuis la tourbe nue jusqu'à la régénération avancée.
L'augmentation de la respiration de la tourbe nue avec la baisse du niveau de la nappe a un impact négatif sur le bilan. Ce dernier dépend aussi de la quantité relative de bryophytes (perdant leur capacité de puits de carbone en cas de sécheresse) et de plantes vasculaires (facilitant le dégagement de méthane). Le retour de la fonction de puits de carbone de ces écosystèmes en régénération est ainsi lié aux choix de gestion instaurés sur ces sites.
Ngao, Jérôme. "Déterminisme de la respiration de l'écosystème dans l'étude du bilan de carbone d'une hêtraie de plaine." Nancy 1, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2005_0150_NGAO.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this thesis was to separate the components of ecosystem respiration (RECO) and to identify the main factors driving its variability. Soil respiration (RS) and its autotrophic and heterotrophic component was the main part of RECO. CO2 efflux from woody debris and leaf litter decomposition also participated significantly to RECO. Our results confirmed the predominant influence of soil temperature and water content on temporal variability of CO2 efflux. But they also showed that several other factors could influence variability (in particular spatial variability). The spatial variability of RS was related to bulk density and C/N ratio of superficial soil layer. Stand parameters (basal area, density, leaf area index) and root biomass did not explain this variability. These approaches allowed highlighting variability of RECO and its components. Limits and uncertainties of our methods are discussed
Ngao, Jérôme Granier André. "Déterminisme de la respiration de l'écosystème dans l'étude du bilan de carbone d'une hêtraie de plaine." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2005_0150_NGAO.pdf.
Full textVerdier, Eric. "Bilan de trois ans d'activité de la chambre hyperbare de Perpignan." Montpellier 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON11076.
Full textCathalot, Cécile. "Devenir et impact des apports fluviaux sur les marges continentales : importance biogéochimique et environnementale du recyclage dans les sédiments du prodelta du Rhône." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066378.
Full textThe main purpose of this work was to study the biogeochemical fate of the Rhône River particulate organic matter, and investigate the mechanisms involved in the carbon cycle of its delta. In situ microsensors measurements allowed us to perform high resolution oxygen profiles in the sediment and estimate thus the sediment recycling. It appears that the seasonal variability of the Rhône River inputs, both in quality and in quantity, impacts the benthic mineralization activity in the Rhône River delta. Nevertheless, the influence of these pulsed inputs is limited in time: deltaic sediments are a stable centre of organic carbon degradation. More than just a major mineralization area, isotopic analyses (14C and δ13C) showed that the prodelta also acts as a massive burial centre for organic particulate matter of the Rhône River. Using a stationary diagenetic numerical model, we were able to quantify these burial and degradation terms, and highlighted the importance of anoxic mineralization processes. Moreover, an important pool of suspended matter particles feeding the prodelta and originating from the adjacent continental shelf was identified: terrigeneous and marine particles, already degraded and that have encountered many deposition/resuspension cycles, dilute the riverine particles and decrease thus the lability of the material reaching the sea floor. Finally, respiration measurements in the water column underlined the impact of hydrological variations of the Rhône River that change distinctly the carbon export terms from the delta towards the continental margin
Beziat, Pierre. "Effets des conditions environnementales et des pratiques culturales sur les flux de carbone et d'eau dans les agrosystèmes." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00447499.
Full textCHON, CHRISTIAN. "Transferts des masses de carbone lors de la fermentation alcoolique : etablissement du bilan carbone par rmn #1#3c et cpv. applications a l'etude des vinifications." Nantes, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NANT2038.
Full textD'Angelo, Benoît. "Variabialité spatio-temporelle des émissions de GES dans une tourbière à Sphaignes : effets sur le bilan carbone." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2058/document.
Full textPeatlands cover only 2 to 3% of the land area but store between 10 and 25% of the soil carbon. The outcome of the anthropic and climatic pressure on these ecosystems is uncertain regarding their functions and storage. A better understanding of these ecosystems is needed to determine the factors and their interactions on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. This work consist in monitoring GHG emissions and controlling factors in a Sphagnum peatland to estimate its carbon balance. Experimentation on mesocosms were carried out to explore the effect of hydrology on the fluxes and a monitoring on 4 sites was made to study the daily variability. Results show that La Guette peatland was a carbon source (-220 ± 33 gC m-2 an-1) in spite of the high water table level. The importance of the spatial variability measured in the site was also demonstrate. The hydrology effect was confirmed by the mesocosms experiments and high water table level shows that gas transport might have an effect. Finally the study of the daily variability show that the temperature sensitivity of the respiration might be different between day and night and that synchronizing soil temperatures and respiration can improve the respiration representation
Guidi, Lionel. "Transformation du flux particulaire dans la colonne d'eau mésopélagique : analyse des processus et bilan global." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066612.
Full textBen, Brahim Mohammed. "Effets de la nutrition phosphatée sur la croissance et le bilan de carbone des jeunes plants de pin maritime." Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10101.
Full textPilon, Rémi. "Dynamique du système racinaire de l'écosystème prairial et contribution au bilan de carbone du sol sous changement climatique." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00673439.
Full textBéziat, Pierre. "Effets des conditions environnementales et des pratiques culturales sur les flux de carbone et d'eau dans les agrosystèmes." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/733/.
Full textAgrosystems represent an important proportion of terrestrial ecosystems (more than one third in Europe) and play a key role in sustainable development issues. For instance, they produce green house gasses (GHG) that contribute to climate changes whose feedback on agrosystem functioning and management are still difficult to predict. Therefore, studies on biogeochemical cycle in agrosystems and their GHG production are essential. The main objective of this PhD thesis was the study of cropland carbon and water cycles using 1) micro meteorological measurements of mass and energy fluxes at the soil/vegetation and atmosphere interface and 2) data describing crop dynamics (phenology, biomass, leaf area) for two experimental crop sites located near Toulouse in South West France. This work showed that micro meteorological measurements of fluxes by the eddy covariance method (EC) are well suited to quantify agrosystem carbon and water budgets and to study the main physical and ecophysiological processes driving the different fluxes. From these measurements, carbon and water fluxes were analysed. A methodology to compute GHG budgets at plot scale considering GHG emissions associated with farm operations was developed at our sites and applied to the CarboEurope-IP cropland sites, representing an important range of crop species and management regimes. Annual net CO2 fluxes measurements between the soil/vegetation system and the atmosphere showed that agrosystem act mostly as atmospheric carbon sinks. However, accounting for carbon inputs through organic fertilisation and seeds and outputs through harvest together with vertical CO2 fluxes measurements showed that cropland are rarely carbon sinks and most often act as carbon sources (127 ± 243 g C m-2 y-1 for 41 site-years of the CarboEurope-IP network). .
Marie, Guillaume. "Modélisation du bilan carboné et hydrique d’une forêt méditerranéenne à structure complexe : de l'année au siècle." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4336.
Full textThe carbon balance of forest ecosystems involves many complex processes. At larger scales, ecological processes can not be modelled in a simplified way, but these have not been clearly identified. Furthermore, the development of mixed forest is increasingly promoted and this type of stand has additional degrees of complexity. On the one hand, complex canopy structure is likely to influence carbon fluxes, and other coexisting species may respond differently to climate change. Font-Blanche forest is an original case study that has not been studied in modelling because of its heterogeneity. In add, climate models predict significant reductions in rainfall during the 21st century for the Mediterranean region; But the century time scale maybe very demanding in computation time if ones want to taking into account the canopy structure. Then in this thesis we are modified a 3D mechanistic forest ecosystem model (noTG) to extend its temporal scale from year to century, thanks to meta-modelling technique. The meta-modelling gives good results and we used the meta-modeled version of noTG (notgmeta) to predict carbon and water balance of Font-blanche forest between 2008-2100 according to differents climate change scenario. According to model simplification, we find that photosynthesis, soil respiration and plant respiration are stimulated until 2100 with a decrease of this stimulation at the end of the simulation. We find that spatial representation of canopy and feedback effect of the water balance plays an important role and can not be simplified in the long-term simulation since the dynamics of species represents the largest source of carbon balance variations
Chevalier, Amandine. "Développement du service d'observation PAES : pollution atmosphérique à l'échelle synoptique, bilan de l'ozone dans la troposphère libre." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00193744.
Full textGenet, Hélène. "Impact du vieillissement et de la fertilité minérale sur l'allocation du carbone entre croissance, respiration, stockage et reproduction chez le chêne et le hêtre : Approche expérimentale et modélisation." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10121/document.
Full textIn order to increase our understanding of carbon allocation in broadleaved species, our research consisted of studying the effects of ageing and soil mineral fertility on the carbon allocation between growth, storage and reproduction for oaks and beech. Ageing was studied over a forest succession using a chronosequences approach. Two liming experiments were investigated in order to study the variation of carbon allocation with soil mineral fertility in contrasting situations. The productivity decline in beech was followed by substantial changes in carbon allocation, with a continuous decrease of carbon allocation to growth, to the benefit of reproduction and storage functions. Conversely, carbon allocation in oak remained stable during its entire development. The dendrochronological analysis of inter-annual variations of radial growth shown also that beech and oaks presented contrasted climate-response of growth. There was clear evidence of a long-term increase with time in radial growth in both species. We also observed a long-term increase of inter-annual variations of growth with time for beech but not for oaks. The declining beech presented a sharp decreasing allocation to growth to the benefit of the carbon storage compounds. Moreover, liming induced an temporary increase of radial growth. However, the increase of carbohydrates in limed beeches was still significant 15 after treatment compare to the controls. These results suggested that the stock of carbohydrates is a key parameter of the physiological integrity for adult beeches. These results concerning the intrinsic (ageing) and external (liming, climate) factors of carbon allocation in oaks and beech enabled to confirm two contrasted models of carbon functioning
Karleskind, Pierre. "Bilan en carbone, oxygène et nutriments dans l'Atlantique nord-est : influence de la petite et de la moyenne échelle." Brest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BRES2053.
Full textPiponiot, Camille. "Quel futur pour les forêts de production en Amazonie ? Du bilan Carbone de l'exploitation forestière à la recherche de compromis entre services écosystémiques (bois d'oeuvre, biodiversité et carbone)." Thesis, Guyane, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018YANE0008/document.
Full textHalf of the world's tropical forets are designated by national forest services as production forests. While here have been numerous studies on the impact if devorestation on carbon emissions and biodiversity loss in the tropics, the long-term impacts of selective logging are still poorly studied; However, the importance of these production forests is increasing. Not only must they meet the growing tropical timber demand, but their role in Carbon storage and the biodiversity conservation is increasingly recognized. The studies developped in this thesis are threefold. First, a carbon balance model of logging is developped, and regional differences in post-logging carbon recovery of timber volume on the Amazon, and thus the unsustainability of current logging practices. These models (carbon and timber) were developped on a Bayesian framework, with support and data from the Tropical managed Forest Observatory (TmFO : www.tmfo.org), a netword of 9 research institutions and more than 200 forest plotswhere post-logging forest dynamics have been monitored for <30 years in the Amazon. Finally, a comparative analysis of prospective scenarios was carried out, where potential tradeoffs between ecosystem services (timber, carbone and biodiversity) were explored using multi-criteria optimization analysis
Le, Breton Morgane. "Performativité de la comptabilité carbone : de la construction des règles aux dispositifs de management du carbone." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEM055/document.
Full textSince sustainable development has spread, management tools have been developed in companies in order to tackle this problem. For climate change, the goal is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To do that, carbon markets, carbon taxation and limits of emissions are traditional policy tools. Less known, carbon accounting has been developed in order to assess greenhouse gas emissions, make it visible and therefore to make it possible to reduce them. However carbon accounting’s effects remain mostly unknown. In this thesis, I address collective action problem around this tool in a managerial perspective. Therefore I tackle carbon accounting's performativity by analyzing hidden model which is embedded in it and by studying its managerial effects. My methodology rests upon a qualitative research by using case studies specifically. I explain first that there are different logics behind the common term “carbon accounting”: an engineering and a financial one. Managerial effects are also varied: a strategy oriented toward the emission reduction is sometimes settled but mostly other effects are created (claim for more and more transparency, etc.). Finally I propose theoretical contributions (performativity), empirical ones (ADEME and companies’ reflections) and methodological ones (performativity analysis through managerial tools)
Veloso, Amanda Gabriela Maia. "Modélisation spatialisée de la production, des flux et des bilans de carbone et d'eau des cultures de blé à l'aide de données de télédétection : application au sud-ouest de la France." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2695/.
Full textThe agricultural lands that occupy more than one third of Earth's terrestrial surface contribute to climate change and are also impacted by those changes, since their production is conditioned by climatic conditions and water resources. The main objective of this thesis is therefore to quantify and analyze the production and also the main components of the carbon and water biogeochemical cycles for crop ecosystems in contrasted climatic years, focusing specifically on the winter wheat crop, in order to identify the best strategies for maintaining crop production and reducing environmental impacts. The study area is located in southwest France. We propose a regional modeling approach that combines: i) high spatial and temporal resolutions optical remote sensing data, ii) simple crop models and iii) an extensive set of in-situ measurements for models' calibration and validation. The combined use of these three 'tools' opens new perspectives for advanced agro-ecosystems modeling and monitoring at regional or global scales
Toussaint, Flora. "Variabilité temporelle des processus biogéochimiques influençant le carbone organique terrigène dans les sédiments du prodelta du Rhône." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS0059.
Full textDeltaic areas are the main link between continents and the coastal zone. The Rhône prodelta shows intense sedimentation and mineralization rates which decrease rapidly off the River mouth to the continental shelf. This study was carried out under the "MERMEX river" project with the objective of identifying sources of organic matter and studying the temporal variability of biogeochemical processes affecting the fate of organic carbon. It also aimed at calculating mass balances for carbon fluxes in the Rhône prodelta. The prodelta has been studied intensively with fourteen sea cruises spread over three years of thesis and the completion of the development of an autonomous benthic station equipped with oxygen microelectrodes. This dataset has highlighted the temporal variations (seasonal and annual) of benthic mineralization. An Increase of benthic mineralization have been identified during resuspension events. Isotopic measurements of carbon (δ13C and Δ14C) coupled with density separations allowed to discriminate organic carbon sources and determine the process for sedimentation and burial of the material. Several processes interact: the retention of terrigenous organic matter in the prodelta (around 50%), the transport by resuspension of dense and fine material from the continental shelf, the low proportion of marine plankton carbon in sediment and massive inflows of black carbon during river floods. Terrigenous organic matter is mainly subject to the process of burial and mineralization is strongly related to its reactivity
Paing, Joëlle. "Bilan du carbone et du soufre dans le lagunage anaérobie : contrôle de l'émission d'H2S pour la réduction des nuissances olfactives." Montpellier 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON13508.
Full textGary, Christian. "Etude et modélisation des effets à court terme du microclimat sur le bilan carbone de la tomate en phase végétative." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37613828w.
Full textGary, Christian. "Etude et modélisation des effets à court terme du microclimat sur le bilan carbone de la tomate en phase végétative." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066246.
Full textCoutinho, Luiz Felipe Carvalho. "Analyse du bilan de matière du pétrole dans une région en phase d’exploitation avancée – bassin de Reconcavo, Brésil." Paris 6, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00811915.
Full textThe mass balance study for the generated, migrated and accumulated petroleum constitutes an important tool for quantification of the petroleum systems providing indication for the comprehension of the oil distribution in a studied basin, whether it is a very explored province or a frontier area. This thesis has established a methodology for a mass balance construction in a petroleum system on a real case study. It is not only interested on the quantification of its charges and losses, but equally in its compositional aspects. The known hydrocarbon accumulation were used as a criteria for calibration of the mass balance parameters. It was chosen the Reconcavo basin, located at the Northeastern part of Brazil to this study. The basin is an aborted rift created during the fragmentation of the Gondwana supercontinent, during Lower Cretaceous. The quite known stage of exploration of the Reconcavo basin has contributed to the reduction of uncertainties concerning charges and losses, important issues to the definition of mass balance The large number of parameters that influence the mass balance were then calibrated on a precise way. For its acquisition it was used a geochemical protocol involving the kinetic-compositional description of the Tauá and Gomo Members (Candeias Formation), the main source rocks of the basin. A restoration law of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) was obtained through the results of the thermogravimetric experiments and also by Rock-Eval analysis. A second part of this work integrated these geochemical results in a sequential scheme of petroleum system modelings (1D, 2D and 3D). A thermal history calibration apart from the maturation data was used to obtain the source term. Later on, generation, expulsion and migration were modeled. These results provided the elements of mass balance for the Reconcavo basin showing that 8% of the expelled oil from the source rocks was accumulated, 16% was lost at the porous framework of the non-reservoir rocks and 76% left the system laterally or through exsudation, during its geological evolution
Diaz, Frédéric. "Evolution saisonnière de la production primaire et des processus d'assimilation-régénération de l'azote dans le Golfe du Lion : Estimation d'un bilan de carbone. Approches in situ et modélisation." Aix-Marseille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX22105.
Full textDelagrange, Sylvain. "Influence de la disponibilité en lumière et de la taille sur les attributs fonctionnels et le bilan de carbone de l'arbre." Nancy 1, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2004_0111_DELAGRANGE.pdf.
Full textAt the individual tree scale, species shade tolerance abilities are govemed by the sum of numerous traits, which, in tum, define tree carbon balance. Ln this study, contrasting scales of processes (leaf physiology, crown morphology and biomass partitioning) as weIl as the individual integrated functioning (light interception efficiency, above- and below-ground gas exchanges) were studied on sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh. , a shade tolerant species) and yellow birch (Betula allghaniensis _ritt. , a mid shade tolerant species). Results showed the additional importance of individual size, alone or in interaction with light availability, in the variation of seedling performance. Thus, species shade tolerance may not be constant during whole tree life span and may be highly dependent on the size reached by an individual under any given light environment
Delagrange, Sylvain Dizengremel Pierre Messier Christian. "Influence de la disponibilité en lumière et de la taille sur les attributs fonctionnels et le bilan de carbone de l'arbre." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2004_0111_DELAGRANGE.pdf.
Full textThèse soutenue en co-tutelle. Texte en français et en anglais. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre.
Carvalho, Coutinho Luiz Felipe. "Analyse du bilan de matière du pétrole dans une région en phase d'exploitation avancée - bassin de Reconcavo, Brésil." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00811915.
Full textGervois, Sébastien. "Les zones agricoles en Europe : évaluation de leur rôle sur les bilans d'eau et de carbone à l'échelle de l'Europe ; sensibilité de ces bilans aux changements environnementaux sur le vingtième siècle." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066390.
Full textLongieras, Antoine. "Mise au point d'un milieu solide inerte pour l'étude de la biodégradation des polymères dans le compost." Reims, 2005. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000336.pdf.
Full textThe purpose of our research was to set up a vermiculite based inert solid medium which allows us to enhance reproductibility of biodegradation tests in compost, to simulate degradation of materials in compost and to establish carbon balance. In a first step, wheat starch has been used as a model biodegradable polymer and we have shown that degradation of this product in an inert solid medium was similar to the degradation in compost. A carbon balance has been established with a satisfactory accuracy. In a second step, we have applied the method to the degradation of synthetic biodegradable polymer such as PLA of PHB. A carbon extraction protocol based on PLA hydrolysis in NaOH has been proposed and we have followed the evolution of the various terms of the PLA degradation carbon balance, Biomass, carbon dioxide, soluble by-products and remaining polymer. A different protocol has been proposed of PHB based on biomass oxidation but it still needs some improvement. This work constitutes a first approach in polymer inert solid media degradation tests and it highlights the fundamental steps which further work should be focused on
Bréchet, Laëtitia. "Contribution à l'étude de la variabilité spatiale des composantes du bilan de carbone d'un sol de forêt tropicale humide (Paracou, Guyane française)." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10105/document.
Full textThe aim of this study was to define the spatial variability of the C balance components of the soil in a tropical rain forest. This work was conducted in French Guiana in the Guyaflux experimental forest and in a close plantation of monospecific plots. Two approaches were used in this investigation. The first one aimed to analyze the effects of the environmental factors (i.e. soil texture, soil moisture or forest structure) on the spatial and interspecific variability in several components in situ. Among these components, the root biomass, the fine roots (Ø < 2 mm) production and the soil respiration (Rsol) measurements underlined a large spatial variability within plot. At this scale, there was a significant empirical relationship between the tree basal area and soil respiration. Interspecific variations in fine root elongation and decomposition rate have been jointly estimated for five and eight tropical tree species, respectively. The second approach classified the factors according to the magnitude of their effects on spatial variability of Rsol. Rsol is derived from both heterotrophic respiration by microorganisms (Rh) that decompose ground surface organic matter and autotrophic respiration by roots (Ra). Datasets from two years experiments of Rsol were used to evaluate the performance of semi-mechanistic model on the Guyaflux site. A soil organic matter model, CENTURY, simulating Rh component was coupled with the McCree model, which simulates the Ra of Rsol. The results of a parametric sensitivity analysis on the different predictions proved that the litter quality (e.g. lignin content) and the soil moisture were the two main factors responsible for the spatial variation of the CO2 flux on the soil. In this study, we showed that the use of simulation models linked to experimental field results is a promising approach to understand the impact of the biotic and abiotic factors on the processes deeply complex in tropical forest
Moreaux, Virginie. "Observation et modélisation des échanges d’énergie et de masse de jeunes peuplements forestiers du Sud-Ouest de la France." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14506/document.
Full textIn this thesis, the juvenile phase of forest stands of southwestern France was studied in order to characterise soil-vegetation-atmosphere exchanges. The study focused on contrasted structures of young pines and Eucalyptus stands. The first part of this research was to study experimentally the mass and energy exchanges of young plantations of pines and Eucalyptus growing in southwestern France. Continuous measurements of CO2 and H2O fluxes, energy balance, sapflow and tree growth and production were carried out for two years, a period marked by repeated episodes of drought. The behavior of these species was compared, as well as the effects of the environment and cultural practices on these ecosystems. The annual water and carbon balances, growth and production of the three stands were established and compared. These measurements were enriched by data already available and were based on the 1D-mechanistic model of forest production and soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer GRAECO (INRA-EPHYSE). The second part of the thesis focused on developing a new version of the model to be applied to crop systems for fast-growing forest biomass. By coupling this evolution of the model with the 3D-model MAESTRA (Medlyn 2004), the assumptions of vertical and horizontal homogeneities in the canopy can be exceeded thus accounting for the effect of the three-dimensional structure on the radiative, CO2 and water vapor transfers in young stands, where crowns are separate and the understorey is well-developed. In addition, the model was supplemented by three new modules describing the dynamics of soil carbon (Roth-C) and the growth and functioning of the understory and coppice. It was evaluated on existing data covering different sites and time series and including a series of forest practices, such as plowing, stump removal, superficial disking, seeding, early thinning, thinnings and cutting down close to the ground. Finally, as an exploratory work, this model has been implemented on a data set describing the local climate forced by the A2 climate scenario which was regionalized on a SAFRAN grid point (‘Météo-France’) for three forest itineraries of maritime pine and Eucalyptus, in order to assess the potential productivity of these systems
Luchaire, Nathalie. "Réponses développementales et physiologiques de la Microvigne aux températures élevées : caractérisation de l’effet sur le bilan carboné et son implication dans l’avortement précoce des organes reproducteurs." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NSAM0011/document.
Full textGlobal warming is likely to be a major issue for grapevine yield sustainability in the next years. A common hypothesis is that long-term elevated temperatures may cause the failure of key phases of reproductive development, through their negative impact on carbon balance. However, testing the specific role of plant carbon status on yield elaboration under elevated temperatures is difficult on perennial crops, such as grapevine, and when environment fluctuates. To overcome these difficulties, the present work was conducted under fully controlled environment using a natural, giberrelic acid insensitive mutant of grapevine called Microvine, as a new model for grapevine genetics and physiological studies. This mutant present a dwarf stature and lack of juvenile characteristics leading to the continuous flowering and fruiting even during the first year after sowing. The present study was aimed at (i) developing a framework of analysis for Microvine; (ii) describing vegetative and reproductive developments responses to temperature elevation at whole plant level, and more precisely on early reproductive development abortions; (iii) characterizing grapevine carbon balance responses to temperature; and finally (iv) evaluating carbon balance implication in temperature-dependent early reproductive development abortions. This work shows that complete inflorescence abortions observed in response to temperature were related to carbon status, either expressed though total carbohydrate, or through the level of reserves at the whole plant level. This study opens the way to use Microvine as model to address the impact of climate warming on grapevine vegetative and reproductive developments
Guttières, Raphaêl. "Priming-effect : vers un mécanisme universel de contrôle du bilan stockage-déstockage du carbone organique. Approfondissements théoriques, généralisation aux milieux aquatiques et cultivés." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS497.
Full textThis thesis aims to understand the degree of genericity of a biogeochemical process related to carbon dynamics, the "Priming Effect" (PE). This process was initially studied in soils before being identified in the aquatic environment. It can be defined in both types of environments as the modification (increase or decrease) of the mineralization rate of the organic matter stabilized by the addition of labile organic matter. The objective of this work was to test the PE response in the context of global changes as well as in the context of agricultural practices. A first experiment in agricultural soil tested the energy hypothesis by playing on the quality of the organic matter brought. The results confirmed the central role of the energetic aspect of organic matter input in soils by demonstrating that fresh plant residues induce over-mineralization (PE) of soil organic matter eight times higher than its pre-decomposed equivalent. In this same experiment, the responses of the PE to a temperature increase, an increase in nutrient availability and a change in soil cover (agricultural cover vs. forest cover) were tested. This shows a strong effect of temperature on basal soils mineralization, but no effect on PE. The latter seems to react more to the availability of energy and the type of vegetation cover. In parallel with this terrestrial part, two aquatic experiments were conducted, testing the impact of changes in stoichiometry, temperature and availability of labile organic matter on the interactions between the decomposers compartment and that of the primary producers. Few results are available to date, and no definitive conclusion on the PE response is currently available. However, it has been possible to highlight the relative importance of carbon fluxes from the different biotic compartments of our systems. A significant algal mixotrophy has thus been demonstrated, leading us to reconsider the role of primary producers in the aquatic part of the carbon cycle dynamics, and therefore their potential role in the PE in the context of global warming and continental surfaces erosion. Complementary analyzes of the stored samples and a modeling approach under development will make it possible to identify the possible singularities of PE in the aquatic environment with respect to the terrestrial environment. On its terrestrial side, this thesis has suggested an agroecological approach of management of carbon stocks in soils, as well as to highlight the major role of the state of decomposition of plant residues on the intensity of the PE
Paradis, Laurence. "Comparaison du bilan de carbone et du potentiel d'atténuation des changements climatiques de stratégies d'aménagement forestier dans la sapinière boréale du Québec (Canada)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30685.
Full textManagement of the world’s forests can play a role for climate change mitigation by increasing CO2 storage in vegetation biomass and harvested wood products, and by displacing CO2-intensive materials such as steel or concrete. This study aimed to determine how management of boreal forest stands can contribute to climate change mitigation in the context of ecosystem-based management. The study was based on the comparison of different strategies applied to a balsam fir-white birch stand in the Eastern boreal forest of Quebec (Canada). We simulated five scenarios over a 199- year period at the stand level: a reference scenario involving clearcut at 50-year intervals, and four 12 alternative scenarios clearcut with longer rotation length (70 and 80 years), partial cut, and a no harvest scenario. Overall, scenarios with longer clearcut rotations and, to a lesser extent, partial cut resulted in a higher potential to mitigate climate change. The substitution effect of wood products was revealed as a key aspect, suggesting that wood product manufacturing and utilisation on the markets, and not only forest management, need to be carefully considered.
Smida, Rafik. "TIC et environnement : optimisation et efficacité énergétique. (Cas de la Tunisie)." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR0037.
Full textThe relationship between ICT, environment and energy efficiency causes a lot of controversies. Theseconcepts are rarely associated, especially for smaller emerging economies. Yet each has a significant impacton the other. The negative effects of ICT on the environment are various, in the same way, use and diffusionof ICT can also benefit the environment. This PhD thesis put forward further study impacts of ICT on energyconsumption and emissions of greenhouse gases, at the macro level for the case of Tunisia. The generalcontext of this thesis focuses on the relationship between the environment and the innovation theory, whilethe specific context focuses specifically on the energy consumption of ICT. Our approach is inserted underthe theory of innovation and economic basis for the use of new technologies, specifically at the intersectionof industrial economics and environmental economics. Our research focused on three main aspects:theoretical, empirical and descriptive. Firstly, this study handled the theory of environmental innovationsand its relationship with general purpose technology and ICT especially. Secondly, this thesis has allowed usto develop a detailed descriptive analyses based on the data and statistics from the World Bank, and otherinstitutions. Thirdly, a set of statistical tests and rigorous econometric models were applied to determine thelink between ICT investment and energy efficiency in Tunisia
Darul, Romane. "Bilan des nutriments et du carbone dans les zones humides naturelles et artificielles de tête de bassin versant : cas du bassin versant du lac de Carcans-Hourtin." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0190.
Full textWetlands are subject to numerous threats such as eutrophication, disruption of their hydrology by human activities and climate change. Restoration of natural sites and the creation of artificial wetlands are carried out by territorial managers to preserve the ecosystem services they provide: support for biodiversity, nutrient remediation and carbon storage. Headwater wetlands are particularly important as they influence downstream water quality and the biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems in much of the downstream watershed. The watershed of the lacs Médocains is a highly anthropized territory, dedicated to pine cultivation and agriculture. It is home to several natural wetland environments, including the Carcans-Hourtin and Lacanau lakes, marshes, watercourses and many temporary forest ponds, remnants of the marshy area that existed before the expansion of forestry on the Landes plateau. These environments are at risk of eutrophication and drying up; their number decreases every year. Some Agricultural Artificial Wetlands (AAW) are constructed downstream of agricultural exploitations to reduce nutrient flows from field runoff. The study of these natural and artificial wetlands is thus a strategic point in territorial management. In this thesis work, the physico-chemistry of 12 temporary ponds and 3 AAW was monitored for about 2 years. Sediment cores were taken from the AAW to quantify nutrient fluxes at the water-sediment interface and define nutrients depletion processes. Within temporary ponds, a carbon budget was established through measurements of CO2 and CH4 fluxes at the water-atmosphere and exposed sediment-air interfaces using flux chambers, and through measurements of carbon burial rates using 210Pb dating in sediment cores. Identification of vegetation belts and biomass harvesting were carried out on 6 temporary ponds. The results of this thesis show that AAW are currently too small to effectively reduce nitrate coming from field fertilization. However, denitrification and phosphorus precipitation processes in the sediments are indeed occurring. The enlargement of surface of existing AAW and the creation of new artificial wetlands should be recommended in order to effectively reduce nutrient flows in the future. The temporary ponds studied resulted acidic and mostly oligotrophic. However, nitrification was measured during the re-watering of ponds that had dried up for a long time during the summer, and nitrate contamination was identified in several ponds located downstream of agricultural areas. Sites in good conservation status or having undergone recent restoration works, consisting of bank re-profiling and sediment seed bank conservation, were identified as carbon sinks and had the highest vegetation biomass and diversity. On the opposite, ponds that had been over-excavated in the past, resulted as carbon sources and present less biodiversity. A carbon storage gradient was identified in the ponds: central areas, which were immersed the longest, had higher carbon rates than external areas. iv The current restoration techniques used for natural wetlands and the planned enlargement works for the artificial ones therefore appear to be effective methods for maintaining good water quality and sustaining wetlands in the Carcans-Hourtin lake watershed. However, it is still necessary to monitor the evolution of these environments in the context of climate change
Qiu, Chunjing. "Modélisation de la dynamique du carbone et des surfaces dans les tourbières du nord." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV022.
Full textNorthern peatlands play an important role in the global carbon (C) cycle as a long-term CO2 sink and the one of the largest natural methane (CH4) sources. Meanwhile, these substantial carbon stores will be exposed in the future to large warming and wetter conditions that characterize climate change in the high latitudes and, because of the large amount of C stored in northern peatlands, their fate is of concern. In this thesis, I integrated a representation of peatlands water and carbon cycling into the ORCHIDEE-MICT land surface model (LSM), with the aim to improve the understanding of peatland C and area dynamics since the Holocene, to explore effects of projected climate change to northern peatlands, and to quantify the role of northern peatlands in the global C cycle.Firstly (Chapter 2), I implemented peatland as an independent sub-grid hydrological soil unit (HSU) which receives runoff from surrounding non-peatland HSUs in each grid cell and has no bottom drainage, following the concept of Largeron et al. (2018). To model vertical water fluxes of peatland and non-peatland soils, I represented peat-specific hydrological parameters for the peatland HSU while in other HSUs the hydrological parameters are determined by the dominant soil texture of the grid cell. I chose a diplotelmic model to simulate peat C decomposition and accumulation. This two-layered model includes an upper layer (acrotelm) that is variably inundated and a lower layer (catotelm) that is permanently inundated. This model showed good performance in simulating peatland hydrology, C and energy fluxes at 30 northern peatland sites on daily to annual time scales. But the over simplification of the C dynamics may limit its capacity to predict northern peatland response to future climate change.Secondly (Chapter 3), I replaced the diplotelmic peat carbon model with a multi-layered model to account for vertical heterogeneities in temperature and moisture along the peat profile. I then adapted the cost-efficient version of TOPMODEL and peatland establishment criteria from Stocker et al. (2014) to simulate the dynamics of peatland area within a grid cell. Here the flooded area given by TOPMODEL is crossed with suitable peat growing conditions to set the area that is occupied by a peat HSU. This model was tested across a range of northern peatland sites and for gridded simulations over the Northern Hemisphere (>30 °N). Simulated total northern peatlands area and C stock by 2010 is 3.9 million km2 and 463 PgC, fall well within observation-based reported range of northern peatlands area (3.4 – 4.0 million km2) and C stock (270 – 540 PgC).Lastly (Chapter 4), with the multi-layered model, I conducted factorial simulations using representative concentration pathway (RCP)-driven bias-corrected past and future climate data from two general circulation models (GCMs) to explore responses of northern peatlands to climate change. The impacts of peatlands on future C balance of the Northern Hemisphere were discussed, including the direct response of the C balance of the (simulated) extant peatland area, and indirect effects of peatlands on the terrestrial C balance when peatlands area change in the future.Future work will focus on including influences of land use change and fires on peatland into the model, given that substantial losses of C could occur due to these disturbances. To have a complete picture of peatland C balance, CH4 and dissolved organic C (DOC) losses must be considered
Qiu, Chunjing. "Modélisation de la dynamique du carbone et des surfaces dans les tourbières du nord." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV022.
Full textNorthern peatlands play an important role in the global carbon (C) cycle as a long-term CO2 sink and the one of the largest natural methane (CH4) sources. Meanwhile, these substantial carbon stores will be exposed in the future to large warming and wetter conditions that characterize climate change in the high latitudes and, because of the large amount of C stored in northern peatlands, their fate is of concern. In this thesis, I integrated a representation of peatlands water and carbon cycling into the ORCHIDEE-MICT land surface model (LSM), with the aim to improve the understanding of peatland C and area dynamics since the Holocene, to explore effects of projected climate change to northern peatlands, and to quantify the role of northern peatlands in the global C cycle.Firstly (Chapter 2), I implemented peatland as an independent sub-grid hydrological soil unit (HSU) which receives runoff from surrounding non-peatland HSUs in each grid cell and has no bottom drainage, following the concept of Largeron et al. (2018). To model vertical water fluxes of peatland and non-peatland soils, I represented peat-specific hydrological parameters for the peatland HSU while in other HSUs the hydrological parameters are determined by the dominant soil texture of the grid cell. I chose a diplotelmic model to simulate peat C decomposition and accumulation. This two-layered model includes an upper layer (acrotelm) that is variably inundated and a lower layer (catotelm) that is permanently inundated. This model showed good performance in simulating peatland hydrology, C and energy fluxes at 30 northern peatland sites on daily to annual time scales. But the over simplification of the C dynamics may limit its capacity to predict northern peatland response to future climate change.Secondly (Chapter 3), I replaced the diplotelmic peat carbon model with a multi-layered model to account for vertical heterogeneities in temperature and moisture along the peat profile. I then adapted the cost-efficient version of TOPMODEL and peatland establishment criteria from Stocker et al. (2014) to simulate the dynamics of peatland area within a grid cell. Here the flooded area given by TOPMODEL is crossed with suitable peat growing conditions to set the area that is occupied by a peat HSU. This model was tested across a range of northern peatland sites and for gridded simulations over the Northern Hemisphere (>30 °N). Simulated total northern peatlands area and C stock by 2010 is 3.9 million km2 and 463 PgC, fall well within observation-based reported range of northern peatlands area (3.4 – 4.0 million km2) and C stock (270 – 540 PgC).Lastly (Chapter 4), with the multi-layered model, I conducted factorial simulations using representative concentration pathway (RCP)-driven bias-corrected past and future climate data from two general circulation models (GCMs) to explore responses of northern peatlands to climate change. The impacts of peatlands on future C balance of the Northern Hemisphere were discussed, including the direct response of the C balance of the (simulated) extant peatland area, and indirect effects of peatlands on the terrestrial C balance when peatlands area change in the future.Future work will focus on including influences of land use change and fires on peatland into the model, given that substantial losses of C could occur due to these disturbances. To have a complete picture of peatland C balance, CH4 and dissolved organic C (DOC) losses must be considered
Masse, Antoine. "Développement et automatisation de méthodes de classification à partir de séries temporelles d'images de télédétection - Application aux changements d'occupation des sols et à l'estimation du bilan carbone." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00921853.
Full textPique, Gaétan. "Apport de la télédétection pour la simulation spatialisée des composantes du bilan carbone des cultures et des effets d'atténuation biogéochimiques et biogéophysiques des cultures intermédiaires." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30038.
Full textClimate change and the demographic growth of the world's population are leading the agricultural world to adapt to meet these two major challenges. While agricultural land, which represents nearly one third of the world's land area, contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, it also offers the possibility of implementing climate change mitigation levers. In this context, the aim of this thesis is to increase our knowledge of the functioning of agricultural areas, to provide tools for assessing the contribution of cultivated surfaces to climate change, and to quantify the biogeochemical (C storage) and biogeophysical (albedo effect) effects of climate change mitigation through the implementation of cover crops. To meet these objectives, two modeling approaches were developed during this work. The first part of this thesis focused on the development of a spatialized modeling approach, allowing to provide estimates of production (biomass and yields), CO2 and water fluxes, these variables being used to quantify the carbon and water budgets for cropland. To this end, the SAFYE-CO2 agro-meteorological model assimilating satellite products of vegetation index at high spatial and temporal resolutions was developed and applied to different crops (wheat, maize and sunflower) and intercrop vegetation (spontaneous regrowth, weeds, cover crops). This approach has been validated on a network of plots in southwestern France, taking advantage of a large number of satellite images and validation data on the Regional Spatial Observatory area. In particular, it has allowed to accurately estimate wheat, sunflower and corn production, as well as CO2 and water fluxes on wheat and sunflower crops. Vegetation, which can develop on the plots during intercropping periods, was also considered in order to improve the estimation of CO2 and water fluxes. In particular, this made it possible to quantify the impact of intermediate crops on the C balance components of plots allocated to field crops in the study area. The second part of the project aimed at developing a model for the introduction of cover crops at a European scale, in order to estimate the radiative forcing induced by the modification of the surface albedo generated by this practice. Thanks to medium resolution albedo products (1/20°), developed by the CNRM (and in collaboration with this laboratory), this modelling approach allowed to provide estimates of the albedo effect related to cover crops. Several introduction scenarios were simulated to account for the impact of certain factors, such as snow or rain. They have allowed us to highlight the potential negative impact of soil darkening, induced in the long term (via the enrichment of soil organic matter) by cover crops on the radiative forcing of cultivated areas. Finally, as any change in agricultural practice induces biogeochemical and biogeophysical effects on climate, an analysis of these coupled effects was conducted using these two modelling approaches. We conclude that once intercropping is implemented, the soil should be permanently covered so that the soil darkening effect does not cause the other climatic benefits of this agricultural practice to be lost
Leroy, Fabien. "Effets des changements de végétation dans les tourbières à sphaignes sur le cycle du carbone." Thesis, Orléans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ORLE2029/document.
Full textPeatlands have stored a third of the soil organic Carbon (C) in only 3% of the land area. However, in response to global change, boreal and temperate peatlands may shift from Sphagnum to vascular plant-dominated peatlands that may alter their C-sink function. This thesis aims at providing a better understanding of the vascular plants interactions in a Sphagnum dominated peatland and their implications on the C cycle. This work mainly focus on the invasion of a graminoid plant, Molinia caerulea, through a mesocosm experiment. Results from experiments show that vascular plants are both able to promote the growth of Sphagnum mosses as well as the decomposition of their litter. Molinia caerulea occurrence appears to increase the C sink capacity of Sphagnum peat mesocosms passing of 30 to 220 gC stock m⁻² y⁻1. This capacity of Molinia caerulea to store C is probably due to it high roots productivity. However, it also seems to stimulate the decomposition of ‘old’ C, stored as peat, by stimulating microorganisms activity through roots exudates. These latter also promote the dissolved organic C consumption and CO₂ and CH₄ emissions observed with Molinia caerulea occurrence, as well as the temperature sensitivity of C exports by altering the microbial communities. Molinia caerulea impacts on microorganisms also affect N cycle conducting to a decrease of N₂O emissions in these ecosystems
Coste, Sabrina. "Diversité et plasticité des traits foliaires en forêt tropicale humide : une analyse coût/bénéfice de l'acquisition de carbone." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004645.
Full textMasse, Antoine. "Développement et automatisation de méthodes de classification à partir de séries temporelles d'images de télédétection : application aux changements d'occupation des sols et à l'estimation du bilan carbone." Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2106/.
Full textAs acquisition technology progresses, remote sensing data contains an ever increasing amount of information. Future projects in remote sensing like Copernicus will give a high temporal repeatability of acquisitions and will cover large geographical areas. As part of the Copernicus project, Sentinel-2 combines a large swath, frequent revisit (5 days), and systematic acquisition of all land surfaces at high-spatial resolution and with a large number of spectral bands. The context of my research activities has involved the automation and improvement of classification processes for land use and land cover mapping in application with new satellite characteristics. This research has been focused on four main axes: selection of the input data for the classification processes, improvement of classification systems with introduction of ancillary data, fusion of multi-sensors, multi-temporal and multi-spectral classification image results and classification without ground truth data. These new methodologies have been validated on a wide range of images available: various sensors (optical: Landsat 5/7, Worldview-2, Formosat-2, Spot 2/4/5, Pleiades; and radar: Radarsat, Terrasar-X), various spatial resolutions (30 meters to 0. 5 meters), various time repeatability (up to 46 images per year) and various geographical areas (agricultural area in Toulouse, France, Pyrenean mountains and arid areas in Morocco and Algeria). These methodologies are applicable to a wide range of thematic applications like Land Cover mapping, carbon flux estimation and greenbelt mapping
Rivalland, Vincent. "Amélioration et validation du modèle de fonctionnement de la végétation ISBA-A-gs : stress hydrique et flux de CO2." Toulouse 3, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009717.
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