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1
Turroni, Francesca, Elena Foroni, Paola Pizzetti, Vanessa Giubellini, Angela Ribbera, Paolo Merusi, Patrizio Cagnasso, et al. "Exploring the Diversity of the Bifidobacterial Population in the Human Intestinal Tract." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 6 (January 23, 2009): 1534–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02216-08.
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ABSTRACT Although the health-promoting roles of bifidobacteria are widely accepted, the diversity of bifidobacteria among the human intestinal microbiota is still poorly understood. We performed a census of bifidobacterial populations from human intestinal mucosal and fecal samples by plating them on selective medium, coupled with molecular analysis of selected rRNA gene sequences (16S rRNA gene and internally transcribed spacer [ITS] 16S-23S spacer sequences) of isolated colonies. A total of 900 isolates were collected, of which 704 were shown to belong to bifidobacteria. Analyses showed that the culturable bifidobacterial population from intestinal and fecal samples include six main phylogenetic taxa, i.e., Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Bifidobacterium breve, and Bifidobacterium bifidum, and two species mostly detected in fecal samples, i.e., Bifidobacterium dentium and Bifidobacterium animalis subp. lactis. Analysis of bifidobacterial distribution based on age of the subject revealed that certain identified bifidobacterial species were exclusively present in the adult human gut microbiota whereas others were found to be widely distributed. We encountered significant intersubject variability and composition differences between fecal and mucosa-adherent bifidobacterial communities. In contrast, a modest diversification of bifidobacterial populations was noticed between different intestinal regions within the same individual (intrasubject variability). Notably, a small number of bifidobacterial isolates were shown to display a wide ecological distribution, thus suggesting that they possess a broad colonization capacity.
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Dinoto, Achmad, Tatiana M. Marques, Kanta Sakamoto, Satoru Fukiya, Jun Watanabe, Susumu Ito, and Atsushi Yokota. "Population Dynamics of Bifidobacterium Species in Human Feces during Raffinose Administration Monitored by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization-Flow Cytometry." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 12 (October 20, 2006): 7739–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01777-06.
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ABSTRACT The population dynamics of bifidobacteria in human feces during raffinose administration were investigated at the species level by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) coupled with flow cytometry (FCM) analysis. Although double-staining FISH-FCM using both fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and indodicarbocyanine (Cy5) as labeling dyes for fecal samples has been reported, the analysis was interfered with by strong autofluorescence at the FITC fluorescence region because of the presence of autofluorescence particles/debris in the fecal samples. We circumvented this problem by using only Cy5 fluorescent dye in the FISH-FCM analysis. Thirteen subjects received 2 g of raffinose twice a day for 4 weeks. Fecal samples were collected, and the bifidobacterial populations were monitored using the established FISH-FCM method. The results showed an increase in bifidobacteria from about 12.5% of total bacteria in the prefeeding period to about 28.7 and 37.2% after the 2-week and 4-week feeding periods, respectively. Bifidobacterium adolescentis, the Bifidobacterium catenulatum group, and Bifidobacterium longum were the major species, in that order, at the prefeeding period, and these bacteria were found to increase nearly in parallel during the raffinose administration. During the feeding periods, indigenous bifidobacterial populations became more diverse, such that minor species in human adults, such as Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium dentium, and Bifidobacterium angulatum, proliferated. Four weeks after raffinose administration was stopped, the proportion of each major bifidobacterial species, as well as that of total bifidobacteria, returned to approximately the original values for the prefeeding period, whereas that of each minor species appeared to differ considerably from its original value. To the best of our knowledge, these results provide the first clear demonstration of the population dynamics of indigenous bifidobacteria at the species level in response to raffinose administration.
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Requena, Teresa, Jeremy Burton, Takahiro Matsuki, Karen Munro, Mary Alice Simon, Ryuichiro Tanaka, Koichi Watanabe, and Gerald W. Tannock. "Identification, Detection, and Enumeration of Human Bifidobacterium Species by PCR Targeting the Transaldolase Gene." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 5 (May 2002): 2420–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.5.2420-2427.2002.
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ABSTRACT Methods that enabled the identification, detection, and enumeration of Bifidobacterium species by PCR targeting the transaldolase gene were tested. Bifidobacterial species isolated from the feces of human adults and babies were identified by PCR amplification of a 301-bp transaldolase gene sequence and comparison of the relative migrations of the DNA fragments in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Two subtypes of Bifidobacterium longum, five subtypes of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and two subtypes of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum could be differentiated using PCR-DGGE. Bifidobacterium angulatum and B. catenulatum type cultures could not be differentiated from each other. Bifidobacterial species were also detected directly in fecal samples by this combination of PCR and DGGE. The number of species detected was less than that detected by PCR using species-specific primers targeting 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Real-time quantitative PCR targeting a 110-bp transaldolase gene sequence was used to enumerate bifidobacteria in fecal samples. Real-time quantitative PCR measurements of bifidobacteria in fecal samples from adults correlated well with results obtained by culture when either a 16S rDNA sequence or the transaldolase gene sequence was targeted. In the case of samples from infants, 16S rDNA-targeted PCR was superior to PCR targeting the transaldolase gene for the quantification of bifidobacterial populations.
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Sakurai, Takuma, Toshitaka Odamaki, and Jin-zhong Xiao. "Production of Indole-3-Lactic Acid by Bifidobacterium Strains Isolated fromHuman Infants." Microorganisms 7, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090340.
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Recent studies have shown that metabolites produced by microbes can be considered as mediators of host-microbial interactions. In this study, we examined the production of tryptophan metabolites by Bifidobacterium strains found in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other animals. Indole-3-lactic acid (ILA) was the only tryptophan metabolite produced in bifidobacteria culture supernatants. No others, including indole-3-propionic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, and indole-3-aldehyde, were produced. Strains of bifidobacterial species commonly isolated from the intestines of human infants, such as Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, Bifidobacterium breve, and Bifidobacterium bifidum, produced higher levels of ILA than did strains of other species. These results imply that infant-type bifidobacteria might play a specific role in host–microbial cross-talk by producing ILA in human infants.
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Mikkelsen, Lene Lind, Christian Bendixen, Mogens Jakobsen, and Bent Borg Jensen. "Enumeration of Bifidobacteria in Gastrointestinal Samples from Piglets." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 1 (January 2003): 654–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.1.654-658.2003.
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ABSTRACT The population of Bifidobacterium spp. in fecal samples from suckling piglets was investigated, and Beerens, raffinose-bifidobacterium (RB), and modified Wilkins-Chalgren (MW) agar media were evaluated with regard to the enumeration of bifidobacteria in porcine intestinal samples. The results demonstrated that the population of bifidobacteria in the feces of suckling piglets is numerically low, and a phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene from bifidobacterial isolates suggested that a possibly new Bifidobacterium species was isolated. Beerens, RB, and MW agar media were not selective for bifidobacteria in the fecal samples. The highest recovery and diversity of bifidobacteria were obtained for MW agar. Nonbifidobacterial isolates from the three agar media were identified and may contribute to the future formulation of improved selective media for the enumeration of bifidobacteria.
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Matsuki, Takahiro, Koichi Watanabe, Junji Fujimoto, Yukiko Kado, Toshihiko Takada, Kazumasa Matsumoto, and Ryuichiro Tanaka. "Quantitative PCR with 16S rRNA-Gene-Targeted Species-Specific Primers for Analysis of Human Intestinal Bifidobacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 1 (January 2004): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.1.167-173.2004.
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ABSTRACT A highly sensitive quantitative PCR detection method has been developed and applied to the distribution analysis of human intestinal bifidobacteria by combining real-time PCR with Bifidobacterium genus- and species-specific primers. Real-time PCR detection of serially diluted DNA extracted from cultured bifidobacteria was linear for cell counts ranging from 106 to 10 cells per PCR assay. It was also found that the method was applicable to the detection of Bifidobacterium in feces when it was present at concentrations of >106 cells per g of feces. Concerning the distribution of Bifidobacterium species in intestinal flora, the Bifidobacterium adolescentis group, the Bifidobacterium catenulatum group, and Bifidobacterium longum were found to be the three predominant species by examination of DNA extracted from the feces of 46 healthy adults. We also examined changes in the population and composition of Bifidobacterium species in human intestinal flora of six healthy adults over an 8-month period. The results showed that the composition of bifidobacterial flora was basically stable throughout the test period.
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Fushinobu, Shinya, and Maher Abou Hachem. "Structure and evolution of the bifidobacterial carbohydrate metabolism proteins and enzymes." Biochemical Society Transactions 49, no. 2 (March 5, 2021): 563–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20200163.
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Bifidobacteria have attracted significant attention because they provide health-promoting effects in the human gut. In this review, we present a current overview of the three-dimensional structures of bifidobacterial proteins involved in carbohydrate uptake, degradation, and metabolism. As predominant early colonizers of the infant's gut, distinct bifidobacterial species are equipped with a panel of transporters and enzymes specific for human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Interestingly, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum possess lacto-N-biosidases with unrelated structural folds to release the disaccharide lacto-N-biose from HMOs, suggesting the convergent evolution of this activity from different ancestral proteins. The crystal structures of enzymes that confer the degradation of glycans from the mucin glycoprotein layer provide a structural basis for the utilization of this sustainable nutrient in the gastrointestinal tract. The utilization of several plant dietary oligosaccharides has been studied in detail, and the prime importance of oligosaccharide-specific ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in glycan utilisations by bifidobacteria has been revealed. The structural elements underpinning the high selectivity and roles of ABC transporter binding proteins in establishing competitive growth on preferred oligosaccharides are discussed. Distinct ABC transporters are conserved across several bifidobacterial species, e.g. those targeting arabinoxylooligosaccharide and α-1,6-galactosides/glucosides. Less prevalent transporters, e.g. targeting β-mannooligosaccharides, may contribute to the metabolic specialisation within Bifidobacterium. Some bifidobacterial species have established symbiotic relationships with humans. Structural studies of carbohydrate-utilizing systems in Bifidobacterium have revealed the interesting history of molecular coevolution with the host, as highlighted by the early selection of bifidobacteria by mucin and breast milk glycans.
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Saturio, Silvia, Alicja M. Nogacka, Guadalupe M. Alvarado-Jasso, Nuria Salazar, Clara G. de los Reyes-Gavilán, Miguel Gueimonde, and Silvia Arboleya. "Role of Bifidobacteria on Infant Health." Microorganisms 9, no. 12 (November 23, 2021): 2415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122415.
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Bifidobacteria are among the predominant microorganisms during infancy, being a dominant microbial group in the healthy breastfed infant and playing a crucial role in newborns and infant development. Not only the levels of the Bifidobacterium genus but also the profile and quantity of the different bifidobacterial species have been demonstrated to be of relevance to infant health. Although no definitive proof is available on the causal association, reduced levels of bifidobacteria are perhaps the most frequently observed alteration of the intestinal microbiota in infant diseases. Moreover, Bifidobacterium strains have been extensively studied by their probiotic attributes. This review compiles the available information about bifidobacterial composition and function since the beginning of life, describing different perinatal factors affecting them, and their implications on different health alterations in infancy. In addition, this review gathers exhaustive information about pre-clinical and clinical studies with Bifidobacterium strains as probiotics in neonates.
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Peirotén, A., J. L. Arqués, M. Medina, and E. Rodríguez-Mínguez. "Bifidobacterial strains shared by mother and child as source of probiotics." Beneficial Microbes 9, no. 2 (February 27, 2018): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2017.0133.
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Importance of bifidobacteria as part of the infant intestinal microbiota has been highlighted. Their acquisition is influenced by the mode of birth and the feed regime afterwards, with a special role of the maternal microbiota. The presence of the same shared bifidobacterial strains between breast milk and infant faeces in 14 mother-infant pairs was assessed by means of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotyping. Four shared strains of Bifidobacterium breve (2), Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis and B. longum subsp. longum were found in breast milk-infant faeces pairs. Two years later, a second survey yielded four shared strains of the species Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. longum subsp. longum and Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum. Moreover, a B. bifidum strain was found to be shared by the infant faeces of the first study and the mother faeces tested two years later, pointing out a long term persistence. Some of the selected bifidobacterial strains showed probiotic potential due to their survival to gastrointestinal conditions and their ability to form biofilms.
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ROY, DENIS, and PIERRE WARD. "Rapid Detection of Bifidobacterium dentium by Enzymatic Hydrolysis of β-Glucuronide Substrates." Journal of Food Protection 55, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-55.4.291.
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Enzyme profiles and fermentation patterns of bifidobacteria were studied to determine phenotypic characteristics that allow the rapid detection of Bifidobacterium dentium and its differentiation from Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium angulatum, Bifidobacterium catenulatum, and Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum. Among 43 bifidobacterial strains tested, the production of β-glucuronidase was limited to six strains of B. dentium. The presence of B. dentium on a selective medium may be rapidly confirmed by the detection of β-glucuronidase activity. Columbia agar containing propionic acid was chosen to enumerate bifidobacteria previously cultivated in MRS medium. After 48 h of incubation, β-glucuronidase activity was determined by using a plate staining procedure. B. dentium strains gave positive results for β-glucuronidase activity after application of the overlay solution of β-glucuronide substrate. The β-glucuronidase assay is a rapid screening method for B. dentium. This method might be useful for selection of nonpathogenic strains or detection of fecal contamination from human origin.
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Sirilun, S., H. Takahashi, S. Boonyaritichaikij, C. Chaiyasut, P. Lertruangpanya, Y. Koga, and K. Mikami. "Impact of maternal bifidobacteria and the mode of delivery on Bifidobacterium microbiota in infants." Beneficial Microbes 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2014.0124.
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The aim of this study is to examine the influence of maternal intestinal and vaginal bifidobacteria on the colonisation of bifidobacteria in the gut of infants. Faecal samples from 120 healthy pregnant mothers within 1 month of delivery and from their infants at 1 month of age and 98 vaginal swabs from the mothers at the time of delivery were collected at a maternity hospital in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The faecal and vaginal samples were assayed by real-time PCR assays to detect Bifidobacterium species and to estimate the bifidobacterial copy numbers. After adjusting for the numbers of each Bifidobacterium species, delivery mode, and antibiotic use in infants by the age of 1 month, total counts of bifidobacteria in the mothers’ faeces were associated with increased copy numbers of bifidobacteria in the faeces of breastfed infants. A caesarean section was also significantly associated with a decrease in the copy numbers of bifidobacteria in the faeces of infants. No significant correlation was found between the bifidobacterial copies of the vaginal swabs and those of the infants’ faeces. The intestinal bifidobacterial status of exclusively breastfed infants was significantly positive affected by vaginal delivery and high bifidobacterial copy numbers in their mothers’ gut.
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Chen, Yuan Yao, Xin Zhao, Wolfgang Moeder, Hein M. Tun, Elinor Simons, Piushkumar J. Mandhane, Theo J. Moraes, et al. "Impact of Maternal Intrapartum Antibiotics, and Caesarean Section with and without Labour on Bifidobacterium and Other Infant Gut Microbiota." Microorganisms 9, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 1847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091847.
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Background and Aims: Few studies consider the joint effect of multiple factors related to birth, delivery mode, intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis and the onset of labour, on the abundance of Bifidobacterium and the quantity of this genus and its species Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis in the infant gut microbiota. We implemented such a study. Methods: Among 1654 Canadian full-term infants, the gut microbiota of faecal samples collected at 3 months were profiled by 16S rRNA sequencing; the genus Bifidobacterium and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis were quantified by qPCR. Associations between Bifidobacterium and other gut microbiota were examined by Spearman’s rank correlation. Results: Following vaginal birth, maternal IAP exposure was associated with reduced absolute quantities of bifidobacteria among vaginally delivered infants (6.80 vs. 7.14 log10 (gene-copies/g faeces), p < 0.05), as well as their lowered abundance relative to other gut microbiota. IAP differences in infant gut bifidobacterial quantity were independent of maternal pre-pregnancy body-mass-index (BMI), and remarkably, they were limited to breastfed infants. Pre-pregnancy BMI adjustment revealed negative associations between absolute quantities of bifidobacteria and CS with or without labour in non-breastfed infants, and CS with labour in exclusively breastfed infants. Significant correlations between Bifidobacterium abundance and other microbial taxa were observed. Conclusions: This study documented the impact of the birth mode and feeding status on the abundance of gut Bifidobacterium, and pointed to the important ecological role of the genus Bifidobacterium in gut microbiota due to its strong interaction with other gut microbiota in early infancy.
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Young, Sarah L., Mary A. Simon, Margaret A. Baird, Gerald W. Tannock, Rodrigo Bibiloni, Kate Spencely, Juliette M. Lane, et al. "Bifidobacterial Species Differentially Affect Expression of Cell Surface Markers and Cytokines of Dendritic Cells Harvested from Cord Blood." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 11, no. 4 (July 2004): 686–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.11.4.686-690.2004.
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ABSTRACT The gut microbiota may be important in the postnatal development of the immune system and hence may influence the prevalence of atopic diseases. Bifidobacteria are the most numerous bacteria in the guts of infants, and the presence or absence of certain species could be important in determining the geographic incidence of atopic diseases. We compared the fecal populations of bifidobacteria from children aged 25 to 35 days in Ghana (which has a low prevalence of atopy), New Zealand, and the United Kingdom (high-prevalence countries). Natal origin influenced the detection of bifidobacterial species in that fecal samples from Ghana almost all contained Bifidobacterium infantis whereas those of the other children did not. Choosing species on the basis of our bacteriological results, we tested bifidobacterial preparations for their effects on cell surface markers and cytokine production by dendritic cells harvested from cord blood. Species-specific effects on the expression of the dendritic-cell activation marker CD83 and the production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) were observed. Whereas CD83 expression was increased and IL-10 production was induced by Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, and Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum, B. infantis failed to produce these effects. We concluded that B. infantis does not trigger the activation of dendritic cells to the degree necessary to initiate an immune response but that B. bifidum, B. longum, and B. pseudocatenulatum induce a Th2-driven immune response. A hypothesis is presented to link our observations to the prevalence of atopic diseases in different countries.
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Killer, J., J. Kopečný, J. Mrázek, I. Koppová, J. Havlík, O. Benada, and T. Kott. "Bifidobacterium actinocoloniiforme sp. nov. and Bifidobacterium bohemicum sp. nov., from the bumblebee digestive tract." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61, no. 6 (June 1, 2011): 1315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.022525-0.
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Our previous study, based primarily on PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, focused on the isolation of four bifidobacterial groups from the digestive tract of three bumblebee species. In that study, we proposed that these isolated groups potentially represented novel species of the family Bifidobacteriaceae. One of the four, Bifidobacterium bombi, has been described recently. Strains representing two of the other groups have been classified as members of the genus Bifidobacterium on the basis of positive results for fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase activity and analysis of partial 16S rRNA and heat-shock protein 60 (hsp60) gene sequences. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities revealed that the isolates of the first group were affiliated to Bifidobacterium asteroides YIT 11866T, B. indicum JCM 1302T and B. coryneforme ATCC 25911T (96.2, 96.0 and 95.9 % sequence similarity, respectively), together with other bifidobacteria showing lower sequence similarity. Additional representatives of the second group were found to be affiliated to Bifidobacterium minimum YIT 4097T and B. coryneforme ATCC 25911T (96.0 and 96.3 % sequence similarity) and also to other bifidobacteria with lower sequence similarity. These results indicate that the isolates of the two groups belong to novel species within the genus Bifidobacterium. This observation was further substantiated by the results of partial sequencing of hsp60. On the basis of phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses and analysis of 16S rRNA and partial hsp60 gene sequences, we propose two novel species, Bifidobacterium actinocoloniiforme sp. nov. (type strain LISLUCIII-P2T = DSM 22766T = CCM 7728T) and Bifidobacterium bohemicum sp. nov. (type strain JEMLUCVIII-4T = DSM 22767T = CCM 7729T).
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Bottacini, Francesca, Duccio Medini, Angelo Pavesi, Francesca Turroni, Elena Foroni, David Riley, Vanessa Giubellini, Hervé Tettelin, Douwe van Sinderen, and Marco Ventura. "Comparative genomics of the genus Bifidobacterium." Microbiology 156, no. 11 (November 1, 2010): 3243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.039545-0.
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Whole-genome sequencing efforts have revolutionized the study of bifidobacterial genetics and physiology. Unfortunately, the sequence of a single genome does not provide information on bifidobacterial genetic diversity and on how genetic variability supports improved adaptation of these bacteria to the environment of the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Analysis of nine genomes from bifidobacterial species showed that such genomes display an open pan-genome structure. Mathematical extrapolation of the data indicates that the genome reservoir available to the bifidobacterial pan-genome consists of more than 5000 genes, many of which are uncharacterized, but which are probably important to provide adaptive abilities pertinent to the human GIT. We also define a core bifidobacterial gene set which will undoubtedly provide a new baseline from which one can examine the evolution of bifidobacteria. Phylogenetic investigation performed on a total of 506 orthologues that are common to nine complete bifidobacterial genomes allowed the construction of a Bifidobacterium supertree which is largely concordant with the phylogenetic tree obtained using 16S rRNA genes. Moreover, this supertree provided a more robust phylogenetic resolution than the 16S rRNA gene-based analysis. This comparative study of the genus Bifidobacterium thus presents a foundation for future functional analyses of this important group of GIT bacteria.
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Chaplin, A. V., A. G. Brzhozovskii, T. V. Parfenova, L. I. Kafarskaia, N. N. Volodin, A. N. Shkoporov, E. N. Ilina, and B. A. Efimov. "Species Diversity of Bifidobacteria in the Intestinal Microbiota Studied Using MALDI-TOF Mass-Spectrometry." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 70, no. 4 (September 28, 2015): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn.v70.i4.1409.
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Background: The members of genus Bifidobacterium represent a significant part of intestinal microbiota in adults and predominate in infants. Species repertoire of the intestinal bifidobacteria is known to be subjected to major changes with age; however, many details of this process are still to be elucidated.Objective: Our aim was to study the diversity of intestinal bifidobacteria and changes of their qualitative and quantitative composition characteristics during the process of growing up using MALDI-TOF mass-spectrometric analysis of pure bacterial cultures.Methods: A cross-sectional study of bifidobacteria in the intestinal microbiota was performed in 93 healthy people of the ages from 1 month to 57 years. Strains were identified using Microflex LT MALDI-TOF MS, the confirmation was performed by 16S rRNA gene fragment sequencing.Results: 93% of isolated bifidobacterial strains were successfully identified using MALDI-TOF mass-spectrometry. At least two of the strains from each species were additionally identified by 16S rRNA gene fragment sequencing, in all of the cases the results were the same. It was shown that the total concentration of bifidobacteria decreases with age (p 0.001) as well as the frequency of isolation of Bifidobacterium bifidum (p =0.020) and Bifidobacterium breve (p 0.001), and the frequency of isolation of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, increases (p 0.001), representing the continuous process of transformation of microbiota.Conclusion: The method of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry demonstrated the ability to perform rapid and reliable identification of bifidobacteria that allowed the study of changes in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of human microbiota in the process of growing up.
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Mancino, Walter, Gabriele Andrea Lugli, Douwe van Sinderen, Marco Ventura, and Francesca Turroni. "Mobilome and Resistome Reconstruction from Genomes Belonging to Members of the Bifidobacterium Genus." Microorganisms 7, no. 12 (December 2, 2019): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7120638.
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Specific members of the genus Bifidobacterium are among the first colonizers of the human/animal gut, where they act as important intestinal commensals associated with host health. As part of the gut microbiota, bifidobacteria may be exposed to antibiotics, used in particular for intrapartum prophylaxis, especially to prevent Streptococcus infections, or in the very early stages of life after the birth. In the current study, we reconstructed the in silico resistome of the Bifidobacterium genus, analyzing a database composed of 625 bifidobacterial genomes, including partial assembled strains with less than 100 genomic sequences. Furthermore, we screened bifidobacterial genomes for mobile genetic elements, such as transposases and prophage-like elements, in order to investigate the correlation between the bifido-mobilome and the bifido-resistome, also identifying genetic insertion hotspots that appear to be prone to horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events. These insertion hotspots were shown to be widely distributed among analyzed bifidobacterial genomes, and suggest the acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes through HGT events. These data were further corroborated by growth experiments directed to evaluate bacitracin A resistance in Bifidobacterium spp., a property that was predicted by in silico analyses to be part of the HGT-acquired resistome.
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Satokari, Reetta M., Elaine E. Vaughan, Antoon D. L. Akkermans, Maria Saarela, and Willem M. de Vos. "Bifidobacterial Diversity in Human Feces Detected by Genus-Specific PCR and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 504–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.2.504-513.2001.
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ABSTRACT We describe the development and validation of a method for the qualitative analysis of complex bifidobacterial communities based on PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE).Bifidobacterium genus-specific primers were used to amplify an approximately 520-bp fragment from the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), and the fragments were separated in a sequence-specific manner in DGGE. PCR products of the same length from different bifidobacterial species showed good separation upon DGGE. DGGE of fecal 16S rDNA amplicons from five adult individuals showed host-specific populations of bifidobacteria that were stable over a period of 4 weeks. Sequencing of fecal amplicons resulted in Bifidobacterium-like sequences, confirming that the profiles indeed represent the bifidobacterial population of feces. Bifidobacterium adolescentis was found to be the most common species in feces of the human adult subjects in this study. The methodological approach revealed intragenomic 16S rDNA heterogeneity in the type strain of B. adolescentis, E-981074. The strain was found to harbor five copies of 16S rDNA, two of which were sequenced. The two 16S rDNA sequences of B. adolescentis E-981074T exhibited microheterogeneity differing in eight positions over almost the total length of the gene.
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Mart�n, Roc�o, Esther Jim�nez, Hans Heilig, Leonides Fern�ndez, Mar�a L. Mar�n, Erwin G. Zoetendal, and Juan M. Rodr�guez. "Isolation of Bifidobacteria from Breast Milk and Assessment of the Bifidobacterial Population by PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis and Quantitative Real-Time PCR." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 4 (December 16, 2008): 965–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02063-08.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to elucidate if breast milk contains bifidobacteria and whether they can be transmitted to the infant gut through breastfeeding. Twenty-three women and their respective infants provided samples of breast milk and feces, respectively, at days 4 to 7 after birth. Gram-positive and catalase-negative isolates from specific media with typical bifidobacterial shapes were identified to the genus level by F6PPK (fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase) assays and to the species level by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bifidobacterial communities in breast milk were assessed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), and their levels were estimated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRTi-PCR). Bifidobacteria were present in 8 milk samples and 21 fecal samples. Bifidobacterium breve, B. adolescentis, and B. bifidum were isolated from milk samples, while infant feces also contained B. longum and B. pseudocatenulatum. PCR-DGGE revealed the presence of one to four dominant bifidobacterial bands in 22 milk samples. Sequences with similarities above 98% were identified as Bifidobacterium breve, B. adolescentis, B. longum, B. bifidum, and B. dentium. Bifidobacterial DNA was detected by qRTi-PCR in the same 22 milk samples at a range between 40 and 10,000 16S rRNA gene copies per ml. In conclusion, human milk seems to be a source of living bifidobacteria for the infant gut.
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Woodmansey, Emma J., Marion E. T. McMurdo, George T. Macfarlane, and Sandra Macfarlane. "Comparison of Compositions and Metabolic Activities of Fecal Microbiotas in Young Adults and in Antibiotic-Treated and Non-Antibiotic-Treated Elderly Subjects." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 10 (October 2004): 6113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.10.6113-6122.2004.
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ABSTRACT The colonic microbiota mediates many cellular and molecular events in the host that are important to health. These processes can be affected in the elderly, because in some individuals, the composition and metabolic activities of the microbiota change with age. Detailed characterizations of the major groups of fecal bacteria in healthy young adults, in healthy elderly people, and in hospitalized elderly patients receiving antibiotics were made in this study, together with measurements of their metabolic activities, by analysis of fecal organic acid and ammonia concentrations. The results showed that total anaerobe numbers remained relatively constant in old people; however, individual bacterial genera changed markedly with age. Reductions in numbers of bacteroides and bifidobacteria in both elderly groups were accompanied by reduced species diversity. Bifidobacterial populations in particular showed marked variations in the dominant species, with Bifidobacterium angulatum and Bifidobacterium adolescentis being frequently isolated from the elderly and Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium catenulatum, Bifidobacterium boum, and Bifidobacterium infantis being detected only from the healthy young volunteers. Reductions in amylolytic activities of bacterial isolates in healthy elderly subjects and reduced short-chain fatty acid concentrations supported these findings, since bifidobacteria and bacteroides are important saccharolytic groups in the colon. Conversely, higher numbers of proteolytic bacteria were observed with feces samples from the antibiotic-treated elderly group, which were also associated with increased proteolytic species diversity (fusobacteria, clostridia, and propionibacteria). Other differences in the intestinal ecosystem in elderly subjects were observed, with alterations in the dominant clostridial species in combination with greater numbers of facultative anaerobes.
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Mao, Bingyong, Jiayu Gu, Dongyao Li, Shumao Cui, Jianxin Zhao, Hao Zhang, and Wei Chen. "Effects of Different Doses of Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on the Composition of Mice Fecal Microbiota, Especially the Bifidobacterium Composition." Nutrients 10, no. 8 (August 16, 2018): 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10081105.
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Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are a well-known class of prebiotic and are considered to selectively stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria in the gut. Previous studies focused on the growth stimulation of Bifidobacterium, but they did not further investigate the bifidobacterial composition and the specific species that were stimulated. In this study, mice were fed with FOS in different doses for four weeks and the composition of fecal microbiota, in particular Bifidobacterium, was analyzed by sequencing the V3–V4 region and the groEL gene on the MiSeq platform, respectively. In the high-dose group, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria was significantly increased, which was mainly contributed by Bifidobacterium. At the genus level, the relative abundances of Blautia and Coprococcus were also significantly increased. Through the groEL sequencing, 14 species of Bifidobacterium were identified, among which B. pseudolongum was most abundant. After FOS treatment, B. pseudolongum became almost the sole bifidobacterial species (>95%). B. pseudolongum strains were isolated and demonstrated their ability to metabolize FOS by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Therefore, we inferred that FOS significantly stimulated the growth of B. pseudolongum in mice. Further investigations are needed to reveal the mechanism of selectiveness between FOS and B. pseudolongum, which would aid our understanding of the basic principles between dietary carbohydrates and host health.
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Ročková, Š., V. Rada, J. Havlík, R. Švejstil, E. Vlková, V. Bunešová, K. Janda, and I. Profousová. "Growth of bifidobacteria in mammalian milk." Czech Journal of Animal Science 58, No. 3 (March 4, 2013): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6666-cjas.
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Microbial colonization of the mammalian intestine begins at birth, when from a sterile state a newborn infant is exposed to an external environment rich in various bacterial species. An important group of intestinal bacteria comprises bifidobacteria. Bifidobacteria represent major intestinal microbiota during the breast-feeding period. Animal milk contains all crucial nutrients for babies’ intestinal microflora. The aim of our work was to test the influence of different mammalian milk on the growth of bifidobacteria. The growth of seven strains of bifidobacteria in human milk, the colostrum of swine, cow’s milk, sheep’s milk, and rabbit’s milk was tested. Good growth accompanied by the production of lactic acid was observed not only in human milk, but also in the other kinds of milk in all three strains of Bifidobacterium bifidum of different origin. Human milk selectively supported the production of lactic acid of human bifidobacterial isolates, especially the Bifidobacterium bifidum species. The promotion of bifidobacteria by milk is species-specific. Human milk contains a key factor for the growth of specific species or strains of human-origin bifidobacteria compared to other kinds of milk. In contrast, some components (maybe lysozyme) of human milk inhibited the growth of Bifidobacterium animalis. Animal-origin strains of bifidobacteria were not able to significantly grow even in milk of animal origin, with the exception of B. animalis subsp. lactis 1,2, which slightly grew in sheep’s milk.
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Makino, H., R. Martin, E. Ishikawa, A. Gawad, H. Kubota, T. Sakai, K. Oishi, et al. "Multilocus sequence typing of bifidobacterial strains from infant’s faeces and human milk: are bifidobacteria being sustainably shared during breastfeeding?" Beneficial Microbes 6, no. 4 (August 2015): 563–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2014.0082.
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Bifidobacteria are considered to be one of the most important beneficial intestinal bacteria for infants, contributing to the priming of the mucosal immune system. These microbes can also be detected in mother’s milk, suggesting a potential role of human milk in the colonisation of infant’s gut. However, little is known about the timing of bacteria appearance in human milk, and whether human milk is the first source of inoculation. Here, we investigated whether specific strains are shared sustainably between maternal milk and infant’s gut. Faecal samples and human milk were collected from 102 healthy mother-infant pairs (infant’s faeces: meconium, 7, 30 days of age; mother’s milk: once before delivery, colostrum, 7, 30 days after delivery). Bifidobacterial strains were isolated from these samples, and were discriminated by means of multilocus sequencing typing. No bifidobacteria were detected from human milk collected before delivery, or colostrum. Strains were isolated only from human milk samples obtained 7 days after birth or later. On the other hand, bifidobacterial strains were obtained from infant’s faeces throughout the study period, sometimes as early as the first day of life (meconium). We have found that bifidobacterial species belonging to Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium breve, and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum could be identified as monophyletic between infant’s faeces and their mother’s milk. These strains were confirmed to be sustainably shared between maternal milk and infant’s gut. Moreover, monophyletic strains were isolated at the same time point or earlier from infant’s faeces than from human milk, and none were isolated earlier from human milk than from infant’s faeces. Although it remains unclear whether human milk is the first source of microbes for infants, our results confirm that human milk is a reservoir of bifidobacteria, and specific strains are shared between infant’s intestine and human milk during breastfeeding.
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Esaiassen, Eirin, Erik Hjerde, Jorunn Pauline Cavanagh, Gunnar Skov Simonsen, and Claus Klingenberg. "Bifidobacterium Bacteremia: Clinical Characteristics and a Genomic Approach To Assess Pathogenicity." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 55, no. 7 (May 10, 2017): 2234–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00150-17.
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ABSTRACT Bifidobacteria are commensals that colonize the orogastrointestinal tract and rarely cause invasive human infections. However, an increasing number of bifidobacterial blood culture isolates has lately been observed in Norway. In order to investigate the pathogenicity of the Bifidobacterium species responsible for bacteremia, we studied Bifidobacterium isolates from 15 patients for whom cultures of blood obtained from 2013 to 2015 were positive. We collected clinical data and analyzed phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic susceptibility. All isolates (11 Bifidobacterium longum , 2 B. breve , and 2 B. animalis isolates) were subjected to whole-genome sequencing. The 15 patients were predominantly in the extreme lower or upper age spectrum, many were severely immunocompromised, and 11 of 15 had gastrointestinal tract-related conditions. In two elderly patients, the Bifidobacterium bacteremia caused a sepsis-like picture, interpreted as the cause of death. Most bifidobacterial isolates had low MICs (≤0.5 mg/liter) to beta-lactam antibiotics, vancomycin, and clindamycin and relatively high MICs to ciprofloxacin and metronidazole. We performed a pangenomic comparison of invasive and noninvasive B. longum isolates based on 65 sequences available from GenBank and the sequences of 11 blood culture isolates from this study. Functional annotation identified unique genes among both invasive and noninvasive isolates of Bifidobacterium . Phylogenetic clusters of invasive isolates were identified for a subset of the B. longum subsp. longum isolates. However, there was no difference in the number of putative virulence genes between invasive and noninvasive isolates. In conclusion, Bifidobacterium has an invasive potential in the immunocompromised host and may cause a sepsis-like picture. Using comparative genomics, we could not delineate specific pathogenicity traits characterizing invasive isolates.
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Liu, Shijie, Zhifeng Fang, Hongchao Wang, Qixiao Zhai, Feng Hang, Jianxin Zhao, Hao Zhang, Wenwei Lu, and Wei Chen. "Gene–Phenotype Associations Involving Human-Residential Bifidobacteria (HRB) Reveal Significant Species- and Strain-Specificity in Carbohydrate Catabolism." Microorganisms 9, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9050883.
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Bifidobacteria are among the first colonizers of the human gastrointestinal tract. Different bacterial species use different mechanisms for utilization of various carbon sources in order to establish themselves in the complex microbial ecosystem of the gut. However, these mechanisms still need to be explored. Here, a large gene–phenotype correlation analysis was carried out to explore the metabolic and genetic diversity of bifidobacterial carbohydrate utilization abilities. In this study, we used 21 different carbohydrates to determine the growth phenotypes, the distribution of glycoside hydrolases (GHs), and gene clusters related to the utilization of multiple carbon sources in six human-residential Bifidobacterium species. Five carbohydrates significantly stimulated growth of almost all strains, while the remaining sugars exhibited species- and strain-specificity. Correspondingly, different Bifidobacterium species also had specific GHs involved in fermentation of plant or host glycans. Moreover, we analyzed several carbohydrate utilization gene clusters, such as 2-fucosyllactose (2′FL), sialic acid (SA), and fructooligosaccharide (FOS). In summary, by using 217 bifidobacterial strains and a wide range of growth substrates, our research revealed inter- and intra-species differences in bifidobacterial in terms of carbohydrate utilization. The findings of this study are useful for the process of developing prebiotics for optimum growth of probiotics, especially Bifidobacterium species.
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Moubareck, C., M. Lecso, E. Pinloche, M. J. Butel, and F. Doucet-Populaire. "Inhibitory Impact of Bifidobacteria on the Transfer of β-Lactam Resistance among Enterobacteriaceae in the Gnotobiotic Mouse Digestive Tract." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 3 (November 22, 2006): 855–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02001-06.
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ABSTRACT While looking for new means to limit the dissemination of antibiotic resistance, we evaluated the role of potentially probiotic bifidobacteria on the transfer of resistance genes between enterobacteria. Transfers of bla genes encoding extended-spectrum β-lactamases (SHV-5 and CTX-M-15) were studied in the absence or presence of bifidobacteria. In vitro, transfer frequencies of these bla genes decreased significantly in the presence of three of five tested strains, i.e., Bifidobacterium longum CUETM-89-215, Bifidobacterium bifidum CIP-56.7T, and Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum CIP-104168T. Four transfer experiments were conducted in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic mice, the first three observing the effect of B. longum CUETM-89-215, B. bifidum CIP-56.7T, and B. pseudocatenulatum CIP-104168T on bla SHV-5 transfer and the fourth experiment studying the effect of B. bifidum CIP-56.7T on bla CTX-M-15 transfer. These experiments revealed significant decreases in the transconjugant levels (up to 3 logs) in mice having received B. bifidum CIP-56.7T or B. pseudocatenulatum CIP-104168T compared to control mice. Bifidobacteria appear to have an inhibitory impact on the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. The inhibitory effect is associated to specific bifidobacterial strains and may be related to the production of thermostable metabolites by these strains.
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Bozkurt, Hüseyin. "PROBIOTIC BIFIDOBACTERIUM AND A NEW GENERATION POSTBIOTIC: ALGINIC ACID." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 29, Supplement_1 (January 26, 2023): S48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izac247.091.
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Abstract AIMS OF THE STUDY According to International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus (2019),Postbiotics are defined as a preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host. Postbiotic Alginic acid, also called algin, is a naturally occurring, edible exopolysaccharide found in brown algae. Alginic acid and its Na/Ca salt form of Alginate show the capability in water-binding, water-retention water, and immense swelling and gelation, which could act as a protective barrier via promoting biofilm formation on the bacterial cell surfaces. Alginic acid is a potent inducer of Th1 pathway.We aimed to analyze the Postbiotic alginate formed by the human intestinal beneficial bacteria, bifidobacteria,by degrading sodium alginate. METHODS In these study, which were designed in Yildiz Technical University / Istanbul, Biohybrid films were produced by using both Bifidobacterium animalis subsp.lactis BB-12 probiotic strain and Bifidobacterium infantis in combination with sodium alginate (SA), which demonstrates biocompatibility and facilitated gelation properties in aeorobic atmospheric condition were considered as bifidobacterial surfactan source. RESULTS In biohybrid biofilm study(1), based on the spectroscopic and mechanical analysis, it was found that mechanical strength increased in films produced by adding Bifidobacterium infantis in SA while this increase was relatively lower as compared to those containing Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 as crosslinking ratio increases. Besides, bacteria contained in bio-hybrid films increased the percentage of amorphous zone of SA in SA/bacteria films, which reduced the crystallinity ratio. This indicated that crystalline chains contained in the structure of SA are degraded by probiotic bifidobacteria(Fig.1) CONCLUSIONS This is the first study that Biohybrid biosurfactan that contains Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and SA structures coated medical/nonmedical devices and sets can be a pioneering approach to reduce carbon emissions, as well as to prevent secondary infections and increase device protection. Also, It paved the way for the postbiotic use of alginic acid/Alginate by probiotic Bifidobacteria.
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Gueimonde, Miguel, Christel Garrigues, Douwe van Sinderen, Clara G. de los Reyes-Gavil�n, and Abelardo Margolles. "Bile-Inducible Efflux Transporter from Bifidobacterium longum NCC2705, Conferring Bile Resistance." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 10 (March 20, 2009): 3153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00172-09.
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ABSTRACT Bifidobacteria are normal inhabitants of the human gut. Some strains of this genus are considered health promoting or probiotic, being included in numerous food products. In order to exert their health benefits, these bacteria must overcome biological barriers, including bile salts, to colonize and survive in specific parts of the intestinal tract. The role of multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters in bile resistance of probiotic bacteria and the effect of bile on probiotic gene expression are not fully understood. In the present study, the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of bile on the expression levels of predicted MDR genes from three different bifidobacterial strains, belonging to Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum, Bifidobacterium breve, and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, was tested. In this way, two putative MDR genes whose expression was induced by bile, BL0920 from B. longum and its homolog, Bbr0838, from B. breve, were identified. The expression of the BL0920 gene in Escherichia coli was shown to confer resistance to bile, likely to be mediated by active efflux from the cells. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first identified bifidobacterial bile efflux pump whose expression is induced by bile.
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Satti, Maria, Monica Modesto, Akihito Endo, Takeshi Kawashima, Paola Mattarelli, and Masanori Arita. "Host-Diet Effect on the Metabolism of Bifidobacterium." Genes 12, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12040609.
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Bifidobacterium has a diverse host range and shows several beneficial properties to the hosts. Many species should have co-evolved with their hosts, but the phylogeny of Bifidobacterium is dissimilar to that of host animals. The discrepancy could be linked to the niche-specific evolution due to hosts’ dietary carbohydrates. We investigated the relationship between bifidobacteria and their host diet using a comparative genomics approach. Since carbohydrates are the main class of nutrients for bifidobacterial growth, we examined the distribution of carbohydrate-active enzymes, in particular glycoside hydrolases (GHs) that metabolize unique oligosaccharides. When bifidobacterial species are classified by their distribution of GH genes, five groups arose according to their hosts’ feeding behavior. The distribution of GH genes was only weakly associated with the phylogeny of the host animals or with genomic features such as genome size. Thus, the hosts’ dietary pattern is the key determinant of the distribution and evolution of GH genes.
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Candela, Marco, Simone Bergmann, Manuela Vici, Beatrice Vitali, Silvia Turroni, Bernhard J. Eikmanns, Sven Hammerschmidt, and Patrizia Brigidi. "Binding of Human Plasminogen to Bifidobacterium." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 16 (June 8, 2007): 5929–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00159-07.
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ABSTRACT Bifidobacteria constitute up to 3% of the total microbiota and represent one of the most important health-promoting bacterial groups of the human intestinal microflora. The presence of Bifidobacterium in the human gastrointestinal tract has been directly related to several health-promoting activities; however, to date, no information about the specific mechanisms of interaction with the host is available. In order to provide some insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in the interaction with the host, we investigated whether Bifidobacterium was able to capture human plasminogen on the cell surface. By using flow cytometry, we demonstrated a dose-dependent human plasminogen-binding activity for four strains belonging to three bifidobacterial species: Bifidobacterium lactis, B. bifidum, and B. longum. The binding of human plasminogen to Bifidobacterium was dependent on lysine residues of surface protein receptors. By using a proteomic approach, we identified five putative plasminogen-binding proteins in the cell wall fraction of the model strain B. lactis BI07. The data suggest that plasminogen binding to B. lactis is due to the concerted action of a number of proteins located on the bacterial cell surface, some of which are highly conserved cytoplasmic proteins which have other essential cellular functions. Our findings represent a step forward in understanding the mechanisms involved in the Bifidobacterium-host interaction.
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Hilliard, Margaret A., and David A. Sela. "Transmission and Persistence of Infant Gut-Associated Bifidobacteria." Microorganisms 12, no. 5 (April 27, 2024): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12050879.
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Bifidobacterium infantis are the primary colonizers of the infant gut, yet scientific research addressing the transmission of the genus Bifidobacterium to infants remains incomplete. This review examines microbial reservoirs of infant-type Bifidobacterium that potentially contribute to infant gut colonization. Accordingly, strain inheritance from mother to infant via the fecal-oral route is likely contingent on the bifidobacterial strain and phenotype, whereas transmission via the vaginal microbiota may be restricted to Bifidobacterium breve. Additional reservoirs include breastmilk, horizontal transfer from the environment, and potentially in utero transfer. Given that diet is a strong predictor of Bifidobacterium colonization in early life and the absence of Bifidobacterium is observed regardless of breastfeeding, it is likely that additional factors are responsible for bifidobacterial colonization early in life.
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Olszewska, M., B. Staniewski, and Ł. Łaniewska-Trokenheim. "Cell viability of Bifidobacterium lactis strain in long-term storage butter assessed with the plate count and fluorescence techniques." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 30, No. 5 (July 25, 2012): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/330/2011-cjfs.
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Great interest in functional products containing bacterial strains displaying health-promoting properties is expressed worldwide and is as a result connected with a demand for developing new probiotic-based products, especially those containing bifidobacteria. The Bifidobacterium strains play a key role in gastrointestinal homeostasis, providing many health-related attributes, but as fastidious microorganisms require specific conditions (e.g. anaerobic environment, neutral pH) to survive in the long-term at the needed level above 10<sup>6</sup> cfu/g. In consequence, not every food product guarantees optimal maintenance of Bifidobacterium viability. From this point of view, the objective of the study was to examine the survival of Bifidobacterium lactis strain in butter during long-term refrigerated storage. Two enumeration techniques: microscopic LIVE/DEAD<sup>®</sup> and plating were compared by monitoring bifidobacterial counts for 4 weeks. The plate method was characterised by underestimation of the cell counts in relation to the results evaluated microscopically. However, the good survival exhibited by B. lactis was found with both techniques. Moreover, the microscopic LIVE/DEAD<sup>®</sup> method permitted to trace delicate changes in the viable/non-viable bifidobacterial population at the single-cell level.
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Gueimonde, Miguel, Shinji Sakata, Marko Kalliomäki, Erika Isolauri, Yoshimi Benno, and Seppo Salminen. "Effect of Maternal Consumption of Lactobacillus GG on Transfer and Establishment of Fecal Bifidobacterial Microbiota in Neonates." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 42, no. 2 (February 2006): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.2006.tb00014.x.
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ABSTRACTBackground:Establishment of the gut microbiota at birth provides a substantial source of microbial stimuli for the maturation of the immune system. Deviations in this process precede the development of specific diseases providing the rationale for the use of probiotics to counteract them.Objective:This study was designed to characterize both the mother‐infant bifidobacteria transfer at birth and the development of bifidobacteria microbiota during the first weeks of life in infants whose mothers received Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG or placebo.Methods:Species‐specific PCR was used to assess the fecal bifidobacterial composition of mothers before and after delivery and in infants at 5 days and 3 weeks of age.Results:Bifidobacterium longum was the species most commonly found in the mothers. Bifidobacterium catenulatum was the most prevalent group in infants at 5 days of age and B. longum the predominant species at 3 weeks. At 5 days of age, infants whose mothers received L. rhamnosus GG showed a significantly higher occurrence of B. breve and lower of B. adolescentis than those from the placebo group. In addition, L. rhamnosus GG consumption increased the bifidobacterial diversity in infants and reduced the Bifidobacterium microbiota similarity between mother and infant.Conclusions:These results indicate that specific changes in the transfer and initial establishment of bifidobacteria in neonates take place as consequence of the consumption of L. rhamnosus GG by the mothers.
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Ménard, Odile, Marie-José Butel, Valérie Gaboriau-Routhiau, and Anne-Judith Waligora-Dupriet. "Gnotobiotic Mouse Immune Response Induced by Bifidobacterium sp. Strains Isolated from Infants." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 3 (December 14, 2007): 660–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01261-07.
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ABSTRACT Bifidobacterium, which is a dominant genus in infants’ fecal flora and can be used as a probiotic, has shown beneficial effects in various pathologies, including allergic diseases, but its role in immunity has so far been little known. Numerous studies have shown the crucial role of the initial intestinal colonization in the development of the intestinal immune system, and bifidobacteria could play a major role in this process. For a better understanding of the effect of Bifidobacterium on the immune system, we aimed at determining the impact of Bifidobacterium on the T-helper 1 (TH1)/TH2 balance by using gnotobiotic mice. Germfree mice were inoculated with Bifidobacterium longum NCC2705, whose genome is sequenced, and with nine Bifidobacterium strains isolated from infants’ fecal flora. Five days after inoculation, mice were killed. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10, and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) gene expressions in the ileum and IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-10, IL-4, and IL-5 secretions by splenocytes cultivated for 48 h with concanavalin A were quantified. Two Bifidobacterium species had no effect (B. adolescentis) or little effect (B. breve) on the immune system. Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium dentium, and one B. longum strain induced TH1 and TH2 cytokines at the systemic and intestinal levels. One B. longum strain induced a TH2 orientation with high levels of IL-4 and IL-10, both secreted by splenocytes, and of TGF-β gene expression in the ileum. The other two strains induced TH1 orientations with high levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α splenocyte secretions. Bifidobacterium's capacity to stimulate immunity is species specific, but its influence on the orientation of the immune system is strain specific.
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Abdelazez, Amro, Zafarullah Muhammad, Qiu-Xue Zhang, Zong-Tao Zhu, Heba Abdelmotaal, Rokayya Sami, and Xiang-Chen Meng. "Production of a Functional Frozen Yogurt Fortified with Bifidobacterium spp." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6438528.
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Frozen dairy products have characteristics of both yogurt and ice cream and could be the persuasive carriers of probiotics. Functions of the frozen yogurt containing viable bifidobacterial cells are recognized and favored by the people of all ages. We developed a kind of yogurt supplemented by Bifidobacterium species. Firstly, five strains of Bifidobacterium spp. (Bifidobacterium bifidum ATCC 11547, Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 11549, Bifidobacterium infantis ATCC 11551, Bifidobacterium adolescentis ATCC 11550, and Bifidobacterium breve ATCC 11548) were evaluated based on the feasibility criteria of probiotics, comprising acid production, bile tolerance, and adhesion to epithelial cells. Formerly, we combined the optimum strains with yogurt culture (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus EMCC 11102 and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus EMCC 11044) for producing frozen yogurt. Finally, physiochemical properties and sensory evaluation of the frozen yogurt were investigated during storage of 60 days at −18°C. Results directed that Bifidobacterium adolescentis ATCC 11550 and Bifidobacterium infantis ATCC 11551 could be utilized with yogurt culture for producing frozen yogurt. Moreover, the frozen yogurt fermented by two bifidobacterial strains and yogurt culture gained the high evaluation in the physiochemical properties and sensory evaluation. In summary, our results revealed that there was no significant difference between frozen yogurt fermented by Bifidobacterium spp. and yogurt culture and that fermented by yogurt culture only.
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Newton, Dorothy F., Sandra Macfarlane, and George T. Macfarlane. "Effects of Antibiotics on Bacterial Species Composition and Metabolic Activities in Chemostats Containing Defined Populations of Human Gut Microorganisms." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 57, no. 5 (February 12, 2013): 2016–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00079-13.
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ABSTRACTThe composition and metabolic activities of the human colonic microbiota are modulated by a number of external factors, including diet and antibiotic therapy. Changes in the structure and metabolism of the gut microbiota may have long-term consequences for host health. The large intestine harbors a complex microbial ecosystem comprising several hundreds of different bacterial species, which complicates investigations on intestinal physiology and ecology. To facilitate such studies, a highly simplified microbiota consisting of 14 anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic organisms (Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron,Bacteroides vulgatus,Bifidobacterium longum,Bifidobacterium infantis,Bifidobacterium pseudolongum,Bifidobacterium adolescentis,Clostridium butyricum,C. perfringens,C. bifermentans,C. innocuum,Escherichia coli,Enterococcus faecalis,Enterococcus faecium,Lactobacillus acidophilus) was used in this investigation. Ampicillin [9.2 μg (ml culture)−1] was added to two chemostats operated at different dilution rates (D; 0.10 h−1and 0.21 h−1), and metronidazole [76.9 μg (ml culture)−1] was added to a third vessel (D= 0.21 h−1). Perturbations in bacterial physiology and metabolism were sampled over a 48-h period.Lactobacillus acidophilusandC. bifermentanspopulations did not establish in the fermentors under the imposed growth conditions. Ampicillin resulted in substantial reductions in bacteroides andC. perfringenspopulations at both dilution rates. Metronidazole strongly affected bacteroides communities but had no effect on bifidobacterial communities. The bacteriostatic effect of ampicillin on bifidobacterial species was growth rate dependent. Several metabolic activities were affected by antibiotic addition, including fermentation product formation and enzyme synthesis. The growth of antibiotic-resistant bifidobacteria in the large bowel may enable them to occupy ecological niches left vacant after antibiotic administration, preventing colonization by pathogenic species.
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Yang, Bo, Yingqi Chen, Catherine Stanton, R. Paul Ross, Yuan-Kun Lee, Jianxin Zhao, Hao Zhang, and Wei Chen. "Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus Composition at Species Level and Gut Microbiota Diversity in Infants before 6 Weeks." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 13 (July 5, 2019): 3306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133306.
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Our objective was to investigate the effects of different delivery and feeding modes on the gut microbiota composition of early infants with special emphasis on Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus profiles at species level. 16S rRNA V3-V4 regions, bifidobacterial, and lactobacilli groEL genes from infant feces were sequenced by Illumina MiSeq. Gut microbiota abundance was significantly different, where standard vaginally delivered (SVD) and breast-fed (BF) groups were higher in comparison with caesarean section (CS), milk-powder-fed (MPF), and mixed-fed (MF) groups. The genus unclassified Enterobacteriaceae was dominant, followed by Bifidobacterium, which was highly abundant in SVD and BF groups. The dominant Bifidobacterium species in all groups were B. longum subsp. longum, B. longum subsp. infantis and B. animalis subsp. lactis. B. dentium and the diversity of Bifidobacterium in SVD and BF groups were significantly higher. For Lactobacillus profiles, L. rhamnosus and L. gasseri were dominant among all the groups, while Lactobacillus species in CS and MPF groups were more diverse. Functional predictions showed significant differences between delivery mode and feeding groups, such as phosphotransferase system as well as taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. In early infants with different delivery and feeding methods, gut microbiota—particularly bifidobacteria and lactobacilli communities—showed significant differences, with strong implications for physiological functions.
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Haarman, Monique, and Jan Knol. "Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assays To Identify and Quantify Fecal Bifidobacterium Species in Infants Receiving a Prebiotic Infant Formula." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 5 (May 2005): 2318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.5.2318-2324.2005.
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ABSTRACT A healthy intestinal microbiota is considered to be important for priming of the infants' mucosal and systemic immunity. Breast-fed infants typically have an intestinal microbiota dominated by different Bifidobacterium species. It has been described that allergic infants have different levels of specific Bifidobacterium species than healthy infants. For the accurate quantification of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium angulatum, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium catenulatum, Bifidobacterium dentium, Bifidobacterium infantis, and Bifidobacterium longum in fecal samples, duplex 5′ nuclease assays were developed. The assays, targeting rRNA gene intergenic spacer regions, were validated and compared with conventional PCR and fluorescent in situ hybridization methods. The 5′ nuclease assays were subsequently used to determine the relative amounts of different Bifidobacterium species in fecal samples from infants receiving a standard formula or a standard formula supplemented with galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides (OSF). A breast-fed group was studied in parallel as a reference. The results showed a significant increase in the total amount of fecal bifidobacteria (54.8% ± 9.8% to 73.4% ± 4.0%) in infants receiving the prebiotic formula (OSF), with a diversity of Bifidobacterium species similar to breast-fed infants. The intestinal microbiota of infants who received a standard formula seems to resemble a more adult-like distribution of bifidobacteria and contains relatively more B. catenulatum and B. adolescentis (2.71% ± 1.92% and 8.11% ± 4.12%, respectively, versus 0.15% ± 0.11% and 1.38% ± 0.98% for the OSF group). In conclusion, the specific prebiotic infant formula used induces a fecal microbiota that closely resembles the microbiota of breast-fed infants also at the level of the different Bifidobacterium species.
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DELCENSERIE, V., N. BECHOUX, T. LÉONARD, B. CHINA, and G. DAUBE. "Discrimination between Bifidobacterium Species from Human and Animal Origin by PCR–Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 1284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.6.1284.
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Bifidobacteria are normal intestinal flora in humans and animals. The genus Bifidobacterium includes 31 species of significant host specificity. Taking into account their properties, we proposed to use bifidobacteria as fecal contamination indicators. PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism on the 16S rDNA gene was used to distinguish the different Bifidobacterium species. Sixty-four strains belonging to 13 different species were differentiated from animal or human origin using one or two restriction enzymes. Moreover, the primers used were specifics of the Bifidobacterium genus. Therefore, this method made it possible to determine both the presence of bifidobacteria in a sample and its origin of contamination.
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Saturio, Silvia, Alicja M. Nogacka, Marta Suárez, Nuria Fernández, Laura Mantecón, Leonardo Mancabelli, Christian Milani, et al. "Early-Life Development of the Bifidobacterial Community in the Infant Gut." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 3382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073382.
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The establishment of the gut microbiota poses implications for short and long-term health. Bifidobacterium is an important taxon in early life, being one of the most abundant genera in the infant intestinal microbiota and carrying out key functions for maintaining host-homeostasis. Recent metagenomic studies have shown that different factors, such as gestational age, delivery mode, or feeding habits, affect the gut microbiota establishment at high phylogenetic levels. However, their impact on the specific bifidobacterial populations is not yet well understood. Here we studied the impact of these factors on the different Bifidobacterium species and subspecies at both the quantitative and qualitative levels. Fecal samples were taken from 85 neonates at 2, 10, 30, 90 days of life, and the relative proportions of the different bifidobacterial populations were assessed by 16S rRNA–23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequencing. Absolute levels of the main species were determined by q-PCR. Our results showed that the bifidobacterial population establishment is affected by gestational age, delivery mode, and infant feeding, as it is evidenced by qualitative and quantitative changes. These data underline the need for understanding the impact of perinatal factors on the gut microbiota also at low taxonomic levels, especially in the case of relevant microbial populations such as Bifidobacterium. The data obtained provide indications for the selection of the species best suited for the development of bifidobacteria-based products for different groups of neonates and will help to develop rational strategies for favoring a healthy early microbiota development when this process is challenged.
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Tsuji, H., R. Oozeer, K. Matsuda, T. Matsuki, T. Ohta, K. Nomoto, R. Tanaka, et al. "Molecular monitoring of the development of intestinal microbiota in Japanese infants." Beneficial Microbes 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2011.0038.
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The faecal microbiota of 166 healthy Japanese newborns was analysed periodically from day 1 after birth until the age of 3 years by using the reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Faecal pH and the organic acid concentration were also examined. Colonisation by both facultative anaerobes and strict anaerobes was confirmed in 95% of the meconium tested. Bifidobacterium-predominant microbiota was established subsequently in most of the infants by 3 months after birth. Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium catenulatum group and Bifidobacterium bifidum were the species mainly detected. Intergroup correlation analysis revealed that the bifidobacterial population levels, but not other strict anaerobe groups, were found to be negatively correlated with those of the Enterobacteriaceae from 7 days until 3 months after birth. Faecal pH was maintained at about 6 until 6 months after birth and reached 6.6 at 3 years after birth. The initial concentration of faecal organic acids (19 μM/g of faeces) just after birth increased until 3 years after birth to the level of 111 μM/g of faeces. Early start of feeding formula milk promoted colonisation by obligate anaerobes such as the Clostridium coccoides group, the Clostridium leptum subgroup, Prevotella, and Atopobium cluster during the 3 months after birth. Population levels of the bifidobacteria until 1 month after birth and those of the Bacteroides fragilis group until 6 months after birth were lower in infants delivered by Caesarean section than in those delivered normally. The results suggested that both earlier start of feeding of formula milk and the mode of infant delivery were found to be important in the development of intestinal microbiota in early infancy.
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Pozo-Rubio, T., J. R. Mujico, A. Marcos, E. Puertollano, I. Nadal, Y. Sanz, and E. Nova. "Immunostimulatory effect of faecal Bifidobacterium species of breast-fed and formula-fed infants in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell/Caco-2 co-culture system." British Journal of Nutrition 106, no. 8 (May 31, 2011): 1216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511001656.
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Bifidobacterium spp. typical of the human intestinal microbiota are believed to influence the balance of immune responses in the intestinal mucosa. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of different bifidobacterial species and their mixtures in in vitro experiments with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and Caco-2 cells. Bifidobacterium adolescentis, B. angulatum, B. breve, B. catenulatum, B. infantis, B. longum and two combinations of these bifidobacteria simulating the species composition found in faecal samples from breast-fed (BF) and formula-fed (FF) infants were used. The levels of several cytokines were measured by direct stimulation of PBMC and by stimulation of a Caco-2/PBMC co-culture with bifidobacteria. B. catenulatum and B. breve were the strongest enhancers of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production by direct stimulation of PBMC. B. longum was the highest inducer of IL-10 and the lowest TNF-α stimulus. In the Caco-2/PBMC system, B. breve was the highest inducer of IL-8 production by Caco-2 cells, significantly different from B. infantis, B. adolescentis and the FF mixture (P < 0·05). IFN-γ produced by PBMC stimulated with the BF mixture (containing 22 % B. breve, compared with 7 % in the FF mixture) was significantly higher compared with B. adolescentis, B. infantis and B. longum. B. adolescentis also inhibited IFN-γ production compared with the FF mixture and B. longum. The proportion of different Bifidobacterium strains seems to be an important determinant of the cytokine balance in the simulated intestinal environment studied. B. breve and the combination of the Bifidobacterium species typically found in the microbiota of BF infants have shown the most significant effects.
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Watanabe, Ayako, Yoshihiro Kadota, Hijiri Yokoyama, Shunya Tsuruda, Rina Kamio, Takumi Tochio, Yoshiharu Shimomura, and Yasuyuki Kitaura. "Experimental Determination of the Threshold Dose for Bifidogenic Activity of Dietary 1-Kestose in Rats." Foods 9, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9010004.
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1-Kestose is a non-digestible oligosaccharide consisting of glucose linked to two fructose units. While 1-kestose is not digested in the small intestine of mammals, it is fermented in the ceca and colon, where the growth of bifidobacteria is promoted. In the present study, we assessed the threshold dose of dietary 1-kestose that increased cecal bifidobacterial levels in rats. Rats were fed experimental diets containing 0% to 0.3% 1-kestose for four weeks. The levels of the genus Bifidobacterium and total gut bacteria were significantly increased in cecal samples of rats fed the 0.3% 1-kestose diet. Further, a significant correlation between the dose of 1-kestose and the levels of cecal Bifidobacterium and total gut bacteria was observed. The minimum dose of dietary 1-kestose to induce significant bifidogenic activity in rats was 0.3% by weight in the diet.
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Danylenko, Svitlana, Lolita Marynchenko, Viktoriia Bortnyk, Oksana Potemska, and Olena Nizhelska. "Use of Highly Dispersed Silica in Biotechnology of Complex Probiotic Product Based on Bifidobacteria." Innovative Biosystems and Bioengineering 6, no. 1 (May 6, 2022): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/ibb.2022.6.1.256179.
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Background. The probiotics immobilization technology is one of the most effective ways for controlled and continuous delivery of viable cells into the intestine. It is well known that multifaceted physiological roles of bifidobacteria are to normalize and stabilize the microbiocenosis, to form intestine colonization resistance, to synthesis amino acids, proteins and vitamins, to maintain non-specific resistance of the organism and so all. Such a wide range of positive effects on the macroorganism allows us to consider bifidobacteria as a basis for functional immobilized healthcare products development.
Objective. Taxonomic position determination of the Bifidobacterium longum strain selected for immobilization, study of the viability of this bifidobacteria strain in a complex probionic product based on highly dispersed silica in simulated gastrointestinal tract's conditions and after freeze-drying.
Methods. The production strain Bifidobacterium longum IMV B-7165 from the Institute of Food Resources of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine collection of industrial strains has been used in the study. It was isolated from the healthy human infant's gastrointestinal tract.
Commonly used bioinformatics, microbiological, biotechnological and statistical methods have been applied.
Results. The best alignments for the sequence of bifidobacteria isolate "4202" 16S rRNA (it was previously deposited as Bifidobacterium longum IMV B-7165) and classic dendrograms based on these results were performed. According to the results of microscopic studies of samples of microorganisms with highly dispersed silica products ("Enterosgel", "Sillard P" and "Toxin.Net") it was found that the immobilization of the Streptococcus thermophilus and bifidobacteria cultures did not differ fundamentally. To study the immobilization effect on the bifidobacteria preservation and properties the following carriers were used: "Enterosgel", "Toxin.NET" and "Sillard P". The survival of immobilized bifidobacteria was further studied in simulated gastrointestinal conditions: immobilized cells are better protected from acid and bile, although with increasing acidity, survival decreases in both control and immobilized cells.
Conclusions. The taxonomic position of a bifidobacterial isolate from the healthy human infants used in immobilization studies was clarificated (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis). Under the simulated conditions of the upper gastrointestinal tract in the case of acid and bile impact, the best survival was demonstrated by immobilized cultures of bifidobacteria together with the Enterosgel sorbent (a content of 10% by weight of the culture). The survival of immobilized preparations after freeze-drying was slightly reduced in the case of immobilization on the "Enterosgel" and "Toxin.NET" samples of enterosorbents (a content from 15% to 25% by weight of the culture). The best results were observed in the case of immobilization of bifidobacteria with 5% content of the "Toxin.NET" enterosorbent (enterosgel + inulin).
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Duranti, Sabrina, Francesca Turroni, Christian Milani, Elena Foroni, Francesca Bottacini, Fabio Dal Bello, Alberto Ferrarini, Massimo Delledonne, Douwe van Sinderen, and Marco Ventura. "Exploration of the Genomic Diversity and Core Genome of the Bifidobacterium adolescentis Phylogenetic Group by Means of a Polyphasic Approach." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 1 (October 12, 2012): 336–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02467-12.
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ABSTRACT In the current work, we describe genome diversity and core genome sequences among representatives of three bifidobacterial species, i.e., Bifidobacterium adolescentis , Bifidobacterium catenulatum , and Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum , by employing a polyphasic approach involving analysis of 16S rRNA gene and 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) assays.
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Khavkin, A. I., O. V. Bukharin, N. B. Perunova, E. V. Ivanova, and S. I. Sitkin. "Biological properties and symbiotic relationships of human bifidobacteria." Voprosy praktičeskoj pediatrii 18, no. 2 (2023): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1817-7646-2023-2-54-64.
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Bifidobacteria, despite more than a century of research history, attract the attention of researchers. Currently, more than 100 species of the Bifidobacterium genus, belonging to the Actinomycetota phylum, have been described. An analysis of the biological properties of bifidobacteria during the formation of symbiotic relationships with the human host revealed several functional clusters, among which one group of bifidobacteria is involved in the cytokine balance, the second recognizes microsymbionts, protecting the biotope from pathogens, and the third supports the barrier function of enterocytes and colonocytes. This ensures optimal functioning of the intestinal biotope. The proven properties of bifidobacteria expand the range of their clinical use as new biological products and functional foods for dysbiosis correction, considering the physiological "specialization" of various Bifidobacterium strains. Key words: Bifidobacterium, Actinomycetota phylum, intestinal microbiome, dysbiosis, probiotics, functional foods
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Yang, Bo, Shuang Yan, Yang Chen, R. Paul Ross, Catherine Stanton, Jianxin Zhao, Hao Zhang, and Wei Chen. "Diversity of Gut Microbiota and Bifidobacterial Community of Chinese Subjects of Different Ages and from Different Regions." Microorganisms 8, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081108.
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Gut microbiota composition and functionality are closely linked to host health. In this study, the fecal microbiota and bifidobacterial communities of 111 healthy volunteers from four regions of China of varying age profiles (Child, 1–5 years; Young, 18–50 years; Elder, 60–80 years; Longevity, ≥90 years) were investigated via high-throughput sequencing. Canonical analysis revealed that the gut microbiota, as well as bifidobacteria profiles of the subjects, clustered according to their regions and age. Eight genera were shared among all subjects, however, certain genera distributed differently in subjects grouped by region and age. Faecalibacterium was enriched in samples from Zhongxiang, unclassified Ruminococcaceae and Christensenellaceae were enriched in the Longevity group, and Bifidobacterium was enriched in Child. Within Bifidobacterium, B. longum was the most abundant species in almost all samples except for Child, in which B. pseudocatenulatum was the most abundant. Additionally, the abundances of B. adolescentis and B. dentium were lower in Child. In conclusion, our results suggest that geography and age affect the structure of the gut microbiota, as well as Bifidobacterium composition, and this variation may greatly associate with the metabolic and immune changes that occur during the process of aging.
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Turroni, Francesca, Elena Foroni, Mary O'Connell Motherway, Francesca Bottacini, Vanessa Giubellini, Aldert Zomer, Alberto Ferrarini, et al. "Characterization of the Serpin-Encoding Gene of Bifidobacterium breve 210B." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 10 (March 26, 2010): 3206–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02938-09.
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ABSTRACT Members of the serpin (serine protease inhibitor) superfamily have been identified in higher multicellular eukaryotes, as well as in bacteria, although examination of available genome sequences has indicated that homologs of the bacterial serpin-encoding gene (ser) are not widely distributed. In members of the genus Bifidobacterium this gene appears to be present in at least 5, and perhaps up to 9, of the 30 species tested. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis using available bacterial and eukaryotic serpin sequences revealed that bifidobacteria produce serpins that form a separate clade. We characterized the ser 210B locus of Bifidobacterium breve 210B, which encompasses a number of genes whose deduced protein products display significant similarity to proteins encoded by corresponding loci found in several other bifidobacteria. Northern hybridization, primer extension, microarray, reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that a 3.5-kb polycistronic mRNA encompassing the ser 210B operon with a single transcriptional start site is strongly induced following treatment of B. breve 210B cultures with some proteases. Interestingly, transcription of other bifidobacterial ser homologs appears to be triggered by different proteases.
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Ali, Ayub, Nazrul Islam, Nazrul Islam Fakir, Ahsan Kabir, Mowmita Sharmin, Tazul Islam, Masudur Rahman, Fakrul Amin Badal, and Abu Taher. "The Science Underlying the Probiotic Strain Bifidobacterium in Beneficial Effects on Immunological and Gastrointestinal Health." International Journal of Immunology 12, no. 1 (February 21, 2024): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.iji.20241201.12.
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Probiotics have demonstrated a lot of promise in improving gut health in humans. Despite the encouraging data, nothing is known about the therapeutic effectiveness of many of the probiotics on the market, and it's sometimes unclear how they work. Humans have long used Bifidobacterium, a well-known, multifunctional probiotic, to treat gastrointestinal, immunological, and infectious disorders. It is also therapeutically useful. This review provides a theoretical framework for comprehending the mechanisms of action of Bifidobacterium and highlights the functional advantages from the most pertinent animal and clinical trials. The genus Bifidobacterium belongs to the Actinobacteria phylum. = Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria constitute the most abundant phyla in the human intestinal microbiota, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes being predominant in adults, and Actinobacteria in breast-fed infants, where bifidobacteria can reach levels higher than 90% of the total bacterial population. They are among the first microbial colonizers of the intestines of newborns, and play key roles in the development of their physiology, including maturation of the immune system and use of dietary components. Indeed, some nutrients, such as human milk oligosaccharides, are important drivers of bifidobacterial development. Some Bifidobacterium strains are considered probiotic microorganisms because of their beneficial effects, and they have been included as bioactive ingredients in functional foods, mainly dairy products, as well as in food supplements and pharma products, alone, or together with, other microbes or microbial substrates. Well-documented scientific evidence of their activities is currently available for bifidobacteria containing preparations in some intestinal and extraintestinal pathologies. In particular, it regulates luminal metabolism, maintains gut microbiota stability, and eventually promotes a precisely calibrated homeostatic equilibrium in the host-microbiome relationship. An ideal probiotic selection would benefit from clinical proof of the multifunctional activities' efficacy and mechanism of action.
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Fanedl, Lijana, Franc V. Nekrep, and Gorazd Avgutin. "Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis and demonstration of genetic variability among bifidobacteria isolated from rats fed with raw kidney beans." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 44, no. 11 (November 1, 1998): 1094–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w98-109.
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A rise in bifidobacterial numbers resembling the Escherichia coli overgrowth phenomenon was observed in the rat small intestine in a feeding experiment with kidney beans. Bifidobacterial colony counts increased from 7.6 × 106 to 1.7 × 108 cfu·g-1 of intestinal tissue in the anterior part and from less than 1 × 105 to 2.65 × 108 cfu·g-1 in posterior part of the intestine. Fifteen bifidobacterial strains were purified and further analysed. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assays were used to genetically differentiate bifidobacterial isolates from rat gut and compare them with type strains of 20 different species from the genus Bifidobacterium. A total of 80 arbitrary decamere primers were screened with 6 isolates, and 7 primers were chosen for the final analysis. The amplified DNA bands were scored and analysed by the unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages clustering. The isolates were not identical to each other nor to the screened type strains. Whereas it was possible to group 12 of the isolates into 2 separate clusters, 3 strains showed no significant relatedness to any strain. The results of the RAPD analysis indicated that there was a large degree of genetic variability among the bifidobacteria in the rat gut and demonstrated the potential applicability of such an approach in the investigation of microbial diversity in complex ecosystems.Key words: kidney bean, rat gut, RAPD, genetic variability, Bifidobacterium.