Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Biens communs de la connaissance'
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Hayat, Flora. "Production des biens communs numériques et usages cartographiques." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7135.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the commercial cartographic use of the OpenStreetMap (OSM) free database. The use of a database produced by anonymous contributors, possibly not experts in geographical information (GI) and not bound by any quality commitment, raises questions. This new situation reveals major public interest issues such as the access to GIs. Each contributor strives to follow the same methods, developed collectively, to describe permanent objects in the public space while collecting information that is of interest in their practice. We point out that the database presents strong heterogeneity in data quality and density according to the types of territory. From this observation we explain that the production of maps, taking as source OSM, is possible when the entire technical and social system of the OSM community is taken into account in the creation process. Therefore we are therefore studying the ecosystem that supports this production and the dissemination’s methods of the database. Our analyses allow us to foresee either a future that respects the project or, on the contrary, its alienation. Our research was conducted as part of a corporate contract, so we were led to question the paradigm shift related to cartographic design and the realization of a contributory database, free (in its modeling and production) and distributed under an open license, while respecting the tacit agreement between the map reader and its producer that editorial selection is not dictated by an information deficit
Baytok, Hazal. "Participation in Citizen Science : Motivational and Contextual Factors." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASI001.
Full textCitizen science is the participation of people who are not scientists in research processes such as data collection and analysis. Citizen science provides various benefits like faster and easier data collection, investigation of environmental challenges from biodiversity to climate change, as well as contributing to astronomy research and leading to collaboration between the scientists and the public.Realising the potential benefits of citizen science depends on understanding the perspectives of participants. In this study, I examine different ways of participation in citizen science and how the motivations of participants, the design of the platforms, and other factors are associated with these. The thesis contributes to our understanding of the key ingredients in designing citizen science programs so as to increase the engagement of the public.In the first part, I carried out a literature survey by bibliometric analysis. This part focuses on challenges, success factors, and motivations in citizen science. The rest of the thesis is composed of one qualitative and another quantitative study by focusing on three citizen science platforms that are actively used in the field of ornithology in two countries, Turkey and France, which are Faune-France from France, Trakuş and eKuşbank (eBird Turkey) from Turkey.In the qualitative part, through semi-structured in-depth interviews, I examine the actors, different ways of participation, motivations, and negative externalities that may arise using the Multi-Sided Platforms (MSPs) and knowledge commons literature.The results of this part helped us identify four roles in the platforms: birdwatcher, bird photographer, scientist, and hunter, interacting with each other and creating externalities.I also found two types of participation: active and passive. Regarding motivations, the findings suggested similarities in the previous studies. However, as different from previous work, I highlighted the need to distinguish motivations for engagement in the platform on the one hand and motivations for the subject matter (birds in our case) on the other.In the second part, by conducting a large-scale survey targeted at the participants of the three platforms and an econometric analysis, I examined how motivations are associated with participation, as well as the negative externalities and values created by the platform. In this part, I draw upon the Self-Determination Theory (SDT), Multi-Sided Platforms (MSPs), and negative externalities concept from the commons literature.The findings in the second part suggest that the two types of motivations identified in the first part (motivation for the subject and motivation for platform engagement) are positively associated with active and passive participation. Also, values offered by the platform and platforms' ways of addressing negative externalities have different impacts on active and passive participation based on the context, such as the participants' perceived importance of competitions positively affecting their active participation in France, whereas not having a significant impact in Turkey. Similarly, participants' perceived importance of the protection of sensitive data by the platform has a negative association with passive participation in France while being positively associated with it in Turkey. These results are important to understand the participants and to better design successful citizen science platforms
Amoussou-Guenou, Yackolley. "Gouvernance des biens communs dans les blockchains." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS043.
Full textBlockchains are one of the most appealing technologies over the last years, both for scientists and for the general public. Blockchains are distributed ledgers that aim to offer transparency, integrity and many more advantages over their centralised counterparts. Blockchains were “revealed” and became popular thanks to the creation and rise of the cryptocurrency Bitcoin. Over the years, blockchain technologies become more and more popular with an exceptional peak in 2017. Blockchains are becoming mainstream technologies, as there is an observatory for blockchains established by the European Commission, blockchain forums in many countries, blockchain start-ups are flourishing, scientific conferences are discussing the topic, and even some scientific conferences are now specifically dedicated to the technology, etc. The blockchain technology promises, thanks to its integrity and transparency properties to be useful and interesting in various domains, and not only for financial systems. However, many questions and doubts float around it. Is it environmentally viable? Is the technology even ensuring its promises? Can they be used in real-life settings, etc. In this thesis, using the lens of distributed systems, we study and define the properties of committee-based blockchains and their fairness; that definition allows formalising and helping correct one of the most used blockchain of that class. Furthermore, adding lenses from game theory, we propose a methodology to analyse the rational behaviours of participants in a blockchains system. Using that methodology, we show, under different mechanisms of rewards, the necessary conditions needed to ensure the blockchain properties
Meersman, Jimmy. "Contribution à une théorie juridique des biens communs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022COAZ0042.
Full textThere are few areas - environmental, cultural, social, or even economic - that are not examined through the prism of the commons. This new interest in the commons can be explained by the significant evolution of the 21st century society, which questions the right of ownership. However, the analysis shows that, whatever the period, the modern model of property rights - public or private - is always characterized by the exclusive control of the property by its owner. In the current context of social change, this model has its limits and appears inadequate for certain needs.At the same time, the debate on the commons has gained momentum. For some academics, the commons appear to be able to provide a response to the inadequacy of the right of ownership, within the framework of a necessary legal evolution. The commons are the subject of debate in academic circles, but are still ignored by French law and are not subject to any legal definition. However, they are addressed by the law of certain foreign states. They are also addressed by many disciplines, first and foremost economics. The thinking of Elinor Ostrom, winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics for her work on the subject, is fundamental. Because of these particularities, a specific research methodology has been set up, combining conceptualism and empiricism.A legal theory of the commons was thus proposed. What characterizes the commons is their allocation - to the production, preservation, and distribution of collective utilities - within the framework of collective governance. This allocation conditions the appliable law, of a new kind, and confers rights and obligations other than the traditional ones. In this respect, the commons constitute a new legal category
Abella, Rubio José María. "La división de la cosa común en el código civil /." Madrid : Editorial Dykinson, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb401077635.
Full textLipinski, Pascal. "La liquidation dans le régime de la séparation de biens /." Paris : LGDJ, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38847430d.
Full textCharpentier, Pierre-Yves. "L'autonomie professionnelle des époux communs en biens : étude comparative, historique et critique." Paris 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA020003.
Full textBroca, Sebastien. "L'utopie du logiciel libre. La construction de projets de transformation sociale en lien avec le mouvement du free software." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00662283.
Full textBollon, Nicolas. "Étude critique de la notion de patrimoine en droit des régimes matrimoniaux et des successions." Lyon 3, 2008. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/in/theses/2008_in_bollon_n.pdf.
Full textThe study of the law of the matrimonial systems and the successions questions the rule of the unity of the heritage. The analysis of the substantive law reveals numerous breaches in this rule, breaches which lead all to autonomous patrimonial masses. The questioning of the rule of the unity is not new. The necessary renovation of the theory of the heritage passes by a redefining of the thesis of the "patrimoine d'affectation". It is not a question of rejecting the person outside the field of the patrimonial construction, but of restoring to her a just place and of basing the patrimonial autonomy on the affectation of the possessions. The association of the asset and the liabilities cannot constitute that the consequence of the affectation and not the criterion of the heritage. However, the affectation remains a purely subjective notion which it is necessary to move closer to the right of property. So, all the times as the affectation finds a support in the right objective of property, it is the source of an autonomous patrimonial mass. However this new approach of the theory of the heritage does not agree when we have to deal with a heritage on which several persons can claim to exercise the same privileges; what is the case of the common possessions under the legal system or the undivided possessions of a succession. It is the reason for which this theory of the affectation patrimonies also crosses by a redefining of the notion of collective property which arnounts to a pure competition of identical rights on the same good
Kauffmann, Antoine. "La contribution des biens communs à la performation des méta-organisations : le cas des corridors logistico-portuaires." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMLH26/document.
Full textAs hybrids between markets and hierachy, network structures have spread a lot due to globalization and de centralization. Among the varions types of networks, territory-anchored meta-organizations appear both as les studied and specific kinds of networks. A meta-organization is defined as an organization which is composed by organizations without having a real hierarchical power on its members, such as employment or property. This thesis enriches mate-organization theory by mobilizing both the theory of commons and actor-network theory in the case of gateway corridors. Gateway corridors are groupings created between seaports and inland ports from a sanie geographical axis. Within that scope, this thesis shows that the mets-organizations of gateway corridors are performed through the mobilization of différent kinds of common goods ant that differences in the perception of their action brakes the process of organizational performation
Malafosse, Maxime. "La blockchain en support aux communs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0455.
Full textBlockchain and the commons are two concepts that are attracting more and more interest. Through different perspectives, these two notions raise a lot of hopes to transform our society and to answer the current challenges of social and ecological transition. However, there is little research linking them. Especially since the work that brings blockchain and the commons together remains essentially theoretical. Our work aims to better understand how blockchain can support the commons in real life situations. We explored several fields that embodied, in different ways, the role of a technology as a tool in the service of a collective purpose. We began by observing the key role of the blockchain in a commons that aims to produce and self-manage monetary creation (essay 1). To invest this first research field, we conducted a case study. In the following essay, we aimed to shed light on the role of blockchain as a tool integrated in a larger device for experimenting the data commons at the scale of a city (essay 2). This second case study was matured by the realization of a two-year expertise mission in a third place and finally focused on the European project DECODE. Finally, our last essay builds on the results of the first essay and explores how blockchain could economically support the commons as it disrupts the prospects of money through democratizing its alternative forms, facilitating its creation, and increasing the complexity of its design (essay 3)
Labatut, Julie. "Gérer des biens communs : processus de conception et régimes de coopération dans la gestion des ressources génétiques animales." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005220.
Full textBaby, Wilfried. "Les effets patrimoniaux du pacte civil de solidarité : l'invention d'une nouvelle forme de conjugalité." Toulouse 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU10017.
Full textFreyd, Clotilde. "Bi-activité professionnelle des époux et communauté de biens : Pour une autre communauté légale." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA4010.
Full textThe community of property is inadequate for couples where each spouse has a professional activity, as they represent today most of married couples. Spouses who have community of property face various difficulties. Some arise from imperfections that can be corrected without affecting the system’s coherence. Others are, by contrast, caused by the legal regime’s fundamental flaw, the article 1413 of the civil Code. This article has a key role in the rules of liability and has close links with the other provisions of the regime, making important changes necessary for who wants to adapt the legal regime to professionally bi-active couples. Follows a forward-looking approach that aims to elaborate solutions made to give both spouses the possibility to keep the assets purchased thanks to their work and to have an independent professional activity. Despite its shortcomings, the present legal regime has undeniable qualities. A first series of proposals tends to improve the spouses’ situation, especially those who have an independent professional activity, by limiting the scope of the principle formulated in the article 1413 of the civil Code without eliminating the principle of concurrent management which is its corollary. However, an overall redrafting of the legal regime would be more likely to meet the needs of the professionally bi-active spouses. Given the French people’s commitment to the principle of community of property, the proposed new legal regime would keep this nature, but it would nevertheless allow the reinforcement of the spouses’ independence and autonomy
Coléno, François. "Gestion des entreprises agricoles. Entre terroirs et filières." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00812576.
Full textDerieux, Sébastien. "La transmission de la notion de travail bien fait dans l’entreprise : une enquête sur le rôle de la mémoire des communautés de travail à ENEDIS (ex-ERDF)." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3034/document.
Full textThe objective of this doctoral research is to show how a common knowledge of the concept of work well-done is transmitted within companies. In modern economies, knowledge is one of the most essential yet also one of the most complex issues for organizations to manage. A defining feature of companies is to ensure the continued quality of the products or services in which it specializes. In order to do so, work must be assessed and valued at different levels, allowing to tackle the question of work well-done. This thesis focuses on the formation and on the learning process of a common notion of work well-done. This approach departs from a conceptual understanding of knowledge and moves towards considering the subjective, objective and collective reality of work in companies.The empirical research is based on an in-depth qualitative study of work led in different sites at ENEDIS (formerly ERDF), a large company which manages and operates the French electric grid. The analysis of data from the observation of work and interviews shows that the concept of well-done work can only be transmitted because it is applied, justified, embodied, proven by a working community. It is less management and organizing principles than the memory of these communities which explain the transmission of the concept well-done work. The theoretical model that emerges from the empirical data indicates that the memory of the working communities consists of four types of common knowledge: the conventional recipes of well-done work, the memory of founding principles, the memory of common tests, the memory of work figures. The detailed description of each component of this community memory offers a general but precise and concrete view of transmission relations. It also highlights the necessary structure for a working community to develop and to convey a notion of well-done work. The thesis specifies the conditions in which less experienced workers can learn and develop an ability for well-done work. Finally, it becomes apparent that without lively working communities, a common level of quality cannot be maintained in the company
Carre, Laurence. "Les communaux du marais poitevin : un cas de figure pour une réflexion sur la gestion des biens communs et la recherche du bien commun." Paris 10, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA100088.
Full textJongh, Maurits de. "The primacy of public goods." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IEPP0007.
Full textThis dissertation takes up the concept of public goods as a hermeneutical thread with which to explore the theory and history of political economy. Situated at the intersection between political philosophy and the history of modern economic thought, this dissertation examines the following main research question: what is the role and potential of public goods to foster rather than disable individual and collective agency in politics and social life? In response to this question, the dissertation articulates the primacy of public goods in two senses: first, since plural public goods constitute the indispensable infrastructure of social life and human relationships, they have primacy over both private and common modes of providing and enjoying goods. Second, since they rely on governmental coordination and compulsion in inescapable and ineluctable relationships of political authority, public goods also have primacy over the common good in its monist conception
Cadalen, Pierre-Yves. "Gouverner les communs environnementaux : l'Amazonie en Equateur et en Bolivie : conflictualité socio-écologique, échelles de pouvoir et espace global à l'heure de l'Anthropocène." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IEPP0036.
Full textThis work is about power relations around environmental commons in Bolivia and Ecuador at the beginning of our century. The chronological limits are from the early 2000’s to 2014-2015. It consists in studying the interactions between socio-ecological conflictuality of Amazonian spaces in both countries with the international projections led by Rafael Correa’s government in Ecuador, and Evo Morales’ one in Bolivia. Indeed, the ecological issue has become central to the diplomatic narratives of those governments and has become crucial to their international influence strategies. The two first parts of the PhD. are dedicated to the modalities of the international projections, and to the way their acquired political autonomy was caught up. This phenomenon is inscribed in what I call Ecological Power Relations. The conclusions I drew from this phenomenon invite us to think about a general framework of analysis of those relations, whose strength must be tested later on. That is the heart of the third part. I introduce the concept of Eco-power, which would determine, given the structuring reality of the Anthropocene, new power configurations and dynamics. The tensions around the indigenous autonomy, the Peripheral States’ national sovereignty, and climate justice, are observed through this prism. Eco-power is defined as the polycentric power of life and death over the specie, whose instauration and inertia strength depend on the imposition of unique time and space representation
Bédard, Marc-Olivier. "Conditions pour une gestion en commun des ressources forestières : entre les communautés, l'État et les marchés, construire de nouveaux communs." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6614.
Full textBerthet, Elsa. "Contribution à une théorie de la conception des agro-écosystèmes : Fonds écologique et inconnu commun." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00874630.
Full textAntonini-Cochin, Laetitia. "La situation du conjoint d'un débiteur soumis à une procédure collective." Nice, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NICE0038.
Full textAlliot, Sandie. "Essai de qualification de la notion de données à caractère personnel." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCB001.
Full textPersonal data has undergone a major change which justifies a new study of this notion. This particular data is at the heart of the digital economy and thus stirs numerous claims. What is at stake here is to try to work out a balance between different claims such as managing operators' will of appropriation and protecting people concerned by the data, for example. This is why it is essential to find a precise definition and adequate qualifications of personal data to find a balance between the various interests. The thesis will focus on the necessity to adopt a new vision of personal data, to show its current characteristics so as to manage it efficiently
Souhami, Julie. "Le conjoint du contractant /." Aix-en-Provence : Presses Universitaires d'Aix-Marseille, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/514087544.pdf.
Full textSarr, Serigne Momar. "Usages et conservation des communs en contexte de changement climatique dans le delta du Saloum au Sénégal." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAG028.
Full textThis PhD thesis explores the management and use of commons in relation to the collective benefits derived from their exploitation in the context of climate change in the Saloum Delta, in central-western Senegal. The research is based on a theoretical framework built on the theory of the governance of the commons, to which we combined approaches of psychosociology of social representations, socio-anthropology of development, and sociology of social transaction. The research was conducted in the Saloum Delta, which is formed by an interlacing of islands rich in biodiversity but vulnerable to climate change. In addition, social dynamics show the drive with which women, youth and development projects produce the everyday. Building on an epistemological posture based on the ‘paradigm’ of complex thought and the perspective of a ‘subjectal knowledge,’ the research methodology is primarily qualitative with an ethnographic approach. Based on a case study, the use of a set of tools (documentary review, observation, individual and group interviews) produced a diversity of discursive and factual data. The analysis of the data collected in the field was conducted with a focus on the following dimensions: organisational settings, action and interaction relations in collective action, intentionality and uncertainty of social practices, historicity, space, and forecasting. Research findings show that commons (fishery and forestry), despite a constraining context of climate change and the existence of differential social representations resulting from the presence of a multiplicity of actors in the Saloum Delta, are successfully managed by community organisations and groups of actors working together, including social, state and non-state actors. This is done through social transactions for the conservation of natural resources through a ‘negotiated order’ of sustainability on the one hand, and the uses of collective benefits derived from their exploitation to carry out community projects on the other hand. In fact, collective action of various social and institutional actors – which has been referred to as ‘socio-institutional connection’ – is a condition for the successful management of commons. It is also an adaption strategy to climate change by the social construct of space based on the historicity of the Niominka community – the main group in this region. Furthermore, relations among various actors and with environmental objects such as natural resources and space require the object of sociology to be extended and an interest in facts of nature after the psychosociological approach gains acceptance. For now, this is only possible with inter- and transdisciplinarity in environmental science starting from the concept of vulnerability
Guillouzouic, Arthur. "Local public goods and the geography of economic activity." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IEPP0030.
Full textThis thesis studies how heterogeneity in the quality of local public goods may influence the geography of economic activity, through the study of two mechanisms generating such heterogeneity. In the first two chapters, the local public good I study is technological knowledge. The analysis is rooted in a vast body of literature showing that knowledge flows exhibit a strong spatial bias. The first chapter studies the dynamics of link formation between innovators, and their link with the aggregate effect of distance on knowledge flows. The analysis shows that innovators learn about new knowledge gradually, using the contacts of their own contacts. Inserting this fact in a network formation model yields predictions about the size of innovators and a relation between size and the distance of citations, which are met in the data. The second chapter takes these local innovation networks as given, and investigates how they influence firms’ location choices through their decisions to relocate R&D labs. I show that innovative firms are more mobile than the average firm, and that denser innovation networks attract them while a poor position in their local network makes them more likely to leave. I then study theoretically the problem faced by firms able to relocate their R&D labs with limited information about the other locations.The third chapter studies a different problem in which a local public good provided by the public sector is spatially heterogeneous, due to wages set centrally. It shows that public sector workers exert positive spillovers on private sector workers, implying that heterogeneous levels of public good provision distort the geography of private sector activity
Nagy, Veronika. "Le domicile conjugal comme source de conflits judiciaires : ce que la face "honteuse" du divorce nous enseigne sur le lien matrimonial." Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0095.
Full textThe aim of this doctoral dissertation is to show the intense connection between the emotional and the economical dimension of couple and marriage through the study of conflicts that oppose spouses and former spouses about the matrimonial home. In doing so, the objective is also to understand what is on stake in divorces when the model of the "Peaceful Divorce" is not respected. The empirical material consists in 55 divorces and patrimonial dispute collected in a French law firm (29 cases) and a municipal court in Hungary (26 cases). This work is at the crossroads of the sociology of law and sociology of the family, while also being enriched by a comparison between France and Hungary The cases are analyzed qualitatively with particular attention to the views of involved parties, their arguments and the principles of justice to which they refer
Bernard, Sylvain. "Le droit patrimonial des couples et la liquidation des opérations non dénouées." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAD009.
Full textLiving together, which is an inherent feature of a couple, leads to the creation of common proprietary interests whose distribution is made even more complex by ongoing contracts at the moment of the couple’s union or dissolution, which the French doctrine refers to as "opérations non dénouées". These contracts are characterized by the fact that their effects are still running at the time of the formation or dissolution of the union; they may be only partially executed or not exectuted at all at the time of the couple’s union or dissolution.Indeed, property law struggles to comprehend some contracts whose outcome remains uncertain.And yet, the number of these contracts has significantly increased. They may be the technical basis of some fees paid to one of the spouses (through profit sharing or stock option), the result of his or her savings (life insurance policies or capitalization contracts) or that of the acquisition terms and conditions of property (an interest loan, an option, a preliminary sales agreement). The issue of a couple’s liquidation and distribution of assets has recently become a greater source of conflict and difficulty insofar as it occurs following a divorce or a separation.Faced with the legal and economic uncertainty pertaining to the "opérations non dénouées", one may then wonder how to deal with their distribution even though their results are precisely unknown.The diversity of these contracts, whose conclusion is somewhat complex and whose settlement is delayed makes it necessary to conduct a comprehensive study of the criteria that should be used to determine whether the assets belong to one of the spouses, or fall within the realm of undivided property, as well as of the issue of valuation. The purpose of this study is to suggest fair solutions for the distribution of these "opérations non dénouées". In other words, it aims at proposing solutions, which are more likely to ensure a fair distribution between the spouses. To achieve the goal of ensuring distributive justice, it is necessary to set appropriate criteria and to valuate as fairly as possible the economic advantages or the debts resulting from these "opérations non dénouées"
Soleille, Laidebeur Marie-Lavande. "Façonner le local et le mondial : ethnographie du processus d'inscription des beffrois sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2023. https://nuxeo.u-bourgogne.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/3bd60b74-e5ad-4faf-ad79-35915b59d1a0.
Full textThis anthropological travel, as close as possible to the inscription of the belfries on the UNESCO World Heritage List, seeks to describe how local actors seize on a heritage category and confront it with local realities, institutions national and international organizations. Through the actions of justification and bringing into conformity of a value described as universal, a process of "weaving/mesh" (Ingold), of "translation" (Latour) is developed which redefines the sites, territories and ways of doing. World heritage, studied from 2003, is a moving, symbolic, performative and problematic concept. The local finds itself "registered" by procedures which result in a scriptural addition to a cumulative list. This ethnography, supported by comparisons, shows that beyond the procedures, this recording induces a process of transformation. The methodology brought the observer closer to the action. It involves the movements of circulation of beings, ideas, objects and values questioned by the debates around the Intangible Cultural Heritage. This position offers the conditions for an analysis of the issues, raised by the actors, around heritage recordings... and deletions.The wish granted, the belfries raised are celebrated by rites which condition the entry into a new society. This process localizes the global and globalizes the local. A series of contradictions shapes the real. Universal value confronts market value; universal ownership comes up against the exploitation of sites; accessibility leads to distancing; the fixing of criteria mingles with the circulation of objects; the ephemeralization of events is combined with the transmission of the history of humanity; pooling accelerates privatization; cooperation turns into competition ; the exceptional invites itself to the daily table. The belfries, born of the ostentation of municipal autonomy, of the concretization of the freedoms acquired in the face of another power, now carry a universal value. This operation, caught up in territorial, professional, and institutional competition, navigates between war and peace, sharing and commodification, general interests and private interests. The concomitant transformations of the global and the local make one ask this fundamental question: "What is common to the whole of humanity ? ». From municipalities to commons, the example of belfries reveals the contemporary fabric of the relationship to space-time, and questions the use of the universal
Delille, Pascale. "Communication et Economie sociale et solidaire : Identification des problèmes et des solutions." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF20026.
Full textThe following research work on Information and Communication Sciences, focuses on a fieldunderstudied by this scientific discipline, the Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE). It aims to identifyon one hand the communication issues among the SSE stakeholders, and to explore their relatedsolutions on the other hand. This analysis has been first based on a theoretical framework articulatingthe work of Morin, Habermas, Ostrom, and Laville. Then, three methods have then been successivelyemployed: a participative observation during an international workshop treating of all aspects of SSEcommunication; a series of semi-directive interviews with various key actors (from the solidarityinitiatives, some journalists, administrative heads, etc.), and finally an enlarged case study conductedwithin the European Parliament. This methodology allowed us to determine the recurrentcommunication issues encountered within the SSE (difficult access to its terminology, unclearheterogeneity, low-developed transversality, etc.) as well as to assess how different innovativeeconomical practices (such as PTCE, recovered enterprises, SCIC, etc.) could potentially overcomethese challenges. In conclusion, it appears from this work that the practices linked to the collaborativeeconomy, which are historically rooted within SSE, can bring an effective solution on thecommunicative level. Furthermore, and according to the new Ostrom reading greed related to thecommon goods governance, the SSE seems to be able to ensure the sustainable development of this newform of economy
Pecile, Veronica. "How the commons became government : grassroots mobilizations and institutional cooptation in Palermo, Sicily." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0136.
Full textThe movement for the commons has emerged in the aftermath of the 2007-2008 economic crisis as a range of practices of resistance to the increasing privatization of resources and services promoted by neoliberal politics. Activists have claimed the right to use and access all the things and spaces which, either publicly- or privately-owned, allow the exercise of fundamental rights also in the interest of future generations. A key component of the movement has thus been the critique of the notion of private property predominating in Western legal systems and the experimentation of a non-absolute, non-individualistic vision of ownership conceived as an instrument of resource redistribution. The relation between the movement for the commons and the law is tight, as in several cases communities reclaiming them have resorted to a counter-hegemonic use of legal tools among their tactics. This work examines the category of the commons from a politico-legal perspective and integrates this analysis with the one of a case study on the trajectory of the commons in Palermo in the post-crisis decade 2009-2019. The review of the practices carried out by activists reclaiming beni comuni in the Sicilian city highlights that the praxis of the commons has gradually been co-opted within the administrative framework of the municipality and has turned into a crucial governmental technique to establish public control on the urban space. In this case, the law has not acted as an emancipatory instrument in the hands of activists, but rather as a tool exploited by the public actor to tame the transformative potential of the commons. The path of the movement in Palermo thus provides an angle to observe how the neoliberal rationality operates today in a Southern European urban scenario, that is, by extracting value from the informal spatial practices historically rooted in these contexts
Zaleski, Laetitia. "Assistant de décision et de négociation par analyse de viabilité - Application à la gestion participative d’espaces protégés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS432.
Full textGood management of shared spaces requires taking into account the multiplicity of stakeholders who each have their own values and objectives. It is subject to two recurring problems. The first is the lack of consensus, the second is a consensus on an ineffective solution in its response to the problems raised. Combining the participatory aspect with technical assistance makes it possible to address both aspects. It is possible both to help the actors in the decision-making process, while at the same time directing their reasoning towards a coherent result. In order to provide technical assistance, we choose to use the theory of viability, which proposes to users to define a set of constraints grouping the interests and objectives of each. This method has two advantages. On the one hand, it is no longer necessary to aggregate or prioritise the criteria. On the other hand, viability allows an infinite time horizon to be taken into account, implying respect for intergenerational equity. Moreover, we draw inspiration from the techniques used for the design of serious games in order to give an educational and awareness-raising aspect to our tool for participatory management. This thesis work focuses on the design, development and impact study of a tool for participatory management based on viability theory. We have implemented a prototype of an IT assistant that gives concrete form to the ideas proposed in the thesis. Then we conducted a first experimentation of its use in order to analyse its interest and the benefits brought to decision making and negotiation. This evaluation allowed us to assess the influence of this tool from the point of view of decision support, negotiation support and awareness of the issues raised by resource sharing. An application inspired by the case of Brazilian extractive reservation allowed us to illustrate this approach
Delille, Pascale. "Communication et Economie sociale et solidaire : Identification des problèmes et des solutions." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF20026.
Full textThe following research work on Information and Communication Sciences, focuses on a fieldunderstudied by this scientific discipline, the Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE). It aims to identifyon one hand the communication issues among the SSE stakeholders, and to explore their relatedsolutions on the other hand. This analysis has been first based on a theoretical framework articulatingthe work of Morin, Habermas, Ostrom, and Laville. Then, three methods have then been successivelyemployed: a participative observation during an international workshop treating of all aspects of SSEcommunication; a series of semi-directive interviews with various key actors (from the solidarityinitiatives, some journalists, administrative heads, etc.), and finally an enlarged case study conductedwithin the European Parliament. This methodology allowed us to determine the recurrentcommunication issues encountered within the SSE (difficult access to its terminology, unclearheterogeneity, low-developed transversality, etc.) as well as to assess how different innovativeeconomical practices (such as PTCE, recovered enterprises, SCIC, etc.) could potentially overcomethese challenges. In conclusion, it appears from this work that the practices linked to the collaborativeeconomy, which are historically rooted within SSE, can bring an effective solution on thecommunicative level. Furthermore, and according to the new Ostrom reading greed related to thecommon goods governance, the SSE seems to be able to ensure the sustainable development of this newform of economy
Beaudouin, Audrey. "Land, sea and communities in 18th-century Shetland islands." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN20047/document.
Full textIn a rental of the arable land of Shetland, written in the early 1770s, the following expression appeared: “The inhabitants of the Towns within the same Scattald are called scatt brethren.” These few words triggered a series of questions. What is a scattald? What is the scatt? Who are these ‘scatt brothers’? Research at the National Records of Scotland and at the Shetland Archives as well as the reading of academic literature on the questions of communities, commons, custom, local judicial systems and rural life in the early modern period led to the writing of a thesis on communities in the 18th century. These communities lived in a peculiar geographical context: the Shetland Islands. Without underestimating the role of the local environment in the life of the Shetlanders, this thesis shows that the surroundings of the Shetlanders were more a place of possibilities than a place of restrictions; it brought constraints, but any other surroundings in early modern Europe had its limitations. The life on the islands of Shetland was as anywhere else on mainland Scotland at the same period a life based on local resources and which saw the development of a market economy with its advantages and disadvantages for the inhabitants. In Shetland the market economy took the form of the fishing tenures with their specific share-cropping contracts.In order to understand these communities the thesis starts with how they were regulated. The regulations, the courts and their personnel all had a role to play in the social control of the members of the communities. This thesis also explores the activities of the communities’ members in their environment. Shetland as well as several regions in Northwest Europe at the same time was a place of pluriactivité, multi-tasking. Through multi-tasking and access to the commons, the scattald communities of Shetland kept a certain level of independence even in time of debt-bondage. This paradoxical relationship was rendered possible by an almost unlimited access to the commons throughout the 18th century, a time during which the movement on the commons were possible and the transmission of the memory of their boundaries stayed alive. Changes, however, happened on the islands during these times. The fishing tenures were only one element of these changes: women started to outnumber men, the size of the arable land cultivated by one household diminished, the protected commons were slowly nibbled, and a regional court offered more possibilities for justice to the higher ranks than to the tenants... Eventually, this thesis argues that local communities in 18th-century Shetland offered protection to women and men who through them had an organised support system
Lebreton, Clotilde. "Gouvernance(s) sur un volcan. Controverses, arrangements et reconfigurations autour des instruments participatifs d'une aire naturelle protégée mexicaine (le Nevado de Toluca)." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1066/document.
Full textUnder the international context of supporting participation for the co-management of natural resources, new governance arrangements have emerged, inviting new actors in the management of natural protected areas and reshaping conservation policies. Mexico has not been exempted from this process with the new strategic directions for protected natural areas having focused on "governance". New community support programs have been developed to encourage local forest communities to participate in the management of their natural resources. To bypass the restrictions related to the status of a National Park, twenty Mexican natural protected areas have changed or are going to change of status by 2018. The Nevado de Toluca National Park is one of the first protected areas to have been declassified to the status of Wildlife and Flora Area Protection, to allow the 54 agrarian communities established in the territory to implement productive projects and ultimately participate in the conservation of the protected area.Combining public action, local management models and ecological dynamics, the Nevado de Toluca constitutes a laboratory for understanding how the concepts of environmental governance and participation, promoted in government programs, are being applied on the field. This empirical laboratory allows for the evaluation of how participatory management instruments, such as community forest management and payment for environmental services, have modified local management practices and, ultimately, forest ecosystems. Moreover, the analysis of participatory processes, a key part in the process of change in the protection category of the protected natural area, allows us to better understand the appropriation of international premises into effective participation by mechanisms held by the Mexican government. These mechanisms will, in turn, potentially have an effect on the governance of the protected natural area. Payments for environmental services, generally presented as a more efficient conservation strategy than integrated conservation and development projects, seem to be on the Nevado de Toluca, less socially and environmentally efficient than community forest management. However, these two participatory management instruments have reproduced the social injustices of the Mexican agrarian system. Besides, despite limited participatory processes, the reclassification resulted in controversies, alliances and socio-technical innovations that are reshaping the governance of the territory. As a response to the non-transfer of decision-making power by the government, informal arrangements are appearing as a new governance configuration and as a form of countervailing-power. The institutionalization of participation has not led to the eradication of conflict or to a consensus. Instead, it highlights the agonistic dimension of conservation policies
Ruiz, Eric. "L'autopromotion, une piste pour l'innovation architecturale, environnementale et urbaine." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENH017/document.
Full textFurther to the production of housing within a traditional Framework are curently developed all over europe and specialy in France. Moving away from public or private standar models, the projects inspired by the end users tend to produce very original habitats, in terms of architecture and environment as well as social and territorial insertion. This kind of dynamic is not a new phenomenom. Particulary in Latin America, popular and cooperative movements have developed this type of approach for decades. Insufficiently studied, this phenomenom merits more precise analysis, particulary in the field of architecture and from the point of view of the managers of such projects : the inhabitants. This research aims to demonstrate, through an analysis of different types of collective organizations adopted by these non-professional inhabitants leadership, the benefits and results of their production, in terms of: the "spacial" question, which looks at the concept of habitat and its use ; the issue of "skill" of the designer, who questions the mode of production of the project through the architect relationship - project management (non-occupational) ; and finally the area of "spatial and social inclusion", which looks at the urban dimension of these projects and their "property developers". Based on the concepts of "right to do" and "right to the city" defined by Henri Lefebvre and "common good" defined by Elinor Ostrom, this thesis provides a contribution of knowledge to contribute to the response of professionals and public policy, to a real social demand present every day in terms of citizen initiatives in the production of housing
Dulong, de Rosnay Melanie. "La mise à disposition des œuvres et des informations sur les réseaux : régulation juridique et régulation technique." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Assas - Paris II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00666307.
Full textCiccozzi, Elena. "La tortue, le requin et le jaguar. : L'aménagement du territoire et la gouvernance des ressources naturelles dans les aires protégées, par les instruments de politique. Les cas des Galápagos et du Yasuní en Equateur." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA172/document.
Full textArchetypes of the complex interactions between humans and ecosystems in protected areas rich in Common Pool Resources (CPR), the Galapagos Islands and the Yasuní in Ecuador share a history of environment degradation, socio-environmental conflicts and chaotic land development. The abundance of CPR, source of a lucrative rent from biodiversity and crude (in the Yasuní case) have attracted the interests of oil and tourism businesses over the last fifty years. These industries have consistently steered public decisions over the creation, spatial organisation and administration of these natural reserves, additionally affecting their governance, a reality which has hindered the implementation of land-use planning policies for these areas which are two UNESCO MAB Reserves. The Galapagos and Yasuní protected areas are also a powerful example of the peculiar way whereby Ecuador governments over the last five decades have “instrumented” policy making, preferring the use of policy tools to public policies to decide on the two areas’ fate. This thesis shows how a structural problem such as the absence of a land use planning policy, has thrust the practice of policy tools adoption, instead of policy making, to manage the two protected areas. The “revolución ciudadana” led by president Correa succeeded in re-founding State institutions and launching a new development paradigm (Sumak Kawsay or Buen Vivir) however, it did not advance on land-use management related issues particularly regarding the two areas. Correa has placed national planning at the heart of public policy making it the state policy – backed by a powerful bureaucratic structure – but in this process, land use planning is considered as an instrument in support of national planning. This research, carried out under an interdisciplinary perspective, using policy tools as analytical key, wishes to contribute new insights and methods of analysis on public land use planning and management, as well as governance of common pool resources in protected areas
Baudou, Estelle. "Une archéologie du commun : mises en scène du chœur tragique dans les théâtres nationaux (1973-2010 – Allemagne, France, Royaume-Uni)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100044/document.
Full textAnalysing productions of Aeschylus’ The Oresteia, Sophocles’ Oedipus the King and Euripides’ The Bacchai in national theatres in France, Germany and the United-Kingdom between 1973 and 2010, this thesis proposes an archaeology of the common (in the sense of « what we have in common ») both exploring the political implications of the concept – thrown into sharp relief by the various ways ancient choruses were staged – and studying the productions themselves through the type of community that they make manifest. This work intends to highlight the construction and the circulation of contemporary discourses about the common within, and between, these three countries. Performance analyses first focus on the elements that make, or intend to make, the chorus into an incarnation of the common and put these choices into perspective through the reception of Greek tragedy. The discourse about the common thus built in theatres, is then confronted with philosophical and anthropological discourses, as well as with economic, political and sociological events in order to call attention to echoes, analogies, disruptions and discontinuities. Thus, between 1973 and 1980, performances of choruses in The Bacchai were built upon rituals, putting forward a utopian conception of the common. From 1980 onward, as Peter Stein’s and Peter Hall’s Oresteia became established models, the chorus morphed into a collective in which individuals had their singularity in common. Following this, until 1999, the performances of Oedipus the King hailed the birth of the modern individual, for whom the chorus acts as archaic backdrop. Lastly, and despite attempts in performances of The Oresteia at the turn of the millennium to rebuild a community out of common memory, Greek tragedies staged in the 2000s show the despair of, and about, communities. This archaeology of the common, reflecting the globalisation of European societies, is therefore indirectly an archaeology of the individual
Bezault, Vincent. "Les biens communs sans tragédie : effets de la pression sociale et des convictions." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10238.
Full textThe commons need not be a tragedy: impact of peer-pressure and opinions Why do people help the community without getting anything in return? Usually, they either hold the firm belief they should do so or they want to follow a social norm. The behavioural model of this paper takes those two factors into account and applies them to recycling issues. It shows under which condition people act selflessly and how this behaviour spreads across the population. This paper then determines how governments must balance advertising and packaging refunding in order to increase recycling rate at minimal cost. It also proves that under certain circumstances it is preferable not to start transition toward cooperation. Indeed, as people progressively start cooperating, the population becomes divided between followers and opponents to this new attitude. As long as this heterogeneity remains, peer-pressure causes a cost that may outweigh the expected benefits of cooperation.
Palomo, Contreras Nadja. "La gestion des plantes médicinales chez les communautés autochtones Nahuas de la Huasteca Potosina, Mexique." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5239.
Full textPlant species can have different uses. However, medicinal purposes play a central role in different cultures whether they are used for traditional medicine or for commercialization. At present, medicinal plant species are under strong pressure. This is due to their commercial uses and is related to the loss of their habitat. It is imperative to find options that will allow the utilisation of medicinal plant species in a sustainable way. Thus, it would allow a contribution to the socioeconomic well-being of those communities that depend upon the plants. Similarly, it is also important to understand the perception that communities have of their plants and their uses. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to better understand the relationships between traditional knowledge and the utilisation of medicinal plant species among these local communities. The research constitutes an exploratory-inductive study with strong geographical and ethno-botanical bases. In this research, we describe the patterns followed by indigenous Nahuas communities of la Huasteca Potosina in the management of medicinal plant species. Descriptive, historical, qualitative and quantitative data used for this study were gathered through bibliographic research and fieldwork. The result of the study describes a series of practices, values and social representations. It relates to the use of medicinal plant species within a specific ethnic group. The importance of this research is to highlight local practices and, thus, come up with additional recommendations to the sustainable utilisation of medicinal plant species.
Las plantas medicinales desempeñan un papel central, tanto para la medicina tradicional de algunas culturas como para satisfacer una demanda de mercado tanto local como externa. Dada la fuerte presión actual sobre las poblaciones de plantas medicinales - debido a la creciente explotación comercial y la pérdida de hábitat - es crucial encontrar opciones que permitan un manejo sostenible de este recurso, así como contribuir al mantenimiento del bienestar socioeconómico de las comunidades locales que dependen de éste. Por lo tanto, es importante entender las percepciones, la forma de explotación y manejo de las plantas medicinales por parte de las poblaciones. El objetivo de este proyecto es comprender mejor las interacciones entre los conocimientos tradicionales y la gestión de las plantas medicinales. Este estudio de caso es un estudio geográfico y etnobotánico inductivo / exploratorio. Donde es expuesto un retrato de las dinámicas de gestión de las plantas medicinales utilizadas por las comunidades nahuas de la Huasteca Potosina. La información presentada es el producto de un análisis de datos descriptivos, históricos, cualitativos y cuantitativos; obtenidos de una revisión bibliográfica y un trabajo de campo. Nuestra investigación muestra una serie de prácticas de manejo, intereses, valores y representaciones sociales de las plantas medicinales dentro de una misma etnicidad. Este estudio pone en relieve la importancia de las prácticas de gestión local para elaborar recomendaciones en el ámbito del manejo sostenible de las plantas medicinales.