Journal articles on the topic 'Bicycles'
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1
Paudel, Milan, and Fook Fah Yap. "Development of an improved design methodology and front steering design guideline for small-wheel bicycles for better stability and performance." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 234, no. 3 (August 5, 2020): 227–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337120919608.
Abstract:
The maneuverability and compactness of small-wheel and folding bicycles are greatly appreciated. Nonetheless, the performance of these small-wheel bicycles as compared to the big-wheel bicycles has always been questioned. They are often blamed for being less stable, wobbly, or twitchy. It is still unclear how the performance of the small-wheel bicycle designs can be improved. Both small- and big-wheel bicycles are designed with similar ergonomics; therefore, the focus has been on the front steering design. The steering design parameters of 91 big-wheel and 27 small-wheel bicycles were compared, bearing in mind the available front steering design guidelines to understand: (1) the influence of big-wheel bicycle’s frame design on small-wheel bicycles and (2) most common range of design parameters used in current bicycle designs. The analysis showed a strong influence of current big-wheel bicycle design practice on front frame parameter selection of small-wheel bicycles. Furthermore, the self-stability comparison over the most common design range confirmed the lesser stability in the current small-wheel bicycle designs at normal riding speed. However, it was also found that the lesser stability was not the result of small wheels per se, but rather owing to an inadequacy in the current design approach to addressing the complex influence of reducing wheel size and bicycle frame design on its stability and performance. Therefore, an improved design methodology was adopted by incorporating the bicycle dynamics into the current design approach and the front steering design guidelines for small-wheel bicycles have been developed. The guidelines contradict the current small-wheel bicycle design practice, as they recommend steeper headtube angles for small-wheel bicycles. The guidelines were validated with good agreement between the theoretical and experimental results on two prototype 20-inch-wheel bicycles having counter-intuitive steering geometry.
2
Allen, D. Patrick, Nagui Rouphail, Joseph E. Hummer, and Joseph S. Milazzo. "Operational Analysis of Uninterrupted Bicycle Facilities." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1636, no. 1 (January 1998): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1636-05.
Abstract:
The popularity of bicycles in North America is growing. As the popularity of bicycles has increased, so has the physical network of separate bicycle facilities and designated bicycle lanes in many locations. As a consequence of this growth, there is a demand for more information about bicycle operations on these facilities. Unfortunately, the state of knowledge regarding bicycle operations in the United States currently lags far behind that of motor vehicles and pedestrians. The international research that has been conducted to date regarding bicycle operations on uninterrupted facilities is thoroughly reviewed, and recommended procedures for the operational analysis of uninterrupted bicycle facilities are outlined. The recommended procedures are based on the concept of “frequencies of events” involving a bicyclist and other bicyclists or facility users. Events are defined as bicycle maneuvers required by a bicyclist on a facility, including passings (same-direction encounters) and meetings (opposite-direction encounters). The frequency of events for an uninterrupted bicycle facility is related to the service volumes of bicycles using or projected to be using the facility and does not have to be observed directly. The proposed procedures are, therefore, recommended based not only on their theoretical substance but also on their ease of use by practitioners.
3
Ivanišević, Tijana, Aleksandar Trifunović, Svetlana Čičević, Dalibor Pešić, Sreten Simović, Aleksandar Zunjic, Darina Duplakova, Jan Duplak, and Uros Manojlovic. "Analysis and Determination of the Lateral Distance Parameters of Vehicles When Overtaking an Electric Bicycle from the Point of View of Road Safety." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (January 27, 2023): 1621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031621.
Abstract:
Recent years have witnessed an increasing number of electric bicycles on the roads and a rise in the number of road crashes involving e-bicyclists. There are various causes of road crashes involving e-bicyclists. Out of the total number of fatalities in traffic, bicyclists account for 9% in the Republic of Serbia. Road crashes occurring when motor vehicles overtake bicyclists make up 13% of the total number of road crashes involving bicyclists. Having in mind the above-mentioned, an experimental study has been conducted in order to analyze whether the use of helmets and reflective vests, different vehicle categories, and the speed of electric bicycles affect the lateral distance when overtaking e-bicycles. This research analyzed the lateral distance of 1228 vehicles overtaking an e-bicyclist. There are statistically significant differences in the lateral distance when overtaking an e-bicycle regarding helmet use, different vehicle categories overtaking the e-bicycle, and different speeds of the e-bicycle. The results showed that a faster speed of an e-bicycle led to a shorter lateral distance when overtaking it and that SUV drivers (along with motorcycle drivers) had the shortest lateral distance when overtaking e-bicycles.
4
Jackson, Michael E., and Erik O. Ruehr. "Let the People Be Heard: San Diego County Bicycle Use and Attitude Survey." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1636, no. 1 (January 1998): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1636-02.
Abstract:
What is the best way to promote bicycle transportation? Are people afraid to ride bicycles because motorists will run them over? Are there enough bicycle facilities available? Is promoting bicycle transportation a wise use of tax dollars? What percentage of the population currently rides bicycles? The San Diego Association of Governments allocates approximately $2 million annually on bicycling projects throughout San Diego County, California. Both the county of San Diego and the city of San Diego employ full-time bicycle coordinators. Periodically, questions and comments will arise regarding bicycling policies. “Why are they spending so much money on bicycle lanes? No one ever bicycles down this street.” “If they would build more bicycle paths, I would ride my bicycle to work instead of drive.” “How do they expect people to ride bicycles if they don’t maintain the pavement?” The San Diego County Bicycle Use and Attitude Survey was commissioned at the behest of the San Diego County Public Works Department to determine existing levels of bicycle usage and bicycling attitudes among San Diego County residents. A total of 3,800 interviews, conducted during February and March 1994 by telephone throughout the county, provided valuable insight into a large range of bicycling issues. The survey found that a majority (58 percent) of those residents polled reported that they were bicycle owners, and that a majority (68 percent) of those households in which bicycles were present reported that the adults bicycled. Respondents who bicycle chose bicycle paths, which are separated from motor vehicles, as their preferred bikeway facility. Almost three-fourths of the respondents (73 percent) stated that they did not bicycle at night. Only 15 percent of respondents who rode a bicycle at least once within the past year reported riding for transportation purposes. Over 99 percent of all respondents stated that they did not belong to a bicycling organization. A majority of respondents (over 70 percent) had not heard of various government programs that provided bicycle maps and bicycle information, and less than 10 percent of respondents have used these services. The majority of bicycling households (86 percent) reported being at least somewhat satisfied with the level of bikeway maintenance provided. Overall, survey respondents expressed support for government efforts to promote bicycle transportation.
5
Xu, Liang, Meiqi Liu, Xiang Song, and Sheng Jin. "Analytical Model of Passing Events for One-Way Heterogeneous Bicycle Traffic Flows." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 36 (July 31, 2018): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118788425.
Abstract:
Heterogeneous bicycle traffic flows, consisting of electric bicycles (e-bicycles) and regular bicycles (r-bicycles), have become the main traffic form on shared bicycle routes in China due to the increasing number of e-bicycles. As a result, overtaking occurs frequently among bicycles, which affects cyclists’ safety and perception. This paper presents an analytical model to estimate the number of passing events in heterogeneous bicycle traffic flows. The relationships between passing events and the parameters of the heterogeneous bicycle traffic flow is established in the proposed model. The probability density functions of the speed of r-bicycles and e-bicycles are taken into consideration. The results of the model analysis show that the number of passing events increases with an increase in the flow rate and density. Both a difference in speed between different types of bicycle and the standard deviation of speed of each type of bicycle have positive correlations with the number of passing events. In addition, when the proportion of e-bicycles increases, the number of passing events first increases, and then decreases. The proposed model is calibrated against field data collected in Hangzhou. The results show that the model prediction is consistent with field observations. The model proposed in this paper provides an analytical approach to study the relationship between the characteristics of heterogeneous bicycle traffic flows and the number of passing events. This work can be considered a prerequisite for the development of the bicycle level of service criteria for heterogeneous bicycle flows.
6
Kayansa, I. Made Dennis Penn Yohan, and I. Nengah Wirakesuma. "Onthel Bicycle: Creation Model of Experimental Photography using Iwan Zahar Method." Journal of Aesthetics, Creativity and Art Management 2, no. 1 (May 11, 2023): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.59997/jacam.v2i1.2320.
Abstract:
In Indonesia, the development of bicycles was heavily influenced by the colonialists, especially the Dutch. They brought bicycles produced in their country to use around to enjoy the fresh nature of Indonesia. This habit was transmitted to the aborigines with blue blood. Finally, the bicycle became a prestigious means of transportation. Onthel bicycles were a means of transportation that were relatively expensive before the independence period. Onthel bicycles, also known as camel bicycles, kebo bicycles, or pit pancal, are standard bicycles with 28-inch tires that were commonly used by urban communities until the 1970s. The heritage factor and the classic shape of the bicycle are interesting to be used as an experimental bicycle photography work. Starting from this phenomenon, the authors argue that research related to bicycles is necessary and interesting to do because in the globalization or modern era which is full of modern lifestyle offers, bicycles actually choose a classic lifestyle.
7
Guo, Xiaojia, Chengpeng Lu, Dongqi Sun, Yexin Gao, and Bing Xue. "Comparison of Usage and Influencing Factors between Governmental Public Bicycles and Dockless Bicycles in Linfen City, China." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 6890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126890.
Abstract:
Automobile traffic has shifted the use of bicycles in many developed regions to being mainly for sport, recreation and commuting. Due to the desire to mitigate the impacts of climate change and alleviate traffic jams, bicycle sharing is booming in China. Governmental public bicycles and dockless bicycles are the main types of bicycle sharing in China, each with different types of management and pricing. Field research has found that many bicycle sharing networks are idle and wasteful, and thus we investigated which type is more popular and suitable for Chinese cities. This research comparatively analyzes the application of governmental public bicycles and dockless bicycles, mainly focusing on the cycling destination, cycling frequency, and cycling factors, taking Linfen City as an example. The results show that: (1) The purpose is different between governmental public bicycles and dockless bicycles. On the one hand, the aim of riding a governmental public bicycle to work represents the largest proportion at about 29%, mainly because of the fixed route of travel, and the fact that the fixed placement of governmental public bicycles makes them more available compared to the random arbitrariness of dockless bicycles. On the other hand, the aim of riding a dockless bicycle for entertainment accounts for the largest proportion, at about 34%, mainly due to the ease of borrowing and returning a bike, and mobile payment. (2) In terms of frequency, the public’s choice of riding a dockless bicycle or a governmental public bicycle has no essential difference, given that there are only two options for citizens in Linfen. (3) The response to the two kinds of bicycle sharing is different; the governmental public bicycle has the advantage of lower cost, but the dockless bicycle has more advantages in the procedure of borrowing and returning the bicycle.
8
Raksuntorn, Winai, and Sarosh I. Khan. "Saturation Flow Rate, Start-Up Lost Time, and Capacity for Bicycles at Signalized Intersections." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1852, no. 1 (January 2003): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1852-14.
Abstract:
A review of the literature shows that capacity and saturation flow rate for on-street bicycle lanes at intersections have not been measured on the basis of bicycle discharge at intersections at the start of the green phase. The Highway Capacity Manual 2000 recommends a saturation flow rate of 2,000 bicycles per hour for a bicycle lane at a signalized intersection. However, this recommendation is not based on field studies at the intersection and is not a function of the width of the bicycle lane. A revised estimate is provided of saturation flow rate, and an estimate is provided of start-up lost time for bicycles based on data collected at the stop line of signalized intersections. In addition, the lateral stopped distance of automobiles from bicycle lanes, the lateral stopped distance of bicycles from adjacent lanes, and the lateral and longitudinal stopped distance between pairs of bicycles at a signalized intersections are presented. Bicycles may form more than one queue within a bicycle lane at the stop line. Since bicycles maintain a certain distance from the adjacent lane and the curb, the number of queues formed varies based on the width of the bicycle lane. Therefore, the saturation flow rate for a bicycle lane depends on the number of queues or the width of the bicycle lane. The saturation flow rates for bicycle lanes of varying widths are proposed on the basis of the lateral stopped distance of bicycles. Empirical evidence from intersections in Colorado and California is used to propose a new method to estimate the capacity for a bicycle lane.
9
Yahya, Sudirman, and Nofiansyah. "Analysis of Conventional Bicycle Assembly Transformed into an Electric Bicycle Using a BLDC Electric Motor." International Journal of Research in Vocational Studies (IJRVOCAS) 3, no. 1 (April 24, 2023): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.53893/ijrvocas.v3i1.185.
Abstract:
Along with the increasing problem of oil price volatility, vehicles with alternative fuels are the right vehicles to use at this time. Electric bicycles are one of the vehicles that use alternative fuels. Electric bicycles use battery power as a power source. Electric bicycles consist of two main parts, namely bicycles and electrical components. Bicycles are made through a sequence of planning processes and then assembling bicycle components. Electrical components consisting of batteries, controllers, gas grips, and electric motors are assembled and connected to one bicycle.
10
Simović, Sreten, Tijana Ivanišević, Aleksandar Trifunović, Svetlana Čičević, and Dragan Taranović. "What Affects the E-Bicycle Speed Perception in the Era of Eco-Sustainable Mobility: A Driving Simulator Study." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (May 7, 2021): 5252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095252.
Abstract:
The increase in the number of electric bicycles worldwide has resulted in a rise in the number of traffic accidents involving e-bicyclists. Previous studies have been based on analyzing the use, advantages and disadvantages of e-bicycles, whereas only a small number of studies have been focused on analyzing the e-bicycle traffic safety, particularly the factors leading to the occurrence of traffic accidents. One of the factors affecting the occurrence of traffic accidents is the incorrect perception of the e-bicycle speed by other traffic participants. To examine the mentioned problem, the authors of this paper conducted an experimental study to determine what affects the e-bicycle speed perception. The experiment included 175 participants, aged 18 to 50. The research was conducted under laboratory conditions using a driving simulator, at different e-bicycle speeds (10 km/h, 20 km/h and 30 km/h), in the situations in which the e-bicyclist was (not) using a reflective vest. The results show statistically significant differences in the e-bicycle speed perception when the e-bicyclist does not use/uses a reflective vest. Besides, the driving licence categories of traffic participants and their driving experience also have a significant impact on the perception of the e-bicycle speed.
11
Yao, Yi, Yifang Zhang, Lixin Tian, Nianxing Zhou, Zhilin Li, and Minggang Wang. "Analysis of Network Structure of Urban Bike-Sharing System: A Case Study Based on Real-Time Data of a Public Bicycle System." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 30, 2019): 5425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195425.
Abstract:
To better understand the characteristics of a bike-sharing system, we applied complex network methods to analyze the relationship between stations within the bike-sharing system. Firstly, using Gephi software, we constructed the public bicycle networks of different urban areas based on the real-time data of the Nanjing public bicycle system. Secondly, we analyzed and compared degree, strength, radiation distance, and community structure of the networks to understand the internal relations of the public bicycle system. The results showed that there were many stations with low usage of public bicycles. Furthermore, there was a geographical division between high-demand and low-demand areas for public bicycles. The usage of public bicycles at a station was not only related to land use but also related to the usage of bicycles at stations nearby. Moreover, the average service coverage of the public bicycle system was consistent with the original intention of “the first and last mile”, and public bicycles could meet different travel needs.
12
Allen, D. Patrick, Joseph E. Hummer, Nagui M. Rouphail, and Joseph S. Milazzo. "Effect of Bicycles on Capacity of Signalized Intersections." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1646, no. 1 (January 1998): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1646-11.
Abstract:
Although much is known about the operation of signalized intersections, little or no empirical research has been conducted regarding the effect of bicycles on signalized intersection capacity. The purpose of this study was to accurately quantify the effects of bicycles on signalized intersection capacity through the videotaping of several intersections that had significant bicycle traffic. Through the videotaping of intersections in Davis, California, and Gainesville, Florida, a relationship was determined between bicycle volumes and the percent of the green phase during which bicycle traffic occupies a conflict zone between bicycles and right-turning motor vehicles. It was also determined that one can ascertain the total net occupancy due to pedestrians and bicycles by taking the overlapping effects between bicycles and pedestrians into account. Using this total occupancy due to bicycles and pedestrians, one can calculate a saturation flow adjustment factor ( fRph) that reflects the reduction in saturation flow, and ultimately lane group capacity, for lane groups containing vehicles making permissive right turns in the presence of bicycles and pedestrians. The proposed procedure yields lower saturation flows and capacities than the current Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) procedure. In other words, on the basis of empirical data, when combined with pedestrian effects, the impact of bicycles on the saturation flow of lane groups containing right-turning vehicles is probably more detrimental than previously believed, and the capacities of intersections with significant bicycle and pedestrian traffic may be overestimated by using the current HCM procedures.
13
Jain, Anuj Kumar, Feras Hakkak, Mudit Gupta, and Siddharth Jain. "Design and Fabrication of Bamboo Bicycle." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 5, no. 3 (2017): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.531714.
Abstract:
Bicycles provide a convenient means for curbing the growing challenge of traffic congestion and pollution in cities. Steel bicycles are available in India in millions. However, as production of steel is a polluting process, replacing it with greener version has occupied the minds of researchers all over the world. In this respect, bamboo seems to be a viable substitute to steel in making of bicycle frames. Bamboo frame bicycles are lighter than steel frame bicycle, have aesthetic looks, are more environment-friendly, and can potentially be cheaper than steel frame bicycles. This paper reports our attempt to design and fabricate a bamboo bicycle. Special jointing technique was developed to attach the bamboo poles. Tests showed that the bicycle actually could withstand various rides in smooth and bumby roads.
14
Shengjin, Wang, and Wang Jichuan. "Service Quality Evaluation Method of City Shared Bicycles Based on SERVQUAL Model." E3S Web of Conferences 236 (2021): 03022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123603022.
Abstract:
Bicycle sharing is an effective way to solve the problem of residents’ last mile travel. Based on the SERVQUAL model. Build a service quality evaluation index system and evaluation model for shared bicycles. Taking Harbin’s bicycle as an example, the quantitative evaluation of the service quality of shared bicycles was carried out, and the existing problems of the service quality of shared bicycles were identified and targeted improvement strategies were proposed. The research results can provide a scientific basis for improving the quality of city shared bicycle services.
15
Zhao, Jialing, Hongwei Wang, Yuxin Huang, and Yuan Meng. "Does Massive Placement of Bicycles Win the Market for the Bicycle-Sharing Company in China?" Sustainability 12, no. 13 (June 30, 2020): 5279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135279.
Abstract:
The rise of bicycle-sharing stimulated companies’ investment in a large number of bicycles in the market. However, it is important to balance the massive placement of bicycles in the market and the company’s sustainable development. This paper is motivated to identify a strategic balance between market expansion and the sustainable development of the company. Based on the information asymmetry and evolutionary game theory, a tripartite game model was established for the government, enterprise, and consumer. This study identified five evolutionary stability strategies (ESSs) of these three parties under specific conditions by analyzing their decision-making behavior. The results indicated that the number of bicycles in the market placed by a bicycle-sharing enterprise was not directly proportional to its profit. The quantity of bicycles needed on the market was influenced by the government and consumers. It also found that government regulation plays a dominant role in the development of the bicycle-sharing company regarding the number of bicycles needed in the market.
16
Zeng, Pinhong. "Optimal Operation Solution for Public Bicycles Based on Genetic Algorithm." International Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing 15 (August 27, 2021): 1141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9106.2021.15.124.
Abstract:
Aiming at the various problems with the scheduling of urban public bicycles, this paper conducted a research on the shortest path between rental points and employed the Floyd algorithm to find the optimal route. Based on the conditions of limited number of bicycle transportation vehicles and in different time slots the bicycle rental points were required to restore to the original number of bicycles, a constraint scheduling model was established according to the bicycle supply-demand relationships of the rental points, and the Genetic Algorithm (GA) was used to solve the model to find the shortest path. In terms of balancing the bicycles at each rental point, this paper re-distributed the initial bicycles according to the different demands of each rental point in different time slots, and solved the problem using the solution of the first problem to obtain the optimal vehicle route. This research is a useful reference for solving difficulties in public bicycle scheduling.
17
Guo, Hongwei, Wuhong Wang, Weiwei Guo, and Facheng Zhao. "Modeling Lane-Keeping Behavior of Bicyclists Using Survival Analysis Approach." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/197518.
Abstract:
Bicyclists may cross the bicycle lane and occupy the adjacent motor lanes for some reason. The mixed traffic consisting of cars and bicycles shows very complicated dynamitic patterns and higher accident risk. To investigate the reason behind such phenomenon, the lifetime analysis method is adopted to examine the observed data for the behavior that bicycles cross the bicycle lane and occupy the adjacent motor lanes. The concepts named valid volume and probability of lane-keeping behavior are introduced to evaluate the influence of various external factors such as lane width and curb parking, and a semiparametric method is used to estimate the model with censored data. Six variables are used to accommodate the effects of traffic conditions. After the model estimation, the effects of the selected variables on the lane-keeping behavior are discussed. The results are expected to give a better understanding of the bicyclist behavior.
18
Khongouan, Waralak, and Satida Sakulrattanakulchai. "Guidelines to Promote Cycling on University Campus: Case Study of Kasetsart University, Mahidol University and Thammasat University." Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies (JARS) 11, no. 1 (October 30, 2014): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.56261/jars.v11i1.24158.
Abstract:
The objectives of this research are to study means of transportation on university campuses and student opinions on bicycle use on university campuses. This research will also analyze difficulties and problems of cycling in order to offer practical guidelines to promote cycling on university campuses to meet student needs. The campuses where this research was performed are Kasetsart University (Bangkhen Campus), Mahidol University (Salaya Campus), and Thammasat University (Rangsit Center). In this research, data was gathered by surveying the areas, and using questionnaires to collect 600 undergraduate student opinions about cycling on campus by using the quota sampling method (200 students per 1 university; 100 bicycle users and 100 non-users). According to the study, all 3 campuses have similar types of transportations: bicycle, cars, on foot and university public buses. In the past, a lot of students at Kasetsart University chose riding as their primary mode of transportation on campus, but the number has been decreasing. At present, Mahidol University succeeds in promoting greater cycling participation among students and in creating an environment suitable for cycling, while Thammasat University has just started its campaign on bicycle use. The main problems and difficulties of riding bicycles on campuses have been found to be the danger of the use of bicycles and unawareness of the benefits of riding bicycles. Thus, the guidelines to encourage the use of bicycles on campus are to provide a network of bicycle lanes and to improve existing parking space and presented bicycle lanes. Moreover, it would be helpful to have a campaign to encourage the use of bicycles, and to develope services for using public bicycles.
19
Jin, Haitao, Fengjun Jin, Jiao’e Wang, Wei Sun, and Libo Dong. "Competition and Cooperation between Shared Bicycles and Public Transit: A Case Study of Beijing." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (March 3, 2019): 1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051323.
Abstract:
As an eco-friendly transportation mode, shared bicycles provide a new option for public transit users in urban areas. China’s bicycle-sharing market began flourishing in July 2016 and reached a plateau in 2017. How shared bicycles influenced public transit systems during this period is an interesting topic. A case study of Beijing is conducted. This study aims to identify the competitive and cooperative influences of shared bicycles on public transit by exploring the changes in public transit trip distances before and after the upsurge in bicycle-sharing. A histogram shifting method is introduced to examine the influences of shared bicycles on public transit services from a travel distance perspective. A spatial correlation of bicycling usage and public transit changes is calculated using units of gridded cell spaces. The results show: (1) overall transit usage continued growing after the shared bicycles market reached a plateau; (2) short public transits within 2 km decreased while transfers within 2 km increased; and (3) the decrease of short transits and increase of transfers within 3 km were spatially highly correlated to the usage of shared bicycles. Hence, the role of bicycle-sharing systems is competitive for existing public transit systems during short trips and cooperative for connecting transits.
20
Дижо, Ян, Мирослав Блатницкий, Вадим Васильевич Ищук, Денис Молнар, Себастьян Солчанский, and Борис Плайдичко. "Конструктивные особенности современных горных велосипедов, часть 2." Technológ 15, no. 1 (2023): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/tech.c.2023.1.8.
Abstract:
Cycling and bicycles become still more and more popular. People transport themselves to the work, to the school, to shops and other by bicycles. Bicycles represent quite effective transport means regarding to production of gas emissions, noise emissions together with better possibilities to leave them near to wanted facilitates. However, bicycles are suitable for recreations. Currently, trips to nature are very popular. For safe cycling, it is appropriate to use a proper bicycle. There are terrain bicycles, which have the design customized for riding in the heavy-road conditions. This article includes an introduction to the topic of design modern terrain bicycles, their main types and description of their basic characteristics.
21
Hahn, Hans Peter. "The Appropriation of Bicycles in West Africa." Transfers 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2012.020204.
Abstract:
Bicycles have a wide range of functions and roles in West Africa. They have vital functions for everyday necessities, but they also constitute prestige objects. The appreciation of bicycles in Africa started very early, almost simultaneously with their diffusion as consumer goods in Europe. However, the adoption of bicycles followed a specific pathway, which is explained in this article within the conceptual framework of appropriation. Cultural appropriation highlights the significant modifications of bicycles in Africa and the abandonment of some functions like braking. In spite of the technical simplifications, modified bicycles are perceived as having higher value, by virtue of their fitness for the tough roads and their increased reliability. Appropriation results in a specific “Africanized“ bicycle, which makes possible a prolonged usage. This essay argues that the “Africanized“ bicycle constitutes a model of sustainability in matters of transport, one which is not sufficiently recognized in current debates about sustainable innovations.
22
Liu, Nien Te, and Chang Tzuoh Wu. "The Study on the Functional Element Representations for Bicycles with Creative Characteristics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 3691–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.3691.
Abstract:
The purpose of this paper is to propose representations for bicycles with creative characteristics. First of all, many creative bicycles are collected from references and websites. Then, these bicycles are analyzed and arranged one by one to find creative characteristics. Finally, the representations for creative bicycles are proposed. The construction elements of bicycles can be classified into 3 kinds: functional elements, shape elements, and material elements. For the functional elements, they are classified into 14 kinds, and controlling, moving, input elements are necessary for bicycles. There are two types of constructions for bicycles. One is bicycle with frames, another is without frames. Bicycles with frames always have wheels connected and should be represented from frames as start. Bicycles without frames can be represented from controlling, moving, or input elements as start. The relationships for functional elements are mergence and combination. The most important result of this paper is the functional elements representations are proposed for bicycles with creative characteristics. By using graphs and symbols, bicycles can be represented simple and quickly for concept development.
23
Zheng, Fanying, Fu Gu, Wujie Zhang, and Jianfeng Guo. "Is Bicycle Sharing an Environmental Practice? Evidence from a Life Cycle Assessment Based on Behavioral Surveys." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 14, 2019): 1550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061550.
Abstract:
As an icon of sharing economy and product service systems, bicycle sharing is gaining an increasing global popularity, yet there is little knowledge about the environmental performance of this emerging traveling mode. To seek the answer to the question, the paper employs a survey-based method and a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. We first conduct a questionnaire-based survey to identify the changes in traveling modes after the introduction of shared bicycles. The survey results show that the use of shared bicycles is more popular among young and low-income populations, and shared bicycles are predominantly used to replace walking and bus-taking. Based on the survey results, we model the environmental impacts of the changed traveling behaviors and the life cycle of shared bicycle with the aid of Gabi software. The LCA results shows that bicycle sharing is currently an environmentally friendly practice, as it brings environmental savings in all the indicators except metal consumption. Further, the results of sensitivity analysis show that aging, rising rental fees, and increasing volume of shared bicycles would impart negative impacts on the environmental performance of bicycle sharing. The findings of this work facilitate the management and development of bicycle sharing.
24
Shi, Donghao. "Optimization of shared bike paths considering faulty vehicle recovery during dispatch." Journal of Intelligent Systems 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1024–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2022-0132.
Abstract:
Abstract With the rapid development of China’s social economy and the improvement of the level of urbanization, urban transportation has also been greatly developed. With the booming development of the internet and the sharing economy industry, shared bicycles have emerged as the times requirement. Shared bicycles are a new type of urban transportation without piles. As a green way of travel, shared bicycles have the advantages of convenience, fashion, green, and environmental protection. However, many problems have also arisen in the use of shared bicycles, such as man-made damage to the vehicle, the expiration of the service life of the vehicle, etc. These problems are unavoidable, and the occurrence of these failure problems will also cause serious harm to the use of shared bicycles. This article aims to study the path optimization of shared bicycles considering the recovery of faulty vehicles during dispatching. Based on the K-means spatial data clustering algorithm, a path optimization experiment of shared bicycle recycling scheduling considering the recycling of faulty vehicles is carried out. The experiment concluded that the shared bicycle recycling scheduling path based on K-means clustering planning significantly reduces the total time spent and the total cost of performing recycling scheduling tasks. Among them, the unit price of recycling and dispatching of each faulty shared bicycle has dropped by 4.1 yuan compared with the market unit price. The conclusion shows that the shared bicycle recycling scheduling path considering faulty vehicle recycling based on K-means clustering algorithm has been greatly optimized.
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de Wilde, Ari. "Introduction: The Quest to Control The Powerful Meanings of Bicycle Racing." Sport History Review 50, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/shr.2019-0034.
Abstract:
The bicycle has a unique status as a moniker of several things: a practical piece of transportation, a sporting tool, the imprimatur of modernity, and, relevant to this special issue, a symbol of gender and class equity. But the racing of bicycles by women has been oddly absent from the literature in sport history. Women have been part of the bicycle’s experience since the bicycle’s inception in the mid-nineteenth century. Yet until recently, one would be hard pressed to know of this lengthy tradition of women in cycling and, especially of, women’s racing. This special issue seeks to rectify this situation.
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Keeling, Katherine L., Travis B. Glick, Miles Crumley, and Miguel A. Figliozzi. "Evaluation of Bus-Bicycle and Bus/Right-Turn Traffic Delays and Conflicts." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 7 (June 6, 2019): 443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119849063.
Abstract:
This research evaluates conflicts and delays caused by interactions among buses, bicycles, and right-turning vehicles at a mixed traffic corridor in Portland, OR. The study site has a near-side bus stop and a right curbside lane designated for buses and right-turning vehicles. Next to the bus/right-turn lane is a bicycle lane with a bicycle box ahead of the bus stop (i.e., between the intersection and the bus stop). This research examines two concerns caused by these overlapping bus, bicycle, and automobile facilities; the first is the number of bus-bicycle conflicts (as a proxy for safety) and the second is bus delay. Video data was collected and analyzed to quantify conflicts, travel time, and delay. For every bus passing through the study site, the mixed traffic scenario that the bus incurs was categorized as one of 72 different combinations of bus, bicycle, and automobile interactions. Video count data was weighted according to seasonal, weekly, and hourly bicycle volume data to estimate the number of annual bus–bicycle conflicts. A regression analysis was performed to identify potential sources of delays. The results indicate that each bicycle crossing the intersection after the bus (within 60 ft of bus) contributes to bus delay. No statistically significant delay was found from the bicycles stopped in the bicycle box, bicycles stopped behind the bicycle box, bicycles that cross the intersection before the bus, or the presence of right-turning vehicles.
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Oktavia, Mirani. "Penentuan Rute Mobil Pengangkut Sepeda dalam Proses Rebalancing sebagai Vehicle Routing Problem." Faktor Exacta 11, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/faktorexacta.v11i4.2977.
Abstract:
The use of bicycles facilitated by a college can be seen as one of the interesting phenomena because the campus is required to always ensure that the number of bicycles in each bicycle storage area (shelter) must return to normal when the beginning of the lecture starts every day. While the existence of the mobility process carried out by all stakeholders of the campus is very possible to occur the increation of bicycles in a shelter which also resulted in the reduction of bicycles in other shelters. Therefore, a method is needed to return the number of bicycles like the early morning according to the capacity of each shelter using the car that is transporting which is then called the rebalancing process of bicycle. In this study a model of the operational of the car carrier was designed during the rebalancing process. Therefore, information is needed on which shelter routes to visit and how many bicycles are moved from one shelter to another. This distribution problem is categorized as one form of vehicle routing problem (VRP) to minimize mileage of the car that is transporting of bikes.
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Zhao, Daozhi, and Di Wang. "The Research of Tripartite Collaborative Governance on Disorderly Parking of Shared Bicycles Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior and Motivation Theories—A Case of Beijing, China." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 30, 2019): 5431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195431.
Abstract:
With the maturity of mobile payments and internet technology, a new type of travel mode, shared bicycles, was brought out by China’s urban transport under the impetus of “the last mile” travel demand. Although convenient travel has been achieved by using shared bicycles, the resulting problems such as disorderly parking and the deposition of bicycles could severely influence urban traffic order and impede the sustainable development of shared bicycles. Based on the quasi-public goods property of shared bicycles, this article established a management system for the tripartite collaborative governance of disorderly bicycle parking by virtue of regulating the bicycle parking behavior of users, the promoting of multiple propaganda and macro-institutional controls of the government, and acquiring technique support of enterprise “entry settlement”. Furthermore, considering the influence on the governance effect of user conduct, a structural model for guiding users to regulate bicycle parking to guarantee the governance effect by adopting material incentive and spiritual motivation was established via the utilization of the theory of planned behavior and motivation theories, and multiple hypotheses were also proposed. In this article, users of shared bikes in Beijing, China were selected as the research objects, and a questionnaire survey was adopted as the empirical research method. In addition, the governance validity on disorderly parking of the collaborative governance model was tested via hierarchical regression analysis after the collection and analysis of the factors influencing bicycle parking behavior of users. The obtained results show that the tripartite collaborative governance model could enhance the regular parking consciousness of users and improve the governance effect of disorderly parking. The research conclusion of this article could provide feasible suggestions for the governance of bicycle disorderly parking and propel the sustainable development of shared bicycles.
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Li, Jingya, Zhiguo Zhang, Liming Chen, Mengjuan Li, Xingjie Zhang, and Guisheng Zhang. "Base-Promoted Intramolecular Addition of Vinyl Cyclopropanecarboxamides to Access Conformationally Restricted Aza[3.1.0]bicycles." Molecules 28, no. 9 (April 25, 2023): 3691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093691.
Abstract:
3-Azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes are common structural components in natural products and bioactive compounds. Traditionally, the metal-mediated cyclopropanation domino reaction of chain enzymes is the most commonly used strategy for the construction of this type of aza[3.1.0]bicycle derivative. In this study, a base-promoted intramolecular addition of alkenes used to deliver conformationally restricted highly substituted aza[3.1.0]bicycles is reported. This reaction was tailor-made for saturated aza[3.1.0] bicycle-containing fused bicyclic compounds that may be applied in the development of concise and divergent total syntheses of bioactive compounds.
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Zhang, Yajie. "Investigation on the Status Quo of Shared Bicycles in Wenzhou and Analysis of Travel Characteristics." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 1, no. 3 (June 8, 2022): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v1i3.454.
Abstract:
In recent years, shared bicycles have developed rapidly across the country as a convenient new mode of travel. It meets the needs of citizens for short-distance travel and has many advantages such as convenience, high flexibility, and low price. This paper takes the survey results of shared bicycle users in Lucheng District, Wenzhou City and the operation of 181 sites within 20 days as the analysis objects, using data analysis software and other tools to analyze the shape characteristics of shared bicycles, including the number of daily use of a single bicycle, running the busiest site and the idlest site, etc. And through the analysis results, the current service system of shared bicycles is evaluated, and suggestions for improving the efficiency of the bicycle service system are given.
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Cao, Ma, Huang, Lü, and Chen. "Effects of Free-Floating Shared Bicycles on Urban Public Transportation." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 8 (July 25, 2019): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8080323.
Abstract:
As a product of the development of the Internet and the sharing economy, shared bicycles are beneficial in solving the last mile problem of public transportation for urban residents and expanding the service area of urban public transportation to a certain extent. This paper analyses the spatial-temporal characteristics of shared bicycles in the city of Beijing by using kernel density estimation and statistical analysis methods. The maximum coverage location problem model is used to quantify the effects of shared bicycles on the subway and bus urban public transportation systems. The analysis results are of great importance to identify the effects of shared bicycle usage on an urban bus public transportation system from the view of space-time. The results show that (1) shared bicycles are largely located within 1.5 km from the subway station and 500 meters from the bus stations; (2) the number of the shared bicycle usage changes along with the distance from the subway and bus stations; (3) subway and bus stations are divided into six types based on the sink-source characteristics of shared bicycles; (4) the service areas of subway and bus stations are expanded by approximately 2.34 and 1.33 times, respectively, after the implementation of shared bicycles.
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Jackson, Kristy N., Sarah Worth O’Brien, Sarah E. Searcy, and Shannon E. Warchol. "Quality Assurance and Quality Control Processes for a Large-Scale Bicycle and Pedestrian Volume Data Program." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2644, no. 1 (January 2017): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2644-03.
Abstract:
Phase 1 of North Carolina’s Non-Motorized Volume Data Program (NMVDP) was conducted in the North Carolina Department of Transportation Divisions 7 and 9 in the Triad–Piedmont region of North Carolina. Continuous count stations (CCSs) were installed to monitor bicyclist and pedestrian traffic at 12 locations and began collecting data in late 2014. These stations covered a mix of sites across different land uses, travel patterns, and volume groups. Sites performed automated detection of pedestrians on sidewalks, bicycles and pedestrians on shared-use paths, bicycles in bicycle lanes, bicycles on sidewalks, and bicycles in mixed traffic. This paper summarizes the programmatic elements developed and implemented to select, install, and ensure high data quality for the 12 CCSs. These elements include agency coordination, site selection, equipment procurement and setup, equipment validation, equipment maintenance, data handling, quality assurance and quality control checks, and data reporting and analysis. After piloting this program in one region, the research team identified several changes to test when the NMVDP was expanded to a new region of the state to improve the quality of data collected: conduct weekly inspections of the data and perform validation to promptly identify maintenance issues, investigate the development of hourly data checks to implement, use a simpler interquartile range check, and consider developing automation to check data.
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Guo, Ning, Rui Jiang, SC Wong, Qing-Yi Hao, Shu-Qi Xue, Yao Xiao, and Chao-Yun Wu. "Experimental study on mixed traffic flow of bicycles and pedestrians." Collective Dynamics 5 (August 12, 2020): A108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17815/cd.2020.108.
Abstract:
The mixed flow of bicycles and pedestrians is frequently observed on bicycle-pedestrian-shared roads. Unfortunately, studies on dynamics of this kind of mixed flow are very limited. This paper reports an experimental study of this kind of mixed traffic flow with equal numbers of pedestrians and cyclists asked to walk/ride in a ring-shaped track. In the uni-/bi-directional flow scenarios, pedestrians and bicycles moved in the same/opposite direction. Under both scenarios, bicycles and pedestrians formed their own lanes. Pedestrians walked in the inner lane and cyclists rode in the outer lane. Widths of both the pedestrian lane and the bicycle lane were more uniform in bidirectional flow. The pedestrian flow rate is larger in the unidirectional flow scenario than in the bidirectional flow scenario. In contrast, at low densities, the bicycle flow rate is essentially the same under the two scenarios. When the density is large, the bicycle flow rate becomes larger in the unidirectional flow scenario. Comparing the two modes, pedestrian flow rate is smaller/larger than bicycle flow rate at small/large densities under both scenarios.
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Zhou, Qingfeng, Chun Janice Wong, and Xian Su. "Machine Learning Approach to Quantity Management for Long-Term Sustainable Development of Dockless Public Bike: Case of Shenzhen in China." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (November 28, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8847752.
Abstract:
Since the number of bicycles is critical to the sustainable development of dockless PBS, this research practiced the introduction of a machine learning approach to quantity management using OFO bike operation data in Shenzhen. First, two clustering algorithms were used to identify the bicycle gathering area, and the available bike number and coefficient of available bike number variation were analyzed in each bicycle gathering area’s type. Second, five classification algorithms were compared in the accuracy of distinguishing the type of bicycle gathering areas using 25 impact factors. Finally, the application of the knowledge gained from the existing dockless bicycle operation data to guide the number planning and management of public bicycles was explored. We found the following. (1) There were 492 OFO bicycle gathering areas that can be divided into four types: high inefficient, normal inefficient, high efficient, and normal efficient. The high inefficient and normal inefficient areas gathered about 110,000 bicycles with low usage. (2) More types of bicycle gathering area will affect the accuracy of the classification algorithm. The random forest classification had the best performance in identifying bicycle gathering area types in five classification algorithms with an accuracy of more than 75%. (3) There were obvious differences in the characteristics of 25 impact factors in four types of bicycle gathering areas. It is feasible to use these factors to predict area type to optimize the number of available bicycles, reduce operating costs, and improve utilization efficiency. This work helps operators and government understand the characteristics of dockless PBS and contributes to promoting long-term sustainable development of the system through a machine learning approach.
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Bahmankhah, Behnam, Paulo Fernandes, and Margarida C. Coelho. "CYCLING AT INTERSECTIONS: A MULTI-OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT FOR TRAFFIC, EMISSIONS AND SAFETY." Transport 34, no. 3 (March 21, 2019): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2019.8946.
Abstract:
This paper evaluated in an integrated manner the traffic performance, pollutant emissions and road conflicts between bicycles and motor vehicles at a signalized intersection. Two alternative scenarios were examined: (1) bicycles increment and motor vehicles replacement within the cycle-fixed traffic signal; (2) replacing the existing traffic control by a conventional two-lane roundabout and evaluating the impacts of bicycles increment. For each scenario, bicycle demand was varied from 9 to 270 bicycles per hour (bph). Traffic flow and vehicle dynamic data were collected from a three-leg signalized intersection in Aveiro (Portugal). The microscopic traffic model (VISSIM) paired with an emission (Vehicle Specific Power – VSP) methodology and safety (Surrogate Safety Assessment Methodology – SSAM) model were used to assess intersection-specific operations. The fast Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) was used to find the optimal bicycle demands. The results showed that two-lane roundabout outperformed the existing traffic control, namely in highest bicycle demand scenario (number of stops and travel time reduced in 78 and 14%, respectively; CO2, NOx, and HC decreased 9, 7, and 12%, respectively). It was also found that the number of conflicts was significantly reduced (–49%) with this latter layout even in maximum bicycle demand scenario (270 bph). However, roundabout layout lead to more severe conflicts and potential crashes. The analysis showed that bicycle demands of 75, 95 and 110 bph delivered good environmental and safety outcomes for the intersection.
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Dufort, Fay J., Christopher J. Leitheiser, Gemma Mudd, Julia Kristensson, Alexandra Rezvaya, Katie Gaynor, Sandra Uhlenbroich, et al. "Abstract 4233: Generation of a Bicycle NK-TICA™, a novel NK cell engaging molecule designed to induce targeted tumor cytotoxicity." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 4233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-4233.
Abstract:
Abstract The tumor specific activation of natural killer (NK) cells is an area of active investigation in immune oncology, but to date has relied on complex biologic modalities (e.g., antibodies, fusion proteins, or cell therapies). NK cells are highly responsive immune cells that can detect and eliminate tumor cells and bridge innate to adaptive immune responses. Bicycles® are small (ca.1.5kDa), chemically synthetic, structurally constrained peptides discovered via phage display and optimized using structure-driven design and medicinal chemistry approaches. We have applied the Bicycle platform technology to identify Bicycles® that bind specifically to the key activating receptor, NKp46. When chemically coupled to tumor antigen binding Bicycles, this results in highly potent, antigen-dependent receptor activation and NK cell activation. We term this new class of fully synthetic molecules NK-TICAs and we will describe herein their discovery and evaluation.We demonstrate potent, selective binding of our Bicycles to receptor-expressing cells and the capability of the bifunctional molecule to induce NK cell function in vitro. With Bicycle’s novel NK-TICA™ compound, we demonstrate the engagement of NK cells, the specific activation and function of NK cells, and enhanced tumor cytotoxicity in a tumor target- and dose-dependent manner.In conclusion, NK-TICAs drive NK cell-mediated tumor cell killing and cytokine production in vitro and as such have the potential to catalyze the development of durable anti-tumor immunity in tumor types not well served by current therapies. We hypothesize that utilization of Bicycle NK-TICA™ as a multifunctional immune cell engager will promote the modulation of NK cells, as well as the infiltration and anti-tumor activity of NK cells in solid tumors. The data presented here provide initial proof of concept for the application of our Bicycle technology to drive NK cell-mediated tumor immunity. Citation Format: Fay J. Dufort, Christopher J. Leitheiser, Gemma Mudd, Julia Kristensson, Alexandra Rezvaya, Katie Gaynor, Sandra Uhlenbroich, Liudvikas Urbonas, Heather Scott, Liuhong Chen, Helen Harrison, Michael Skynner, Kevin McDonnell, Philip E. Brandish, Nicholas Keen. Generation of a Bicycle NK-TICA™, a novel NK cell engaging molecule designed to induce targeted tumor cytotoxicity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 4233.
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Roa, Sergio D., and Luis E. Muñoz. "Bicycle change strategy for uphill time-trial races." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 231, no. 3 (August 29, 2017): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337117724310.
Abstract:
In uphill time-trial cycling races, riders have to travel along routes characterized by high-gradient variations in the shortest time possible. Due to this gradient variation, the appropriate selection among time-trial bicycles and traditional road bicycles is essential to reduce the power demand. For some uphill courses, the bicycle selection is not necessarily unique, with the possibility of a bicycle change during the race to take advantage of the performance of each type of bicycle for specific sections of the route. In this study, a method for planning the bicycle-changing strategy is proposed. A dynamic model to predict the race time for two types of bicycles is implemented, and an optimization problem for minimizing the race time is presented. A case study is analyzed in which the uphill time-trial route of the Giro d’Italia 2014 is studied in the context of professional cyclists’ performance. It was found that the use of the bicycle change strategy led to a time saving of about 43 s with respect to the time obtained when using only a road bicycle. It was also found that a combination of the bicycle change strategy with an optimal pacing strategy led to a time saving of about 92 s.
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Elvira, Febrina Gladys, Sri Sukmana Damayanti, Gavrilla Theodora, and Olga Nadina. "Analysis Of Electric Bicycles As A Vehicle In Indonesia: A Normative Legal Review." Syariah: Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran 20, no. 1 (July 14, 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18592/sjhp.v20i1.3571.
Abstract:
Abstrak:Dalam perkembangannya terdapat kendaraan berupa sepeda listrik yang notabene memiliki dua sumber energi yaitu energi manusia dan energi listrik. Kendaraan yang memiliki dua sumber energi penggerak ini disebut juga sebagai hybrid vehicle. Di dalam peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia terkait dengan hybrid vehicle, yang notabene memiliki dua sumber energi, seperti sepeda listrik yang menggabungkan energi manusia dan listrik tidak terdapat pengaturan. Hal ini menimbulkan problematika terkait dengan legalitas sepeda listrik yang ada di masyarakat. Ketidakjelasan legalitas sepeda listrik ini memiliki problematik hukum yaitu 1) kedudukan hukum sepeda listrik di Indonesia dan 2) akibat hukum sepeda listrik sebagai kendaraan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach). Berdasarkan penelitian ini, ditemukan bahwa sepeda listrik t tergolong sebagai kendaraan tidak bermotor. Hal ini didasarkan pada argumentasi bahwa sumber utama tenaga penggerak sepeda listrik adalah tenaga manusia dan dengan penafsiran ekstensif sepeda listrik merupakan perluasan dari sepeda pada umumnya. Akibat hukum yang muncul ketika sepeda listrik tergolong sebagai kendaraan tidak bermotor, berarti terdapat hak dan kewajiban hukum bagi pengendara sepeda listrik tersebut. Terdapat dua klasifikasi kewajiban bagi pengemudi sepeda listrik, dimana terdapat kewajiban yang hanya bersifat anjuran karena tidak memiliki sanksi ketika tidak dilaksanakan dan kewajiban yang memiliki sanksi ketika tidak dilaksanakan. Adapun hak-hak bagi pengemudi sepeda listrik adalah terdapat fasilitas-fasilitas khusus bagi pengendara sepeda listrikKata Kunci: sepeda listrik, legalitas, kendaraan. Abstract: In its development, there is a vehicle in the form of electric bicycles which incidentally has two sources of energy namely human energy and electrical energy. This vehicle that has two sources of propulsion energy is also called hybrid vehicles. Though, there is not yet an Indonesian regulations related to hybrid vehicles, which has two energy sources, such as electric bicycles that combine human energy and electricity. This raises problems related to the legality of electric bicycles in the society. The unclear legality of electric bicycles has legal problems namely 1) the legal standing of electric bicycles in Indonesia and 2) legal consequences of electric bicycles as vehicles in Indonesia. This research is a normative legal research with a statutory and conceptual approach. Based on this research, it was found that electric bicycles are classified as non-motorized vehicles. This is based on the argument that the main source of electric bicycle driving force is human power and with an extensive interpretation of electric bikes as an extended version ofa bicycle in general. The legal consequences that arise when electric bicycles are classified as non-motorized vehicles are the legal rights and obligations for the electric cyclist. There are two classifications of liabilities for electric bicycle riders, where there are obligations that are in the form of cautionary suggestions because they do not have sanctions or punishment for not implementing the recommendationand ones that have sanctions when not applied. One of the rights received byelectric bicycle drivers are special facilities for electric bicycle ridersKeywords: electric bicycle, legality, vehicle.
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Doria, Alberto, Sergio Roa, and Luis Muñoz. "Stability analysis of bicycles by means of analytical models with increasing complexity." Mechanical Sciences 10, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-10-229-2019.
Abstract:
Abstract. The basic Whipple-Carvallo bicycle model for the study of stability takes into account only geometric and mass properties. Analytical bicycle models of increasing complexity are now available, they consider frame compliance, tire properties, and rider posture. From the point of view of the designer, it is important to know if geometric and mass properties affect the stability of an actual bicycle as they affect the stability of a simple bicycle model. This paper addresses this problem in a numeric way by evaluating stability indices from the real parts of the eigenvalues of the bicycle's modes (i.e., weave, capsize, wobble) in a range of forward speeds typical of city bicycles. The sensitivity indices and correlation coefficients between the main geometric and mass properties of the bicycle and the stability indices are calculated by means of bicycle models of increasing complexity. Results show that the simpler models correctly predict the effect of most of geometric and mass properties on the stability of the single modes of the bicycle. Nevertheless, when the global stability indices of the bicycle are considered, often the simpler models fail their prediction. This phenomenon takes place because with the basic model some design parameters have opposite effects on the stability of weave and capsize, but, when tire sliding is included, the capsize mode is always stable and low speed stability is chiefly determined by weave stability.
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Gribb, Tye T., F. J. Worzala, and G. W. Gribb. "Modeling Bicycle-Rider Vibrations: Implications for Materials Selection." MRS Bulletin 23, no. 3 (March 1998): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400030013.
Abstract:
Over the past several years, the number of materials routinely employed for the fabrication of major bicycle components (e.g., frame, fork, and handlebar) has increased from one (steel) to at least five (steel, aluminum, titanium, fiber-reinforced polymers, and magnesium). Historically the primary driving force for implementation of new materials in bicycle manufacture has been the almost fanatical desire to reduce the weight of the bicycle. Although weight reduction of the bicycle will continue to be important, an old design paradigm—driven mostly by the recent popularity of bicycles designed to be ridden off-road (mountain bikes)—has re-emerged: the design of bicycles that minimize the amount of road/trail shock transmitted to the rider.
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Dufort, Fay, Christopher Leitheiser, Gemma Mudd, Julia Kristensson, Alexandra Rezvaya, Elizabeth Repash, Eric Haines, et al. "789 Generation of a Bicycle NK-TICA™, a novel NK cell engaging molecule to enhance targeted tumor cytotoxicity." Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 9, Suppl 2 (November 2021): A824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-sitc2021.789.
Abstract:
BackgroundNatural killer (NK) cells are immune cells that can detect and eliminate tumor cells and bridge innate to adaptive immune responses. Tumor specific activation of NK cells is thus an area of active investigation in immune oncology, but to date has relied on complex biologic modalities (e.g., antibodies, fusion proteins, or cell therapies), each of which has inherent disadvantages in this application. Thus, alternative approaches are warranted. Bicycle® are small (ca. 1.5 kDa), chemically synthetic, structurally constrained peptides discovered via phage display and optimized using structure-driven design and medicinal chemistry approaches. We have now applied this technology to identify Bicycles that bind specifically to the key activating receptors, NKp46 and CD16a. When chemically coupled to tumor antigen binding Bicycles this results in highly potent, antigen-dependent receptor activation and NK cell activation. We term this new class of fully synthetic molecules Bicycle® natural killer- tumor-targeted immune cell agonists (NK-TICAs™) and we will describe their discovery and evaluation in this presentation.MethodsUsing our unique phage display screening platform, we have identified high affinity, selective binders to NKp46 and CD16a. By conjugating the Bicycle® NK cell-engaging binders to a model tumor antigen EphA2-binding Bicycle®, we have developed a bifunctional Bicycle NK-TICA™ molecule. In in vitro functional assays, we evaluated the ability of the Bicycle NK-TICAs™ to induce NK cell activation as well as cell-mediated cytotoxicity and cytokine production in NK-tumor co-culture assays.ResultsWe have developed a novel modular compound with high affinity and selectivity to NK cell receptors with specific tumor targeting capability. We demonstrate potent, selective binding of our Bicycles to receptor-expressing cells and the capability of the bifunctional molecule to induce NK cell function. With Bicycle's novel NK-TICA™ compound, we demonstrate engagement of NK cells, specific activation and function of NK cells, and enhanced EphA2-expressing tumor cytotoxicity, in a dose dependent manner.ConclusionsBicycle NK-TICAs™ are novel therapeutic agents capable of enhancing the landscape of immune oncology. We hypothesize that utilization of Bicycle NK-TICA™ as a multifunctional immune cell engager will promote modulation of NK cells, and infiltration and anti-tumor activity of NK cells in solid tumors. The data presented here provide initial proof of concept for application of the Bicycle technology to drive NK cell-mediated tumor immunity.
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Cao, Yi, and Yixiao Wang. "Shared Cycling Demand Prediction during COVID-19 Combined with Urban Computing and Spatiotemporal Residual Network." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 10, 2022): 9888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14169888.
Abstract:
The regularity and demand predictions of shared cycling are very necessary and challenging for the management and development of urban pedestrian and bicycle traffic. The bicycle-sharing system has the problem of spatial and temporal demand fluctuations and presents a very complex nonlinear regularity. The demand for shared bicycles is affected by many factors, including time, space, weather and the situation of COVID-19. This study proposes a new bicycle-sharing demand forecasting model (USTARN) based on the impact of COVID-19, which combines urban computing and spatiotemporal attention residual network. USTARN consists of two parts. In the first part, a spatiotemporal attention residual network model is established to learn the temporal correlation and spatial correlation of shared bicycle demand. The temporal characteristic branches of each spatial small region are trained, respectively, to predict the shared bicycle demand in batches in different regions and periods according to the historical data. In order to improve the prediction accuracy of the model, the second part of the model adjusts and redistributes the prediction results of the first part by learning other information of the city, such as the severity of COVID-19, weather, temperature, wind speed and holidays. It can predict the demand for shared bicycles in different urban areas in different periods and different severities of COVID-19. This study uses the order data of shared bicycles during the period of COVID-19 in 2020 obtained from the open data platform of Shenzhen municipal government as verification, analyzes the spatiotemporal regularity of the system demand and discusses the impact of the number of newly diagnosed patients and the daily minimum temperature on the demand for shared bicycles. The results show that USTARN can fully reflect time, space, the epidemic situation, weather and temperature, and the prediction results of the impact of wind speed and other factors on the demand for shared bicycles are better than the classical methods.
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Knura, Martin, Florian Kluger, Moris Zahtila, Jochen Schiewe, Bodo Rosenhahn, and Dirk Burghardt. "Using Object Detection on Social Media Images for Urban Bicycle Infrastructure Planning: A Case Study of Dresden." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2021): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10110733.
Abstract:
With cities reinforcing greener ways of urban mobility, encouraging urban cycling helps to reduce the number of motorized vehicles on the streets. However, that also leads to a significant increase in the number of bicycles in urban areas, making the question of planning the cycling infrastructure an important topic. In this paper, we introduce a new method for analyzing the demand for bicycle parking facilities in urban areas based on object detection of social media images. We use a subset of the YFCC100m dataset, a collection of posts from the social media platform Flickr, and utilize a state-of-the-art object detection algorithm to detect and classify moving and parked bicycles in the city of Dresden, Germany. We were able to retrieve the vast majority of bicycles while generating few false positives and classify them as either moving or stationary. We then conducted a case study in which we compare areas with a high density of parked bicycles with the number of currently available parking spots in the same areas and identify potential locations where new bicycle parking facilities can be introduced. With the results of the case study, we show that our approach is a useful additional data source for urban bicycle infrastructure planning because it provides information that is otherwise hard to obtain.
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Mahendra, Marcellino Aditya, and Rini Dharmastiti. "PENGEMBANGAN DESAIN SEPEDA ANAK USIA 7-12 TAHUN MENGGUNAKAN METODE RAPID ETHNOGRAPHY DAN SCAMPER." ATRIUM: Jurnal Arsitektur 6, no. 2 (November 11, 2020): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21460/atrium.v6i2.116.
Abstract:
Title: Design Development of Bike for Kids (7-12 y.o) using Rapid Ethnography and SCAMPER Method Children by nature growth relatively fast. Their body expand in a short time that demand many things that they wear or use to meet their body accordingly. This to include also the need for their bicycle. In order to fulfill the needs of children’s comfort in cycling, some bicycles which are suitable with anthropometry of children’s body are required. With the existence of bicycle’s design which has longer durability than children’s bicycles in general, hence the children’s bicycle which will be designed would have sustainable design concept. Clark et al. (2009) states that sustainable design is a design concept which integrates 3 kinds of elements (people, profit, planet) and not merely an environmental-friendly concept. Developing a product with sustainable concept is not only done with a manipulation on materials which are bio-degradable, but also could be done with extending the lifespan of the product. Respondents which are targeted on this planning are children aged from 7 until 12 with their parents, since the children on this age range experience rapid growth. Not only the interests of the children aged from 7-12 as primer users which are concerned, but also their parents as secondary users. This matter is resulted from how the parents also play a role in choosing and buying the bicycle which will be used by their children.
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Shao, Peng, and Jie Liang. "An Analysis of the Factors Influencing the Sustainable Use Intention of Urban Shared Bicycles in China." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 14, 2019): 2721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102721.
Abstract:
Bicycle sharing services have played an active role in building a green travel system in China, but this trend has also caused problems, such as users arbitrarily stopping on the roads or the destruction of shared bicycles. Based on data collected by means of a survey that we designed, a regression analysis is used to test the influence of use perception and consumer characteristics on the intention to sustainably use shared bicycles by measuring the intention to: continue using the service, park the bicycles in an orderly manner, and care and protect the bicycles. We find that: (1) perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, consumer innovation, and standardized use behavior have a significantly positive impact on the intention to continue using and park shared bicycles in an orderly manner; (2) perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and consumer innovation also have a significantly positive impact on the intention to care and protect shared bicycles; and, (3) standardized use behavior has no significant impact on the intention to care and protect shared bicycles. Moreover, urban air quality plays a positive regulatory role in the relationship of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and consumer innovation with the intention to sustainably use the service.
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Shen, Shu, Zhaoqing Wei, Lijuan Sun, Khalida Shaheen Rao, and Ruchuan Wang. "A Hybrid Dispatch Strategy Based on the Demand Prediction of Shared Bicycles." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 16, 2020): 2778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082778.
Abstract:
With the advent of pile-less shared bicycles, the techniques initially used for public bicycle dispatching were unable to fulfill the routine dispatch tasks, resulting in constant bicycle crowding. In this paper, to alleviate the mess of shared bicycles, we propose a hybrid dispatching algorithm based on bicycle demand data. We take the bicycle stations’ imbalance as an optimization index and use greedy ideas to ensure that after each dispatch all stations get the smallest imbalance. In addition, it is suggested that two assessment metrics evaluate the efficiency of the dispatching technique from the users and operators’ perspectives. It is shown that the proposed dispatching algorithm performs better in terms of user satisfaction and operator revenue, and is less affected by bicycle distribution compared with the traditional manual scheduling algorithm.
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Fan, Aihua, Xumei Chen, and Tao Wan. "How Have Travelers Changed Mode Choices for First/Last Mile Trips after the Introduction of Bicycle-Sharing Systems: An Empirical Study in Beijing, China." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019 (May 14, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5426080.
Abstract:
In recent years, there has been rapid development in bicycle-sharing systems (BSS) in China. Moreover, such schemes are considered promising solutions to the first/last mile problem. This study investigates the mode choice behaviors of travelers for first/last mile trips before and after the introduction of bicycle-sharing systems. Travel choice models for first/last mile trips are determined using a multinomial logit model. It also analyzes the differences in choice behavior between the young and other age groups. The findings show that shared bicycles become the preferred mode, while travelers preferred walking before bicycle-sharing systems were implemented. Gender, bicycle availability, and travel frequency were the most significant factors before the implementation of bicycle-sharing systems. However, after implementation, access distance dramatically affects mode choices for first/last mile trips. When shared bicycles are available, the mode choices of middle-aged group depend mainly on gender and access distance. All factors are not significant for the young and aged groups. More than 80% of public transport travelers take walking and shared bicycles as feeder modes. The proposed models and findings contribute to a better understanding of travelers’ choice behaviors and to the development of solutions for the first/last mile problem.
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Dieltiens, Sien, Frederik Debrouwere, Marc Juwet, and Eric Demeester. "Practical Application of the Whipple and Carvallo Stability Model on Modern Bicycles with Pedal Assistance." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (August 15, 2020): 5672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165672.
Abstract:
Increasingly more people cycle with electrically-powered pedal assistance. The reduced pedalling effort attracts physically challenged people and seniors, who have a higher risk of falling. Since electric bicycles are heavier and the centre of masses are located higher, accidents happen easily. This study analyses the influence of the addition of a battery and motor unit on the stability behaviour of common bicycles for women. Based on market research, seven typical bicycle configurations are determined. Geometrics, mass values, and cycling postures are measured, and the theoretical stability behaviour is determined analytically based on the stability model of Whipple and Carvallo. The research shows that bicycles without pedal assistance have a smaller self-stable and semi-stable range than most electric bicycles. The electric bicycle with a motor implemented in the front wheel perform best, as the extra weight of the motor enhances the gyroscopic self-stabilization of the front wheel. Furthermore, a battery in the lower mid-tube is preferred over one in the luggage rack as it lowers the center of mass of the rear frame assembly. Knowledge about the optimal configuration to maximize the stability will enhance the cycling comfort and minimize the chance of accidents.
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Hong, Keumsoo. "The Bicycle Transportation in Modernizing Seoul." Association of Korean Cultural and Historical Geographers 35, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.29349/jchg.2023.35.1.1.
Abstract:
The time-space convergence of the modern era led to the coming of mobile society. It was the neotechnics of bicycles, streetcars, and automobiles that drove modernizing Seoul to witness a wide-ranging transformation in both urban structure and cityscape. Unlike tram cars, which accommodated commuting Seoulites, the bicycle as a private means of transportation was entwined tightly with their daily lives. Analysis of contemporary documents identified F. Borioni and P. Lansdale as the earliest carriers of the wheels in Incheon and Seoul, respectively. Along with diplomats, missionaries, medical practitioners, and educators, the Progressive joined the group of early adopters of bicycles. Aided by mass production in Japan in the early 20th century, bicycles diffused over the webs of outlets of selling agents. The data show that the boulevard heading north from the South Gate through Honmachi to Jongro was the most crowded in terms of bicycle traffic. The colonial modernity of bicycles embraces the modernizing projects of commodity fetishism, the postal system, the cycle race, and urban tourism in justifying the cultural hegemony of Imperial Japan. It helped, however, to put gender politics on the right track and institute modern ways of seeing the landscape as phantasmagoria.
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Hu, Hongyu, Pengfei Tao, Zhenhai Gao, Qingnian Wang, Zhihui Li, and Zhaowei Qu. "Vision-Based Bicycle Detection Using Multiscale Block Local Binary Pattern." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/370685.
Abstract:
Bicycle traffic has heavy proportion among all travel modes in some developing countries, which is crucial for urban traffic control and management as well as facility design. This paper proposes a real-time multiple bicycle detection algorithm based on video. At first, an effective feature called multiscale block local binary pattern (MBLBP) is extracted for representing the moving object, which is a well-classified feature to distinguish between bicycles and nonbicycles; then, a cascaded bicycle classifier trained by AdaBoost algorithm is proposed, which has a good computation efficiency. Finally, the method is tested with video sequence captured from the real-world traffic scenario. The bicycles in the test scenario are successfully detected.