Academic literature on the topic 'Bicycle industry – Great Britain – History'
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Journal articles on the topic "Bicycle industry – Great Britain – History"
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Slayton, Rebecca. "The Optical Munitions Industry in Great Britain, 1888–1923 by Stephen C Sambrook." Technology and Culture 55, no. 2 (2014): 497–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2014.0040.
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Jordan, Ellen. "The Exclusion of Women From Industry in Nineteenth-Century Britain." Comparative Studies in Society and History 31, no. 2 (April 1989): 273–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500015826.
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In 1868, a clergymen told the annual congress of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science that “he had long lived in the town of Liverpool, and had been placed in circumstances there which made him frequently regret that there were no places in which women could find employment. The great want was of employment for every class of women, not only for the higher class, but for those placed in humbler circumstances.” At earlier conferences, however, a number of speakers described the abundant opportunities for female employment in other Lancashire towns. Census figures make it clear that the reason lay in the different industrial bases of these towns.
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Ulunyan, Arutyun. "“Cotton Shadow” of the Great Game (1880s — Early 20th Century)." ISTORIYA 13, no. 12-1 (122) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023789-6.
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The article analyzes the interconnection between the political and economic interests of Britain in the context of the Great Game in the 1880s — early 20th century and the strengthening of the British participation in making and development of the Russian cotton industry. Archival sources, materials of parliamentary reports, the British press, publications of British and Russian participants in the events, all of them, provide legitimate basis to detect the peculiarities of the links between Britain’s economic and political interests during this period. The “cotton shadow” of the Great Game turned out to be a phenomenon that allows even at the statistical level to reveal the prevailing importance of economic interests over purely political assessments of the likely Russian threat to Britain in Central and East Asia and partially overshadow them.
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Woodcock, Jamie. "How to beat the boss: Game Workers Unite in Britain." Capital & Class 44, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309816820906349.
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This article provides an overview of the growth of game worker organising in Britain. These workers have not previously been organised in a trade union, but over the last 2 years, they have developed a campaign to unionise their sector and launched a legal trade union branch. This is a powerful example of so-called ‘greenfield’ organising, beyond the reach of existing trade unions and with workers who have not previously been members. The article provides an outline of the industry, the launch of the Game Workers Unite international network, the growth of the division in Britain as well as their formation as a branch of the Independent Workers’ Union of Great Britain. The aim is to draw out lessons for both the videogames industry, as well as other non-unionised industries, showing how the traditions of trade unionism can be translated and developed in new contexts.
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Allen, J. R. L. "A Whetstone of Wealden Sandstone from the Roman Villa at Great Holts Farm, Boreham, Essex." Britannia 46 (July 14, 2015): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x15000318.
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AbstractExcavated in 1992–4, the villa yielded a portion of a whetstone which, on the basis of general shape, the presence of rebated long edges and microscopic petrography in thin-section, was with little doubt made from a sandstone in the Weald Clay Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the north-west Weald. It is representative of a widely recorded, major stone-based industry in Roman Britain, with finds known to range from the Channel coast to the northern frontier zone.
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Becuwe, Stéphane, Bertrand Blancheton, and Christopher M. Meissner. "The French (Trade) Revolution of 1860: Intra-Industry Trade and Smooth Adjustment." Journal of Economic History 81, no. 3 (September 2021): 688–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050721000371.
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The Cobden-Chevalier treaty of 1860 eliminated French import prohibitions and lowered tariffs between France and Great Britain. The policy change was largely unexpected and unusually free from direct lobbying. A series of commercial treaties with other nations followed. Post-1860, we find a significant rise in French intra-industry trade. Sectors that liberalized more experienced higher two-way trade. Our findings are consistent with the idea that trade liberalization led to “smooth adjustment” that avoided costly inter-sectoral re-allocations of factors.
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Devereux, David R. "State Versus Private Ownership: The Conservative Governments and British Civil Aviation 1951–62." Albion 27, no. 1 (1995): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0095139000018536.
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Studies of post-1945 Britain have often concentrated upon political and foreign policy history and are only just now beginning to address the question of the restructuring of the British economy and domestic policy. Civil aviation, a subject of considerable interest to historians of interwar Britain, has not been given a similar degree of attention in the post-1945 era. Civil aviation policy was, however, given a very high priority by both the 1945-51 Labour government and its Conservative successors. Civil aviation represented part of the effort to return Britain to a peacetime economy by transferring resources from the military into the civil aircraft industry, while at the same time holding for Britain a position of pre-eminence in the postwar expansion of civil flying. As such, aviation was a matter of great interest to reconstruction planners during World War Two, and was an important part of the Attlee government's plans for nationalization.Civil aviation was expected to grow rapidly into a major global economic force, which accounted for the great attention paid it in the 1940s and 1950s. Its importance to Britain in the postwar era lay in the value of air connections to North America, Europe, and the Empire and Commonwealth, and also in the economic importance of Britain's aircraft industry. In a period when the United States was by far the largest producer of commercial aircraft, the task of Labour and Conservative governments was to maintain a viable British position against strong American competition. What is particularly interesting is the wide degree of consensus that existed in both parties on the role the state should play in the maintenance and enhancement of this position.
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Ackers, Peter. "Colliery Deputies in the British Coal Industry Before Nationalization." International Review of Social History 39, no. 3 (December 1994): 383–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085900011274x.
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SummaryThis article challenges the militant and industrial unionist version of British coal mining trade union history, surrounding the Miners' Federation of Great Britain and the National Union of Mineworkers, by considering, for the first time, the case of the colliery deputies' trade union. Their national Federation was formed in 1910, and aimed to represent the three branches of coal mining supervisory management: the deputy (or fireman, or examiner), overman and shotfirer. First, the article discusses the treatment of moderate and craft traditions in British coal mining historiography. Second, it shows how the position of deputy was defined by changes in the underground labour process and the legal regulation of the industry. Third, it traces the history of deputies' union organization up until nationalization in 1947, and the formation of the National Association of Colliery Overmen, Deputies and Shotfirers (NACODS). The article concludes that the deputies represent a mainstream tradition of craft/professional identity and industrial moderation, in both the coal industry and the wider labour movement.
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Brown, John C. "Imperfect Competition and Anglo-German Trade Rivalry: Markets for Cotton Textiles before 1914." Journal of Economic History 55, no. 3 (September 1995): 494–527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700041619.
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This article reappraises export performance on international markets before World War I by examinnig the case of cotton textiles. The German industry expanded its market share from the 1850s to 1914 despite remaining a high-cost industry relative to Great Britain. Evidence from contemporary accounts and analysis of trade data from 1913 suggests that German success arose in part from the importance of monopolistic competition in export markets for finished cloth. Germany’s relative wealth, geographic position, and perhaps the intensive marketing efforts of its industry may have enabled it to counter the cost advantage of its British rival.Their heads are still gay with crimson kerchiefs, but those kerchiefs do not come from Manchester.—E. E. Williams
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Schwartz, Robert M. "The Transport Revolution on Land and Sea: Farming, Fishing, and Railways in Great Britain, 1840-1914." HoST - Journal of History of Science and Technology 12, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 106–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/host-2018-0005.
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Abstract The introduction and expansion of rapid rail transportation in Great Britain helped transform sea fishing and make fresh fish a new commodity of mass consumption. In agriculture the rail network greatly facilitated the shift from mixed cereal farming to dairy farming. To demonstrate the timing and extent of these changes in food production this article blends history and geography to create a spatial history of the subject. Using the computational tools of GIS and text mining, spatial history charts the expanding geography and size of the fresh fish industry and documents the growing concern among fishermen of over-fishing. In agricultural, huge flows of cheap wheat from the United states caused a crisis in British wheat farming, forcing many farmers to convert arable land to pasture for use in dairy farming. Given the growing demand for fresh milk in cities and increased availability of rapid rail transport in rural areas, dairy farming replaced wheat farming in outlying counties such as Wiltshire, the example examined here.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bicycle industry – Great Britain – History"
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Sambrook, Stephen Curtis. "The optical munitions industry in Great Britain 1888-1923." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2005. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3451/.
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This study examines in detail for the first time the emergence and development of a highly specialised sector of British manufacturing industry, charting its evolution and explaining its growth predominantly through scrutiny of original source material relating to the key actors in the story. It proposes that after 1888 Britain produced an optical munitions manufacturing structure which succeeded in dominating production of the most militarily important and commercially valuable instrument in the field, and which by 1914 had achieved an hegemonical position in the international marketplace. The study also overturns the conclusions of the previous brief scholarship on the topic, asserting that the industry responded well to the challenges of the Great War and going on to show that there was a difficult, but ultimately successful translation back to peace. This largely ignored branch of British technological manufacturing performed effectively and ran counter to notions of the relative decline or comparative failure of industries in the sector, and the narrative puts forward reasons to explain that success. To do this, the account employs a methodology embracing a combination of theories and models of historical explanation to demonstrate reasons for the industry’s path and to test the interpretations put forward.
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Sadler, Guy. "The helicopter and the struggle for its control between the War Office and the Air Ministry." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683045.
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Henry, Philippa Anne. "The changing scale and mode of textile production in late Saxon England : its relationship to developments in textile technology." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669895.
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Kimball, Toshla (Toshla Rene). "Women, War, and Work: British Women in Industry 1914 to 1919." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500947/.
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This thesis examines the entry of women, during World War I, into industrial employment that men had previously dominated. It attempts to determine if women's wartime activities significantly changed the roles women played in industry and society. Major sources consulted include microfilm of the British Cabinet Minutes and British Cabinet Papers; Parliamentary Debates; memoirs of contemporaries like David Lloyd George, Beatrice Webb, Sylvia Pankhurst, and Monica Cosens; and contemporary newspapers. The examination begins with the early debates concerning the pressing need for labor in war industries, women's recruitment into industry, women's work and plans, the government's arrangements for demobilization, and women's roles in postwar industry. The thesis concludes that women were treated as a transient commodity by the government and the trade unions.
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Strimpel, Zoe. "The matchmaking industry and singles culture in Britain, 1970-2000." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/71609/.
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Jenkins, Ellen Janet. ""Organizing Victory:" Great Britain, the United States, and the Instruments of War, 1914-1916." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279079/.
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This dissertation examines British munitions procurement chronologically from 1914 through early 1916, the period in which Britain's war effort grew to encompass the nation's entire industrial capacity, as well as much of the industrial capacity of the neutral United States. The focus shifts from the political struggle in the British Cabinet between Kitchener and Lloyd George, to Britain's Commercial Agency Agreement with the American banking firm of J. P. Morgan and Company, and to British and German propaganda in the United States.
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St, John Ian. "A study of the problem of work effort in British industry, 1850 to 1920." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:72e07126-716e-47d1-9d97-04725e128098.
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The thesis investigates the factors determining the effort put forth by industrial workers in Britain during the second half of the nineteenth century and the first two decades of the twentieth. Why was so much energy and of such kinds put into work, and neither more nor less? What was the contribution of culture and institutions? And in which ways, if any, did the conduct of labour change over time? Labour effort contributes significantly to productivity differentials, between factories and across nations, and its study thus sheds light on that slackening of Britain's economic performance which historians have detected in the late Victorian period. Yet it is, additionally, a subject of interest in its own right. Work was the preponderating element in a man's daily experience, and much of the wide range of factory life found reflection in the matter of how hard he laboured and in what way. Indeed it is the contention of this thesis that an explanation of the level and forms of effort in the late nineteenth century must make reference to the workshop environment and its associated customs and social relationships. These arguments are illustrated by detailed studies of the shoe and flint-glass trades. Despite obvious contrasts between these industries, important similarities are found to exist in the issues surrounding labour effort. In both industries operatives limited output; shoe and glass employers alike contributed to the failure to fully realise the productive potential of their establishments; the social equilibrium of both industries was subject to mounting competition from overseas - a challenge compounded in the shoe trade by rapid technical change; and in each case these disruptive tendencies eventuated in industrial confrontations which, however apparently successful for employers, left the fundamental characteristics of industrial organisation unchanged. These themes were common, not merely to glass and shoe manufacture, but to a range of major industries. The culture of output limitation was, we conclude, widespread in industry in this period, and emerged from similar reasons out of similar contexts.
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Curran, Terence William. "Recording classical music in Britain : the long 1950s." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2340cf56-c2be-4c0b-b5a6-2cfe06c22fe4.
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During the 1950s the experience of recording was transformed by a series of technical innovations including tape recording, editing, the LP record, and stereo sound. Within a decade recording had evolved into an art form in which multiple takes and editing were essential components in the creation of an illusory ideal performance. The British recording industry was at the forefront of development, and the rapid growth in recording activity throughout the 1950s as companies built catalogues of LP records, at first in mono but later in stereo, had a profound impact on the music profession in Britain. Despite this, there are few documented accounts of working practices, or of the experiences of those involved in recording at this time, and the subject has received sparse coverage in academic publications. This thesis studies the development of the recording of classical music in Britain in the long 1950s, the core period under discussion being 1948 to 1964. It begins by considering the current literature on recording, the cultural history of the period in relation to classical music, and the development of recording in the 1950s. Oral history informs the central part of the thesis, based on the analysis of 89 interviews with musicians, producers, engineers and others involved in recording during the 1950s and 1960s. The thesis concludes with five case studies, four of significant recordings - Tristan und Isolde (1952), Peter Grimes (1958), Elektra (1966-67), and Scheherazade (1964) - and one of a television programme, The Anatomy of a Record (1975), examining aspects of the recording process. The thesis reveals the ways in which musicians, producers, and engineers responded to the challenges and opportunities created by advances in technology, changing attitudes towards the aesthetics of performance on record, and the evolving nature of practices and relationships in the studio. It also highlights the wider impact of recording on musical practice and its central role in helping to raise standards of musical performance, develop audiences for classical music, and expand the repertoire in concert and on record.
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Gottwald, Carl H. "The Anglo-American Council on Productivity: 1948-1952 British Productivity and the Marshall Plan." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279256/.
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The United Kingdom's postwar economic recovery and the usefulness of Marshall Plan aid depended heavily on a rapid increase in exports by the country's manufacturing industries. American aid administrators, however, shocked to discover the British industry's inability to respond to the country's urgent need, insisted on aggressive action to improve productivity. In partial response, a joint venture, called the Anglo-American Council on Productivity (AACP), arranged for sixty-six teams involving nearly one thousand people to visit U.S. factories and bring back productivity improvement ideas. Analyses of team recommendations, and a brief review of the country's industrial history, offer compelling insights into the problems of relative industrial decline. This dissertation attempts to assess the reasons for British industry's inability to respond to the country's economic emergency or to maintain its competitive position faced with the challenge of newer industrializing countries.
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Turnheim, Bruno. "The destabilisation of existing regimes in socio-technical transitions : theoretical explorations and in-depth case studies of the British coal industry (1880-2011)." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41031/.
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This thesis, which addresses an innovation studies audience, deals with a neglected topic in the study of socio-technical transitions: the destabilisation and decline of established industries. While most of the transitions literature focuses on the emergence of novelty, this thesis investigates the productive role of destabilisation and processes of unlocking of existing regimes. The research question is: How can we understand the unfolding of industry destabilisation processes? To answer this question, this thesis aims to make theoretical contributions by developing an integrative framework that overcomes shortcomings in existing views of destabilisation. Insights from a number of different approaches are mobilised as ‘building blocks' for theoretical elaboration. Destabilisation is understood as a process involving: 1) multiple interacting pressures, 2) industry strategies and responses to (economic and legitimacy) challenges, and 3) decreasing commitment to industry regime rules. The theoretical perspective addresses: a) destabilisation as a long-term unfolding process, b) the multi-dimensional and co-evolutionary nature of destabilisation, and c) the role of normative problems in destabilisation. To assess the robustness of the conceptual perspective, the thesis studies three cases of destabilisation: - The destabilisation of the British coal industry in the transition from the omnipresence of coal to a four-fuel economy (1880-1967) - The destabilisation and decline of British deep coal mining in the electricity sector (1967-1997) - The destabilisation of coal use in the transition towards low-carbon electricity (1990-2011). Possible revival? The case studies show the usefulness of the conceptual framework. The analysis of patterns and causal mechanisms further identifies similarities and differences of destabilisation pathways in the cases. Specificities in the kinds, rates, interaction and timing of these dynamics produce different destabilisation patterns.
Books on the topic "Bicycle industry – Great Britain – History"
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W, Crossley David, and Worssam B. C, eds. The iron industry of the Weald. [Leicester]: Leicester University Press, 1985.
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Bradford, Anne. Royal Enfield: From the bicycle to the Bullet, 1851-1969 : the story of the company and the people who made it great. [England]: Amulree, 1996.
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G, Wilson R., ed. The British brewing industry, 1830-1980. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
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Ralph, Morton, ed. Building in Britain: The origins of a modern industry. Aldershot, England: Scholar Press, 1995.
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Twentieth-century British theatre: Industry, art and empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
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G, Powell C., ed. The British building industry since 1800: An economic history. 2nd ed. London: E & FN Spon, 1996.
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Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England), ed. Industry and the camera. London: H.M.S.O., 1985.
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Foreman-Peck, James. Public and private ownership of British industry, 1820-1990. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
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Lewis, M. J., and Roger Lloyd-Jones. Raleigh and the British Bicycle Industry: An Economic and Business History, 1870¿1960. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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Lewis, M. J., and Roger Lloyd-Jones. Raleigh and the British Bicycle Industry: An Economic and Business History, 1870-1960. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Bicycle industry – Great Britain – History"
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Gente, Magali. "World War I and the Excess of Technical Education in Great Britain." In History of Universities, 124–42. Oxford University PressOxford, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199262021.003.0005.
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Abstract The rapid development of technical higher education as a national priority is an interesting feature of the First World War period in Great Britain, as is the response of The Times to this cultural event. If we examine the history of British higher education during the Edwardian years, part of its evolution appears to have resulted from a rivalry with Germany over technical supremacy, economic independence, and imperial conquest: The fact that Britain lagged behind Germany and the USA in the priority given to scientific education was generally acknowledged in the early twentieth century. … The perceived failure—which the foundation of Imperial College in 1908 was intended to remedy—was in coordinating academic specialization with the needs of industry (with new chemical technologies as an object lesson in German superiority).
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Weir, Ronald. "The Great Dictator? DCL and Industrial Alcohol, 1918–1945." In The History of the Distillers Company, 1877–1939, 307–33. Oxford University PressOxford, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198288671.003.0018.
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Abstract Even at the end of 1930s power alcohol accounted for less than a third of the demand for industrial spirit. The other markets were many and varied: the May Committee listed fifty-six different uses and this was not exhaustive. Some, like the preparation of incandescent mantles and felt hats, belonged to the technology and fashion of an age that had passed, or was passing, and held out no prospect for long-term growth. That was not true of the use of alcohol in paints and lacquers for car bodies, or in the manufacture of artificial fibres and electrical cables: motor vehicles, man-made fibres, and electrical engineering were among the new industries of inter—war Britain catering for a rising standard of living and a buoyant consumer demand. Above all, it was not true of the expanding organic chemical industry, whose demand for alcohol, both as a solvent and an intermediate, made the 1930s ‘the golden age of fermentation alcohol’.
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Daviet, Jean-Pierre. "An Impossible Merger? The French Chemical Industry in the 1920s." In Management And Business In Britain And France, 171–90. Oxford University PressOxford, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198289401.003.0010.
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Abstract The purpose of this chapter is to examine an ambitious merger project that would have changed the history of the French chemical industry. In 1926-7 the creation of a national federation, uniting all firms within the indus try, under the ‘Union chimique frarn;aise ‘ banner, was considered; it would have been like the Union chimique belge or, a closer comparison, ICI in Great Britain or IG Farben in Germany. The companies which were involved thought the idea had come from bankers, and the Credit com mercial de France, founded in 1894 under the name of Banque suisseet franc;aise, was the bank most often cited. This plan started a process of consultation, and the firms which were involved showed an extreme reluctance. Though the initiative eventually failed to reach its original goals, it was none the less useful in many respects, and it contributed to the advancement of a new set of ideas. Analysing this project provides a deeper understanding of the historical development of France ‘s chemical industry, an industry which suffered from many ambiguities, but also displayed in the 1920s an increased awareness of the ties between the banking community and industry. This study also helps to understand the strategic and organizational characteristics of French companies during the first half of the twentieth century.
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Broder, Albert. "Banking and the Electrotechnical Industry in Western Europe." In International Banking 1870-1914, 468–84. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195062717.003.0021.
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Abstract Banks rarely appear as structural elements in studies of industrial history. If they do it is as suppliers of short-term working capital or seekers after the profits of capital export (for example, in France and Great Britain), or as the creators of cartels or trusts to reduce competition (Germany, perhaps the United States). This situation results from the difficulty of finding precise documentation. Unlike most economic properties, bank assets are volatile and variable.
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Goldman, Lawrence. "Britain in the 1880s." In Reform and Its Complexities in Modern Britain, 140–59. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192863423.003.0007.
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This chapter explores a key theme in the history of Victorian social investigation and social contestation: the centrality of arguments over living standards and the extent of poverty. It concerns the Industrial Remuneration Conference, held in London in January 1885. This brought together leading representatives from politics, intellectual life, business, trade unions and other working-class organizations, to discuss the maldistribution of wealth and the proceeds of industry in Britain. It also considered the reforms required to give working people higher incomes and better life-chances. The statistics of daily life and working-class consumption dominated discussion. The recent Presidential Address to the Statistical Society of London by the civil servant Robert Giffen on ‘The Progress of the Working Class’, delivered in 1883, was roundly condemned for its roseate and optimistic views of material progress over the past half-century in Britain. Many delegates contested Giffen’s statistics on wage rates and prices. The Conference reached no consensus and conclusions. It is a further example, however, of the so-called ‘re-discovery of poverty’ in the 1880s and an important context for the origins of Charles Booth’s great inquiry into the Life and Labour of the People of London, one of the most significant of all British social investigations, which began in the following year.
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Allosso, Dan. "Global Peppermint." In Peppermint Kings, 213–30. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300236828.003.0010.
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This chapter reviews how peppermint began its history in North America when roots of the recently discovered hybrid were imported to newly independent British colonies at the start of the nineteenth century. It recounts the Ranney family that concentrated on bringing medicinal peppermint essence to American consumers, as well as the Hotchkiss brothers and Albert May Todd that exported large quantities of peppermint oil back to Great Britain and to Europe. The chapter examines the national and international scope of the peppermint oil industry in the recent past. It reviews the significance pf growing peppermint and distilling oil as a personal, day-to-day activity that changed the lives of many individual American farmers. It also mentions Mary Clark of Galien from Michigan as one of the farmers whose personal stories included peppermint oil.
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Goldman, Lawrence. "Social Statistics in the 1880s." In Victorians and Numbers, 296–310. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847744.003.0015.
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The penultimate chapter demonstrates a key theme in the history of Victorian statistics: the central and continuing role played by arguments over living standards and the extent of poverty. It concerns the Industrial Remuneration Conference, held in London in January 1885. This brought together leading representatives from politics, intellectual life, business, and working-class organizations, to discuss the maldistribution of wealth and the proceeds of industry in Britain. It also considered the reforms required to give working people higher incomes and better life-chances. The statistics of daily life and working-class consumption dominated discussion. The recent Presidential Address to the Statistical Society of London by the civil servant Robert Giffen on ‘The Progress of the Working Class’ was roundly condemned for its roseate and optimistic views of material progress over the past half-century in Britain. Many delegates contested Giffen’s statistics on wage rates and prices. The Conference reached no consensus and conclusions. It was a further example of the so-called ‘re-discovery of poverty’ in the 1880s, however, and an important context for the origins of Charles Booth’s great inquiry into the Life and Labour of the People of London, one of the most important of all British social investigations, which began in the following year.
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Ferguson, Frank. "Ulster-Scots Song." In The Oxford Handbook of Irish Song, 1100–1850. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190859671.013.22.
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Abstract This chapter explores the significance of Ulster-Scots song in the long eighteenth century. The period after the signing of the Good Friday / Belfast Agreement saw many statements about the existence or otherwise of an Ulster-Scots musical tradition. This chapter will draw upon the work of a number of songwriters in the eighteenth century as well as interventions by archivists, collectors, and critics in the nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first centuries to gather, preserve, and disseminate knowledge about Ulster-Scots song and musical traditions. It contends that significant interplay took place between Scottish and Irish song, balladry, and tunes in the long eighteenth century, and it traces in particular the impact of Scottish song within both the culture of various communities and the print industry in Ireland. In the early eighteenth century, poetry and song in the Scots language proved an important constituent of the Irish literary arena and acted as a means to focus not merely upon Scotland’s politics, history, and culture within Great Britain and Ireland, but also to examine the politics, history, culture, and religion of northerners in Ireland whose Scottishness began to take on an increased significance in their self-representation.
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Hardin, Garrett. "From Jevons's Coal to Hubbert's Pimple." In Living within Limits. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195078114.003.0018.
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In a commercial society like ours it is understandable that money-makers should be the ones who pay the greatest attention to the implications of economics. Historians have been a breed apart, with most of them (until recently) paying little heed to the ways in which economics affects history. Yet surprisingly, a basis for the eventual integration of economics, ecology, and history was laid in the nineteenth century. The Victorian who tackled history from the economic side was William Stanley Jevons (1835-1882). The distinction made in the previous chapter between living in a area and living on it was a paraphrase of what Jevons wrote about the material basis of English prosperity: "The plains of North America and Russia are our cornfields; Chicago and Odessa our granaries; Canada and the Baltic are our timber forests; Australia contains our sheep farms, and in South America are our herds of oxen;.. . the Chinese grow tea for us, and our coffee, sugar, and spice plantations are in all the Indies. Spain and France are our vineyards, and the Mediterranean our fruit-garden.'" A century before the term "ghost acres" was coined, Jevons had clearly in mind the idea behind the term. Half a century before Jevons was born—in fact in the year the Bastille was stormed by French revolutionaries (1789)—an English mineral surveyer by the name of John Williams had asked, in The Limited Quantity of Coal of Britain, what would happen to the blessings of the industrial revolution when England no longer possessed the wherewithal to power the machinery that produced her wealth? Optimism is so deeply engrained a characteristic of busy people that this warning, like most first warnings, was little noted. It remained for Jevons to rouse the British public in 1865 with the publication of his book, The Coal Question. Jevons's life coincided in time with the period when the nature and significance of energy (in its prenuclear formulation) was becoming manifest to physical scientists. Since energy was needed to turn the wheels of industry, and coal was the most readily available source of energy, Jevons reasoned that the continued political dominance of Great Britain was dependent on the bounty of her coal. This naturally led to the double question, How long would English coal and the British Empire last?
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Beinart, William, and Lotte Hughes. "Oil Extraction in the Middle East: The Kuwait Experience." In Environment and Empire. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199260317.003.0020.
Full textAbstract:
Oil has been the lubricant of international relations and industry since the turn of the twentieth century. The fabulous wealth it has generated for a clutch of individuals, states, and corporations has skewed global politics, fed human greed, fuelled conflict, and brought as much destruction as delight in its wake. The struggle for access to and control over oil was central to the final stages of imperial expansion, and the Middle East saw a regional equivalent of the ‘scramble for Africa’. European powers sought to carve up the area as the twentieth century turned, their eyes fixed on oil as the main prize. Central to our argument is that empire followed natural resources, in unpredictable ways. It created commodity frontiers that had enormous implications for routes of expansion and relations with local societies. The future of the Middle East, then under the sway of the crumbling Ottoman Empire, was already of great concern to Britain at the beginning of the twentieth century. But oil provided a new urgency, and shaped patterns of intervention; the history of the Middle East over the next century would have been profoundly different without it. Although capital became more mobile from the late nineteenth century, some of the most valuable natural resources in the twentieth-century Empire proved to be rooted to specific regions. In this sense, oil as a natural resource shaped the geography of empire, as had fur and forests before it. But the specific character of oil and of imperialism in the region (our focus is on Kuwait), resulted in rather different outcomes for local societies than those experienced on some other earlier commodity frontiers. Although the oil companies were largely foreign-owned, Middle Eastern people were, to a much greater degree, beneficiaries of resource extraction. In this respect, there are parallels with Malaysia. An important concern in this chapter is to chart the impact of oil on Bedouin pastoralists in Kuwait, their use of the desert, and its environmental implications. We also explore briefly other environmental impacts of oil exploitation. These are issues less frequently rehearsed than the political and economic consequences. The energy needs of the metropolitan world led to increasing demands for oil as the twentieth century advanced.