Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bias manipulation

Academic literature on the topic 'Bias manipulation'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Bias manipulation"

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Gardiner, John M., Alan Richardson-Klavehn, and Cristina Ramponi. "On Reporting Recollective Experiences and “Direct Access to Memory Systems”." Psychological Science 8, no. 5 (September 1997): 391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00431.x.

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Strack and F$oUrster (1995) showed that, unlike remember responses, know responses in recognition memory were influenced by manipulating response bias. We describe an experiment that replicated theirs but additionally allowed subjects to report guesses. Only guess responses were influenced by this manipulation. Response bias had no effects on either know or remember responses. This outcome suggests that manipulating response bias influences know responses only when guessing is encouraged but not reported as such. Moreover, though know responses reflected memory for the study events, guess responses did not.
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Adriaense, J. E. C., V. Šlipogor, S. Hintze, L. Marshall, C. Lamm, and T. Bugnyar. "Watching others in a positive state does not induce optimism bias in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), but leads to behaviour indicative of competition." Animal Cognition 24, no. 5 (March 16, 2021): 1039–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-021-01497-1.

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AbstractEmotional contagion is suggested to facilitate group life by enhancing synchronized responses to the environment. Cooperative breeders are an example of a social system that requires such intricate coordination between individuals. Therefore, we studied emotional contagion in common marmosets by means of a judgement bias test. Demonstrators were exposed to an emotion manipulation (i.e., positive, negative, control), and observers perceived only the demonstrator’s behaviour. We predicted that the positive or negative states of the demonstrator would induce matching states in the observer, indicating emotional contagion. All subjects’ emotional states were assessed through behaviour and cognition, the latter by means of a judgement bias test. Behavioural results showed a successful emotion manipulation of demonstrators, with manipulation-congruent expressions (i.e., positive calls in the positive condition, and negative calls and pilo-erect tail in the negative condition). Observers showed no manipulation-congruent expressions, but showed more scratching and arousal after the positive manipulation. Concerning the judgement bias test, we predicted that subjects in a positive state should increase their response to ambiguous cues (i.e., optimism bias), and subjects in a negative state should decrease their response (i.e., pessimism bias). This prediction was not supported as neither demonstrators nor observers showed such bias in either manipulation. Yet, demonstrators showed an increased response to the near-positive cue, and additional analyses showed unexpected responses to the reference cues, as well as a researcher identity effect. We discuss all results combined, including recently raised validation concerns of the judgement bias test, and inherent challenges to empirically studying emotional contagion.
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Canter, PH, and E. Ernst. "Bias in reviews of spinal manipulation for back pain." Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 9 (June 14, 2010): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7166.2004.tb04499.x.

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Paul, Amitesh, and Anke Teichert. "Manipulation of uncompensated moments in trained exchange bias system." Applied Physics Letters 97, no. 3 (July 19, 2010): 032505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3457440.

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Sharpe, Donald, and John G. Adair. "Reversibility of the Hindsight Bias: Manipulation of Experimental Demands." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 56, no. 2 (November 1993): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1993.1053.

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Kelm, Mary Katherine, and Charlotte A. Boettiger. "Effects of Acute Dopamine Precusor Depletion on Immediate Reward Selection Bias and Working Memory Depend on Catechol-O-methyltransferase Genotype." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 12 (December 2013): 2061–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00464.

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Little agreement exists as to acute dopamine (DA) manipulation effects on intertemporal choice in humans. We previously found that catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met genotype predicts individual differences in immediate reward selection bias among adults. Moreover, we and others have shown that the relationship between COMT genotype and immediate reward bias is inverted in adolescents. No previous pharmacology studies testing DA manipulation effects on intertemporal choice have accounted for COMT genotype, and many have included participants in the adolescent age range (18–21 years) as adults. Moreover, many studies have included female participants without strict cycle phase control, although recent evidence demonstrates that cyclic estradiol elevations interact with COMT genotype to affect DA-dependent cognition. These factors may have interacted with DA manipulations in past studies, potentially occluding detection of effects. Therefore, we predicted that, among healthy male adults (ages 22–40 years), frontal DA tone, as indexed by COMT genotype, would interact with acute changes in DA signaling to affect intertemporal choice. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled design, we decreased central DA via administration of an amino acid beverage deficient in the DA precursors, phenylalanine and tyrosine, and tested effects on immediate reward bias in a delay-discounting (DD) task and working memory (WM) in an n-back task. We found no main effect of beverage on DD or WM performance but did find significant beverage*genotype effects. These results suggest that the effect of DA manipulations on DD depends on individual differences in frontal DA tone, which may have impeded some past efforts to characterize DA's role in immediate reward bias in humans.
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Lee, Caroline, Else Verbeek, Rebecca Doyle, and Melissa Bateson. "Attention bias to threat indicates anxiety differences in sheep." Biology Letters 12, no. 6 (June 2016): 20150977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0977.

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Humans and animals show increased attention towards threatening stimuli when they are in increased states of anxiety. The few animal studies that have examined this phenomenon, known as attention bias, have applied environmental manipulations to induce anxiety but the effects of drug-induced anxiety levels on attention bias have not been demonstrated. Here, we present an attention bias test to identify high and low anxiety states in sheep using pharmacological manipulation. Increased anxiety was induced using 1-methyl-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) and decreased anxiety with diazepam, and then we examined the behaviour of sheep in response to the presence of a dog as a threat. Increased attention towards the threat and increased vigilance were shown in sheep that received the m-CPP and reduced in sheep receiving the diazepam. The modulated attention towards a threat displayed by the m-CPP and diazepam animals suggests that attention bias can assess different levels of anxiety in sheep. Measuring attention bias has the potential to improve animal welfare assessment protocols.
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Ho-wai So, Suzanne, Daniel Freeman, and Philippa Garety. "Impact of State Anxiety on the Jumping to Conclusions Delusion Bias." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 42, no. 10 (January 1, 2008): 879–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670802345466.

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Objective: This is the first study to investigate the relationship between the level of state anxiety and the jumping to conclusions (JTC) reasoning bias in patients with first-episode psychosis using an experimental manipulation procedure. Method: Thirty patients with psychotic delusions and 30 non-clinical controls, from Hong Kong, were randomized into an anxiety induction or an anxiety reduction imagery condition. Questionnaires were used to measure trait emotions, psychotic symptoms and delusional thinking at baseline. After the anxiety manipulation, participants completed two versions of an assessment of the JTC reasoning bias, the beads task. Results: Both the patients and the non-clinical controls were responsive to the anxiety reduction imagery, but only the non-clinical controls responded to the anxiety induction imagery. The JTC reasoning bias was, as hypothesized, more common in patients than in controls, but was not significantly different between the anxiety manipulation conditions. Both patients and controls had higher rates of JTC than in previous studies. Conclusions: Patients with psychotic delusions have a marked JTC cognitive bias. This is the first JTC study in a Chinese sample, and the results suggest that the bias applies cross-culturally. The results indicate that state anxiety does not influence JTC. Limitations of the study include an inadequate anxiety state manipulation effect in psychotic patients using brief imagery, and unusually high rates of JTC in both patients and controls.
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Bremner, J. Gavin, and Tinu C. Idowu. "Constructing Favourable Conditions for Measuring the Young Child's Understanding of the Terms in, on and under." International Journal of Behavioral Development 10, no. 1 (March 1987): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502548701000106.

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Recent research has indicated that young children's responses to requests containing the prepositions in, on and under are strongly influenced by the context in which they are made, but that they probably understand the terms in and on before the term under. However, these studies employed contextual manipulations that bias the child towards one particular placement. In this study, the contextual manipulation involved a pre-test activity aimed at equating the likelihood of all three placements. Children from 1 year 6 months to 3 years old showed markedly better comprehension of the terms than children who were not exposed to such pre-test activity. This superiority cannot be put down to contextual bias towards a particular placement, and hence performance under these conditions may give a better measure of actual comprehension. It is suggested that the conditions in real life that force a clear distinction between spatial prepositions are those similar to the present experimental manipulation, in which one object commonly enters into more than one relationship with another.
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Gioia, Dennis A., and Henry P. Sims. "On Avoiding the Influence of Implicit Leadership Theories in Leader Behavior Descriptions." Educational and Psychological Measurement 45, no. 2 (July 1985): 217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001316448504500204.

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Previous research has shown that questionnaire measures of leader behavior can be susceptible to response bias stemming from individual “implicit leadership theories.” The research reported here extended this work by exploring the impact of implicit theories in a managerial context, using both an objective leader behavior manipulation and a leader performance cue manipulation. The findings confirmed that the popular measure initiating structure as measured by the LBDQ, was indeed responsive to the performance cue manipulation in a manner consistent with previous implicit leadership theory research. However, results from more “behaviorally oriented” measures were not significantly responsive to the performance cue manipulation, but were shown to be very good representations of actual leader behaviors. The discussion focused on how researchers might reduce the bias stemming from implicit leadership theories.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bias manipulation"

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Jeffrey, Sian. "Attentional and interpretive bias manipulation : transfer of training effects between sub-types of cognitive bias." University of Western Australia. School of Psychology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0234.

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[Truncated abstract] It is well established that anxiety vulnerability is characterised by two biased patterns of selective information processing (Mathews & MacLeod, 1986; Mogg & Bradley, 1998). First anxiety is associated with an attentional bias, reflecting the selective allocation of attention to threatening stimuli in the environment (Mathews & MacLeod, 1985; MacLeod, Mathews & Tata, 1986; MacLeod & Cohen, 1993). Second anxiety is associated with an interpretive bias, reflecting a disproportionate tendency to resolve ambiguity in a threatening manner (Mogg et al., 1994). These characteristics are shown by normal individual high in trait anxiety (Mathews, Richards & Eysenck, 1989; Mogg, Bradley & Hallowell, 1994; Mathews & MacLeod, 1994), and by examining clinically anxious patients who repeatedly report elevated trait anxiety levels (MacLeod, Mathews & Tata, 1986; Mogg & Bradley, 1998). '...' Two alternative hypotheses regarding this relationship are proposed. One hypothesis is that attentional and interpretive biases are concurrent expressions of a single underlying biased selectivity mechanism that characterises anxiety vulnerability (the Common Mechanism account). In contrast, a quite different hypothesis is that attentional and interpretive biases are independent cognitive anomalies that represent separate pathways to anxiety vulnerability (the Independent Mechanisms account). The present research program was designed to empirically test the predictions that differentiate the Common Mechanism and Independent Mechanisms accounts. The general methodological approach that was adopted was to employ bias manipulation tasks from the literature that have been developed and validated to directly modify one class of processing bias (i.e. attentional bias or interpretive bias). The effect of these direct bias manipulation tasks on a measure of the same class of processing bias or the other class of processing bias was then examined. The Common Mechanism and Independent Mechanisms accounts of the relationship between attentional and interpretive bias generate differing predictions concerning the impact of directly manipulating one class of processing bias upon a measure of the other class of processing bias. The central difference between the alternate accounts is their predictions regarding cross-bias transfer, that is the transfer of training effects from direct manipulation of one class of processing bias to a measure of the other class of processing bias. Whereas the Common Mechanism account predicts that such cross-bias transfer will occur, the Independent Mechanisms account does not predict such transfer. A series of seven studies is reported in this thesis. There was some difficulty achieving successful bias modification using bias manipulation approaches established in the literature; however when such manipulation was achieved no cross-bias transfer was observed. Therefore the obtained pattern of results was consistent with the Independent Mechanisms (IM) account, and inconsistent with the Common Mechanism (CM) account. A more detailed version of the IM account is developed to more fully accommodate the specific results obtained in this thesis.
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Rohrs, Jonathan D. (Jonathan David) 1979. "Design of a bias-weaving machine : thread manipulation and other topics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/30306.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 161-163).
A machine for producing bias weaves (thick, multiaxial weaves) is presented. It consists of a fill/warp weaving apparatus superimposed on a general braiding machine. The braiding machine consists of a set of moveable columns which hold spools of bias fibers, and a mechanism to shift spools from one column to the next. Jacquard-movable warp fibers run between the columns. This machine allows the use of a beat-up mechanism that does not need to be removed from the weave. A large set of braids which are produceable on the proposed bias-weaving machine are described, along with the machine operations required to produce them. The design of a tension-regulating thread package for use in this bias-weaving machine is also presented. This mechanism can take-up a finite amount of thread and is insensitive to friction variations. The design was chosen based on the systematic development and elimination of alternative designs. It may be easily adapted to other uses-a shuttle is given as an example.
by Jonathan D. Rohrs
S.M.
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Cubukcu, Murat. "Manipulation de l'anisotropie magnétique dans les semiconducteurs ferromagnétiques." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00532842.

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Cette thèse présente une étude de l'anisotropie magnétique de semiconducteurs ferromagnétiques en couches minces et du couplage magnétique dans des bicouches formées à partir de ces matériaux et de métaux ferromagnétiques. Je me suis focalisé sur deux systèmes distincts : des films minces de l'alliage quaternaire GaMnAsP et des bicouches : MnAs/GaMnAs. Dans ces systèmes, j'ai étudié l'influence sur les anisotropies magnétiques d'une part, de la déformation biaxiale induite par le désaccord de maille avec le substrat et d'autre part, de la concentration en trous. Ces études ont été menées principalement par résonance ferromagnétique, mesures d'aimantation par SQUID, ainsi que grâce à des mesures de transport et de diffraction de rayons X à haute résolution. Deux séries de films de GaMnAsP caractérisées par des concentrations en Mn de 7% et 10% ont été étudiées. Pour chaque série, la concentration en P a été variée sur une large gamme de 0 à 20%. Les forts dopages en P sont intéressants car le régime de conduction peut changer, passant de métallique à bande d'impuretés. Ceci induit de profondes modifications de tous les paramètres magnétiques pertinents. Nous avons étudié les variations d'anisotropie magnétique avec la concentration en P. Une réorientation de l'aimantation avec la température a pu être mise en évidence pour une concentration 6% P. Des mesures de RFM à haute fréquence ont permis d'étudier l'anisotropie magnétique de films de MnAs épitaxiés sur (111) et (100) GaAs. Un couplage d'échange ferromagnétique est mis en évidence pour les bicouches MnAs/GaMnAs. La relaxation de l'aimantation de ces systèmes a été étudiée via le facteur de Gilbert, déterminé à partir de l'étude de la largeur des résonances en fonction de la fréquence des microondes utilisées.
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Curry, Meghan M. "Endosymbiotic prevalence and reproductive manipulation of the spider Mermessus fradeorum." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/entomology_etds/6.

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Spiders are host to a plethora of heritable endosymbiotic bacteria. Broad-taxa screening studies indicate that endosymbionts are particularly common among spiders, however, little is known about how these bacteria affect their spider hosts. In insects these bacteria ensure vertical transmission by either conveying a benefit to the host or manipulating host reproduction to eliminate males that serve as evolutionary dead-ends for maternally-inherited bacteria. Common modes of reproductive manipulation include parthenogenesis, male killing, feminization, and cytoplasmic incompatibility. Screening an assemblage of Mermessus genus spiders, I detected a high frequency and diversity of endosymbiont infection. Within a single species, M. fradeorum, I detected three endosymbionts in multiple combinations. Rearing two natural infection types of M. fradeorum demonstrated two distinct endosymbiotic reproductive manipulations. Mothers infected with Rickettsia and Wolbachia produced extremely female-biased offspring, and antibiotic elimination of the symbionts successfully restored the sex ratio to the expected 1:1 in subsequent generations. A two-way factorial mating assay detected strong cytoplasmic incompatibility induced by a different strain of Wolbachia: cured females mated with infected males produced 70% fewer offspring than all other pairings. These results show that M. fradeorum is subject to multiple layers of reproductive manipulation that likely drive host evolution and ecology.
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Mallon, Peadar. "An experimental manipulation of attentional bias to alcohol related stimuli : an eye tracking study." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.675852.

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A Comparison of Measures of Attentional Bias to Alcohol in Social Drinkers: A Systematic Review. Research focusing on implicit cognitive processes, over the past two decades, has highlighted the role of Attentional Bias (AB) in addiction. No review has systematically addressed the question of how consistently AB is found in the social drinking population nor have they compared the use of the main paradigms in social drinkers. This review aimed to further understanding of the development of addiction and provide future directions for research. 15 studies were identified for inclusion in this review. Results indicated that AB to alcohol was inconsistently found and that methodological issues within and between paradigms may contribute to this. These findings raise questions with regards the robustness of conclusions which are drawn from previous studies using social drinkers as I comparison groups. Methodological considerations have been identified and attempts made to address these and provide direction for future research in this area. An experimental manipulation of Attentional Bias (AB) to alcohol related stimuli: An Eye Tracking (ET) Study. The study used ET technology and a Visual Probe Task (VPT) to measure the effects of an attentional training exercise on AB towards alcohol and subjective levels of craving. The training exercise used a modified version of the VPT with 45 heavy social drinkers were randomly allocated to one of three groups; Alcohol-Attend (attention trained to alcohol stimuli), Alcohol-Avoid (attention trained away from alcohol stimuli), and Control (attention not manipulated). AB and subjective levels of craving were recorded pre- and post-training exercise. The Attend-Alcohol group had significantly increased; fixations times to alcohol stimuli, and increased craving. Findings highlight the benefits of more technologically advanced and direct measures of AB. They support future research in a clinical population to examine the potential of AB training exercises in problem drinkers.
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Stavish, Dylan. "Identification, characterisation and manipulation of substates of human pluripotent stem cells with potential mesoderm bias." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20977/.

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Lindström, Sofia, Sebastian Edemalm, and Erik Reinholdsson. "Marketers are Watching You : An exploration of AI in relation to marketing, existential threats, and opportunities." Thesis, Jönköping University, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-52744.

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Background: As of today, it is apparent that with the ever-changing demands and needs of customers, companies are facing enormous pressure to deliver the right value, on time, in the right way, and proper manner. To realize the full potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a careful plan and method need to be established in the development and deployment when incorporating the technology with marketing. Technology is evolving at a rapid pace and Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be found in a variety of applications. AI in marketing can provide valuable data clusterization and insights for personalized recommendations, customer segmentation, or even advertising optimization.  Problem:  To date, a few studies have been made due to the rapid development of AI which has shown an opportunity for marketers. From this hype, companies are looking into speedy implementation where one can forget that this technology comes with risks and threats. “The problem is that everybody has unconscious biases and people embed their own biases into technology” (Kantayya, 2021). Although machines can deliver personalized numerical information, it cannot deliver new solutions such as products and services, nor classify different outputs with a cognitive mindset which could result in biased results. The objective of this research is to utilize the information and insights gathered from experts in the field of engineering and marketing to gain a holistic view of the current and future capabilities of AI in marketing.  Purpose: The focus of this bachelor thesis is to provide additional insights in regards to Artificial Intelligence in relation to marketing, taking into consideration bias, personalization, the black box, along with other possible implications of AI systems, also referred to as the dark side. To fulfill the researchers’ objective, qualitative interviews with practitioners and employees with different roles within the field of AI and Marketing were conducted. The paper will be focusing on concepts, theories, secondary data, and interviews which will be further discussed and give opportunities for future research.   Method: To perform this research, a qualitative research design was applied, and 12 structured interviews were conducted with those who have knowledge and experience with AI, marketing, or both.  Results: The study elucidates the potentials and fallbacks of Artificial Intelligence in marketing. Where the findings suggest a mixture of human intervention and technology is needed to work against the perceptions, bias, and manipulation the technology can possess. The aims then guide towards the conclusion presenting the important cognitive and emotional skills that humans obtain that are currently lacking in AI.  This study finds several key areas both in terms of opportunities and risks. Such key areas involve the possibility of delivering new, unique personalized content to a mass audience at lightning-quick speed and at the same time presenting a handful of risks by giving machines the permission to make human decisions. Risks found in this study presented as the dark side include the bubble, bias, manipulation, fear of losing jobs, lack of transparency creating the black-box phenomena. Therefore, this research is interesting especially for marketing managers in how AI could be used both from an opportunity perspective and possible risks to consider.
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Redlicki, Bartosz Andrzej. "Essays in information economics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/277513.

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This thesis consists of three essays in the field of information economics. The first essay studies manipulation of information by partisan media. The recent increase in partisan media has generated interest in what drives media outlets to become more partisan. I develop a model to study the role of diffusion of information by word of mouth. In the model, a media outlet designs an information policy, which specifies the level of partisan slant in the outlet’s news reports. The news spread via a communication chain in a population of agents with heterogeneous preferences. The slant has an impact on whether the agents find the news credible and on their incentives to pass the news to others. The analysis elucidates how partisanship of media can be driven by political polarisation of the public and by the tendency of people to interact with people with similar political views. The second essay, co-authored by Jakub Redlicki, investigates falsification of scientific evidence by interest groups. We analyse a game between a biased sender (an interest group) and a decision maker (a policy maker) where the former can falsify scientific evidence at a cost. The sender observes scientific evidence and knows that it will also be observed by the decision maker unless he falsifies it. If he falsifies, then there is a chance that the decision maker observes the falsified evidence rather than the true scientific evidence. First, we investigate the decision maker’s incentives to privately acquire independent evidence, which not only provides additional information to her but can also strengthen or weaken the sender’s falsification effort. Second, we analyse the decision maker’s incentives to acquire information from the sender. The third essay analyses competition between interest groups for access to a policy maker. I study a model of lobbying in which two privately-informed experts (e.g., interest groups) with opposite goals compete for the opportunity to communicate with a policy maker. The main objective is to analyse the benefits which competition for access brings to the policy maker as opposed to hiring an expert in advance. I show that competition for access is advantageous in that it provides the policy maker with some information about the expert who did not gain access and gives the experts an incentive to invest in their communication skills. On the other hand, hiring an expert in advance allows the policy maker to use a monetary reward to incentivise the expert to invest more in his communication skills.
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Venitucci, Benjamin. "Modélisation de la manipulation électrique des qubits de trou dans le silicium." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALY059.

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Les bits quantiques (qubits) de spin sont des dispositifs dans lesquels l'information est stockée comme une superposition cohérente des deux états de spin d'une particule. Une des perspectives de ces dispositifs est d'exploiter le parallélisme massif permis par une telle superposition de solutions. Le CEA Grenoble étudie notamment des qubits de spin de trou dans le silicium, car leur manipulation électrique est plus facile que les qubits d'électron grâce au couplage spin-orbite fort dans les bandes de valence. Cette thèse porte ainsi sur la modélisation de la manipulation électrique de ces qubits de trou. Tout d'abord, nous introduisons les méthodes k.p décrivant la structure des bandes de valence du silicium, et qui permettent de construire des modèles numériques et analytiques. Puis nous présentons les expériences menées au CEA Grenoble sur ces qubits dérivés des technologies CMOS. Ces expériences mettent en évidence les fortes anisotropies magnétiques des fréquences de Larmor et de Rabi, qui caractérisent respectivement la dynamique et la manipulation du qubit. Nous introduisons un formalisme de matrice gyromagnétique qui décrit complètement ces deux fréquences. De plus, nous montrons comment les symétries impactent la forme de cette matrice, et comment elles expliquent l'anisotropie magnétique des qubits. Ensuite, nous identifions grâce à la simulation numérique, les mécanismes microscopiques à l'œuvre lors de la manipulation électrique du spin, ce qui nous permet de construire un modèle minimal de qubit de trou. Ce modèle démontre que le silicium est un matériau hôte idéal pour un tel qubit grâce à la forte anisotropie de ces bandes de valence. Pour terminer, nous étudions numériquement l'impact des phonons sur le temps de vie des qubits de trou. Nous montrons que le temps de relaxation est suffisamment grand pour effectuer plusieurs dizaines de milliers d'opérations malgré le couplage spin-orbite fort
Spin quantum bits (qubits) are devices in which information is stored as a coherent superposition of two spin states of a particle. One of the perspectives of these devices is to exploit a massive parallelism allowed by such a superposition of solutions. The CEA Grenoble is studying in particular hole spin qubits in silicon, because their electrical manipulation is easier than electron qubits thanks to the strong spin-orbit coupling of the valence bands. This thesis thus focuses on the modeling of the electrical manipulation of these hole qubits. First of all, we introduce the k.p methods that describe the valence bands structure of silicon, and which allow to build numerical and analytical models. Then we present the experiments carried out by CEA Grenoble on these qubits derived from CMOS technologies. These experiments reveal the strong magnetic anisotropy of the Larmor and Rabi frequency, which respectively characterise the dynamic and the manipulation of the qubit. We introduce a gyromagnetic matrix formalism that completely describe these two frequencies.In addition, we show how symmetries impact the shape of this matrix, and how they explain the magnetic anisotropy of qubits. Next, we identify through numerical simulation, the microscopic mechanisms underlying the electrical manipulation of spin, which then allow us to build a minimal model for hole qubits. This model demonstrates that silicon is an ideal host material for a such qubit thanks to the strong anisotropy of its valence bands. Finally, we study numerically the impact of phonons on the lifetime of hole qubits. We show that the relaxation time is large enough to perform tens of thousand of operations despite the strong spin-orbit coupling
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Harvey, James Martin. "Investigations into the manipulation of 1,2,3-triazoles and towards an asymmetric 'click' reaction of meso bis-alkynes." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2015. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/57411/.

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This thesis describes the synthetic approaches undertaken to generate various substituted 1,2,3-triazoles and a small group of bis alkyne-containing compounds, followed by their attempted application in an asymmetric ‘click’ reaction. The first chapter gives an outline to the importance of desymmetrization within organic synthesis, providing examples of the types of stereoselective reactions found within the literature. Attention is then focused on the field of ‘click’ chemistry, specifically the copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), its mechanistic studies and recent applications. Chapter two contains the results and discussion of the project and begins with the application of the CuAAC reaction to produce a simple 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole from its two coupling partners, an azide and an alkyne, in near quantitative yields. The 1,4-disubstituted triazole is then transformed to its corresponding triazolium salt, with the longer alkyl chains only giving 40-45% product. They are then reacted with potassium tert-butoxide to generate the 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole in yields of 83% or above. The reaction steps were optimised to give a standard procedure for the conversion of 1,4- to 1,5-triazoles, with a small series of test reactions giving overall yields of up to 90%. The second section of the results and discussion chapter centres on the development of meso bis-alkynes which were to be used in the evaluation of an asymmetric ‘click’ reaction. A number of synthetic approaches to these compounds are described, with most falling short of their final target compound, and either needing further work or a redesign of the target compound itself. One target compound, meso-1,2-bis-(prop2-yn-1-ol)benzene 29, was synthesised and a series of further meso bis-alkynes produced by various additions to the propargylic alcohol. Evaluation of the asymmetric ‘click’ reaction using this group of compounds under a wide selection of reaction conditions gave no successful results, all returning only starting material. Chapter two concludes with a brief summary of future work. Finally, chapter 3 contains full experimental details for the synthetic studies carried out in the preceding chapters.
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Books on the topic "Bias manipulation"

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Lichter, S. Robert. Theories of Media Bias. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.44.

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Ideological or partisan media bias is widely debated despite disagreement about its meaning, measurement, and impact. The assumption that news should be objective is itself the object of considerable debate. Assertions of a conservative or establishment bias in the news often draw on critical theory, which argues that news preserves the hegemony of society’s ruling interests. Assertions of liberal bias draw on surveys of journalists’ attitudes and content analyses of news coverage. This case has recently been bolstered by economic modeling. However, numerous content analytic studies have failed to find a liberal bias. This has led to efforts to explain public perceptions of liberal bias in terms of cognitive psychology and elite manipulation. Other explanations include structural biases and media negativism. Internet-driven changes in journalism, including an increase in partisan news, may force a rethinking of the entire debate or even render it irrelevant.
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Lichter, S. Robert. Theories of Media Bias. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.44_update_001.

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Ideological or partisan media bias is widely debated despite disagreement about its meaning, measurement, and impact. The assumption that news should be objective is itself the object of considerable debate. Assertions of a conservative or establishment bias in the news often draw on critical theory, which argues that news preserves the hegemony of society’s ruling interests. Assertions of liberal bias draw on surveys of journalists’ attitudes and content analyses of news coverage. This case has recently been bolstered by economic modeling. However, numerous content analytic studies have failed to find a liberal bias. This has led to efforts to explain public perceptions of liberal bias in terms of cognitive psychology and elite manipulation. Other explanations include structural biases and media negativism. Internet-driven changes in journalism, including an increase in partisan news, may force a rethinking of the entire debate or even render it irrelevant.
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Wu, Guoguang. China's Party Congress: Power, Legitimacy, and Institutional Manipulation. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2017.

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Wu, Guoguang. China's Party Congress: Power, Legitimacy, and Institutional Manipulation. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2015.

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Sagarin, Brad J., and Mary Lynn Miller Henningsen. Resistance to Influence. Edited by Stephen G. Harkins, Kipling D. Williams, and Jerry Burger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859870.013.23.

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This chapter reviews research on resistance to influence, active or passive processes that reduce the impact of a potential source of social influence. This chapter begins with a discussion of the antecedents of resistance: characteristics of the influence target (strong attitudes, demographics, and personality), perceived aspects of the influence attempt (manipulative intent, threats to freedoms), or counterinfluence messages from a third party (forewarning, inoculation, stealing thunder, the poison parasite defense, resistance to social engineering) that motivate resistance. The chapter proceeds to a discussion of internal mechanisms of resistance (counterarguing, bolstering initial attitudes, derogating the source, attributing negative affect to the message or source, attempting to correct for bias) and external mechanisms of resistance (interpersonal strategies of communicating resistance and issuing refusals) and concludes with a discussion of the consequences of resistance for attitudes and relationships.
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Book chapters on the topic "Bias manipulation"

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Färber, Michael, and Frederic Bartscherer. "Media Bias Everywhere? A Vision for Dealing with the Manipulation of Public Opinion." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 9–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78818-6_2.

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Vion, D., A. Aassime, A. Cottet, P. Joyez, H. Pothier, M. H. Devoret, C. Urbina, and D. Esteve. "Manipulation and Readout of a Josephson Qubit." In Quantum Computing and Quantum Bits in Mesoscopic Systems, 13–21. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9092-1_2.

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Clark, T. D., J. F. Ralph, M. J. Everitt, P. B. Stiffell, R. J. Prance, and H. Prance. "Manipulating Quantum Transitions in A Persistent Current Qubit." In Quantum Computing and Quantum Bits in Mesoscopic Systems, 59–67. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9092-1_7.

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Küçüksu, Aysel, and Stephanie Anne Shelton. "Bias." In Research Methods in the Social Sciences: An A-Z of key concepts, 22–25. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198850298.003.0005.

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This chapter looks at bias, a term which refers to an uninvited, but inevitable aspect of conducting research. It is usually equated with subjectivity, the distortion and manipulation of data, or a lack of objectivity, which undermines the credibility of the research. Bias comes in many forms and the chapter discusses the two that are the most common in the literature: gender bias and confirmation bias. The long-standing positivist interpretation of bias considers that it is an inherently problematic ‘ethical issue’. Yet, contemporary research has called for a ‘reconceptualization’ of this perception of bias in order to encourage a more nuanced view. In the social sciences, bias is a manifestation of how cultural and political standing affects our approach to science. Bias should be acknowledged early on to ensure that both researchers and readers have the critical tools necessary to recognize it and evaluate its influences. This approach originated in anthropology and is known as ‘positionality’.
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Aguilar, Jose, and Oswaldo Terán. "Social Media and Free Knowledge." In Societal Benefits of Freely Accessible Technologies and Knowledge Resources, 156–90. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8336-5.ch007.

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Mass media (e.g., TV) and social media (e.g., Facebook) have a large utilization nowadays; they are becoming an integral part of our life. This chapter describes the psychological effects of media bias and manipulation, along its impact on public opinion by using “agenda setting” and “prototypes/framing”. It shows how media can artificially create feelings and emotions. It will also explore the relationships between free knowledge and media. Free knowledge has a strong potential to prevent media manipulation, and for people emancipation from media control. The paper suggests using media in a more humanistic way, as a space to create knowledge, where social interaction influences knowledge. We talk of communities where people regularly share and create knowledge. The media do not replace existing processes of building knowledge; rather they provide an additional dynamic environment, which must meet certain criteria for what the social knowledge will be emancipator, and not manipulative.
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Tuters, Marc. "Fake news and the Dutch YouTube political debate space." In The Politics of Social Media Manipulation. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463724838_ch07.

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Fake news is a contested concept. In the wake of the Trump insurgency, it has been reclaimed by “hyperpartisan” news providers as a term of derision intended to expose perceived censorship and manipulation in the “mainstream media”. As patterns of televisual news consumption have shifted over the past several years, YouTube has emerged as a primary source for “alternative” views on politics. Current debates have highlighted the apparent role of YouTube’s recommendation algorithms in nudging viewers towards more extreme perspectives. Against this background, this chapter looks at how YouTube’s algorithms frame a Dutch “political debate space”. Beginning from Dutch political parties’ YouTube channels, we find the existence of an “alternative media ecology” with a distinctly partisan political bias, the latter which is resonant with the populist-right critique of the mainstream media as the purveyors of “fake news”.
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"Manipulation, manipulative." In Brisante Wörter von Agitation bis Zeitgeist, 231–58. De Gruyter, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110848885.231.

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Balinski, Michel, and Rida Laraki. "Comparisons of Voting Methods." In Majority Judgment. The MIT Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262015134.003.0019.

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This chapter analyzes fundamental differences among different voting methods by comparing their qualitative properties, and also demonstrates how strategic manipulation is controlled by the majority judgment. Borda’s and point-summing, the methods that have gained substantial support by reformists, are manipulated and biased in favor of election of moderate candidates. The methods that are least manipulable include Condorcet, approval judgment, and the majority judgment. Manipulation is difficult in Condorcet due to the creation of Condorcet-cycles. The majority judgment is also considered the most balanced with regard to the left–right spectrum. Bias in favor of centrist candidates is a serious drawback of approval judgment.
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Weiß, Bernd, and Michael Wagner. "The Identification and Prevention of Publication Bias in the Social Sciences and Economics." In Methodological Artefacts, Data Manipulation and Fraud in Economics and Social Science, edited by Andreas Diekmann. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110508420-007.

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Auspurg, Katrin, and Thomas Hinz. "What Fuels Publication Bias? Theoretical and Empirical Analyses of Risk Factors Using the Caliper Test." In Methodological Artefacts, Data Manipulation and Fraud in Economics and Social Science, edited by Andreas Diekmann. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110508420-006.

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Conference papers on the topic "Bias manipulation"

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Gattiker, Anne, and Phil Nigh. "Using well/substrate bias manipulation to enhance voltage-test-based defect detection." In 2011 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/test.2011.6139153.

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Huang, Jing'ao, and Xiaoming Wu. "A piezoelectric alternative magnetic field energy harvester with permanent magnet bias." In 2015 International Conference on Manipulation, Manufacturing and Measurement on the Nanoscale (3M-NANO). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3m-nano.2015.7425459.

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Chen, Hsiu-hung, and Dayong Gao. "Development of a Novel Micro-Manipulation Device and Its Simulation Using COMSOL." In ASME 2009 4th Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/biomed2009-83086.

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The manipulation of particles in fluids using microfluidic devices is a fundamental task in Lab-on-a-Chip applications. Grooved structures have been widely studied in particle handling and fluid mixing in microfluidic channel systems. In this study, we report use of patterning flows produced by a series of grooved surfaces with different geometrical setups integrated into a microfluidic device, to continuously manipulate the flowing particles, ranging from 6 to 20 μm in diameters, of comparable sizes to the depth of the channel. COMSOL, a multiphysics modeling software that can help predict engineering trends, is used to systematically quantify the following parameters: 1) channel depth, 2) groove width, 3) groove depth, 4) groove angle, and 5) flow speed, which may affect the performance of separation for flowing particles inside the channel. The device is fabricated using softlithographic techniques and is composed of inlets, microfluidic channels, and outlets for loading, manipulating and retrieving cell suspensions, respectively. Experimental results indicated that the particles were evenly distributed in the entrance of the microchannel and illustrate patterns of enriching, focusing, or size-selective profiles after passing through the grooved area. The preliminary simulation results also demonstrated that particles tend to bias towards the sidewall after flowing through the grooves.
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Glukhova, O. E., V. V. Mitrofanov, M. M. Slepchenkov, and V. V. Shunaev. "Manipulation of fullerene molecules on graphene." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Samuel Achilefu and Ramesh Raghavachari. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2080245.

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Chang, Chia Min, Ming Lun Tseng, Bo Han Cheng, Cheng Hung Chu, You Zhe Ho, Hsin Wei Huang, Hung-Kuei Tsai, et al. "Three-dimensional light manipulation by gold nanobumps." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Tuan Vo-Dinh and Joseph R. Lakowicz. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2038220.

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Glukhova, O. E., I. V. Kirillova, I. N. Saliy, and M. M. Slepchenkov. "Single-fullerene manipulation inside a carbon nanotube." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Tuan Vo-Dinh and Joseph R. Lakowicz. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.878677.

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Garcia, Monica D., Saba H. Syed, Andrew J. Coughlin, Shang Wang, Jennifer L. West, Kirill V. Larin, and Irina V. Larina. "Mouse embryo manipulations with OCT guidance." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Andrew M. Rollins, Cecilia W. Lo, and Scott E. Fraser. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2045989.

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Heinemann, Dag, Markus Schomaker, Stefan Kalies, Merve Sinram, Patrick Heeger, Hugo Murua Escobar, Heiko Meyer, and Tammo Ripken. "Plasmonic cell manipulation for biomedical and screening applications." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Tuan Vo-Dinh and Joseph R. Lakowicz. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2077604.

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Díaz, Mark, Isaac Johnson, Amanda Lazar, Anne Marie Piper, and Darren Gergle. "Addressing Age-Related Bias in Sentiment Analysis." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/852.

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Recent studies have identified various forms of bias in language-based models, raising concerns about the risk of propagating social biases against certain groups based on sociodemographic factors (e.g., gender, race, geography). In this study, we analyze the treatment of age-related terms across 15 sentiment analysis models and 10 widely-used GloVe word embeddings and attempt to alleviate bias through a method of processing model training data. Our results show significant age bias is encoded in the outputs of many sentiment analysis algorithms and word embeddings, and we can alleviate this bias by manipulating training data.
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Tovar, Armando, Maulik Patel, and Abraham P. Lee. "Acoustic cavity transducers for the manipulation of cells and biomolecules." In BiOS, edited by Alexander N. Cartwright and Dan V. Nicolau. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.851040.

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Reports on the topic "Bias manipulation"

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Melnyk, Iurii. JUSTIFICATION OF OCCUPATION IN GERMAN (1938) AND RUSSIAN (2014) MEDIA: SUBSTITUTION OF AGGRESSOR AND VICTIM. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11101.

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The article is dedicated to the examination and comparison of the justification of occupation of a neighboring country in the German (1938) and Russian (2014) media. The objective of the study is to reveal the mechanics of the application of the classical manipulative method of substituting of aggressor and victim on the material of German and Russian propaganda in 1938 and in 2014 respectively. According to the results of the study, clear parallels between the two information strategies can be traced at the level of the condemnation of internal aggression against a national minority loyal to Berlin / Moscow and its political representative (the Sudeten Germans – the pro-Russian Ukrainians, as well as the security forces of the Yanukovych regime); the reflections on dangers that Czechoslovakia / Ukraine poses to itself and to its neighbors; condemnation of the violation of the cultural rights of the minority that the occupier intends to protect (German language and culture – Russian language and culture); the historical parallels designed to deepen the modern conflict, to show it as a long-standing and a natural one (“Hussites” – “Banderites”). In the manipulative strategy of both media, the main focus is not on factual fabrication, but on the bias selection of facts, due to which the reader should have an unambiguous understanding of who is the permanent aggressor in the conflict (Czechoslovakia, Czechs – Ukraine, Ukrainians), and who is the permanent victim (Germans – Russians, Russian speakers). The substitution of victim and aggressor in the media in both cases became one of the most important manipulative strategies designed to justify the German occupation of part of Czechoslovakia and the Russian occupation of part of Ukraine.
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