Relevant bibliographies by topics / Biais de confirmation

Academic literature on the topic 'Biais de confirmation'

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Published: 26 October 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Biais de confirmation"

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Larivée, Serge, Carole Sénéchal, Zoé St-Onge, and Mathieu-Robert Sauvé. "Le biais de confirmation en recherche." Revue de psychoéducation 48, no. 1 (May 29, 2019): 245–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1060013ar.

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Cet article traite du biais de confirmation dans le domaine de la recherche. Dans la première partie, nous présentons le critère de réfutabilité comme le meilleur antidote contre ce problème. Par la suite, nous abordons quatre aspects de la culture scientifique susceptibles d’alimenter le biais de confirmation en recherche : l’impératif de publication (Publish or Perish), la valorisation des résultats positifs dans les revues savantes, la rareté des études de reproductibilité, une condition pourtant essentielle de la méthode scientifique, certains aspects de la recherche qualitative. Dans la dernière partie, nous illustrons la nature du biais de confirmation en recherche à l’aide de quatre exemples.
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Vorms, Marion. "Bayes et les biais. Le « biais de confirmation » en question." Revue de métaphysique et de morale N° 112, no. 4 (October 22, 2021): 567–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rmm.214.0567.

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Lariv�e, Serge, Carole S�n�chal, and Zo� St-Onge. "Le biais de confirmation en clinique." Enfance N�4, no. 4 (2018): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/enf2.184.0575.

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Barth, Isabelle. "Le confort pervers du biais de confirmation." Pour l'Éco N° 32, no. 5 (June 1, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/poec.032.0046.

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Durand, Thomas C., and Thibault Renard. "Retour sur "L’Affaire Renault", ou la mise en abyme du biais de confirmation." Sécurité et stratégie 29, no. 1 (2018): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/sestr.029.0071.

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VAILLANT-ROUSSEL, H., C. BLANCHARD, T. MENINI, E. CHARUEL, B. PEREIRA, F. NAUDET, B. KASSAI, et al. "PROJET REBUILD THE EVIDENCE." EXERCER 34, no. 190 (February 1, 2023): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.56746/exercer.2023.190.81.

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Introduction. La médecine fondée sur les preuves (EBM) est la pierre angulaire de la décision médicale partagée. Le public mérite des informations claires, transparentes et dignes de confiance sur l’efficacité des médicaments. Pourtant, aujourd’hui, de nombreux médicaments sont prescrits et utilisés sans preuve solide de leur efficacité. Les essais cliniques randomisés (ECR) et leurs méta-analyses sont les meilleures études pour évaluer l’efficacité des médicaments et leurs effets indésirables, mais leurs résultats ne sont pas facilement interprétables en pratique et sont même parfois discutables par rapport aux données retenues. Dans une approche de décision médicale partagée, les médecins généralistes ont besoin que l’évaluation des médicaments soit fondée sur des résultats importants et pertinents pour le patient. L’objectif du projet Rebuild the Evidence Base (REB) est de combler le fossé entre les données nécessaires à la pratique clinique et les données disponibles de la recherche clinique. Méthodes et analyses. Les médicaments seront évalués selon des critères cliniques importants pour les patients et dans une population donnée. En utilisant les outils Cochrane, pour chaque population et critère d’évaluation choisis, seront réalisées : 1. une méta-analyse, fondée sur des essais contrôlés randomisés (ECR) avec un faible risque global de biais ; 2. l’évaluation des résultats issus des ECR de confirmation ; 3. l’évaluation de l’hétérogénéité statistique entre essais (I2), et 4. l’évaluation du risque de biais de publication. En fonction des résultats de ces analyses, les preuves seront évaluées selon quatre niveaux : preuve solide, résultat probant mais à confirmer, signal à confirmer, ou absence de preuve. Conclusion. Le projet REB propose une méthode de lecture et d’interprétation des essais cliniques randomisés et de leur méta-analyse afin de produire des données de qualité permettant aux médecins généralistes de se centrer sur l’évaluation du bénéfice-risque dans l’intérêt des patients. Si ces données n’existent pas, cela permettra à la recherche clinique de mieux définir ses objectifs.
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Goanta, Catalina. "Information Duties in the Internet Era: Case Note on Content Services Ltd v. Bundesarbeitkammer." European Review of Private Law 21, Issue 2 (March 1, 2013): 643–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2013033.

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Abstract: The growth of the information society is enthusiastically embraced by the European Commission, which sees in the booming number of citizens purchasing goods online a strengthening of the internal market by way of an increase of cross-border trade. As is well known, contracts through which consumers buy products or demand services from traders that are not in their physical vicinity are considered to be distance contracts and are thus regulated by the Distance Selling Directive (DSD). Ironically, the DSD was not drafted with e-commerce in mind, which is understandable as the initial proposal dates from 1992. However, it was only adopted in 1997, and the fact that it still makes reference to decrepit distance communication techniques such as videophone and videotext, while failing to mention the internet even once, poses questions about its suitability to meet the technological progress of the last decade. An accurate illustration of this problem can be found in the 2012 Content Services Ltd v. Bundesarbeitskammer case. The analysis focused on determining whether sending a link via e-mail would meet the requirements of Article 5(1) of the DSD, which requires that the consumer receives or is given written confirmation of the relevant information or confirmation on another durable medium available. Résumé: La croissance de la société de l'information est accueillie avec enthousiasme par la Commission européenne, qui voit dans le nombre en plein essor des citoyens qui achètent des biens en ligne un renforcement du marché intérieur par le biais d'une augmentation de commerce transfrontalier. Comme c'est bien connu, les contrats par lesquels les consommateurs achètent des produits ou demandent des services des commerçants qui ne sont pas dans leur voisinage physique sont considérés comme des contrats à distance, et sont donc réglementés par la Directive concernant la protection des consommateurs en matière de contrats à distance (DSD). Ironiquement, la Directive sur la vente à distance n'a pas été rédigée avec l'e-commerce à l'esprit, parce que la proposition originale est daté 1992. Cependant, il n'a été adopté qu'en 1997, et le fait qu'il fait encore référence à techniques décrépit de communication à distance telles que la visiophone et le vidéotexte, tout en omettant de mentionner l'Internet même une fois, pose des questions sur son justesse en répondre à l'évolution technologique de la dernière décennie. Une illustration exacte de ce problème peut être trouvée dans le Content Services cas. L'analyse vise à déterminer si l'envoi d'un lien par e-mail répond aux exigences de l'article 5 (1) de la DSD, qui exige que le consommateur reçoit ou est fournie une confirmation écrite des informations pertinentes ou la confirmation sur un autre support durable à sa disposition.
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Dubucs, Jacques. "Épistémologie du web." Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa 55, no. 3 (April 6, 2022): 47–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/zn.2019.024.

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Résumé. En trente ans, le rapport d’Internet à l’entreprise scientifique a changé. Nous sommes passés d’un instrument de collaboration scientifique à un dispositif de réseaux sociaux qui assure la plus large diffusion à l’irrationalisme et à l’alt-factualisme. Pour comprendre ce changement, il convient de réexaminer les mécanismes de la convergence des opinions. La première source de cette convergence est l’existence d’un monde commun, qui nous expose aux mêmes faits et qui détermine par révision successive des croyances de chacun, sans que la moindre communication soit requise, une convergence asymptotique des opinions, et ce quelles que soient les croyances de départ. Naturellement, si les faits connus par les uns sont communiqués aux autres, cette convergence s’accélère considérablement, si bien que nous devons considérer la connaissance comme le résultat d’une activité collective, et l’échange d’informations comme l’une de ses sources nécessaires. D’une part, cette coopération épistémique est naturelle et facilement implémentable : en vertu des propriétés caractéristiques de l’information, qui est un bien que nous conservons lorsque nous le donnons, le partage informationnel est exempt des difficultés qui affectent généralement la coopération. D’autre part, cette coopération est intrinsèquement productive : la collaboration entre celui qui sait que φ et celui qui sait que φ implique ψ met chacun des deux agents en possession de la connaissance de ψ, qui n’était pourtant détenue par personne avant l’échange. L’internet des débuts donne à cette coopération informationnelle une ampleur inégalée. La situation actuelle est différente. Un certain nombre de facteurs, dont la porosité croissante entre les scientifiques et le large public, ont mis au premier plan l’échange, non des informations factuelles, mais celui des opinions. Les biais notoires de la psychologie humaine, au premier rang desquels le biais de confirmation, tendent à inverser le rapport entre les faits et les opinions. On cherche les faits confirmant les opinions entretenues, on met en doute les faits récalcitrants et l’on crée des faits corroborants. En bref, on passe d’une problématique de la coopération à une logique de l’affiliation, segmentant l’internet en groupes doxastiques homogènes.
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THOMAZO, M., and B. SOULIE. "CHEMINEMENT ET SELECTION D'UNE SOURCE D'INFORMATION EN MEDECINE DE PREMIER RECOURS : PROPOSITION D'UN MODELE EXPLICATIF PAR THEORISATION ANCREE." EXERCER 34, no. 192 (April 1, 2023): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.56746/exercer.2023.192.148.

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Introduction. Des décisions thérapeutiques sont prises lors de chaque consultation, et ce processus décisionnel est aujourd’hui bien étudié dans la littérature psychologique. Ces décisions sont censées se fonder sur le concept d’evidence-based medicine associant à la fois les données actualisées de la science, l’expertise empirique du praticien et les préférences du patient. Lorsqu’un choix doit être fait dans la prise en compte d’une source d’information, plusieurs profils décisionnaires existent. Objectif. Proposer un modèle théorique expliquant le cheminement d’une source d’information dans une prise de décision. Méthode. Étude qualitative inspirée de la théorisation ancrée avec échantillonnage théorique et processus d’itération en comparaison constante. Résultats. Les médecins généralistes déléguaient une partie de la critique des sources d’information à différents intermédiaires. L’accessibilité de ces informations formait un premier filtre : langue native, technologie, fatigue, investissement nécessaire et éloignement géographique des interlocuteurs. Les préférences comme l’indépendance, l’empirisme ou la formation universitaire étaient un second filtre. La confirmation par les pairs venait potentialiser certaines informations via la convivialité, les liens affectifs et la réputation. Une vigilance et une adaptation au contexte étaient les derniers filtres. Conclusion. L’origine des décisions est multifactorielle, et l’enseignement de ces facteurs pourrait permettre aux futurs médecins généralistes de mieux reconnaître certains biais cognitifs.
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Caster, Paul, Randal J. Elder, and Diane J. Janvrin. "A Summary of Research and Enforcement Release Evidence on Confirmation Use and Effectiveness." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 27, no. 2 (November 1, 2008): 253–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/aud.2008.27.2.253.

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SUMMARY: Confirmations are extensively used and are often perceived by practitioners to be one of the most persuasive forms of audit evidence. Yet academic research has found limitations that restrict confirmation effectiveness for many management assertions. In addition, a number of problems with false and forged confirmations are identified in Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Releases (AAERs). The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) and the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) have put confirmation evidence on their respective agendas. Academic research indicates that receivable confirmations can be effective evidence for the existence assertion. Low response rates, as well as respondent errors and directional bias in detecting errors, are key barriers to confirmation effectiveness. Our review of AAERs identified failure to authenticate responses, collusion between auditee management and customers, and concealed side agreements and special terms as specific problem areas. We also identify a number of research questions for future research.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biais de confirmation"

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Perodaud, Maxime. "Essais sur des biens et services de qualité non vérifiable." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023COAZ0015.

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Cette thèse étudie les déterminants de la fraude sur les marchés de biens et services de qualité non vérifiable (credence goods). Ces marchés sont variés et répandus au sein de l'économie (services de réparation, conseils financiers, étiquetage alimentaire, services de santé, etc.). Dans ces structures de marché, les consommateurs doivent se fier aux informations fournies par les experts afin de consommer des unités de biens et services. Les experts peuvent alors tenter de profiter de l'asymétrie d'informations en proposant des biens ou services inappropriés ne répondant pas aux besoins des consommateurs. Ce comportement constitue une défaillance de marché qui a des conséquences néfastes pour les consommateurs, entrainant une diminution de leur bien-être.Cette thèse se compose de trois chapitres où nous répondons à deux questions de recherche principales en mobilisant deux méthodologies différentes. Le chapitre 1 présente une expérience en laboratoire dans laquelle nous analysons à la fois les effets de genre et de cadrage sur la fraude dans les marchés de biens et services de qualité non vérifiable. Les résultats suggèrent que le genre et la contextualisation des instructions sont d'une importance fondamentale pour expliquer la dimension de la sous-provision de la fraude, indépendamment de toute incitation financière. Dans les chapitres 2 et 3, nous étudions dans quelle mesure la révélation de l'existence d'un biais de confirmation chez les consommateurs influence les décisions prises par les experts. D'un point de vue théorique, notre analyse suggère que les experts ayant un haut niveau de sensibilité à l'égard des attentes des consommateurs auraient tendance à suivre leurs croyances et par conséquent à leur fournir le niveau de qualité attendu. Contrairement à nos prédictions, les résultats de l'expérience indiquent que l'impact du biais de confirmation dépend de l'état du monde et serait plus susceptible de se manifester dans des environnements où les experts n'ont aucune incitation financière à agir de la sorte.Dans l'ensemble, cette thèse met en évidence le rôle des déterminants sociaux et comportementaux sur les incitations des experts à proposer des biens ou services inappropriés
This thesis analyzes the issues present in credence goods markets regarding the determinants contributing to fraudulent behaviors. Such markets are diverse and can be found easily throughout the economy (repair services, financial advice, food labels and healthcare, etc.). In the context of purchasing credence goods, consumers have to rely on information provided by experts. Experts may take advantage of the information asymmetry by offering inappropriate services that do not align with the consumers' needs. Such markets failures detrimentally affect consumers and leads to a reduction in their welfare.This thesis is composed of three chapters in which we answer two main research questions using two different methodologies. Chapter 1 presents a laboratory experiment where we explore the impact of displaying information regarding the counterpart's gender and framing instructions on outcomes in credence goods markets. The results suggest that both market context and gender are of fundamental importance to explain the under-provision dimension of fraud, regardless of any incentive scheme. In chapters 2 and 3, we investigate how the presence of confirmation bias in consumers affects the decisions made by experts in markets for credence goods. From a theoretical perspective, our analysis suggests that experts with a high level of sensitivity are inclined to follow consumers' beliefs and provide them with the quality they expected. Contrary to these predictions, the results from the experiment suggest that the impact of confirmation bias varies depending on the state of nature and is more likely to emerge in payoff-maximizing environments.Overall, this thesis offers insights into the impact of behavioral and social determinants on experts' incentives to engage in fraudulent behavior
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Borthwick, Geoffrey Ludlow. "Confirmation Bias and Related Errors." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/128.

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This study attempted to replicate and extend the study of Doherty, Mynatt, Tweney, and Schiavo (1979), which introduced what is here called the Bayesian conditionals selection paradigm. The present study used this paradigm (and a script similar to that used by Doherty et al.) to explore confirmation bias and related errors that can appear in both search and integration in probability revision. Despite selection differences and weak manipulations, this study provided information relevant to four important questions. First, by asking participants to estimate the values of the conditional probabilities they did not learn, this study was able to examine the use of "intuitive conditionals". This study found evidence that participants used intuitive conditionals and that their intuitive conditionals were affected by the size of the actual conditionals. Second, by examining both phases in the same study, this study became the first to look for inter-phase interactions. A strong correlation was found between the use of focal search strategies and focal integration strategies (r=.81, p
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Soriano, Flavio de Oliveira. "Overconfidence and confirmation bias: are future managers vulnerable?" reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/13497.

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Submitted by Flavio Soriano (flavio.soriano@hotmail.com) on 2015-03-07T17:18:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_MPGI_Overconfidence and Confirmation Bias_Flavio Soriano.pdf: 1280021 bytes, checksum: 3d8e4c16ffd1a93c2e17526cdf8e8c77 (MD5)
Rejected by Luana Rodrigues (luana.rodrigues@fgv.br), reason: Bom dia Flávio, Por gentileza, altere o campo "knowledge field" para : INTERNACIONALIZAÇÃO DE EMPRESAS, pois este item deve ser o mesmo escrito na ata. Obrigada. Atenciosamente, Luana de Assis Rodrigues Cursos de Pós-Graduação – Post Graduate Program (55 11) 3799-3492 SRA - Secretaria de Registros Acadêmicos on 2015-03-09T15:00:41Z (GMT)
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Decision makers often use ‘rules of thumb’, or heuristics, to help them handling decision situations (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979b). Those cognitive shortcuts are taken by the brain to cope with complexity and time limitation of decisions, by reducing the burden of information processing (Hodgkinson et al, 1999; Newell and Simon, 1972). Although crucial for decision-making, heuristics come at the cost of occasionally sending us off course, that is, make us fall into judgment traps (Tversky and Kahneman, 1974). Over fifty years of psychological research has shown that heuristics can lead to systematic errors, or biases, in decision-making. This study focuses on two particularly impactful biases to decision-making – the overconfidence and confirmation biases. A specific group – top management school students and recent graduates - were subject to classic experiments to measure their level of susceptibility to those biases. This population is bound to take decision positions at companies, and eventually make decisions that will impact not only their companies but society at large. The results show that this population is strongly biased by overconfidence, but less so to the confirmation bias. No significant relationship between the level of susceptibility to the overconfidence and to the confirmation bias was found.
Tomadores de decisão muitas vezes usam 'regras gerais', ou heurística, para ajudá-los a lidar com situações de tomada de decisão (Kahneman e Tversky, 1979b). Esses atalhos cognitivos são tomados pelo cérebro para lidar com a complexidade e pressão de tempo da tomada de decisão, reduzindo assim a carga de processamento de informação (Hodgkinson et al , 1999; Newell e Simon , 1972). Embora fundamental para a tomada de decisões, a heurística tem o custo de, ocasionalmente, nos tirar do curso, isto é, fazer-nos cair em armadilhas de julgamento (Tversky e Kahneman, 1974). Mais de 50 anos de pesquisa em psicologia tem mostrado que a heurística pode levar a erros sistemáticos, ou vieses, na tomada de decisão. Este estudo se concentra em dois vieses particularmente impactantes para a tomada de decisão - o excesso de confiança e o viés de confirmação. Um grupo específico – estudantes de administração e recém-formados de escolas de negócio internacionalmente renomadas – foi submetido a experimentos clássicos para medir seu nível de suscetibilidade a esses dois vieses. Esta população tende a assumir posições de decisão nas empresas, e, eventualmente, tomar decisões que terão impacto não só nas suas empresas, mas na sociedade em geral. Os resultados mostram que essa população é fortemente influenciada por excesso de confiança, mas nem tanto pelo viés de confirmação. Nenhuma relação significativa entre o excesso de confiança e a suscetibilidade ao viés de confirmação foi encontrada.
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Parmley, Meagan Carleton Herbert James D. "The effects of the confirmation bias on diagnostic decision making /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/1164.

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Rivard, Jillian R. "Confirmation bias in witness interviewing: Can interviewers ignore their preconceptions?" FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1445.

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Basic research on expectancy effects suggests that investigative interviewers with pre-conceived notions about a crime may negatively influence the interview process in meaningful ways, yet many interviewing protocols recommend that interviewers review all available information prior to conducting their interviews. Previous research suggests that interviewers with no pre-interview knowledge elicit more detailed and accurate accounts than their informed counterparts (Cantlon, et al., 1996; Rivard et al., under review). The current study investigated whether (a) the benefit of blind versus informed interviewing is moderated by cautionary interviewer instructions to avoid suggestive questions and (b) whether any possible effects of pre-interview information extend beyond the immediate context of the forensic interview. Paired participants (N = 584) were assigned randomly either to the role of interviewer or witness. Witnesses viewed a mock crime video and were interviewed one week later by an interviewer who received either correct, incorrect, or no information about the crime event. Half of the interviewers were assigned randomly to receive additional instructions to avoid suggestive questions. All participants returned 1 week after the interview to recall the crime video (for the witness) or the information recalled by the witness during the interview (for the interviewer). All interviews and delayed recall measures were scored for the quantity and accuracy of information reported. Results replicate earlier findings that blind interviewers elicit more information from witnesses, without a decrease in accuracy rate. However instructions to avoid suggestive questions did not moderate the effect of blind versus informed interviewing on witness recall during the interview. Results further demonstrate that the effects of blind versus non-blind interviewing may extend beyond the immediate context of the interview to a later recall attempt. With instructions to avoid suggestive questions, witnesses of blind interviewers were more accurate than witnesses of incorrectly informed interviewers when recalling the event 1 week later. In addition, blind interviewers had more accurate memories for the witnesses’ account of the event during the interview compared to non-blind interviewers.
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Mitchell, Matthew Craig. "Effects of experience and confirmation bias on legal decision making /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SSPS/09sspsm6811.pdf.

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Wallace, Wayne A. "The Effect of Confirmation Bias in Criminal Investigative Decision Making." Thesis, Walden University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3687475.

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Confirmation bias occurs when a person believes in or searches for evidence to support his or her favored theory while ignoring or excusing disconfirmatory evidence and is disinclined to change his or her belief once he or she arrives at a conclusion. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine whether emotionally charged evidence and evidence presentation order could influence an investigator's belief in a suspect's guilt. The study included 166 sworn police officers (basic training recruits, patrol officers, and criminal investigators) who completed online surveys in response to criminal vignettes across different scenarios to record their measure of guilt belief. Analysis of variance was used to assess the relationship between the 3 independent variables: duty assignment (recruit, patrol, investigator), scenario condition (child and adult sexual assault), and evidence presentation order (sequential, simultaneous, reverse sequential). The dependent variable was confirmation bias (Likert-scaled 0–10 guilt judgment). According to the study results, confirmation bias was least evident in criminal investigators with more experience and training, and both emotion and evidence presentation order can influence guilt judgment. The findings generalize to criminal investigators and attest to the importance of working to include and exclude suspects and to withhold judgment until all available evidence is analyzed. Investigators benefit from this study and through their improved decision making, society benefits as well. This study will contribute to the need for professional dialogue concerning objective fact finding by criminal investigators and avoiding incidents of wrongful conviction.

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Schweiger, Stefan [Verfasser]. "Confirmation Bias in Information Search with Social Tags / Stefan Schweiger." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1225740312/34.

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Burchell, Brendan. "Confirmation bias and the testing of hypotheses about other people." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1986. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4040/.

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Critical reviews of the literatures on self-fulfilling prophecies and self-confirming hypotheses uncovered several weaknesses in key works on those topics. In particular two important flaws were revealed. Hypotheses and expectations were confused and confounded and the most important aspect of these effects in person perception, changes in the perceiver's representation of the target, were ignored. Instead these works either made inferences about the perceivers' judgments from other individuals with different perspectives, or claimed to have demonstrated the effect of manipulating the hypothesis whereas their results were probably attributable to manipulating expectancies instead. It was argued that both of these types of inferences are invalid, and reanalyses of data from empirical works showed that the claims were not justified. A series of experiments was conducted in an attempt to find unequivocal evidence of self-confirming hypotheses. Numerous reasons were found as to why the phenomenon was highly unlikely to occur in social interaction. For instance, the asking of biased questions was found not to occur when perceivers generated their own questions to ask instead of selecting from a list given to them. In addition, subjects modified the questions they asked during the course of social interactions in such a way as to eliminate any possible bias in information search. Even when questions searching for confirmatory evidence were asked there was little evidence that interviewers' judgements were biased in favour of confirming their hypotheses. By contrast strong evidence was found for self-confirming hypotheses when subjects used information from their own memories to test hypotheses about aquaintances. These findings were discussed in the light of other paradigms within social psychology. Reasons why social cognition has, at times, so underestimated human rationality were considered and several conclusions were made including the need for greater caution in attempting to emulate and understand social processes in a laboratory setting.
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Wallace, Wayne A. "The Effect of Confirmation Bias in Criminal Investigative Decision Making." ScholarWorks, 2016. http://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/hodgkinson/22.

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Confirmation bias occurs when a person believes in or searches for evidence to support his or her favored theory while ignoring or excusing disconfirmatory evidence and is disinclined to change his or her belief once he or she arrives at a conclusion. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine whether emotionally charged evidence and evidence presentation order could influence an investigator's belief in a suspect's guilt. The study included 166 sworn police officers (basic training recruits, patrol officers, and criminal investigators) who completed online surveys in response to criminal vignettes across different scenarios to record their measure of guilt belief. Analysis of variance was used to assess the relationship between the 3 independent variables: duty assignment (recruit, patrol, investigator), scenario condition (child and adult sexual assault), and evidence presentation order (sequential, simultaneous, reverse sequential). The dependent variable was confirmation bias (Likert-scaled 0–10 guilt judgment). According to the study results, confirmation bias was least evident in criminal investigators with more experience and training, and both emotion and evidence presentation order can influence guilt judgment. The findings generalize to criminal investigators and attest to the importance of working to include and exclude suspects and to withhold judgment until all available evidence is analyzed. Investigators benefit from this study and through their improved decision making, society benefits as well. This study will contribute to the need for professional dialogue concerning objective fact finding by criminal investigators and avoiding incidents of wrongful conviction.
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Books on the topic "Biais de confirmation"

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Burchell, Brendan Joseph. Confirmation bias and the testing of hypotheses about other people. [s.l.]: typescript, 1986.

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Baranova, Ivanna. Confirmation Bias. Metatron Press, 2019.

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Acks, Alex. Bubble of Confirmation Bias. Enslow Publishing, LLC, 2018.

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Acks, Alex. Bubble of Confirmation Bias. Enslow Publishing, LLC, 2018.

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Bubble of Confirmation Bias. Enslow Publishing, LLC, 2018.

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Kenski, Kate. Overcoming Confirmation and Blind Spot Biases When Communicating Science. Edited by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.40.

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This chapter focuses on two biases that lead people away from evaluating evidence and scientific studies impartially—confirmation bias and bias blind spot. The chapter first discusses different ways in which people process information and reviews the costs and benefits of utilizing cognitive shortcuts in decision making. Next, two common cognitive biases, confirmation bias and bias blind spot, are explained. Then the literature on “debiasing” is explored. Finally, the implications of confirmation bias and bias blind spot in the context of communicating about science are examined, and an agenda for future research on understanding and mitigating these biases is offered.
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Stegenga, Jacob. Bias and Fraud. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747048.003.0010.

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There are numerous biases in medical research that render evidence from such research systematically misleading. Some of these biases are exacerbated by conflicts of interest, including fantastic financial incentives. The most important biases in medical research include confirmation bias, design bias, analysis bias, and publication bias. Arguably, some forms of bias, such as publication bias, should be considered as fraud. The pervasiveness of bias in medical research justifies one of the premises of the master argument for medical nihilism. Medical research is malleable due to the many biases, and such malleability allows for the production of evidence that suggests medical interventions are effective, whether or not they are in fact effective.
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Silliman, Brian, and Stephanie Wear. Conservation bias: What have we learned? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0028.

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Conservation science is unique among scientific disciplines in that it was founded on a set of normative principles. The often dogmatic adherence to these principles has made conservation science vulnerable to confirmation bias. When confronted with data, many foundational ideas in conservation, such as all nonnative species are bad, reserves are the best method to save nature, and biodiversity is declining locally, are found to be inconsistent or inaccurate. Evaluation of the validity of these ideas, however, is not crippling. Instead critical evaluation provides opportunities to learn and pivot to take advantage of new opportunities. These new conservation frontiers include planning to co-exist with nature in addition to protecting nature from humans, and creating novel and hybrid ecosystems in addition to restoring ecosystems to a pristine state. The future holds great promise for nature to expand and thrive if data are used to correct biases and conservation practices are adjusted accordingly.
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Hulse, Carl. Confirmation Bias: Inside Washington's War over the Supreme Court, from Scalia's Death to Justice Kavanaugh. HarperCollins Publishers, 2020.

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Confirmation Bias: Inside Washington's War Over the Supreme Court, from Scalia's Death to Justice Kavanaugh. Harper, 2019.

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Book chapters on the topic "Biais de confirmation"

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Lewicka, Maria. "Confirmation Bias." In Personal Control in Action, 233–58. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2901-6_9.

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Johnson, David Kyle. "Confirmation Bias." In Bad Arguments, 317–20. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119165811.ch73.

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Kosmidis, Michail. "Confirmation Bias." In Decision Making in Emergency Medicine, 83–88. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0143-9_14.

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Mercier, Hugo. "Confirmation bias – myside bias." In Cognitive Illusions, 78–91. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003154730-7.

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Bierhoff, H. W., and R. Klein. "Expectations, Confirmation Bias, and Suggestibility." In Suggestion and Suggestibility, 337–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73875-3_26.

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Kim, Nancy. "Hypothesis Testing and Confirmation Bias." In Judgment and Decision-Making, 219–34. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-26956-0_12.

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Dobelli, Rolf. "The Confirmation Bias (Teil 1)." In Klar denken, klug handeln, 28–31. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446445147.007.

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Dobelli, Rolf. "The Confirmation Bias (Teil 2)." In Klar denken, klug handeln, 32–35. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446445147.008.

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Dakin-Neal, Kymberly. "Confirmation Bias and Heart Listening." In Head, Heart, and Hands Listening in Coach Practice, 92–95. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003296027-16.

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Paap, Kenneth. "Problematic Meta-analyses and Confirmation Bias." In The Bilingual Advantage in Executive Functioning Hypothesis, 138–45. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003308027-14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Biais de confirmation"

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Rollwage, Max, Tobias Hauser, Alisa Loosen, Rani Moran, Raymond Dolan, and Stephen Fleming. "Confidence Drives a Neural Confirmation Bias." In 2019 Conference on Cognitive Computational Neuroscience. Brentwood, Tennessee, USA: Cognitive Computational Neuroscience, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32470/ccn.2019.1064-0.

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Mao, Yanbing, and Emrah Akyol. "Competitive Information Spread with Confirmation Bias." In 2019 53rd Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf44664.2019.9048822.

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Hallihan, Gregory M., Hyunmin Cheong, and L. H. Shu. "Confirmation and Cognitive Bias in Design Cognition." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-71258.

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The desire to better understand design cognition has led to the application of literature from psychology to design research, e.g., in learning, analogical reasoning, and problem solving. Psychological research on cognitive heuristics and biases offers another relevant body of knowledge for application. Cognitive biases are inherent biases in human information processing, which can lead to suboptimal reasoning. Cognitive heuristics are unconscious rules utilized to enhance the efficiency of information processing and are possible antecedents of cognitive biases. This paper presents two studies that examined the role of confirmation bias, which is a tendency to seek and interpret evidence in order to confirm existing beliefs. The results of the first study, a protocol analysis involving novice designers engaged in a biomimetic design task, indicate that confirmation bias is present during concept generation and offer additional insights into the influence of confirmation bias in design. The results of the second study, a controlled experiment requiring participants to complete a concept evaluation task, suggest that decision matrices are effective tools to reduce confirmation bias during concept evaluation.
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Gemalmaz, Meric Altug, and Ming Yin. "Accounting for Confirmation Bias in Crowdsourced Label Aggregation." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/238.

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Collecting large-scale human-annotated datasets via crowdsourcing to train and improve automated models is a prominent human-in-the-loop approach to integrate human and machine intelligence. However, together with their unique intelligence, humans also come with their biases and subjective beliefs, which may influence the quality of the annotated data and negatively impact the effectiveness of the human-in-the-loop systems. One of the most common types of cognitive biases that humans are subject to is the confirmation bias, which is people's tendency to favor information that confirms their existing beliefs and values. In this paper, we present an algorithmic approach to infer the correct answers of tasks by aggregating the annotations from multiple crowd workers, while taking workers' various levels of confirmation bias into consideration. Evaluations on real-world crowd annotations show that the proposed bias-aware label aggregation algorithm outperforms baseline methods in accurately inferring the ground-truth labels of different tasks when crowd workers indeed exhibit some degree of confirmation bias. Through simulations on synthetic data, we further identify the conditions when the proposed algorithm has the largest advantages over baseline methods.
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Calikli, Gul, and Ayse Bener. "Empirical analyses of the factors affecting confirmation bias and the effects of confirmation bias on software developer/tester performance." In the 6th International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1868328.1868344.

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Lange, Richard, Ankani Chattoraj, Matthew Hochberg, Jeffrey Beck, Jacob Yates, and Ralf Haefner. "A Perceptual Confirmation Bias from Approximate Online Inference." In 2018 Conference on Cognitive Computational Neuroscience. Brentwood, Tennessee, USA: Cognitive Computational Neuroscience, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32470/ccn.2018.1167-0.

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Kao, Po-Teng. "The Relationship Between Confirmation Bias and Depression Level." In 6th International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities. (Philosophy of Being Human as the Core of Interdisciplinary Research) (ICCESSH 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210902.035.

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Chen, Jiaqi. "Basic Psychosocial and Biological Contributors to Confirmation Bias." In 2021 International Conference on Public Relations and Social Sciences (ICPRSS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211020.315.

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Esnaola-Acebes, Jose M., Bharath C. Talluri, Tobias Donner, Alex Roxin, and Klaus Wimmer. "Neural Network Mechanisms Underlying Confirmation Bias in Stimulus Estimation." In 2019 Conference on Cognitive Computational Neuroscience. Brentwood, Tennessee, USA: Cognitive Computational Neuroscience, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32470/ccn.2019.1209-0.

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Jorgensen, Magne, and Efi Papatheocharous. "Believing is Seeing: Confirmation Bias Studies in Software Engineering." In 2015 41st Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications (SEAA). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/seaa.2015.56.

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Reports on the topic "Biais de confirmation"

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Borthwick, Geoffrey. Confirmation Bias and Related Errors. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.128.

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Tolcott, Martin A., and F. F. Marvin. Reducing the Confirmation Bias in an Evolving Situation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada293570.

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LaBranche, Kayla. The Influence of Information on Public Support for Solitary Confinement: A Test of Belief Updating and Confirmation Bias. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6367.

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