Academic literature on the topic 'Bi-phasic flow'

Oscillatory flow reactor strategy removes the mixing, mass transfer and residence time limitations associated with continuous multi-phase flow approaches for studies of bi-phasic C–C and C–N catalytic reactions.

TaN-Cu nanocomposite thin films used as materials for thin-film resistors (TFR) were prepared by magnetron pulsed dc reactive sputtering. Structural and morphological properties of films deposited on (100) Si as a function of nitrogen flow rate and substrate temperature is investigated. With the introduction of N2 gas flow indicated with different phases of nanocrystalline h-Ta, Ta2N, TaN, Ta4N5 and Cu. XRD analysis of the films deposited with increasing substrate temperature at constant flow rate of nitrogen 10 sccm indicated that the nanocrystalline with bi-phasic (fcc-TaN and fcc-Cu). The microstructure of the films was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.

A field-scale bioretention rain garden system was constructed using a novel bi-phasic (i.e. sequence of anaerobic to aerobic) concept for improving retention and removal of storm water runoff pollutants. Hydraulic tests with bromide tracer and simulated runoff pollutants (nitrate-N, phosphate-P, Cu, Pb, and Zn) were performed in the system under a simulated continuous rainfall. The objectives of the tests were (1) to determine hydraulic characteristics of the system, and (2) to evaluate the movement of runoff pollutants through the system. For the 180 mm/24 h rainfall, the bi-phasic bioretention system effectively reduced both peak flow (∼70%) and runoff volume (∼42%). The breakthrough curves (BTCs) of bromide tracer suggest that the transport pattern of the system is similar to dispersed plug flow under this large runoff event. The BTCs of bromide showed mean 10% and 90% breakthrough times of 5.7 h and 12.5 h, respectively. Under the continuous rainfall, a significantly different transport pattern was found between each runoff pollutant. Nitrate-N was easily transported through the system with potential leaching risk from the initial soil medium, whereas phosphate-P and metals were significantly retained indicating sorption-mediated transport. These findings support the importance of hydraulics, in combination with the soil medium, when creating bioretention systems for bioremediation that are effective for various rainfall sizes and intervals.

19F NMR was used to determine washout curves of an inert, diffusible gas (CHF3) from the cat brain. The cerebral blood flow was estimated from a bi- or tri-phasic fit to the deconvoluted wash-out curve, using the Kety-Schmidt approach. Cerebral blood flow values determined by 19F NMR show the expected responsiveness to alterations in Paco2, but are approximately 28% lower than cerebral blood flow values determined simultaneously by radioactive microsphere techniques. High concentrations of CHF3 have little effect on intracranial pressure, mean arterial blood pressure or Paco2, but cause small changes in the blood flow to certain regions of the brain. We conclude that 19F NMR techniques utilizing low concentrations of CHF3 have potential for the noninvasive measurement of cerebral blood flow.

A novel torsion screw has been proposed to resolve the inadequate control of mass transfer and the thermal management of two component polymer blends and their carbon fiber composites. The novel torsional screw distinctly introduced radial flow in the torsion screw channel, which is a significant improvement over the flow pattern developed by the conventional screw. The heat transfer and mixing behavior of melt mixtures are enhanced by adapting screws with torsion elements compared with the traditional screw elements. Heat transfer efficacy in the polypropylene–polystyrene bi-phasic extrusion process improved with the increase in torsion element numbers. An increased number of newly designed torsional elements also improved the dispersion of minor phase in bi-phase polypropylene–polystyrene composition and their carbon fiber composites. The unique flow pattern induced by the torsion elements shows a synergistic effect on the melt-phase mass flow and the thermal flow field facilitating phase-to-phase thermal and molecular mobility and enhanced fiber orientation, crystallinity and mechanical properties of composite made from recycled carbon fiber/polypropylene. Microtomographs of recycled carbon fiber demonstrated the extraordinary ability of a torsion screw element to orient carbon fiber in both axial and radial directions.

Blood flow profoundly varies throughout the vascular tree due to its pulsatile nature and to the complex vessel geometry. While thrombus formation has been extensively studied in vitro under steady flow, and in vivo under normal blood flow conditions, the impact of complex hemodynamics such as flow acceleration found in stenosed arteries has gained increased appreciation. We investigated the effect of flow acceleration, characterized by shear rate gradients, on the function of platelets adhering to fibrinogen, a plasma protein which plays a key role in hemostais and thrombosis. While we confirmed that under steady flow, fibrinogen only supports single platelet adhesion, we observed that under shear rate gradients, this surface becomes highly thrombogenic, supporting efficient platelet aggregation leading to occlusive thrombus formation. This shear rate gradient-driven thrombosis is biphasic with an initial step of slow platelet recruitment supported by direct plasma VWF adsorption to immobilized fibrinogen and followed by a second phase of explosive thrombosis initiated by VWF fiber formation on platelet monolayers. In vivo experiments confirmed that shear rate gradients accelerate thrombosis in a VWF-dependent manner. Together, this study characterizes a process of plasma VWF-dependent accelerated thrombosis on immobilized fibrinogen in the presence of shear rate gradients.

The continuous-stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) is favorable for bi-phasic enzymatic reaction due to ease of operation, cost-effective and low downtime. Lack of study on the enzymatic reaction in the CSTR has disfavor this type of reactor compared to batch and packed bed. Presently, a simulation was carried out to simulate the behavior of the lipase-catalyzed production of biodiesel by using CSTR at isothermal conditions. The mathematical model incorporated the effect of the kinetic, thermal, and operating parameters. The parameters such as Michaelis constant (Km), inhibition constant (Ki), Gibbs inactivation energy (DelG) and mol flow rate are among determining factors of the course of the reaction. It is suggested that the enzyme with lower , higher , and higher should be chosen for the reaction. In continuous operation in the CSTR, the volumetric flow rate of the substrates and the initial concentration of the feed could be used to control reaction performance as these parameters will determine the total mol or ratio of the substrates in the reactor. Most, importantly, the longer residence time is preferred to achieve higher conversion, however, the volumetric flow rate must not be too low to prevent underperformance of reaction.

L'objectif de neutralité carbone reposant massivement sur les sources d'énergie renouvelables peut être accéléré en envisageant la séquestration souterraine du CO2 et le stockage souterrain (i) de l'hydrogène produit par l'électrolyse de l'eau à partir d'électricité renouvelable et (ii) du méthane synthétisé produit par la méthanisation. Cependant, l'injection de ces fluides dans des aquifères salins profonds peut déclencher des instabilités locales sous la forme de digitations, qui sont les précurseurs d'instabilités macroscopiques telles que la microsismicité, l'affaissement ou le gonflement du sol. L'interaction entre le fluide injecté, le fluide résidentiel et le milieu poreux hôte est un problème complexe. Pour étudier la réponse d'un squelette solide percolé par un écoulement diphasique instable, une machine originale bi-axiale adaptée aux géo-matériaux partiellement saturés et fournissant un contrôle hydro- mécanique, a été mise en place. Des expériences de drainage ont été menées sur des échantillons de sable saturés en eau et chargés mécaniquement, par injection d'air via une pression capillaire imposée. Un protocol d’essai détaillant les étapes nécessaires à la réussite du test de drainage, allant de la préparation de l'échantillon à l'injection d'air, a été établi. Grâce à un système optique haute résolution, l'infiltration de l’air à travers un ou plusieurs chemins préférentiels dans le milieu granulaire, a été acquise. Le suivi du ou des doigts a nécessité le développement d'un algorithme robuste permettant la détection automatique de l'interface pour l'ensemble des images disponibles. De plus, le réarrangement de la squelette granulaire induit par la percolation du fluide a été quantifié via la corrélation d'images numériques par éléments finis. Le couplage entre la propagation de l'interface et les déformations localisées a été mesuré quantitativement en fonction du chargement mécanique, contrôlé par la contrainte effective. Les résultats ont montré une corrélation entre le chargement mécanique et la percolation hétérogène sous la forme de digitation et de déformations localisées
The goal of carbon neutrality relying massively on the renewable energy sources can be accelerated by considering underground CO2 sequestration and underground storage of (i) hydrogen produced by the water electrolysis from renewable electricity, and (ii) synthesized methane produced by the methanation. However, the injection of these fluids into deep saline aquifers, can trigger local instabilities in the form of fluid fingering, which are precursors of macroscopic instabilities such as micro-seismicity, subsidence or ground swelling. The interaction between the injected fluid, the residential one and the host porous medium is a complex problem. To investigate the response of a solid skeleton percolated by an unsteady bi-phasic flow, an original bi-axial machine adapted to partially saturated geo-materials and providing a hydro-mechanical control, has been set-up. Drainage experiments have been conducted on mechanically loaded water-saturated sand samples by injecting air via an imposed capillary pressure. A testing protocol detailing the steps required to achieve successful drainage test, starting from sample preparation to air injection, has been established. Thanks to a high resolution optical system, the air infiltration through preferential pathway(s) within the granular medium, has been acquired. The monitoring of the propagating finger(s) has required the development of robust algorithm allowing the automatic interface detection for the set of available images. In addition, the skeleton remodeling driven by the fluid percolation has been quantified via finite- element based digital image correlation. The coupling between interface propagation and localized strains has been quantitatively measured as function of the mechanical loading, controlled by the effective stress. The results have shown a correlation between mechanical loading and the heterogeneous percolation in the form of fingering and localized strains