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Williams, Sharon R. "Menstrual Cycle Characteristics and Predictability of Ovulation of Bhutia Women in Sikkim, India." Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 25, no. 1 (2006): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2114/jpa2.25.85.
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Singh, Kirti, and Hafizur Rahman. "Frequency and management of gestational diabetes mellitus according to the new diabetes in pregnancy study group of India guidelines among Sikkimese women attending tertiary teaching hospital of East Sikkim." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20200896.
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Background: The screening of GDM is important as various pregnancy related complications are associated to it. With early screening and diagnosis, the complications associated with GDM can be reduced. Studies have shown various ethnic groups are at increasing risk of developing GDM with prevalence differing in different ethnicity. No data is available about frequency of GDM in different ethnic women of Sikkim. This study was performed to determine the frequency of GDM and its variation according to different demographic profiles of Sikkimese women.Methods: Pregnant women between 16-34 weeks of gestation, attending antenatal OPD were included for this study. All the patients were subjected to DIPSI recommended 75 gm oral glucose tolerance test. Diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance was made when plasma glucose of ≥120-140 mg/dl and diagnosis of GDM was made when the plasma glucose of >140 mg/dl as per DIPSI guidelines.Results: A total of 202 consenting pregnant women during 16-34 weeks of pregnancy were evaluated with DIPSI recommended 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. Overall frequency of GDM was 11.9% among the Sikkimese women while 10.9% had impaired results in OGTT.Conclusions: Frequency of GDM was high (12%) in pregnant women attending tertiary hospital of Sikkim. This implies Sikkimese women should be universally screened for GDM. There was also high occurrence of GDM among Lepcha and Bhutia women which need further study to find out the contributing factors in these women.
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Ni Kadek Ayu Kristini Putri, Ni Made Sukrawati, Desak Nyoman Seniwati, I Gusti Ayu Ngurah, and Ni Ketut Sukiani. "The Image of Hindu Women in Conducting Their Swadharma." Vidyottama Sanatana: International Journal of Hindu Science and Religious Studies 6, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25078/vidyottama.v6i2.1261.
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Women are creatures that are identical with the symbols of the world, as a balancer for the entire universe, women is discussed from era to era, from the Krtayuga era to the present, much debated era, the Kaliyuga era. Women are still discussed especially with regard to their inner and outer forms. To produce valid and reliable data, this research uses qualitative research methods. To produce logical data, this article performs several stages of data sorting as follows: 1). Data reduction, 2). Data display, 3). Data verification and, 4). Data interpretation from the articles. Related references really support the validity of a scientific work, therefore library techniques are also used through literature exploration on Google Scholar.
The unique story of a creature named a woman is still a mystery by the analogy of men. The behavior of women from the incarnation of God who is born from a mother conceives that the woman is indeed a balancer both from bhuana agung and bhuana alit, the role and nature of a woman is very much different from that of men, starting from giving birth to regeneration - men do not can do this - but with the absence of men, women will also not be able to give birth to a baby. Hindu women who play a lot of roles in all their practices and customs, exhaust their minds and energy to live this attachment. Not to mention the modern era that is entangled in the economy and fashion in the social media era. Can Hindu women manage their lives for things like that? To be a career woman or traditional woman are not an easy thing to do, the consequences in living it are always there and the risk in every decision will give birth to pros and cons, and Hindu women, who are discussed in this article, are hoped to persist in every era while maintaining a positive image for Hindu women in carrying out their swadharma (obligation).
Keywords: Image of Hindu Women, In Conducting Their Swadharma
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Irnawati, Irnawati. "Demokrasi di Pakistan Menurut Benazir Bhutto." al-Daulah: Jurnal Hukum dan Perundangan Islam 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 152–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/ad.2015.5.1.152-170.
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Abstract: This article discusses about democracy in Pakistan by Benazir Bhutto. The realization of democracy in Pakistan, according to Benazir Bhutto, is to reach all the democratic elements of the Pakistani nations, the business communities, to release all of the political prisoners, to make the print and electronic media free, to open and uncensored, to remove the ban on sororities and labor, to separate the judicial functions of the executive, and to provide the basis for a fair electoral process. The other leaderships of women in Pakistan’s democracy by Benazir Bhutto, are appointing some women to sit in the cabinet and set up the Ministry of Women Development, creating the program of study in the universities for women, founding the Women Development Bank to provide credit only for the women entrepreneurs, creating institutions to train women in family planning, nutrition counseling, child care, and birth control. Democracy in Pakistan is a liberal democracy which is characterized by a moderate Islam, by recruiting people who are competent to sit in the government, eliminating and restricting military power, reactivating the role of civil society in accordance with the government’s program.Keywords: Democracy, Pakistan, Benazir Bhutto.
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Ghani, Fauzia, and Muhammad Ali. "An Analysis Of Women Leadership: Telescoping Benazir Bhutto And Indira Gandhi In South Asia." Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (March 8, 2015): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v2i1.282.
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Societies are made or marred by leaders. The rise and fall of dynasties are also due to the role played by the leaders. It is an acknowledged fact that leaders are the central actors of most of the activities of the world. Their dynamic role can determine the fate of the society in the context of politicoeconomic changes in positive manners. It is generally fixed impression that qualified leaders are rare and when it comes to woman leadership the fact becomes more accurate as women leadership is not experienced by many states. No matter, women have been playing a decisive role in all walks of life; however, it is evident that their participation in political matters and affairs as a leader is limited. When it comes to the case of South Asian politics, the women leadership is marginalized either due to their own training or because of prevailing political norms where male bias is unavoidable. This paper argues that in South Asian States particularly India and Pakistan, women leadership is not a regular feature of their politics rather they succeeded their father’s i.e. Benazir Bhutto and Indira Gandhi. Furthermore, this paper aimed at to give an insight to leadership qualities of both South Asian women leaders in connection with their polities .To narrow down their role, some variables have been chosen (Economic development, reorientation of political parties and women empowerment and participation).
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SHARMA, PAWAN KUMAR. "Socio-economic Development of Women in Rural Bhutan." Productivity 61, no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32381/prod.2020.61.02.6.
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SHARMA, PAWAN KUMAR. "Socio-economic Development of Women in Rural Bhutan." Productivity 61, no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32381/prod.2020.61.02.6.
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Rabgay, Tenzin, Kinley Yangdon, Yogesh Brahmankar, and Madhura Bedarkar. "Explaining Women Entrepreneurship in Bhutan: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 1, no. 1 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijesb.2022.10038747.
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Weiss, Anita M. "Benazir Bhutto and the Future of Women in Pakistan." Asian Survey 30, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2644837.
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Weiss, Anita M. "Benazir Bhutto and the Future of Women in Pakistan." Asian Survey 30, no. 5 (May 1990): 433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.1990.30.5.01p0380h.
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Wangmo, Kencho. "Prevalence and socio-cultural determinants of domestic violence among married women in Thimphu, Bhutan." Bhutan Health Journal 1, no. 1 (November 16, 2015): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47811/bhj.07.
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Introduction: Domestic violence is a public health problem all over the world, yet its prevalence is under-reported in a pervasive “culture of silence”. Bhutan is not likely to be an exception; however, data on the prevalence, forms and determinants of domestic violence are scant. The purpose of this study is to measure the prevalence and characterize factors associated with domestic violence among women in Thimphu, Bhutan’s capital.
Methods: A population-based, household cross-sectional survey was conducted in January-May, 2012. A multistage sampling method was used to obtain a representative sample of 300 married women. The chi-square test was used to identify factors associated with increased likelihood of experiencing the four forms of domestic violence.
Results: The overall prevalence of any domestic violence was 44%. By type of violence, the most common was emotional (36%), followed by control (30%), physical (20%) and sexual (14%). Sexual violence was reported more often by young adolescent women. Women from urban areas reported more emotional violence compared to women from rural areas. Women agreed with many situations in which force might be used by their husbands and with many of the traditional roles of women in society. Nonetheless, many women objected to the use of force in many situations and rejected certain constraining roles of women.
Conclusions: This study supports the importance of advocacy for education and programs to prevent and mitigate harm from domestic abuse experienced by women in Bhutan.
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Kohori Segawa, Hiromi, Hironori Uematsu, Nidup Dorji, Ugyen Wangdi, Chencho Dorjee, Pemba Yangchen, Susumu Kunisawa, Ryota Sakamoto, and Yuichi Imanaka. "Social and behavioral factors related to blood pressure measurement: A cross-sectional study in Bhutan." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 17, 2022): e0271914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271914.
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Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in the Kingdom of Bhutan, and early detection of hypertension is critical for preventing cardiovascular disease. However, health-seeking behavior, including blood pressure measurement, is infrequently investigated in Bhutan. Therefore, this study investigated factors related to blood pressure measurement in Bhutan. We performed a secondary data analysis of a target population of 1,962 individuals using data from the “2014 Bhutan STEPS survey data”as a cross-sectional study. Approximately 26% of those with hypertension who were detected during the STEPS survey had never had their blood pressure measured. Previous blood pressure measurement was significantly associated with age and working status in men (self-employed [odds ratio (OR): 0.219, 95% CI: 0.133–0.361], non-working [OR: 0.114, 95% CI: 0.050–0.263], employee [OR: 1.000]). Previous blood pressure measurement was significantly associated with higher income in women (Quartile-2 [OR: 1.984, 95% CI: 1.209–3.255], Quartile-1 [OR: 2.161, 95% CI: 1.415–3.299], Quartile-4 [OR: 1.000]). A family history of hypertension (OR: 2.019, 95% CI: 1.549–2.243) increased the likelihood of having experienced a blood pressure measurement in both men and women. Multivariate logistic regression showed that people with unhealthy lifestyles (high salt intake [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 0.247, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.068–0.893], tobacco use [AOR: 0.538, 95% CI: 0.380–0.761]) had a decreased likelihood of previous blood pressure measurement. To promote the early detection of hypertension in Bhutan, we suggest that more attention be paid to low-income women, non-working, self-employed, and low-income men, and a reduction of barriers to blood pressure measurement. Before the STEPS survey, a substantial number of hypertensive people had never had their blood pressure measured or were unconcerned about their health. As a result, we propose that early blood pressure monitoring and treatment for people with hypertension or at higher risk of hypertension be given increased emphasis.
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Choden, Jigme, Rinzin Pem, and Abhijeet Pathak. "Prevalence, determinants and outcomes of unplanned pregnancy and perspectives on termination of pregnancy among women in Nganglam, Bhutan." Bhutan Health Journal 1, no. 1 (November 16, 2015): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47811/bhj.06.
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Introduction: The objectives of this cross sectional study were to determine prevalence, determinants, and outcomes of unplanned pregnancy among women in Nganglam, a town in southeastern Bhutan. It also gauged opinions of women and healthcare providers towards abortion. Methods: A total of 683 women attending health clinics were consecutively interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The core group for analysis was 490 women who indicated their recent pregnancy as planned or unplanned. Percentages, x2 tests, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine prevalence and differences in unintended pregnancy by demographic characteristics. Results: The prevalence of unplanned pregnancy was 20.2%. Higher education, employed status of partner, higher parity, and non-use of contraceptives significantly increased the odds of unplanned pregnancy. Over half (58.4%) of the women said they knew someone to have crossed Indian borders to avail abortion services. Overall, 23% women supported legal abortion but majority (64%) were ambivalent. Given specific circumstances, both participants and health care providers supported some scenarios (life of mother, severe anomaly in fetus, rape and incest, maternal mental health) and opposed some circumstances as reasons for abortion (desired number of children met, contraception failure, not wanting to marry,poverty). Conclusions: One in five women in our setting in Bhutan experienced unplanned pregnancy. Programs to romote family planning are required among populations most at risk for unplanned pregnancy. Awareness programs are required to encourage use of effective contraceptive methods among Bhutanese women.
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Deki and Sonam Rigdel Karma. "Women teachers' attitudes and aspirations towards participation in school leadership positions." i-manager's Journal on Humanities & Social Sciences 3, no. 3 (2023): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jhss.3.3.20180.
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Globally, there is an augmentation of women's participation in leadership positions in various organizations, yet representation of women in the main decision-making body is still a problem and Bhutan is not an exception. In the context of the under representation of women in school leadership positions, the study was carried out to explore the attitudes and aspirations of women teachers towards school leadership positions in western Bhutan. The study employed a convergent mixed-method design to comprehend the problem of the research. The data was collected using survey questionnaires and Focus Group Discussions [FGD]. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the attitudes and aspirations of women teachers towards school leadership positions. The findings of the study revealed that women teachers have a positive attitude towards school leadership positions (Mean = 5.48, SD = 0.28). The qualitative findings also supported this positive predisposition. Most of FGD participants expressed confidence in their ability to be effective leaders. However, a significant proportion (42.3%) indicated a lack of aspiration for leadership roles. Additionally, the study identified barriers such as family responsibilities, societal stereotypes, and educational qualifications that hinder women's aspirations for leadership roles. Based on the findings of the study, recommendations for practical implementation and potential avenues for future research are put forward.
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Khandu, Lekey, Kinley Kinley, Yonten Choki Norbu, Tashi Tobgay, Tashi Tsheten, Tenzin Gyeltshen, Sonam Choden, and Willi McFarland. "Population size estimation of transgender women and men in Bhutan." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 7, 2022): e0271853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271853.
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Introduction Transgender persons experience health disparities and are marginalized in many societies worldwide. Even their numbers are unknown in many countries. We conducted the first effort to estimate the population size of transgender women (TGW) and transgender men (TGM) in Bhutan from November 2019 to January 2020. Methods Community-based surveys of TGW and TGM integrated several methods to estimate the size of hidden populations, including key informant mapping, wisdom-of-the-crowd, the service multiplier, and the unique object multiplier. Results of the several methods were synthesized using a Bayesian approach. Results Surveys included 34 TGW and 124 TGM. TGW was persons assigned to the male sex at birth and currently self-identified as “trans women” (91%), “women” (6%), or another gender (3%). TGM were persons assigned female sex at birth and self-identified as “trans men” (100%). Bayesian synthesis of the multiple methods estimated 84 TGW (credible interval 61–110) and 166 TGM (credible interval 124–211) in Bhutan. Conclusions Our study documented that TGW and TGM are part of Bhutanese society, with TGW constituting 0.03% of adult women and TGM 0.06% of adult men. Estimates can help advocate for resources and programs to address the health and well-being of these communities.
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Forbes, Geraldine, and Rafiq Zakaria. "Women and Politics in Islam: The Trial of Benazir Bhutto." Pacific Affairs 64, no. 2 (1991): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2759991.
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Chuki, Sonam, and Mark Turner. "Women and politics in democratic transitions: the case of Bhutan." Contemporary South Asia 25, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 136–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2017.1321615.
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Segawa, Hiromi Kohori, Hironori Uematsu, Nidup Dorji, Ugyen Wangdi, Chencho Dorjee, Pemba Yangchen, Susumu Kunisawa, Ryota Sakamoto, and Yuichi Imanaka. "Gender with marital status, cultural differences, and vulnerability to hypertension: Findings from the national survey for noncommunicable disease risk factors and mental health using WHO STEPS in Bhutan." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): e0256811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256811.
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Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the Kingdom of Bhutan. Thus, the early detection and prevention of hypertension is critical for reducing cardiovascular disease. However, the influence of sociocultural factors on vulnerability to hypertension needs further investigation. This study performed secondary data analysis on 1,909 individuals in a cross-sectional study (the National survey for noncommunicable disease risk factors and mental health using World Health Organization (WHO) STEPS approach in Bhutan– 2014). Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated a significant association between gender with marital status and hypertension. Women had a higher odds ratio than men (Ref) when married (AOR: 1.27, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.23–1.31), and when separated, divorced, or widowed (AOR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.12–1.26). People who speak the Tshanglakha language scored the highest odds (AOR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.20–1.27), followed by Lhotshamkha (AOR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.06–1.12) and Dzongkha (Ref) after adjusting for various social and biomedical factors. Additionally, tobacco use displayed decreased odds for hypertension. To promote the early detection and prevention of hypertension, these cultural factors should be considered even within small geographic areas, such as Bhutan. It is necessary to strengthen hypertension preventive strategies for people who speak Tshanglakha and Lhotshamkha. Furthermore, careful consideration should be given to preventing hypertension among adults aged 40 years or more, women who are married, separated, divorced, or widowed, and men who never married in Bhutan.
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Ngedup, Sonam, Mary Alice Lee, Dorji Phurpa, and Neyzang Wangmo. "Maternal Oral Health: An Examination Survey Conducted in Three Referral Hospitals in Bhutan." Bhutan Health Journal 4, no. 1 (May 13, 2018): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47811/bhj.53.
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Background: Good oral health is important for women during pregnancy and throughout their lives. Mothers with good oral health are less likely to transmit cariogenic bacteria to their infants and toddlers. Thus, maternal oral health is directly related to family health.
Objective: To determine the prevalence of dental caries, periodontal diseases and modifiable risk factors among pregnant women seeking antenatal care in three referral hospitals in Bhutan.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey of pregnant women was conducted in April-May 2017. We used a non-probability sampling method to recruit pregnant women (n=443). Oral examinations were done according to methods recommended by the WHO. Participants completed a questionnaire for modifiable risk factors.
Results: Overall, caries prevalence was 40% among pregnant women, ranging from 54% in those under 25 to 81% in women 35 and older. The mean decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth (DMFT) was 1.93 (SD=2.66). Nearly 72% of women had calculus on their teeth. Just over 2% had periodontitis. Most women rated their oral health as good to excellent (89%) versus poor (11%). Just 11% reported having had dental care during pregnancy.
Conclusions: There is an urgent need for professional dental care during pregnancy, especially among older and multiparous women. Increasing awareness on the importance of oral health during pregnancy will improve maternal health and the health of their young children.
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Nishizawa, Yoriko, Sonam Sonam, Carolyn Mize, and Tamara Vesel. "Maternal Hypovitaminosis D as a Cause of neonatal seizure." Bhutan Health Journal 3, no. 2 (November 15, 2017): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.47811/bhj.47.
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Maternal hypovitaminosis D has many implications for both mother and newborn. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Bhutan is not yet known. The case presented below represents a severe symptomatic presentation of vitamin D deficiency in a neonate due to maternal vitamin D deficiency. It highlights the need for raised suspicion of vitamin D deficiency as a cause of late-onset neonatal seizures, epidemiologic studies, and potential vitamin supplementation for pregnant women, as well as the need for vitamin D-only liquid supplements in pharmacies in Bhutan.
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Sonam, Dhrupthob, Geeta Pradhan, and Ugyen Tshomo. "Incidental diagnosis of Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich Syndrome in a nulliparous woman: a case report in Bhutan." Bhutan Health Journal 7, no. 2 (November 18, 2021): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47811/bhj.126.
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Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome (HWWS) is a rare congenital syndrome with features of uterus didelphys, ipsilateral absent kidney and obstructed hemivagina. Ultrasound findings of absent kidney or abnormalities in the kidney should alert the clinicians about the syndrome. Complications like endometriosis, infertility and pelvic inflammation occurs with late diagnosis.A 42-yearold nulliparious married woman who presented with right sided abdominal pain to the National Referral Hospital was diagnosed to have HWWS. The diagnosis was supported by ultrasound, CT and MRI findings. Patient was treated for endometriosis and had symptomatic improvement. The diagnosis of the syndrome is challenging as it is rare but clinicians should suspect the syndrome in women who present with infertility. Ultrasound scan is the basic investigation to screen the syndrome which is available in most hospitals.
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Ushna Tariq and Rajia Tariq. "Fatima Jinnah & Benazir Bhutto: Initial Saga of Painful Birth of Pakistan’s Feminine Politics." PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v2i1.33.
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Women’s political participation is a fundamental prerequisite for the assurance of Gender Equality and Genuine goodwill of Democracy. No nation can rise to the height of glory without the participation of their women into legal, political, socio-economic and decision making process of household to public life. Gender-sensitive Governance has been achieved all over the Globe to some extent but struggle is still on its way and it needs much encroachment. Previously, women who partook in electoral campaigns or political uplifting of other women were docketed as deteriorated women by misogynist portions. This article is based on the struggle of two most Empowered Ladies of Pakistan, Miss Fatima Jinnah and Benazir Bhutto for the refurbishment of democracy, women emancipation and equitable and inclusive governance of women. Though, they both faced a lot of backlash, but still they marked a difference among those people for the sake of their women.
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Phurb, Phurb, Sonam Jamtsho, Nidup Gyeltshen, Kunzang Chhezom, and Karma Choden. "Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and its association with pregnancy outcomes in three referral hospitals in Bhutan." Bhutan Health Journal 3, no. 2 (November 15, 2017): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.47811/bhj.46.
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Introduction: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) has been defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. There is no national data on the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus, and there is no routine screening system for diabetes in pregnancy in Bhutan. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of GDM and its association with pregnancy outcomes in three referral hospitals in Bhutan.
Methods: This was a prospective study done between March and December 2016 in three referral hospitals in Bhutan, with 726 participants recruited between 24 to 28 weeks of pregnancy. Two blood samples were taken, one in a fasting state to test fasting blood sugar and another to test blood sugar level 2 hours after drinking 75g glucose in 300ml water. They were analyzed in the Clinical Biochemistry laboratories in the respective hospitals. Cut-off levels of 5.6mmol/ L (101mg/ dL) for fasting blood sugar and 8.5-mmol/L (153-mg/dL) for 2 hours blood sugar report were used. Women diagnosed with GDM were closely followed up throughout the pregnancy up till delivery. At delivery, information on mother and the baby were collected.
Results: The prevalence of GDM in the three referral hospitals in Bhutan was 15%. The prevalence of GDM cases in the three hospitals was similar and statistically was not significant. Conclusions: Universal screening of pregnant women is recommended to detect hyperglycemia and to achieve euglycemia in order to prevent complications in both mothers and babies.
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Gyamtsho, Sonam. "Clinico-Demographic profile of incomplete miscarriage at National Referral Hospital, Bhutan." Bhutan Health Journal 9, no. 2 (November 29, 2023): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47811/bhj.157.
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Introduction: Miscarriage is a leading health concern that causes maternal morbidity and mortality. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the incidence of miscarriage is 39 per 1000 women aged between 15-49 years. There is no reliable information regarding miscarriage in Bhutan. This investigation attempts to study the clinical and demographic profile of incomplete miscarriages and their outcome at the Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital (JDWNRH), Bhutan. Methods: An observational study was carried out from February 2020 to February 2021 including 132 women with incomplete miscarriage at JDWNRH. Purposive sampling was done and patient with incomplete miscarriage presenting to the JDWNRH was interviewed using structured questionnaire after diagnosis or before they were discharged from hospital. Results: The study found that the proportion of incomplete miscarriage was 25.4 per 1000 pregnant women at JDWNRH. The common age group was 21-30 years with a mean age of 29.9 years. Of them, 65.91% were married, 55.3% had a stable job and 90% were gravida 2 and above. Nearly 80% reported that it was an unplanned pregnancy and 73.5% due to lack of awareness of contraceptive use. Nearly 92% required hospital admission and 88.64% received surgical management. Conclusions: Women with incomplete miscarriages had mostly unintended pregnancies. The majority had surgical management with no mortality.
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Wangdi, Kencho, Mongal S. Gurung, Dorji Pelzom, Tashi Dema, and Sonam Wangdi. "Preference of place of delivery and its determinants: a cross-sectional study in Chukha district, Bhutan." Bhutan Health Journal 1, no. 1 (November 16, 2015): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47811/bhj.05.
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Introduction: The estimated global maternal deaths in 2013 was 289000. In Bhutan, Maternal Mortality Ratio has remarkably declined from 770 deaths per 100,000 live births in 1984 to 86 in 2012. However, the maternal mortality ratio still remains high and a high proportion of delivery still take place at homes (26%) despite of adopting 100%institutional delivery policy ever since 2005. This study was carried out to determine the important factors that prevent women from coming to the health facilities for safe delivery.
Methods: A cross-sectional study among the women who delivered in Chukha District in 2013 was carried out after seeking ethical approval from Research Ethics Board of Health and World Health Organization. Chukha is a district with the second highest number of population in Bhutan where 55.7% of the people live in rural villages.
Results: Out of 899 eligible listed women, 78.1% participated in the study and among the participants 11.5% had delivered at home. The number of home deliveries was higher in rural areas, 17.3%, as compared to urban places, 6.4%. Women who were delivering for third or more times are 2.42 times more likely to give birth at home compared to women who were delivering for the first time. Women residing at places more than three hours away from the health facility were 2.58 times more likely to give birth at home compared to women residing less than three hours away. During their last pregnancy, 99.4% of the participants have sought at least one ANC.
Conclusions: This study suggests that the two most important factors associated with home delivery are the distance to health facility from their residences and the parity.
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Halani, Sheliza, Lhab Tshering, Esther Bui, Sarah J. Clark, Sara J. Grundy, Tandin Pem, Sonam Lhamo, et al. "Contraception, pregnancy, and peripartum experiences among women with epilepsy in Bhutan." Epilepsy Research 138 (December 2017): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.10.012.
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Dendup, Tashi, Yun Zhao, I. Gusti Ngurah Edi Putra, Tandin Dorji, and Chador Tenzin. "Correlates of Sedentary Behavior among Bhutanese Adults: Findings from the 2014 Bhutan STEPS Survey Data." Korean Journal of Family Medicine 42, no. 4 (July 20, 2021): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.20.0059.
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Background: Sedentary behavior is associated with several adverse health outcomes. Data on factors that influence sedentary behavior are lacking in Bhutan. This study examined factors associated with increased sedentary behavior in Bhutan, with a focus on exploring sex differences.Methods: Data of 2,796 adults from the nationally representative 2014 Bhutan STEP-wise surveillance (STEPS) survey were analyzed. Factors associated with sedentary behavior were identified using backward elimination multiple logistic regression analysis, disaggregated by sex. The analysis accounted for the complex survey design used in the primary survey.Results: The overall prevalence of sedentary behavior was 8.2%, with a higher proportion among women than men (10.3% vs. 4.9%). In the full sample, female sex, being single, high education and income, urban residence, inadequate physical activity, and high blood sugar were associated with increased odds of sedentary behavior. Among females, those who had high education and income, were single, physically less active, and urban residents were more likely to be sedentary. Self-employment was related to reduced odds of sedentary behavior among women and in the overall sample population. In males, being single, higher education level, and urban residence were associated with sedentariness.Conclusion: The findings suggest that interventions targeting females, especially those who are physically less active and from higher socioeconomic groups, urban residents, and those with hyperglycemia can potentially help reduce sedentary behavior and avert the associated detrimental impacts.
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PARIDA, PRASHANT K., S. MALARVANNAN, AJIT KUMAR SAHU, RAJDEEP BEHERA, JAGANATH NAIK, and OLIVER KING EDI. "Nutrition Sensitive Annadata Kitchen Garden Model: Growth for Health and Wellbeing of Tribal Poor – A Couple of Case Studies." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 6, no. 3 (October 27, 2018): 882–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.6.3.31.
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The experience and lessons learnt from the underutilized backyards of landless women make it imperative to create alternate livelihood options. Among them horticultural practices with strict adherence to sustainable technologies will be an everlasting solution. It ensures balanced household consumption of vegetables and fruits in their daily food habits and prevents nutritional maladies. 2552 farm families of Bhumia, Paroja, Kandha and Penthia tribal women of the Kundra Block, Koraput district, Odisha are involved in an organic Annadata Kitchen Garden model in their backyards. It ranges from 5-20 cents covering three seasons in a year. Multiple nutri-crops are grown with an initial investment of Rs 1200 to 2000/-. Till date, 329 such units have been established. It was observed through research that use of organic manure, botanical preparations and Integrated Pest Management tactics could enhance the crop productivity. The landless women not only serve the entire family with nutritious food but also get a reasonable income from the surplus produce. This paper analyzes dietary habits, diversity and household consumption.
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Mendala, I. Made Dirghayusa. "PEREMPUAN DALAM PERSEPEKTIF TEOLOGI HINDU." Pangkaja: Jurnal Agama Hindu 25, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25078/pjah.v25i1.982.
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Women have the virtue of thinking so that they are able to face all kinds of problems in their lives. With the problems in their lives, women often experience discrimination that befalls them both in their families and in society. Women have special rights that deserve respect, protection and respect not to be insulted or harassed. Along with the times, there have been various forms of changes in globalization experienced especially by women since before this modern era. The development of the world of technology and information makes women still considered weak creatures, so that women's emancipation emerges to maintain their position in the household. If in the past women only had household tasks in the household, now women can think creatively for a career in the household without eliminating the household tasks they have. Due to the influence of globalization experienced by women, women become more motivated so as not to be out of date. In this modern era, women should want to be respected so that there is no oppression in the family or in society. And women are often considered weaker creatures than men. Women have a role as a wife as religious executor (yadnya) which includes the implementation of the Panca Yadnya consisting of Dewa Yadnya, Pitra Yadnya, Rsi Yadnya, Manusa Yadnya and Bhuta Yadnya. Balinese women play an active role in development that is equal to men. Therefore, balinese women must continue to follow and improve their abilities through formal or informal education. In this activity, Balinese women not only raise the welfare of their families.
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Skrzypińska, Katarzyna. "Codzienne i duchowe ścieżki kobiet środkowego Wschodu – Nepalki, Tybetanki i Bhutanki." Człowiek i Społeczeństwo 33 (June 15, 2012): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cis.2012.33.10.
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Diversity, which is characteristic feature of Middle Asia, attracts attention of tourists, adventures’seekers, scientists and others. It is so fascinating to compare the three countries – such dissimilar as Nepal, Tibet and Bhutan. The article presents everyday and spiritual life of the people and especially women from these countries, on the religious – Hindu and Buddhist – background.
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Chakrabarti, Somnath, Vijay Chadha, and Rajiv Agarwal. "Bhuira Jams: changing lanes to break logjam." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 9, no. 2 (August 23, 2019): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-04-2018-0055.
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Learning outcomes This case provides insights about the importance of market research, market segmentation, distribution, product positioning, branding and advertising for a small but growing enterprise. This case provides insights into nuances about organizing and running a family-owned small business –Bhuira Jams has to objectively decide on its way-forward which can be a pure social enterprise or a pure commercial enterprise. This case provides understanding regarding the differences between the two models in terms of funding, accounting, legal, marketing and operational aspects. Case overview/synopsis In January 2017, Linnet Mushran had just won an award from the PHD Chamber of Commerce for her work in generating local employment for rural women in the village Bhuira, Himachal Pradesh, India. This award did make her feel happy. However, more than happiness, it got her thinking as to how would Bhuira Jams – the child born out of her passion for mountains and out of the desire to do something good survive in the coming years? Bhuira Jams was never designed like a formal business. Being a family run socially relevant business, Bhuira Jams faces the challenge of operational efficiency, along with an uphill task in marketing and distribution. Almost 35 per cent of its sales comes from Fabindia, which re-sells the Bhuira products under the Fabindia label. Thus, currently there is very little focus and expenditure in Bhuira on marketing and distribution. Another challenge faced by Bhuira Jams is driven by the health and lifestyle changes occurring in the Indian society. Consumer preferences are shifting towards low fat diets, and there is growing Americanization of the Indian society. This can be a double whammy for Bhuira’s main product line of preserves, which are high on calorie and are traditionally British. Complexity academic level Bhuira Jams conceptually is close to a family owned business due to the involvement of husband, daughter-in-law and son-in-law of Linnet. Thus, this case provides insights into nuances about organizing and running a family owned small business. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy
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Yuden, Phuentsho. "Gender wage differential in the labour market of Bhutan (2009-2022)." International Journal of Publication and Social Studies 8, no. 1 (August 30, 2023): 14–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5050.v8i1.4871.
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This study investigated striking gender wage differentials trend in Bhutan between 2009 and 2022. In order to decompose the gender wage differentials, we used household level micro-data of Labor Force Survey (LFS), which was conducted by then Ministry of Labor and Human Resources (MoLHR) and National Statistics Bureau (NSB). The methodology estimates the sources of gender wage differentials by segregating gender-specific factors and general wage structure factors. The explanatory variables like women’s labor market skills (education, work experience) and women’s choice into certain occupational and industrial groups; and treatment towards women employees by employers (i.e., discrimination) are categorized into gender-specific factors. Whereas, the sum of observed prices of labor market skills (education and work experience) and price of women’s segregation into certain occupational and industrial groups and unobserved prices were termed wage structure factors. The result shows that gap in education and women’s choice into low paying jobs increased gender wage differentials. However, increase in women’s work experience narrowed the gender wage differential. Therefore, the widening gender wage differentials resulted from gender-specific factors by huge margin. The findings from this study will help decision and policy makers in developing policies which helps narrowing education and skills gaps between men and women. In addition, it will also help in drafting policies which helps women in getting better paying jobs.
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Tashi, Kelzang T. "Life on the Porch: Marginality, Women, and Old Age in Rural Bhutan." Journal of Anthropological Research 78, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/717846.
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Sweta Kumari and Prof. (Dr.) Neeraj Kumar. "Unveiling Gender Stereotypes: A Feminist Reading of the Film Bhumika." Creative Launcher 8, no. 5 (October 31, 2023): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2023.8.5.08.
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The present research paper is a feminist exploration of the critically acclaimed Hindi film, Bhumika (1977), set against the backdrop of Indian film industry, directed by Shyam Benegal, starring Smita Patil, Amol Palekar, Anant Nag, Naseeruddin Shah and Amrish Puri. The purpose of this study is to unveil gender stereotypes through the film narrative Bhumika from the feminist perspective. Besides, it delves mainly into the life and struggle of the female protagonist and a celebrated actress, Usha, who searches for her identity in a patriarchal realm. Hence, in the film Bhumika, Usha’s journey projects societal confinement and oppression as her image is an embodiment of her struggles against gender roles, showcasing how women were often silenced and how they were limited to their choices. Though, her narrative reflects the need for women’s empowerment in such a male chauvinistic world. With an application of feminist theories, the paper unearths how the film Bhumika is evident for both to reflect and to challenge the existing traditional gender norms in Indian Society. Apart from these, it examines Usha’s journey in terms of power and sexuality, highlighting her multifaceted role as a lens to investigate broader social causes. Thus, the findings of the study help for a better understanding of the intersection of cinema, gender, and society across the world highlighting the role of cinema as a medium for feminist discourse and social critique.
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Lama, Kumari. "The Narrative of Abjection and Dissidence: Reading The Voice of Bhumika." Khwopa Journal 5, no. 2 (December 29, 2023): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kjour.v5i2.60406.
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The paper explores the narrative of abjection and analyzes the voices of dissent portrayed in Bhumika Shrestha’s autobiography Bhumika: Autobiography of a Transgender (2018). Shrestha is a trans-woman, who suffers due to the established gender concept, normative heterosexuality and encounters consistent criticism, hatred and rejection from the society. Nonetheless, she dares to challenge the established social values and gender austerity. She rejects and resists against the patriarchal gender coding and struggles hard for her identity claim. She has been raising her voice for the rights of sexual and gender minorities since she got associated with Blue Diamond Society. To explore the established idea of gender and abjection, I have analyzed the life experience of Bhumika employing theoretical concept of Judith Butler that sheds light on the discriminatory concept of ‘liveable’ and ‘unliveable’ bodies in terms to sexual orientations.
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Rai, Rojna, Pema Choden Bhutia, and Ugyen Tshomo. "Clinicopathological profile of adnexal masses presenting to a tertiary-care hospital in Bhutan." South Asian Journal of Cancer 08, no. 03 (July 2019): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/sajc.sajc_303_18.
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Abstract Context: Adnexal masses of ovarian origin are of growing concern due to high fatality associated with ovarian malignancy because they are diagnosed at advanced stage due to vague symptoms and absence of recommended screening tests. Aims: The aim was to study the prevalence of histopathologic types of adnexal masses in different age groups and to analyze the accuracy of preoperative evaluation in diagnosing ovarian malignancy. Settings and Design: This was a cross-sectional study carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of a tertiary care hospital in Bhutan with gynecologic-oncology services, from January to December 2017. Subjects and Methods: Women presenting with adnexal mass were evaluated and those meeting criteria were enrolled. They were evaluated preoperatively with complete history, examination, ultrasound, and tumor markers. Risk of malignancy index (RMI) was calculated for all patients. Following surgery, histopathology results were compared with preoperative evaluation. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square test, t-test, Cohen's Kappa, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results: Of 165 patients evaluated, 127 fulfilling criteria were enrolled. Adnexal masses of ovarian origin were most common (n = 102, 80.3%), of which 12.7% were malignant. Epithelial ovarian malignancy was the most common malignant ovarian tumor, serous cystadenocarcinoma being the most common. Malignancy was significantly more in older, postmenopausal women with high RMI. Seven out of 11 women with high RMI were diagnosed in Stage 3 or 4. RMI score at cutoff of 200 was 54.6% sensitive and 85.7% specific. Conclusions: Adnexal mass of ovarian origin was the most common. Malignancy was significantly more in older, postmenopausal women with high RMI. RMI showed moderate correlation in diagnosing epithelial ovarian malignancies.
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Gyamtsho, Sonam, Karma Tenzin, Pema Choden Bhutia, Tashi Tshomo, and Tshering Choeda. "Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice on preconception care among pregnant women at National Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan." Bhutan Health Journal 8, no. 1 (May 31, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.47811/bhj.130.
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Introduction: Preconception care provided before conception or between subsequent pregnancies aims to identify and modify risks to women`s health or pregnancy through prevention and management. For successful implementation and uptake of preconception care services, adequate level of knowledge and positive attitude of women is important. Therefore this study was undertaken to assess the knowledge, attitude and level of practice of preconception care by our women.Methods: This was a hospital based cross sectional study done from July 2021 to December 2021. All pregnant women visiting the Mother and Child Hospital for booking visit were considered for the study. Stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria were utilized during recruitment. Data was collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire.Results: A total of 340 pregnant women consented for the study. The mean age of the participants was 28.3 (SD±4.5) years, 57.6% of the pregnant women had higher education and 54.4% were employed. The overall mean knowledge score on assessment of preconception care was 6.96±2.4 and 217(63.8%) had good knowledge. Of the 340 women, 98.2% had positive attitude towards the preconception care with a median score of 27 (Min-Max: 10-30) but 78.2% had poor practice. A significant association was found between good practice of preconception care with their knowledge level (p=0.012) but not with positive attitude (p=0.346).Conclusions: The study found that despite having good knowledge with positive attitude, the practice of preconception care among the study participants was poor. Therefore, we recommend further detailed study on factors associated with poor practice of preconception care among pregnant women.
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Pandey, B. N., P. K. L. Das, A. K. Ijha, and A. K. Jhas. "Nutritional Status of Three Tribal Populations of Jharkhand State in Relation to Environmental Conditions." Environment Conservation Journal 2, no. 2&3 (December 15, 2001): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2001.022305.
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The present study was carried out to find out the nutritional status of three tribal populations- Santhal, Ho and Bhumij, inhabiting in different environmental conditions i.e. industrialized and dense forested regions of Jharkhand State. The Population inbabiting in industrialized region have least calorific intake (Santhal- 1967.
25 K.Cal: Ho- 2003.20 K.Cal. and Bhumij-1942. 11 K.Cal) than the population of dense forested region (2553.
30 K.Cal. Ho-2426.86 K.Cal. and Bhumij 2008.18 K.Cal.}. No doubt, industrialization provides better opportunities to earn money but its major portion is wasted on the elevation of so called standard of living and the Theka (Wine shop) besides, immigration among tribal also resulted in changed nutritional as well as calorific intake. The diet of these tribal populations is inadequate as per Indian standards. The deficiency in diet is both qualitative and quantitative, as a result population suffers from a large number of nutritional disorders like anemia, night blindness, bigot spot etc. on the basis of the study it is suggested that a short term training programme should be launched at Panchayat level to provide knowledge of balanced diet or essential nutrients of the food as per requirements of Men, Women and children.
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Wangdi, Kinley, and Tshering Jamtsho. "Prevalence and predisposing factors for self-reported hypertension in Bhutanese adults." Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 10, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 830–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v10i1.25466.
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Background: Bhutan underwent a nutrition transition in the last two decades. Diet has changed from high-fibre, high carbohydrate and low-fat diets to food with high sugar, fat, salt and processed foods. This is further compounded by a sedentary lifestyle. This paper aims to determine the national prevalence of hypertension and study the associated correlates in Bhutanese adults.
Materials and Methods: This study used secondary data from the Bhutan National Health Survey 2012 (NHS, 2012) which was a nationwide survey covering all 20 districts in Bhutan. The dependent variable was self-reported hypertension under medication. Multivariable logistic regression was undertaken to identify independent correlates of hypertension.
Results: The national prevalence of hypertension was 17.4% (5,408). Risk factors for hypertension were female sex, increasing age, occupation of armed forces, manager, technician, service and sales worker, machine operator and monks, diabetes, and feeling worried. Being single was negatively correlated with hypertension. In addition, hypertension is negatively associated with the poverty of the district.
Conclusion: Hypertension was associated with age, being women, occupation with less physical activity, being worried and having diabetes. The preventive measures both at community and healthcare facility-based through cost-effective strategies should target these covariates.
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Dorji, Thinley, Hari Prasad Pokhrel, and Tshokey Tshokey. "Socio-demographic and Clinical Characteristic of Women Availing Pap Smear Services in Samtse District, Bhutan." Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Biology 5, no. 2 (June 21, 2020): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31557/apjcb.2020.5.2.63-70.
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Background: The case burden of cervical cancer has been increasing globally especially in developing countries without proper health system. Cervical cancer can be eliminated with timely vaccination and screening program as it usually takes years for pre-malignant lesions to develop into malignant lesion. Bhutan has committed to eliminate cervical cancer. Thus, it is important to understand the factors associated with abnormal Pap test findings. Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted using the Pap smear data for the year 2018. It was extracted from the records maintained in the cytology unit of Samtse General Hospital. Result: The abnormal slide rate in this study was 2.5%. The majority of women seeking Pap smear services were women in reproductive age group and housewife by occupation. There were significant differences between age groups and marital status among normal in the Pap test results. Conclusion: The slide abnormality of Pap smear in Samtse District is low. The abnormality is more common among married and older women. Therefore, additional screening efforts needs to be put into this group to detect pre-malignant lesions.
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Parikh, Purvish M., Sujith Kumar Mullapally, Sachin Hingmire, A. F. M. Kamal Uddin, M. M. Thinn, Arun Shahi, Ugyen Tshomo, Indu Mohan, Satinder Kaur, and Nikhil Ghadyalpatil. "Cervical Cancer in SAARC Countries." South Asian Journal of Cancer 12, no. 01 (January 2023): 001–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1764227.
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In the year 2020, a total of 342 000 women were estimated to die of cervical cancer, of which 90%) were expected amongst low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Globally incidence of cervical cancer has reduced as a result of improved personal hygiene, better living conditions and higher application of opportunistic screening programs. Yet GLOBOCAN shows that absolute number of cases are still increasing.We therefore conducted a 21 question multiple choice questionnaire online survey in Jan 2023 amongst 9 SAARC countries. A total of 367 replies were received and the representative answers for each country are being reported in this manuscript.A good possibility of achieving World Health Assembly target (Nov 17, 2020) was felt only by Bhutan and Nepal. For screening, most countries (Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) recommend for all asymptomatic eligible patients. Public health experts have suggested VIA / VILI as the best solution for LMICs. However, a dual screening strategy (HPV DNA plus) cytology was preferred by doctors in Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.Screening, triage and then treatment was the preferred by Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.HPV vaccination was recommended in all girls between ages 10 to 26 years in Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. All the 9 countries would use HPV vaccination to all eligible patients if the cost of the vaccine was reasonably low.Our survey clearly outlines challenges faced in tackling cervical cancer in SAARC countries. We also provide consensus regarding several potential solutions that can be used in both public and private cervical cancer control programs.
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Dorji, Nidup, Michael P. Dunne, Charrlotte Seib, and Sibnath Deb. "Quality of Life Among Senior Citizens in Bhutan." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 29, no. 1 (January 2017): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539516685609.
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This study explored associations between quality of life (QOL), spirituality, social integration, chronic diseases, and lifetime adversity among people aged 60 years and older in Bhutan. Adults aged 60 to 101 years (n = 337) completed face-to-face interviews. The main measure included the World Health Organization QOL questionnaire and Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire. The social relationships domain of QOL had the highest mean. Frequent back pain, memory decline, depression, mobility impairment, insomnia, and lung diseases were commonly reported and negatively related to QOL. Compared with women, men reported fewer physical and mental health problems and better QOL. Multivariate analysis revealed that cumulative health problems, psychological distress, and social connectedness contributed significantly to overall QOL. The measure of spirituality was negatively associated with QOL, which is not conclusive and suggests the need for more research especially when the influence of spiritualism is highly visible in the everyday lives of Bhutanese people. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to care for elderly people in Bhutan.
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Rahut, Dil Bahadur, Pradyot Ranjan Jena, Akhter Ali, Bhagirath Behera, and Nar Bahadur Chhetri. "Rural Nonfarm Employment, Income, and Inequality: Evidence from Bhutan." Asian Development Review 32, no. 2 (September 2015): 65–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00052.
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Using the 2012 Bhutan Living Standard Survey, this paper finds that rural nonfarm activities comprise 60.7% of rural household income in Bhutan and this contribution increases with higher income and education levels. The poor and less educated participate less in the nonfarm sector. When they do, they are self-employed in petty nonfarm activities, which require little investment and little or no skills. Accounting for endogeneity and sample selection issues, we estimate the determinants of participation in nonfarm activities and nonfarm incomes. We find that a household's education and labor supply play an important role in accessing more remunerative nonfarm employment. Interestingly, we find that women play an important role in self-employment in nonfarm activities. Decomposition shows that nonfarm income has a disequalizing effect and farm income has an equalizing effect, indicating the need to increase the endowment of poor households to enable them to access the lucrative rural nonfarm sector. Further decomposition reveals that self-employment in petty nonfarm activities reduces inequality.
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Dendup, Tashi, I. Gusti Ngurah Edi Putra, Tashi Tobgay, Sonam Wangdi, and Ugyen Wangchuk. "Determinants of Infant Mortality in Bhutan: Evidence from the 2012 National Health Survey Data." Journal of Population and Social Studies 29 (January 25, 2021): 255–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25133/jpssv292021.016.
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This study examined the bio-demographic, socioeconomic, environmental, and health-related determinants of infant mortality in the Kingdom of Bhutan. The nationally representative dataset of the 2012 National Health Survey (NHS), Ministry of Health of Bhutan, was used. Cox proportional hazards regression from survival analysis, accounting for the complex study design of the NHS, was performed using a stepwise approach to identify the determinants associated with infant mortality. The weighted infant mortality rate from November 2009 to October 2011 was 34 per 1,000 live births. Children born to uneducated mothers (aHR=2.27; 95%CI=1.16-4.47) and mothers who experienced domestic violence during pregnancy (aHR=4.24; 95%CI=1.45-12.41) were more likely to die before reaching their first birthday. Those infants born in households that used solid fuel were 2.16 times (95%CI=1.21-3.85) more likely to die than their counterparts. Relative to those born in the central region, children born in western (aHR=6.13; 95%CI=2.84-13.20) and the eastern (aHR=5.13; 95%CI=2.81-9.35) regions had a greater risk of dying. The results showed that education, domestic violence experience, solid fuel use, and region of residence are the key determinants of infant mortality in Bhutan. Policies that facilitate education and empowerment of women, prevent domestic violence, reduce solid fuel use, and equitable regional socioeconomic development policies may help accelerate the reduction of child mortality.
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Dhar, Soma. "SDG Gender Index and the Status of Women." Making of Contemporary Maldives: Isolation, Dictatorship and Democracy 2, no. 2 (January 1, 2022): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.52823/dygw3996.
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Equal Measures 2030 introduces the 2019 SDG Gender Index in the global report that highlights the power of data for gender equality. The Index is the complete mechanism known to investigate the state of gender equality across 129 countries, 14 of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and 51 targets correlated to issues innate in the SDGs. This study explores the progress of gender equality in South Asian countries, comprising Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan. The study indicates the poorer performance of South Asian countries in the SDG Gender index. It draws attention to the SDG-4 performances of South Asian countries as it has a strong gender perspective, grounded in evidence on the close links between girls’ education and social and economic development, including poverty reduction. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, the study explores SDG 2020 projections and assesses the performance and rate of progress and acceleration timespan for South Asian countries toward gender equality by 2030. The overall comparison confirms that the performance of no country has been satisfactory in the SDG Gender Index. Sri Lanka is leading, ranked 1st in South Asia, and 15th in Asia and the Pacific region. Bangladesh and Pakistan are the worst performers in South Asia. Equal Measures 2030 serve to enhance girls' and women’s status, champion their abilities, and advocate their equality through policies and actions at the ground level.
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Naqvi, Zareen F., and Lubna Shahnaz. "How Do Women Decide to Work in Pakistan?" Pakistan Development Review 41, no. 4II (December 1, 2002): 495–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v41i4iipp.495-513.
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The incidence of women labour force participation is very low in Pakistan. According to the Labour Force Survey, 1999-2000 female participation rate was merely 14 percent of the total labour force. Even though average annual growth rate of female labour force participation has been increasing slightly in Pakistan; it was 4 percent in 1980-99 and has gone up to 5.1 percent during 1995-98,1 however, this rate is still very low as compared to the other South Asian countries—42 percent in Bangladesh, 41 percent in Nepal, 32 percent in India and Bhutan, 37 percent in Sri Lanka [World Bank (2002)]. This paper is an attempt to identify household related factors that lead to women participation in the economic activities. This issue has been taken up in a number of other studies.2 The innovative aspect of this paper is that it relates women’s decision to participate in economic activities with their empowerment—who makes the decision to participate in the labour force—whether it is the women themselves or others. We would like to state at the very onset that this paper is a first cut to explore the issues of women’s participation in economic activities and their and empowerment. We hope to get feedback in the conference to improve the technical aspects of this paper and explore other aspects of this issue.
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Goswami, Monali, Bijayalaxmi Dash, and N. C. Dash. "Reproductive Performance of the Bhumija Women: An Empirical Study of a Tribal Village, Baleswar, Orissa." Studies of Tribes and Tribals 7, no. 2 (December 2009): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0972639x.2009.11886598.
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Dorji, Gampo, Chukwuemeka Umeh, B. M. Ramesh, Shajy Isac, Robert Lorway, and James Blanchard. "Predictors of multiple sexual partnerships among women and men in two urban townships in Bhutan." Bhutan Health Journal 2, no. 1 (May 13, 2016): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47811/bhj.17.
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Introduction: Multiple sexual partnering is a known predictor for risk of STI and HIV transmission. This study explored the multiple sexual partnering and its predictors among people who visited public social venues (bars, restaurants, hotels, lodges, cafes, karaokes and discos) in Bhutan’s two largest townships of Thimphu and Phuntsholing. Methods: We interviewed 755 sexually active venue patrons from 102 randomly selected venues (56 in Thimphu, 46 in Phuntsholing) from a list of all venues identified as having sex workers or patrons seeking sexual partners. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to characterize the predictors of multiple sexual partnering among 755 respondents who had previously had sex. Results: Of the 755 patrons, 46.09% had one sexual partner while the remaining 54.91% had multiple sex partners (greater than or equal to 2 sexual partners) in the 12 months preceding the study. Overall, 6.23% of respondents had received payment from someone at least once for sex; 34.61% of male respondents had paid someone at least once for sex. Nearly all patrons (97.72%) had heard about HIV/ AIDS. About one quarter (24.20%) felt that they were at risk of being infected with HIV, while 37.28% had taken an HIV test in the 12 months preceding the study. In multivariate analysis, males had higher odds of multiple sexual partners compared to females (OR =3.19, 95% CI 1.90-5.20). The odds of having multiple sexual partners was 2.24 (95% CI 1.30-3.90) times higher in those never married compared to those who were married/divorced or separated; multiple partnering increased with increasing age (OR = 1.07 per year, 95% CI 1.02-1.13). Between the townships of Phuentsholing and Thimphu, the odds of multiple sexual partnering did not vary. Conclusions: Venue patrons had a high prevalence of multiple sexual partnering and have the potential for creating sexual networks that could propagate wider transmission of infection, including to their monogamous partner. Targeting HIV prevention program to these groups of people in urban locations presents an opportunity to make a great impact in maintaining Bhutan’s current low HIV epidemic level.
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Dorji, Namkha, Kencho Zangmo, Sangay Tshering, Renuka Mongar, and Sonam Sonam. "Indications and types of hysterectomy in the National Referral Hospital of Bhutan, 2020." Bhutan Health Journal 7, no. 2 (November 18, 2021): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47811/bhj.125.
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Introduction: Hysterectomy, the removal of uterus, is a major gynecological surgery performed in Bhutan. It is performed for both benign and malignant gynecological conditions. This study was conducted to assess the socio-demographic profiles, types of hysterectomies and their indications, and duration of surgery and duration of peri-operative hospital stay among women who had hysterectomy at the national referral hospital of Bhutan.
Method: This was a retrospective study conducted at the Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Thimphu. Data of women, who had hysterectomy from 1st January to 31st December, 2020 was extracted into a structured questionnaire by investigators from the patients record maintained at the record section, JDWNRH. Ethical approval was sought from the Research Ethics Board of Health. Data were entered into EpiData 3.1 and was analyzed using descriptive commands of STATA 13.1
Result: Hysterectomy comprised of 9.8% of gynecological surgery in 2020. The commonest route of approach was total abdominal hysterectomy which comprised of 81.7% of hysterectomies. It was found out that 92.9% of hysterectomies were performed under general anesthesia and 97.4% of the surgeries were done as elective or planned cases. The mean (+SD) duration of surgery from skin incision to closure was shortest for vaginal hysterectomy (68.8 + 17.6 minutes) and longest for total laparoscopic hysterectomy (210 + 35.2 minutes). The duration of peri-operative hospital stay was shortest for vaginal hysterectomy.
Conclusion: Total abdominal hysterectomy was the common approach despite vaginal hysterectomy being performed under regional anesthesia with shorter duration of surgery and shorter hospital stays.
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Pemo, Kinga, Diane Phillips, and Alison M. Hutchinson. "An Exploration of Breastfeeding Practices by Bhutanese Women." Journal of Human Lactation 35, no. 1 (November 14, 2018): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334418801289.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Researchers have shown beneficial influences of exclusive breastfeeding for women and infants. Therefore, the World Health Organization recommends exclusively breastfeeding infants for the first 6 months following birth. In Bhutan, researchers have found, through survey research, variable exclusive breastfeeding rates at 6 months. They have not, however, explored the experiences and views of participants in relation to breastfeeding. Research aim: The aim was to explore first-time mothers’ views, intentions, and experiences related to exclusive breastfeeding. Methods: A qualitative, prospective, longitudinal, descriptive study was undertaken using semistructured, audio-recorded interviews at two points of time with first-time mothers prenatally during late third trimester ( n = 24) and at 6 weeks after birth ( n = 22). The framework approach to analysis was used to identify themes. Results: Two themes (breastfeeding, but uncertainty about achieving exclusive breastfeeding and acceptance that breastfeeding is painful) were identified from interviews at term. Five themes were identified from interviews at 6 weeks after birth (lack of timely breastfeeding information and support from health professionals, misconceptions about exclusive breastfeeding, being unprepared for the reality of breastfeeding, limited control or choice over feeding, and adoption of cultural and traditional practices). Conclusion: The participants breastfed but did not practice exclusive breastfeeding due to a lack of timely breastfeeding information and inadequate breastfeeding support. While family elders supported breastfeeding, they also promoted the adoption of certain traditional and cultural practices, which affected exclusive breastfeeding.