Journal articles: 'Bhutan'

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PESIC, VLADIMIR, and HARRY SMIT. "First records of water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidia) from Bhutan, with description of two new species." Zootaxa 1613, no. 1 (October 12, 2007): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1613.1.3.

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New records of water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidia) from streams in Bhutan are presented. Two species new to science are described: Sperchon himalayus sp. nov. and Torrenticola bhutana sp. nov. Furthermore, the first records from Bhutan are given for Monatractides tristis (Lundblad), Testudacarus tripeltatus Walter and Sperchon cf. indicus Kumar et al.

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Chhetri, Ramesh Kumar, and Sangay Wangchuk. "Understanding the Efficacy of Bhutan’s First Ever Certificate Course in Social Work." Asian Social Work Journal 6, no. 2 (May 2, 2021): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/aswj.v6i2.159.

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With the transition of political, economic and social scenario in Bhutan, the Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) have been expanding over the years. Bhutan has more than forty registered CSOs and the numbers are still growing. However, paucity of trained social workers in Bhutan has compelled the CSOs to recruit employees with varying degrees. To mitigate this, Samtse College of Education (SCE) of the Royal University of Bhutan (RUB) launched Bhutan’s first ever certificate course in social work. So far, two cohorts of participants have been trained. This study was designed to understand the efficacy of Bhutan’s first ever certificate course in social work from the vantage point of the participants. It adopted a convergent parallel mixed method design, primarily employing questionnaires and semi-structured individual interviews. The study found the certificate course to be highly effective in enhancing the professional competence of the social workers in Bhutan. It is believed to have been an “eye-opening experience” for most social workers who ventured into this profession, without relevant training. The study recommends SCE and RUB to provide similar certificate courses to the thousands to untrained social workers in Bhutan.

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Pešić, Vladimir, Harry Smit, and Mer Man Gurung. "Neumania bhutana sp. nov. a new water mite from Bhutan (Acari, Hydrachnidia: Unionicolidae)." Ecologica Montenegrina 54 (July 6, 2022): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2022.54.7.

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Lham, Dechen, Sonam Wangchuk, Sue Stolton, and Nigel Dudley. "Assessing the effectiveness of a protected area network: a case study of Bhutan." Oryx 53, no. 1 (March 13, 2018): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001508.

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AbstractAn assessment of management effectiveness was carried out for all the protected areas in the Kingdom of Bhutan. During 2014–2016 the Royal Government of Bhutan developed a custom-made tool for assessing management effectiveness: the Bhutan Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool Plus (Bhutan METT +). This was implemented in Bhutan's 10 protected areas and one botanical park, and the results were verified through field trips and expert reviews. The assessment indicates that protected areas in Bhutan are well managed and there are generally good relationships with local communities, despite an increase in livestock predation and crop damage. However, effectiveness is limited by a low level of resources (both financial and appropriate technical resources) and by gaps in monitoring and research data, which limits the ability to understand the impact of conservation, react to changing conditions and undertake adaptive management to improve efficiency and effectiveness. Bhutan is in the midst of mobilizing considerable conservation funding. The Government is working in partnership with WWF to create an innovative funding mechanism for the protected area system: the Bhutan for Life initiative. The Bhutan METT + study provides an example of how to develop a baseline against which to measure the effectiveness of protected areas over time and assess the impact of conservation inputs.

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Kumar, Pranav. "Sino-Bhutanese Relations." China Report 46, no. 3 (August 2010): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000944551104600306.

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Historically the interaction between Bhutan and China was through Tibet. The annexation of Tibet by China and the later uprising in Tibet instilled a sense of fear in Bhutan causing it to close its northern border in 1960. However, Bhutan adopted a more open policy in the 1970s gradually increasing the contacts between the two neighbours. Border talks which started in 1984 resulted in an agreement in 1998 on maintaining peace and tranquility along border areas. While China and Bhutan neither have diplomatic relations nor any legal trade, growing Chinese interests in South Asia encompass Bhutan as well. Bhutan, therefore, faces the dilemma of not hurting the interests and sentiments of its traditional friend India while at the same time needing to respond to Chinese overtures and to solve the border problem peacefully and urgently; in the Sino-Bhutanese relationship, the Indian element remains the most important variable. The dynamics of the Sino-Indian relationship and Indian and Chinese strategic interests and activities in the Himalayas will be crucial in shaping Bhutan’s policies towards China.

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Dorji, Kinley. "Comparing Examination Modes in Finland and Bhutan's Education System and Suggestions for Improvement." International Journal of Qualitative Research 3, no. 1 (July 27, 2023): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47540/ijqr.v3i1.949.

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This research paper delves into the assessment and examination systems of primary and secondary education in Finland and Bhutan. It analyzes Finland's exceptional performance in PISA and its assessment practices, emphasizing formative assessment and project-based learning. In contrast, Bhutan relies more heavily on standardized exams. The study identifies major similarities and differences, strengths, and weaknesses in both countries' examination modes. It investigates how these variations impact student learning outcomes in each nation. Through a qualitative comparative analysis research design, the paper focuses on exploring the examination methods in Finland and Bhutan's education systems. Based on the findings, the research proposes practical strategies for enhancing Bhutan's examination system. It suggests integrating formative assessment, introducing a blended approach in secondary education, and promoting research-based projects to improve the overall examination methods in Bhutan. While the study may not directly influence policy, it provides valuable insights into Finland's successful practices, which can be adapted to benefit Bhutan's education system.

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Jabłońska, Elżbieta. "Buthan - droga ku demokracji." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 1 (November 28, 2014): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2014.1.8.

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The text attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of the most important events and factors which have influenced the establishment of democracy in the Kingdom of Bhutan. On March 2008, Bhutan officially transformed from absolute monarchy to a modern constitutional monarchy by the successful conduct of its first parliamentary elections and the promulgation of the Constitution. Fourth King of Bhutan, His Majesty Jigme Singhye Wangchuck (referred to as “the father of democratic Bhutan”), finalized a long -term vision of democratization and decentralization by giving executive power to the Council of Ministers (Lhengye Zhungtshog). Both the moral foundation, the idea of Gross National Happiness (GNH) and enlightened monarchy has been the factor that determines and organizes the social and political life in Bhutan. GNH assumes that the real development is possible only when there is a balance between economic, social, emotional, spiritual and cultural needs. The Bhutan’s way to democracy is undoubtedly successful and the hard political work which has been ongoing for years, is still evolving.

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Nga, Le Thi Hang, Tran Xuan Hiep, Dang Thu Thuy, and Ha Le Huyen. "India–Bhutan Treaties of 1949 and 2007: A Retrospect." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 75, no. 4 (November 27, 2019): 441–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928419874547.

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This article is an attempt to relook at the treaties of 1949 and 2007 between India and Bhutan and argues that the 2007 Treaty is the outcome of the evolution and maturity of Bhutan as an independent and sovereign state, that it is imperative for India to make constant adjustments in its foreign policy towards Bhutan to secure its influence in the tiny but important country and maintain the strength of India–Bhutan bilateral relations. From the side of Bhutan, it is also important to have an ‘alliance shelter’, and India is best suited to meeting Bhutan’s needs for political, economic, societal and strategic shelter. 1 By using a historical approach, this article shows why it was necessary for the two countries to renew the 1949 Treaty in the first decade of the twenty-first century. The article uses historical methodology, in combination with interdisciplinary methods such as comparative analysis, generalisation, and expert interviews. Major sources for the paper include the texts of the Treaties, speeches by political leaders and published articles and books by international writers, including writers from India, Bhutan and Vietnam.

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Locke, Jessica. "Buddhist Modernism Underway in Bhutan: Gross National Happiness and Buddhist Political Theory." Religions 11, no. 6 (June 17, 2020): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11060297.

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This article synthesizes and clarifies the significance of the last half-century’s developments in Bhutan’s politics within the frame of Buddhist political thought. During this time, Bhutan has held a curious position in the international community, both celebrated as a Buddhist Shangri-La defending its culture in the face of globalized modernity, and at times, criticized for defending its heritage too conservatively at the expense of ethnic minorities’ human rights. In other words, Bhutan is praised for being anti-modern and illiberal and denounced for being anti-modern and illiberal. As an alternative to understanding Bhutan vis-à-vis this unhelpful schema, and in order to better grasp what exactly is underway in Bhutan’s political developments, I read Bhutan’s politics from within the tradition of Buddhist political literature. I argue that the theory of governance driving Bhutan’s politics is an example of Buddhist modernism—both ancient and modern, deeply Buddhist and yet manifestly inflected by western liberalism. To elucidate Bhutan’s contiguity with (and occasional departures from) the tradition of Buddhist political thought, I read two politically-themed Buddhist texts, Nāgārjuna’s Precious Garland and Mipham’s Treatise on Ethics for Kings, drawing out their most relevant points on Buddhist governance. I then use these themes as a lens for analyzing three significant political developments in Bhutan: its recent transition to constitutional monarchy, its signature policy of Gross National Happiness, and its fraught ethnic politics. Reading Bhutan’s politics in this manner reveals the extent to which Buddhist political thought is underway in this moment. Bhutan’s Buddhist-modernist theory of governance is a hybrid political tradition that evinces a lasting commitment to the core values of Buddhist political thought while at the same time being responsive to modern geopolitical and intellectual influences.

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Namgay, Tashi. "Nation’s waste on the scale: The first Bhutan waste inventory report." Statistical Journal of the IAOS 36, no. 4 (November 25, 2020): 915–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sji-200742.

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Knowing the quantity and the composition of waste is essential to designing and delivering sound waste management policies and waste management systems. Bhutan’s 12th Five-Year Development Plan emphasizes effective waste management as one of its key performance indicators and globally, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development emphasizes the importance of waste in two of its seventeen Sustainable Development Goals. In 2019, the Bhutan National Statistics Bureau undertook its first ever survey of solid waste management. The survey covered waste generating sectors including households, commercial units, institutes, health centers, industries, Government offices and vegetable markets. Results show Bhutan generated more than 170 metric tons of waste daily – equivalent to 170,000 kilograms of sugar. More than 50 percent of solid wastes came from households, almost 50 percent was food waste, and around 50 percent was potentially recyclable. The survey posed many challenges for Bhutan, a land-locked least developed country in the Eastern Himalayas in South Asia, yet provided the opportunity to strengthen stakeholder engagement in the Bhutan National Statistical System and delivered statistics which meet a practical use for Bhutan and its people.

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Tashi, Jigme, and Choki Sonam. "Bhutan's Living Buddhist Traditions: Past, Present, and Future." Asia Social Science Academy 10, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.51600/jass.2023.10.1.35.

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The study looks at the present state of Buddhism in Bhutan, highlighting the key features of the country's religious practices and the role of the monastic community. The research investigates how the government has incorporated Buddhist principles into its development policies, including the adoption of the Gross National Happiness (GNH) philosophy, which emphasizes the importance of spiritual and cultural values alongside economic growth. Finally, the paper explores the challenges and opportunities facing Buddhism in Bhutan in the future. The study identifies the impact of globalization, modernization, and technological advancement on Bhutan's traditional Buddhist practices and values. The research also examines the ways in which Bhutan can continue to promote and preserve its Buddhist heritage in the face of these challenges. In conclusion, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of Bhutan's living Buddhist traditions, highlighting their historical roots, present state, and future prospects. The research underscores the importance of Buddhism in shaping Bhutan's identity and provides insights into how the country can continue to preserve and promote its unique cultural heritage in the 21st century.

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Kantha, Pramod K. "Nepal and Bhutan in 2013." Asian Survey 54, no. 1 (January 2014): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2014.54.1.206.

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The political stalemate prevailing in Nepal since the dissolution of the first Constituent Assembly (CA) in 2012 ended with the second CA polls in November. Bhutan’s second parliamentary elections in July and the opposition People’s Democratic Party’s victory over the outgoing Druk Phuensum Tshogpa (Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party) were signs of consolidation of Bhutan’s nascent democracy.

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13

Kohli, Manorama. "Bhutan's Strategic Environment: Changing Perceptions." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 42, no. 2 (January 1986): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492848604200203.

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For about a decade now one has been noticing some changes and shifts in the land-locked dragon kingdom of Bhutan's perceptions of its strategic neighbourhood—India and China. The two Asian giants situated in the south and north of Bhutan are so vital in geo-political terms that their attitudes towards this buffer state as also their relative capability distribution in the Himalayan region and in South Asia will always determine practically all foreign policy considerations of Bhutan. It need hardly be stressed that Bhutan is strategically important for both its big neighbours because of its location. This is the most compelling reason for both India and China to strive for special and friendly relationships with this Buddhist theocratic state. The tri-junction of the Chumbi Valley (Tibet), Sikkim (India) and Bhutan in the eastern Himalayas is of key importance for the security of the sprawling continental mass of India as well as that of China Being only about six miles from the Chumbi Valley, the passes in Bhutan. as also Nathu La are perceived by the Chinese as likely routes for invasion from the south. Evidently a very friendly, and if possible, a dependent Bhutan will give additional security to Tibet and hence to the Chinese mainland.1

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Whitecross, Richard W. "Bhutan in 2020." Asian Survey 61, no. 1 (January 2021): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2021.61.1.207.

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The year 2020 in Bhutan was dominated by the coronavirus pandemic, a decline in state revenues, and territorial claims by China. In 2019, Bhutan’s strong economy suggested that the country would graduate from the least developed country category in 2023. The economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the economy makes this less certain.

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Chejor, Pelden, Jigme Tenzin, and Jigme Dorji. "Regulation of Medicines in Bhutan: Current Status, Challenges and Opportunities." International Journal of Drug Regulatory Affairs 6, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ijdra.v6i2.243.

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Medicines Regulatory Agencies (MRAs) are responsible for evaluation of quality, safety and efficacy of medicinal products before it is approved for consumption. The regulatory procedures, however, differs from one country to another. Medical products including vaccines, blood and blood products, diagnostics and medical devices are essential for healthcare delivery across the world. The Drug Regulatory Authority (DRA) is an independent national agency for regulation of medicinal products in Bhutan and reports to Bhutan Medicines Board (BMB), the highest policy making body for regulation of medicinal products in the country. Medicines Act of the Kingdom of Bhutan is the legal tool for regulation of medicines in Bhutan. Medicinal products are regulated through premarketing and post-marketing control systems. All medicinal products available in the Bhutanese market are registered. DRA regulates all the medicinal products including vaccines, blood products and traditional medicines used for human and veterinary. DRA is fully financed by the Government of Bhutan. Bhutan’s medicines regulatory system has evolved over the last one decade. However, as the regulatory mandate continues to increase, DRA is faced with several challenges in terms of human resource, infrastructure and testing laboratory among others. There are also opportunities for the DRA to improve its regulatory capacities to ensure availability of quality and safe medicines for the public. Understanding the current practice of medicines regulation in Bhutan can help identify gaps and existing opportunities for improving the regulatory capacity. This article documents the existing practices, challenges and opportunities for regulation of medicinal products in Bhutan.

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Hofbauer, Helmut. "Bhutan." Human Rights in Development Online 3, no. 1 (1996): 73–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160896x00041.

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Wangchuck, A. Lhatru. "Bhutan." Ecumenical Review 64, no. 2 (July 2012): 144–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-6623.2012.00156.x.

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Phuntsho, Karma. "Interview with Karma Phuntsho." Journal of Tibetan Literature 2, no. 2 (December 18, 2023): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.58371/jtl.2023.74.

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Karma Phuntsho discusses the golden age of Bhutanese literature, Bhutan’s history and vibrant oral culture, and the challenges and opportunities of cultural preservation and entrepreneurship in present-day Bhutan. Watch our accompanying video of Karma Phuntsho. Explore the Bhutan Cultural Library at the University of Virginia. Enjoy some Tsangmo poems here from UVA's Mandala Library: 1. An Exchange of Antagonizing Tsangmo Poems, from Lhamo and Phurpa Lhamo 2. An Exchange of Befriending Tsangmo Poems, Lhamo and Phurpa Lhamo 3. Affectionate and Antagonizing Tsangmo Poetry, from Ap Nakchung and Friends.

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Mitra, Subrata K., and Srikanth Thaliyakkattil. "Bhutan and Sino–Indian Rivalry." Asian Survey 58, no. 2 (March 2018): 240–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2018.58.2.240.

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The military standoff between Chinese and Indian troops in the disputed territory of Doklam brought forward the foreign policy dilemmas of Bhutan and its search for an optimal strategy toward its two neighboring big powers. This paper discusses Bhutan’s attempts to balance its overwhelming dependence on India with the necessity of normal diplomatic relations with China.

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Gyeltshen, Sangay Chhophel, Karma Wangda, Kinley, Tshering Penjor, and Karma Dorji. "Avifaunal diversity of Tsirang District with a new country record for Bhutan." Journal of Threatened Taxa 15, no. 8 (August 26, 2023): 23681–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7494.15.8.23681-23695.

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Birds play a vital role in ecosystems. Studying avifaunal diversity therefore has a noteworthy role in indicating nature’s ecological balance in the environment. A total of 749 bird species have so far been recorded in Bhutan. We present a comprehensive checklist of birds of Tsirang, District which largely lies outside Bhutan’s protected area system. The data was collected through opportunistic encounters and with regular field visits to a range of locations in different seasons. One-fourth of the country’s total avifauna and a new species recorded for Bhutan, The Plum-headed Parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala was recorded as part of this study. In all, 285 avian species belonging to 18 orders and 65 families including one globally ‘Critically Endangered’, three ‘Vulnerable’, and a ‘Near Threatened’ species were recorded during the survey. The high species richness of birds in the study area reveals that it includes good habitats for birds in Bhutan. Similar studies are suggested in other areas contiguous to the protected areas in Bhutan including the current study area. This should aid in understanding of the factors driving the differences in bird diversity within and outside the protected areas so as to facilitate informed conservation actions in future.

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Willetts, Marion, and Frank Beck. "The Influences of Buddhism and Development on the Well-Being of Bhutan's Street Dogs." Animal Studies Journal 9, no. 2 (December 2020): 56–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14453/asj/v9.i2.4.

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Bhutan is the only country that has implemented a nationwide capture-neuter- vaccinate-release (CNVR) program to manage its street dog population. To explore motivations for the implementation of the program and the extent to which it is successful, face-to-face interviews were conducted with representatives of all three animal sanctuaries in Bhutan that focus on the well-being of street dogs. Results suggest that Bhutan’s transition to democracy, coinciding with increases in socioeconomic development and tourism from the West, and incorporation of Buddhist teachings in its consideration of street dog management strategies guided the implementation of a nationwide CNVR program. A lack of both resources and a plan to acquire them, along with inexperience with democratic practices, however, may interfere with successful management of the program, resulting in a growing street dog population. Development in Bhutan also poses risks to the well-being of street dogs.

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Chopel, Dendup, and Jigme Phuntsho. "Buddhism and Modernity: 4th International Vajrayāna Conference." Journal of Global Buddhism 24, no. 1 (May 11, 2023): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26034/lu.jgb.2023.3409.

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This article provides an analytical report on the fourth International Vajrayāna Conference themed 'Buddhism and Modernity', which was organised by the Centre for Bhutan and GNH Studies in collaboration with Bhutan’s Central Monastic Body.

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Ogino, Kaoru, Mikiyasu Nakayama, and Daisuke Sasaki. "Domestic Socioeconomic Barriers to Hydropower Trading: Evidence from Bhutan and Nepal." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (April 7, 2019): 2062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11072062.

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Bhutan has increased exports of surplus hydropower generation, whereas Nepal has been suffering from domestic power shortages. Why has Bhutan successfully promoted hydropower development and exports, while Nepal has failed to do so? This paper focuses on inherent development barriers that stem from domestic power supply, internal governance systems, and indigenous societal sensitivity. There are lessons to be learned from Bhutan’s practices that could be applied in Nepal. First, hydropower development can be severely affected by electricity scarcity that arises when power export is privileged over domestic power supply. Nepal has fallen into this negative loop, whereas Bhutan has overcome it through policy interventions that ensure visible links between power exports and domestic power consumption. Second, the sector reforms in the two countries contrast in terms of institutional, operational, and financial efficiency. Without fundamental reforms, Nepal’s sector-wide inefficiency fuels a vicious circle. Third, local resource conflicts and social complexities have made Nepal’s hydropower projects more complicated than Bhutan’s. In planning hydropower projects, it is crucial to pay careful attention to domestic stakeholders and local benefits. Planners and governments must ensure that projects are designed with extensive benefit sharing mechanisms, sustainable value chains, effective sector reforms, and sufficient societal conflict management.

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Mahmudur, Mahmudur. "India-Bhutan Relations: A Small State’s Quest for Freedom." Research in Economics and Management 7, no. 2 (June 18, 2022): p29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/rem.v7n2p29.

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Bhutan is located on the eastern ridges of the Himalayas between the Assam-Bengal Plain of India to the south and the Plateau of Tibet of southwestern China to the north. In British India the colonial administration established a classical hegemonic relationship with the remote kingdom. In the Treaty of Punakha (1910) the sovereignty of the Bhutanese Royal government was recognized in exchange for submitting control of foreign relations to the British. In independent India, the Himalayan Kingdoms were sandwiched between India and China, facing an uncertain future about their political sovereignty. India concluded a new Treaty with Bhutan (the India-Bhutan Treaty of Peace and Friendship) in 1949, which was designed to remain in force “in perpetuity,” consolidating the essence of the British hegemonic policy of controlling smaller neighbors, with India being the new imperial power. Bhutan became a member state of the UN in 1971 after India finally agreed to sponsor its application, but the small state has limited authority to conduct foreign relations without prior consent from India, and it does not even enjoy formal diplomatic relationship with any of the five permanent members in the United Nations. Bhutan’s quest to wield control over its own affairs free of the influence of India remains unfulfilled.

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Kantha, Pramod K. "Nepal and Bhutan in 2012." Asian Survey 53, no. 1 (January 2013): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2013.53.1.84.

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Nepal’s political transition switched into crisis mode as the Constituent Assembly (CA) dissolved on May 27 without delivering a constitution. While new elections for the CA appeared most likely, people’s confidence in the ability of ever-feuding politicians to lead the troubled nation plunged to a new low. Anticipations grew in Bhutan over parliamentary elections in 2013. Bhutan’s decision to establish diplomatic relations with China was a historic milestone.

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Barman, Subhomoy. "Changing Dynamics of Bhutan’s Foreign Policy: Implications for India." Praxis International Journal of Social Science and Literature 6, no. 6 (June 25, 2023): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.51879/pijssl/060604.

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Bhutan has historically maintained a neutral relationship with China, to its north,and a more special relationship with India, whose states border it’s West,East and South.From many years various factors are forcing Bhutan to settle its longstanding territorial and border dispute with China and diversify it’s own changing economy and transition from an absolute monarchy to a Republic, a generational shift and their exposure to the Internet, and geopolitical events similar as China’s economic and military rise and India’s economic liberalisation policy. This paper analyzes these changes and ponders their effect on bhutan’s foreign policy, overall, and specifically its relations with China and India.

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Waiba, Sangay Phuntsho, and Aiti Maya Bomjan. "Macro Economics Analysis of Relationship between Unemployment and GDP Growth of Bhutan: Application of Okun’s Law." South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics 20, no. 2 (August 5, 2023): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2023/v20i2700.

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This paper examines the relationship between unemployment and the GDP growth rate in Bhutan, focusing on the applicability of Okun's laws from 1991 to 2022. The findings reveal significant short-term and long-term impacts of unemployment on Bhutan's GDP. Both the short run and long run demonstrate the negative effects of unemployment on GDP in Bhutan. The results confirm the validity of Okun's law in the country, showing that a one-unit increase in unemployment leads to a decline of 2 percentage points in GDP. Consequently, this study emphasizes the need for appropriate measures and policies to address the unemployment problem in Bhutan. To tackle this issue, the implementation of hands-on training and workshops on job-related skills during undergraduate studies is recommended. By providing practical training early on, individuals will be better prepared for the job market, enhancing their employability and contributing to the economy more effectively. Furthermore, the government should allocate mandatory internships in various related fields. These internships will provide students with valuable practical experience, bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world application.

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Kumar, Uttam. "Regional Liaisons and Nationalism during Transition to Democracy :." Jindal Journal of International Affairs 10, no. 2 (March 23, 2023): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54945/jjia.v10i2.176.

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Democracy is under jeopardy because democratic rights and freedoms are dwindling globally. The issues that contributed to democracy's downfall need to be resolved if it is to survive. How regional issues and nationalism effect political developments is the study subject. This article explains why certain political reforms, notably ones toward democracy, perform better than others. The author examines Bhutan and Nepal since 2008 to answer this question. Why was Bhutan's democratic transition more tranquil compared to Nepal's? Regional influences, notably India's participation in both situations, may also explain the Himalayan democratic nations political developments. Most transitional differences are explained by disputed patriotism in Nepal with firm specific patriotism in Bhutan, according to the study.

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MILL, R. R. "NOTES RELATING TO THE FLORA OF BHUTAN: XLII. SCROPHULARIACEAE, EXCLUDING PEDICULARIS." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 57, no. 3 (November 2000): 413–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428600000391.

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Seven new species and one new subspecies in Scrophulariaceae from the Flora of Bhutan area are described. They include two new species of Euphrasia, E. chumbica R.R. Mill sp. nov. (Chumbi, Sikkim and C Bhutan) and E. melanosticta R.R. Mill sp. nov. (Sikkim, N Bhutan); one new species of Kickxia, K. papillosa R.R. Mill sp. nov. (E Bhutan); one new species of Lagotis, L. chumbica R.R. Mill sp. nov. (Chumbi); one new species of Neopicrorhiza, N. minima R.R. Mill sp. nov. (N Bhutan); two new species of Scrophularia, S. cooperi R.R. Mill sp. nov. (C Bhutan) and S. subsessilis R.R. Mill sp. nov. (N Bhutan); and a new subspecies of Ellisiophyllum pinnatum (Wall.) Makino, subsp. bhutanense R.R. Mill subsp. nov. (Bhutan). Alectra avensis (Benth.) Merr., Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell, Scrophularia himalayensis Royle, Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze and S. densiflora Benth. are all recorded from Bhutan and/or Sikkim for the first time. A brief argument is given for the continued use of hyphenated fel-terrae as the correct spelling of that epithet in Picria.

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Lhamo, Sonam, and Tashi Wangchuk. "Documentary Study of the Integration of Intercultural Communicative Competence in Bhtuan’s English Curriculum." TRANS-KATA: Journal of Language, Literature, Culture and Education 4, no. 1 (November 30, 2023): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54923/jllce.v4i1.61.

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This study aimed to analyze the integration of Intercultural Communicative Competence (hereby ICC) in Bhutan’s English curriculum for key stage II. ICC is defined in this study as a set of skills that allows one to engage effectively and appropriately with others who are linguistically and culturally different. Bhutan’s English curriculum for key stage II refers to students in grades IV, V, and VI in Bhutan. A documentary research design was employed to analyze one hundred eighteen numbers of classroom activities suggested in the curriculum for students. A Thematic Analysis method was used to analyze the data, which involved deriving codes and categories. The findings of the study revealed the amount of classroom activities related to ICC in Bhutan’s English curriculum is minimal. According to the findings, there is no clear mention of any classroom activity that involves students in understanding various cultures. Based on the findings, the present study discusses Bhutan's English curriculum for key stage II should include a variety of activities in the curriculum that would let students compare different cultures.

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Shirgazina, E. "The Role of the Economic Development Interests of Bhutan and Nepal in Determining Their Foreign Policy Strategies." World Economy and International Relations 67, no. 9 (2023): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2023-67-9-99-108.

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The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the economic situation in two small countries of South Asia – Bhutan and Nepal. The author has studied the agricultural sector, industrial, tourist, hydroelectric industries of their national economies, the range of goods produced by Bhutan and Nepal, as well as the circle of their main trade and economic partners. The role of income from labor migration for improving the well-being of the population of both states is considered separately. The author analyzes Bhutan’s and Nepal’s indicators of socio-economic development according to the UN classification. Based on the work carried out, the author comes to the conclusion that for both countries their economic and social interests play the key role in determining their foreign policy strategy. As landlocked countries with a complex and ambiguous history, their relations with two neighbors, India and China, are their priority. Taking into account the Indo-Chinese competitive interaction, it becomes obvious that the Governments of both Bhutan and Nepal are trying to find a balance between the two rival countries and their own national interests. However, they choose different balancing scenarios. Nepal is characterized by a clearly represented course towards the sovereignization of the country and its foreign policy with the creation of positive neutrality in relations with both neighbor states. The leadership of Bhutan, from the other side, traditionally chooses a pro-Indian course with cautious steps towards resolving contradictions in relations with China.

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Dorji, Phurb. "Bhutan Health Journal : initiating a new era in Bhutan." Bhutan Health Journal 1, no. 1 (November 16, 2015): I. http://dx.doi.org/10.47811/bhj.01.

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Wangchuk, Jigme, Dhan Bahadur Subba, and Karma Wangdi. "Notes on new distribution records of Euaspa motokii Koiwaya, 2002 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) from Bhutan." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 6 (May 26, 2021): 18671–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6682.13.6.18671-18674.

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This paper reports Euaspa motokii, Koiwaya, 2002, a newly recorded butterfly species from Bhutan. Its known distribution range extended from Kachin State of Myanmar to eastern Arunachal Pradesh and is now further extended to the Himalayan foothills of central Bhutan. Currently, Bhutan has two Euaspa species, pavo and motokii. With this record Bhutan now lists 760 species of butterflies.

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Kaul, Nitasha. "“Where Is Bhutan?” The Production of Bhutan's Asymmetrical Inbetweenness in Geopolitics." Journal of Asian Studies 80, no. 2 (February 26, 2021): 317–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911820003691.

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In this article, I interrogate the exhaustive “inbetweenness” through which Bhutan is understood and located on a map (“inbetween India and China”). I argue that this understanding naturalizes a contemporary geopolitics with little depth about how this inbetweenness has shifted over the centuries, thereby constructing a timeless, obscure, and remote Bhutan that is “naturally” oriented southward. I trace how the construction of Bhutan's asymmetrical inbetweenness is nested in the larger story of the formation and consolidation of imperial British India and its dissolution, and the emergence of post-colonial India as a successor state. I identify and analyze the key economic dynamics of three phases marked by commercial, production, and security interests, through which this asymmetrical inbetweenness was consolidated. Bringing together sources from different disciplines and archival work, this account also challenges some of the dominant historical scholarship on Bhutan in each phase. I conclude by emphasizing that critical work at the intersection of geographical/political/historical contingencies is important to the subalternizing of geopolitics, which recognizes the myriad ways in which dominant powers have shaped both the geopolitical environment as well as knowledge-making that has constrained small states.

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Bean, Susan S., Diana K. Myers, and Rinzin O. Dorji. "Modeling a Future for Handmade Textiles: Bhutan in the Twenty-First Century." Textile Museum Journal 46, no. 1 (2019): 52–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tmj.2019.a932748.

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Abstract: After more than two centuries of industrialized textile production, despite the displacement of textiles into the margins of modern life, handweaving persists. While each instance of successful manufacture is unique, commonalities can be identified that build towards an understanding of contemporary roles for handmade cloth and the factors that bear on its survival. This essay aims to consider Bhutan’s success in supporting and evolving handwoven textiles as a model of maintaining handmade cloth in the twenty-first century. The narrative relates the ups and downs of Bhutanese handweaving in the decades before and since the millennium, presenting the complex interplay that has influenced the ways handwoven textiles are made and used in modern Bhutan. In this sometimes chaotic scenario, patterns emerge that illuminate the situation of textiles in Bhutan and indicate bases for comparison with other regions where handmade textiles struggle, yet survive. Although Bhutan’s textile saga is unique in many ways, particularly because of the country’s powerful monarchy and self-imposed isolation, the essay highlights central elements of Bhutan’s success in maintaining the vigor of handmade cloth that can be relevant anywhere that weaving remains part of modern life.

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Jena, Prakash Chandra. "Status and Functioning of Distance Education in Bhutan: An Evaluative Study." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 21 (February 2014): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.21.91.

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Bhutan is a small, landlocked country in southern Asia, between China and India. Its population is 634,982, and it covers 38,394 square kilometers. It has one of the world's smallest and least developed economies. Agriculture, forestry, and hydroelectric power provide the main sources of income for 90 % of the population. International agencies are currently supporting a number of educational, social, and environmental programs. In 2003, the higher education sector in Bhutan was reorganized through the creation of the Royal University of Bhutan bringing together eight higher education institutes and two teacher education institutions, including the National Institute of Education (NIE) in Samtse, which is in the southern border of Bhutan with India. Recently, the NIE was renamed as Samtse College of Education and the Paro College of Education in the west. The Royal University of Bhutan, founded on 2nd June, 2003 by a royal decree is the national university system of Bhutan. It was established to consolidate the management of tertiary education in Bhutan. It is a decentralized university with 10 constituent colleges spread across the kingdom. The present study focuses the growth and functioning of distance education in Bhutan.

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Li, Shuiping, Tingye Tao, Fei Gao, Xiaochuan Qu, Yongchao Zhu, Jianwei Huang, and Qi Wang. "Interseismic Coupling beneath the Sikkim–Bhutan Himalaya Constrained by GPS Measurements and Its Implication for Strain Segmentation and Seismic Activity." Remote Sensing 12, no. 14 (July 9, 2020): 2202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12142202.

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The Sikkim–Bhutan seismic gap has witnessed a long earthquake quiescence since the 1714 M7.5~8.5 earthquake. The state of stress accumulation beneath the Sikkim–Bhutan Himalaya and its spatial correlation with seismicity remains unclear due to the lack of geodetic measurements and the low levels of seismic activity. We compile Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements in southern Tibet with the available velocities in the Sikkim–Bhutan Himalaya to reveal the characteristics of strain buildup on the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT). We correct non-tectonic hydrological loading effects in a GPS time series to accurately determine the Three-Dimensional (3D) velocities of each continuous station. Extensive GPS measurements yield convergence rates of 16.2~18.5 mm/y across the Sikkim–Bhutan Himalaya, which is quite consistent with that observed elsewhere in the Himalaya. Based on a double-ramp structure of the MHT, a refined 3D coupling image is inverted using a dense network of GPS velocities. The result indicates significant along-strike variations of fault coupling beneath the Sikkim–Bhutan Himalaya. The locking width (coupling > 0.5) of western Bhutan reaches ~100 km, which is 30~40% wider than Sikkim and eastern Bhutan. An obvious embayment of decoupling zone near the border between Sikkim and western Bhutan is recognized, and coincides spatially with the rupture terminates of the 1934 Mw8.2 and the 1714 M7.5~8.5 earthquakes, indicating that the large megathrust earthquakes along the Sikkim–Bhutan Himalaya are largely segmented by the spatial variation of frictional properties on the MHT. Using a new compilation of seismic records in the Sikkim–Bhutan Himalaya, we analyze the spatial correlation between fault coupling and seismic activity. The result suggests that the seismicity in the Bhutan Himalaya is broadly distributed, instead of restricted in the lower edge of the interseismic locking zone. This implies that the seismic activity in the Bhutan Himalaya is not uniquely controlled by the stress accumulation at the downdip end of the locked portion of the MHT.

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Naveed, Ayesha, and Damber Kumar Nirola. "Mental health in Bhutan." International Psychiatry 9, no. 1 (February 2012): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600002915.

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The Kingdom of Bhutan lies in the folds of the eastern Himalayas, sandwiched between India to the south and China to the north. It has a total area of 38394 km2, which is roughly the size of Switzerland, and a population of a little over 70 0000 (Royal Government of Bhutan, 2002). It is a mountainous country, except for a small flat strip in the southern foothills. The official language is Dzongha, but English is widely spoken. English is the medium of instruction from pre-primary level onwards. In 1999 Bhutan allowed viewing of television and use of the internet, as a step towards modernisation. In the early 20th century, Bhutan came into contact with the British Empire; Bhutan maintains strong bilateral relations with India. Business Week magazine in 2006 rated Bhutan the happiest country in Asia and the eighth happiest in the world, based on a global survey. Bhutan is in fact the only country where happiness is measured in the form of an index, ‘Gross National Happiness’. The main religion practised in the country is Buddhism, with Hinduism as the second most prevalent. The capital and largest city is Thimphu. In 2007, Bhutan made the transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy, and held its first general election in 2008. Bhutan is a member of the United Nations and of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC); it hosted the 16th SAARC summit in April 2010.

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Burchardi, Anne. "Litteratur i Bhutan." Magasin fra Det Kongelige Bibliotek 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/mag.v19i1.66606.

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Rasmussen, Stig T. "Bhutan-projekt afsluttet." Magasin fra Det Kongelige Bibliotek 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/mag.v23i4.66687.

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Fraser-Jenkins, Christopher, and Phuntsho Wangdi. "Pteridophytes of Bhutan." Indian Journal of Forestry 45, no. 1 (July 30, 2022): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2022-qw2zef.

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Bhutanese pteridophytes have been compiled into a check-list of 568 taxa (543 species and 25 additional subspecies), based on reidentification of nearly all the world’s herbarium holdings from the Country, studied by the first author. We have also carried out many field-excursions, particularly in west and east Bhutan, collecting and identifying specimens. As a result we have produced a detailed specimen check-list giving full details (Fraser-Jenkins et al., in press 2022). The present list of confirmed taxa makes various additions and corrections to the Bhutan listings in the Annotated Checklist of Indian Pteridophytes (Fraser-Jenkins et al. 2016-2020), detailed in the full checklist. Two new species Diplazium phuntshoi Fraser-Jenk., and Pichisermollodes major Fraser-Jenk. and one new subspecies Dryopteris sparsa subsp. obtusipinnula Fraser-Jenk., are described. Only 4 species are endemic to Bhutan, but are all presumed to be only temporarily so and are expected to be present also in N.E. India, S.E. Tibet, S.W. China or N. Myanmar, though not yet detected there.

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International Monetary Fund. "Bhutan: Selected Issues." IMF Staff Country Reports 14, no. 179 (2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781498342254.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Bhutan: Background Paper." IMF Staff Country Reports 95, no. 135 (1995): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451806212.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Bhutan: Selected Issues." IMF Staff Country Reports 97, no. 05 (1997): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451806229.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Bhutan: Statistical Annex." IMF Staff Country Reports 99, no. 63 (1999): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451806236.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Bhutan: Statistical Appendix." IMF Staff Country Reports 09, no. 335 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451806298.002.

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While, Alison. "Lessons from Bhutan." British Journal of Community Nursing 13, no. 5 (May 2008): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2008.13.5.29303.

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Ramachandran, K. N. "Bhutan in Focus∗." Strategic Analysis 32, no. 5 (September 25, 2008): 927–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700160802309308.

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Mathou, Thierry. "Bhutan in 2016." Asian Survey 57, no. 1 (January 2017): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2017.57.1.56.

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Celebrated nationwide as a symbol of change in continuity, the birth of the future king gave confidence to Bhutan, which continued its path toward democracy and sustainable development without undermining its identity despite several challenges lying ahead.

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Mathou, Thierry. "Bhutan in 2017." Asian Survey 58, no. 1 (January 2018): 138–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2018.58.1.138.

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Bhutan’s agenda in 2017 was dominated by the preparation for the third parliamentary elections (slated for 2018), the 12th Five-Year Development Plan (2018–23), and the golden jubilee of the establishment of diplomatic relations with India. A military standoff between China and India on Bhutan’s border highlighted the kingdom’s strategic regional position.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bhutan'

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