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Yang, Hui, Li Li, Fu Xin Yang, Ying Yue Zhou, Li Juan Ou, and Shuai Feng Hu. "Preparation and Properties of Complex Antioxidants LDPE Antioxidant Film." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 519–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.519.
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Low density polyethylene (LDPE) films contains BHA, BHT or BHA, BHT, TA were successfully produced by extrusion. Three types of antioxidant films that were L(LDPE), LBB(LDPE+0.5%BHA+0.5%BHT), and LBBT(LDPE+0.5%BHA+0.5%BHT+0.5%TA) was designed. The Mechanics, moisture permeability, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and antioxidant activity of the film were detected. The results showed that antioxidant consisting of BHA, BHT and TA has a better compatibility with LDPE film. The antioxidant film has a better performance on mechanical strength and the rate of DPPH radical scavenging ability, but poor to water vapor transmission rate.
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Akkbik, Mohammed, Zaini Bin Assim, and Fasihuddin Badruddin Ahmad. "Optimization and Validation of RP-HPLC-UV/Vis Method for Determination Phenolic Compounds in Several Personal Care Products." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/858153.
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An HPLC method with ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry detection has been optimized and validated for the simultaneous determination of phenolic compounds, such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as antioxidants, and octyl methyl cinnamate (OMC) as UVB-filter in several personal care products. The dynamic range was between 1 to 250 mg/L with relative standard deviation less than 0.25% (). Limits of detection for BHA, BHT, and OMC were 0.196, 0.170, and 0.478 mg/L, respectively. While limits of quantification for BHA, BHT, and OMC were 0.593, 0.515, and 1.448 mg/L, respectively. The recovery for BHA, BHT, and OMC was ranged from 92.1–105.9%, 83.2–108.9%, and 87.3–103.7%, respectively. The concentration ranges of BHA, BHT, and OMC in 12 commercial personal care samples were 0.13–4.85, 0.16–2.30, and 0.12–65.5 mg/g, respectively. The concentrations of phenolic compounds in these personal care samples were below than maximum allowable concentration in personal care formulation, that is, 0.0004–10 mg/g, 0.002–5 mg/g, and up to 100 mg/g for BHA, BHT, and OMC, respectively.
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Özgür, Mahmure, Zeynep Kalaycioğlu, and Öznur Dülger. "Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of phenolic antioxidant (BHA and BHT) concentrations in pharmaceutical preparations and chewing gums using the H-point standard addition method." Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 36, no. 2 (December 21, 2017): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.20450/mjcce.2017.1330.
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A simple, rapid, and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the simultaneous determination of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) concentration in pharmaceutical preparations and chewing gums, without prior separation steps, using the H-point standard addition method (HPSAM).The concentration of one antioxidant was calculated by overlapping spectra at two appropriately selected wavelengths at which the interferent, other antioxidant, should has the same absorbance value. Absorbances at two pairs of wavelengths, 265 and 288 nm (with BHA as analyte) or 288 and 293 nm (with BHT as analyte) were monitored, while adding standard solutions of BHA or BHT, respectively. Calibration graphs were determined at 4–20 μgml–1(r = 0.9981) for BHA and 20–100 μgml–1(r = 0.9940) for BHT in binary mixtures. The proposed method was tested and validated using various parameters according to ICH guidelines. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.48 and 1.51 μgml–1for BHA and 0.72 and 2.41 μgml–1for BHT, respectively. The percentage recovery ranges were 100.44–102.50 % for BHA and 96.45–100.04 % for BHT, with relative standard deviations (RSD) less than 1.48 % indicating reasonable repeatability of the method. The intra-day and inter-day precision tests showed reliable RSD values (< 2 %). The results obtained using HPSAM were statistically compared with results obtained using the derivative spectrophotometric method that was previously reported by us, showing high similarity between results.
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DeWitt, Bernard, and Gunnar Finne. "Gas Chromatographic Determination of Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) and Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) in Products Containing Capsaicinoids." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 79, no. 6 (November 1, 1996): 1459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/79.6.1459.
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Abstract Because of interference by coeluting capsaicinoids, the commonly used liquid chromatographic method for determining butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in pepperoni and spice blends is not reliable. A gas chromatographic method is described that cleanly separates these antioxidants from interfering substances. Average recoveries of BHA and BHT from oleoresin spiked at 5 concentrations were 97.6 and 104.3%, respectively. From pepperoni spiked at 4 levels, average recoveries were 79.1 and 87.9%, respectively. The repeatability of the method when applied to 5 replicates of pepperoni toppings was 36.4 ± 1.1 ppm for BHA and 32.2 ± 0.8 ppm for BHT.
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Espinosa-Mansilla, A., F. Salinas, M. Del Olmo, and I. de Orbe Payá. "Determination of Synthetic Food Antioxidants in Multicomponent Mixtures Using UV-Visible Spectrophotometry and Partial Least-Squares Calibration." Applied Spectroscopy 50, no. 4 (April 1996): 449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702963906131.
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Determination of quaternary, ternary, and binary mixtures and single determination of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), and nordi-hydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) have been made by using a partial least-squares (PLS) model. A calibration set containing between 2 to 80 μg mL−1 of BHA, TBHQ, and NDGA and 10 to 200 μg mL−1 of BHT was used, and a model was optimized by using a cross-validation process. Relative standard deviation values between 0.1 and 2.1% for BHA, between 0.2 and 2.1% for BHT, between 0.4 and 8.3% for NDGA, and between 1.2 and 1.3 for TBHQ were calculated. The resolution of quaternary mixtures was tested in sunflower oil samples.
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Rocha Junior, Carlos Magno da, Antônio Gilberto Bertechini, Alexandre de Oliveira Teixeira, Leonardo Marmo Moreira, Carla Regina Guimarães Brighenti, Cristina Maria Lima Sá-Fortes, Cleiton Antônio Nunes, and Anderson Corassa. "Evaluation of antioxidants on oxidative stability and fatty acid profile of poultry offal oil used in the pet food industry." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 42, no. 3Supl1 (April 22, 2021): 1813–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n3supl1p1813.
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The aim of this study was to examine the use of antioxidants on the oxidative stability of poultry offal oil used in the pet food industry. Five commercial synthetic and two natural antioxidants were used in the following treatments: Control (CON); CON + (BHT + BHA + ETH95); CON + (BHT + BHA); CON + (BHA + PG + CA); CON + (BHT + BHA + ETH70); CON + BHA; CON + (ASC + rosemary); and CON + (ASC + tocopherols). Inclusion levels were 0.5% for the synthetic and 0.625% for the natural antioxidants. Oxidative stability was determined at three temperatures (90, 110 and 130 ºC). To determine the fatty acid profile, the original sample of the offal oil was considered a negative control. The fatty acids were determined based on the preparation of methyl esters by a transesterification reaction with methanol in alkaline medium, followed by gas chromatography analysis. The different fatty acid types were identified by comparing the retention times of the fatty acid methyl ester standards with the retention times of the observed peaks. Compositional data analysis was carried out. Without the use of antioxidant, induction time is shorter, resulting in lower oxidative stability of the offal oil and consequent loss of its quality due to less time taken to oxidize. The antioxidants used in CON + (BHT + BHA + ETH95), CON + (BHA + PG + CA) and CON + BHA better preserved the essential fatty acids (linolenic and linoleic). Natural antioxidants exhibited higher oxidation, with higher proportions of saturated fatty acids and the worst ω6:ω3 ratios. In conclusion, the synthetic antioxidants used in CON + (BHT + BHA + ETH95), CON + (BHA + PG + CA) and CON + BHA provided greater protection against oxidation and better preserved the essential fatty acids. The natural antioxidants tested in the present study did not provide satisfactory protection.
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Thao, Phan Thi Phuong, Tran Thi Thu Hang, Pham Le Nguyet Anh, and Vu Hong Son. "Investigating the Potential of Vietnamese Tea Seed Oil (Camellia sinensis O.Kuntze) for the Enhancement of Oxidative Stability in Vegetable Oils." Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4, no. 1 (June 18, 2021): 955–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31817/vjas.2021.4.1.06.
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This study examined the effectiveness of different antioxidative compounds, namely 0.2% BHA (Butylated hydroxyanisole) + BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), 0.03% α – tocopherol, and 3% and 6% tea seed oil (TSO) on the oxidative stability of vegetable oils. Four commonly used oils, viz. rapeseed oil (RSO), peanut oil (PNO), sunflower oil (SFO), and soybean oil (SBO), were assessed by the Schall Oven test method and monitored during the 12-day preservation period under 60°C. The total oxidation values (TOTOX) of the samples treated with 6% TSO were lower than those treated with 0.2% BHA+BHT. The results indicated the potential of TSO as a novel natural antioxidant for dietary vegetable oils. Our study also suggested that TSO could serve as an effective substitution for currently used synthetic antioxidants such as BHA and BHT.
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Passone, M., L. Rosso, M. Varela, A. Ciancio, and M. Etcheverry. "Effects of sub-lethal food grade antioxidant doses and environmental stressors on growth, sclerotia, aflatoxins and aflD (nor-1) expression by Aspergillus parasiticus RCP08300." World Mycotoxin Journal 4, no. 2 (January 1, 2011): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2010.1261.
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The aim of the work was to examine the effects of sub-lethal doses of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (1+1 mmol/l and 5+5 mmol/l), water activities (0.98, 0.95, 0.93, 0.89 aW) and temperatures (28, 20 °C) on growth, sclerotial characteristics, aflatoxin accumulation and aflD (=nor-1) transcript level by Aspergillus parasiticus RCP08300 on peanut based medium. Growth rate and aflatoxin production were inhibited by BHA-BHT mixture (1+1 mmol/l), regardless of environmental factor assayed. Although sclerotia number and aflD expression were stimulated by this treatment, sclerotia dry weight and volume were reduced by 62.3 and 31.2%, respectively. In contrast, when the fungus grew in presence of the higher dose of BHA-BHT mixture none or very low aflatoxin accumulation and aflD expression occurred. Similarly, A. parasiticus growth has been highly influenced by BHA-BHT (5+5 mmol/l) and interacting stress factors. Data show that sub-lethal antioxidant doses significantly reduced growth and aflatoxin accumulation by A. parasiticus but these treatments were not able to repress the expression of the early expression gene (aflD) involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Thus, this represents a high potential risk of stored peanuts contamination with aflatoxins.
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Wang, Yu-Wen, Ya-Na Li, Qin-Bao Lin, Xiao Wang, Zeng-Hui Li, and Kai-Xuan Wu. "Functional and Antioxidant Properties of Plastic Bottle Caps Incorporated with BHA or BHT." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 13, 2021): 4545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164545.
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In this study, we prepared new antioxidant active plastic bottle caps by incorporating butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) or butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and 2% (w/w) white masterbatch in high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry revealed that the antioxidants and HDPE were uniformly mixed with noncovalent bonding. In addition, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test revealed that the change in melting point and initial extrapolation temperature of the antioxidant active caps was not significant. Sensory evaluation and removal torque tests validated the suitability of the antioxidant active plastic bottle caps in industrial application. The antioxidant activity increased with a greater concentration of BHA and BHT incorporated in both antioxidant active caps (p < 0.05) and with more impact on the BHA cap compared to BHT cap in terms of antioxidant activity. Migration experiments for 10 days at 40 °C and 2 h at 70 °C showed that active antioxidants in the plastic bottle cap were more easily released into fatty foods and milk products that are highly sensitive to oxidation, and the migration of BHA and BHT did not exceed the maximum amount specified in (EC) No 1333/2008 (<200 mg/kg). As such, the antioxidant active plastic bottle caps inhibited oxidation, thereby ensuring higher food quality.
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Hocman, Gabriel. "Chemoprevention of cancer: Phenolic antioxidants (BHT, BHA)." International Journal of Biochemistry 20, no. 7 (January 1988): 639–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-711x(88)90158-9.
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Moch, R. W. "Pathology of BHA- and BHT-induced lesions." Food and Chemical Toxicology 24, no. 10-11 (October 1986): 1167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(86)90304-2.
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Garcia, Daiana, Andrea Nesci, Natalia S. Girardi, M. Alejandra Passone, and Miriam Etcheverry. "Antifeedant, horizontal transfer and repellent activities of free and microencapsulated food grade antioxidants against postharvest pest insects (Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus, 1758) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797)) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae, Tenebrionidae) of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) (Fabaceae)." Polish Journal of Entomology 88, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjen-2019-0008.
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Abstract The aims of this work were to evaluate antifeedant, horizontal transfer and repellent activities of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), free and microencapsulated, at different doses against Oryzaephilus surinamensis and Tribolium castaneum on peanut kernels. In general, negative values for the percentage feeding deterrence index (FDI) were found for Oryzaephilus surinamensis in the presence of these chemical treatments, suggesting a phagostimulant activity. In addition, untreated individuals died within 20 days of coming into contact with insects previously exposed to both antioxidants (BHA and BHT) and formulations (F- BHA and F-BHT), regardless of the dose, while the insects in the controls died after this time. Since this work revealed evidence for the transfer of both free and microencapsulated antioxidants from treated to untreated individuals, we can confirm that horizontal transfer of these compounds takes place between treated and untreated insects. The evaluated compounds showed no repellent activity against O. surinamensis, which continued unaffected with its life cycle on both treated and untreated peanuts. On the other hand, Tribolium castaneum exhibited high FDI values, especially for the formulations, with mean values of 0.68 and 0.91 for F-BHA and F-BHT, respectively. No horizontal transfer was observed for this insect, but repellency was higher than 80% for free and encapsulated BHT. We can conclude that the mechanism of insecticidal action of antioxidants and their formulations was dependent on the type of insect evaluated. The insecticidal effect on Oryzaephilus surinamensis could have been due to the direct intake of the chemical compounds added, whereas the negative effect on Tribolium castaneum could have been caused by starvation.
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Akhtar, H., I. Tariq, S. Mahmood, S. Hamid, and R. Khanum. "Effect of antioxidants on stability, nutritional values of refined sunflower oil during accelerated storage and thermal oxidation in frying." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 47, no. 2 (July 29, 2012): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v47i2.11458.
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Untreated sunflower oil (without antioxidants) was much more affected during long storage as well as by the thermal oxidation in 4 hours frying process. The shelf life of oil was increased both during storage and in frying process at elevated temperature by the addition of synthetic antioxidants. TBHQ (Tertiory butyl hydroquinone) BHT (Butylated hydroxyl toluene) BHA (Butylatd hydroxyl amine) and the mixture of BHA and BHT used in the present study in 0.02, 0.02, 0.02 and 0.01+0.01 amount respectively to observe the stability of refined sunflower when stored at 30°C for 21 weeks in transparent PET bottles. The stored oils (treated and untreated) when underwent in the process of frying at the temperature of 180°C further deterioration of oils happened. The antioxidant activities and protective effects in stabilization of sunflower oils during storage and in frying process measured in terms of POV (peroxide), FFA (free fatty acids), p-AnV (p- Anisidine value), Colour Index, RI (Refractive index), and fatty acid profile. Result indicated that TBHQ exhibited stronger antioxidant activity during storage and gave maximum protection against thermal oxidation when oil subjected in the process of multiple frying for continous four hours at elevated temperature. The results were indicated the effectiveness of antioxidants in the order like TBHQ > BHT > BHA BHA+BHT. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v47i2.11458 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 47(2), 223-230, 2012
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Karamac, M., and R. Amarowicz. "Antioxidant activity of BHA, BHT and TBHQ examined with Miller's test." Grasas y Aceites 48, no. 2 (April 30, 1997): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.1997.v48.i2.772.
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Pandey, Anurag, Ramesh Chandra Keshri, and Yogesh Kumar. "Development and quality assessment of pork sandwich spread incorporated with different levels of antioxidant mixture (BHA and BHT) during frozen storage (−18 ± 1°C)." Nutrition & Food Science 46, no. 6 (November 14, 2016): 816–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-04-2016-0047.
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Purpose This paper aims to develop a good quality pork sandwich spread incorporated with different levels of antioxidant mixture [butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) + butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT); 1:1] and to assess sensory, physico-chemical and microbiological properties of frozen product during storage. Design/methodology/approach Three levels of antioxidant mixture (BHA + BHT; 1:1) i.e. 100, 200 and 400 ppm were tried, and the product was compared for physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory properties along with the control during frozen storage (−18 ± 1°C). Findings pH and water activity decreased significantly (p < 0.05), whereas water holding capacity, 2-thiobarbituric acid reacting substances value, total plate count and psychrotrophic count increased significantly (p < 0.05) during storage period. No coliform, yeast and molds were detected throughout the study period. There was non-significant (p < 0.05) effect of antioxidant treatment on the scores of colour, texture, juiciness, adhesion ability and spreadability, but scores for flavour and overall acceptability significantly (p < 0.05) increased. Research limitations/implications Pork sandwich spread is envisaged to help in providing nutrition to a large section of needy population and will add a new dimension to the convenience foods. Originality/value Antioxidant mixture (BHA + BHT, 1:1) treatment improved the sensory and microbiological properties of pork sandwich spread at frozen storage (−18 ± 1°C). At the end of storage period (60 days), the pork sandwich spread was found safe for human consumption. Hence, BHA and BHT antioxidant mixture could be used to improve quality attributes of meat products during storage.
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MURCIA, M. ANTONIA, and MAGDALENA MARTÍNEZ-TOMÉ. "Antioxidant Activity of Resveratrol Compared with Common Food Additives." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.3.379.
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Resveratrol is a phenolic compound of the stilbene family present in wines and various parts of the grape, including the skin. In this study, the antioxidant and prooxidant activities of resveratrol were compared with other antioxidants (butylated hydroxytoluene [BHT], butylated hydroxyacetone [BHA], phenol, propyl gallate [PG], sodium tripolyphosphate [TPP], α-tocopherol, and vanillin) widely used in foods. The ability of these compounds to inhibit lipid peroxidation was as follows: BHA > resveratrol > PG > tripolyphosphate > vanillin > phenol > BHT > α-tocopherol, the first three inhibiting the peroxidation in a concentration-dependent manner. The order of OH scavenger activity of the tested compounds was BHA > TPP > BHT. Resveratrol and vanillin produced between 10 to 7% and 16 to 10% inhibition of the deoxyribose attack, respectively, but they do not scavenge OH▪. Neither the resveratrol analyzed nor PG or the rest of compounds reacted with H2O2 and must be considered inefficient in catalyzing any subsequent oxidation. The ability to scavenge HOCl was, in decreasing order, PG > resveratrol > α-tocopherol > phenol. The other compounds did not scavenge HOCl.
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MARTÍNEZ-TOMÉ, MAGDALENA, ANTONIA M. JIMÉNEZ, SILVERIO RUGGIERI, NATALE FREGA, ROSANNA STRABBIOLI, and M. ANTONIA MURCIA. "Antioxidant Properties of Mediterranean Spices Compared with Common Food Additives." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 1412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.9.1412.
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In this study, the antioxidant properties of Mediterranean food spices (annatto, cumin, oregano, sweet and hot paprika, rosemary, and saffron) at 5% concentration and of common food additives (butylated hydroxyanisole [BHA], butylated hydroxytoluene[BHT], and propyl gallate) at 100 μg/g are compared. The ability of these compounds to inhibit lipid peroxidation was, in decreasing order, rosemary > oregano > propyl gallate > annatto > BHA > sweet paprika > cumin > hot paprika > saffron > BHT. Deoxyribose damage is partially inhibited in the presence of cumin extract that exhibits the strongest protective action. The rest of the spices also protect deoxyribose better than the BHA and BHT used in the assay. Finally, the results obtained in the assay point to the prooxidant effect of propyl gallate. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity is measured by using peroxidase-based assay systems. In aqueous medium, the spice extracts show lower antioxidant activity than propyl gallate, the decreasing order being cumin > oregano > annatto > rosemary > hot paprika > sweet paprika. BHA and BHT did not scavenge H2O2. Spices are able to scavenge HOCl and protect α1-antiproteinase. The results indicate that rosemary and oregano are more effective HOCl scavengers than the other substances analyzed, which, in decreasing order, were propyl gallate, annatto, sweet and hot paprika, saffron, and cumin. The effect of Mediterranean food spices on the oxidative stability of refined olive oil tested by the Rancimat method was compared with common food additives during storage (72 h, 2, 4, and 6 months) at room temperature. The results showed that the spice extracts analyzed have significant stabilizing effects (P < 0.05).
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Ma, Bing-Ji, Hua Peng, and Ji-Kai Liu. "Monitoring of BHT-Quinone and BHT-CHO in the Gas of Capsules of Asclepias physocarpa." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 61, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2006): 458–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2006-5-625.
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Three volatile components, namely benzoic acid ethyl ester (1), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone (BHT-quinone) (2), and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (BHT-CHO) (3), were detected from the gas in the capsules of Asclepias physocarpa by means of GC/MS analysis. BHT-quinone and BHT-CHO as organic pollutants are the degradation products of the antioxidant 2,6-ditert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT). Ground water, lake water and/or rain water are a source of BHT metabolites in the plant Asclepias physocarpa.
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JEREMIAH, L. E. "Effects of Antioxidants on the Retail Appearance and Display-Life of Frozen Bacon1." Journal of Food Protection 51, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.2.105.
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The efficacy of three antioxidants and a reductant for preventing deterioration in factors contributing to the retail acceptability of bacon slices during frozen storage and simulated retail display was examined. The antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and propyl gallate (PG) and the reductant [ascorbic acid (AA)] were incorporated into a dry sugar bacon cure alone or in combination. Composite results indicated that incorporation of the formulations evaluated into dry sugar bacon cures did not appear to be practical for either extending the frozen storability or retail display-life of frozen and thawed bacon from an appearance aspect. However, incorporation of BHA and BHT in combination extended the retail display life of fresh bacon slices by approximately 3.5 d, based upon regression analysis.
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Peighambardoust, Seyed Hadi, Seyedeh Homa Fasihnia, Seyed Jamaleddin Peighambardoust, Mirian Pateiro, Rubén Domínguez, and José M. Lorenzo. "Active Polypropylene-Based Films Incorporating Combined Antioxidants and Antimicrobials: Preparation and Characterization." Foods 10, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10040722.
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Development of polypropylene (PP) films incorporating antioxidant-antimicrobial agents can inhibit microbial growth and reduce undesirable deteriorating reactions and can preserve the quality of food. This study was aimed to use a combination of sorbic acid (SA), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) to provide a synergistic effect at their reduced concentrations. A Combination of the additives was more effective in enhancing mechanical properties compared to their single state in film composition. The PP-2%SA-3%BHA film (T3) had the highest tensile strength (17.9 MPa) and the lowest elongation at break (7.1%) than other films. The fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) proposed physical mixing of active additives within PP-matrix. Scanning electron microscopy showed uniform dispersion of the additives in PP-2%SA-1%BHT-1%BHA film (T4) compared to others. BHT containing films decreased the storage and loss moduli leading to weakening of film viscoelastic behaviour and reducing film melting point. The prepared active films showed higher antioxidant activity than control PP-film following an order of T4 > T2 > T3 corresponding to DPPH radical scavenging values of 89.1, 83.4 and 79.1%, respectively. All active films inhibited gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria growth. The results of this study indicated that the prepared active films possess desirable mechanical, thermal, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties enabling their use in food packaging.
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Lin, Chien-Jung, Yi-Chang Su, Cheng-Hung Lee, Tsai-Chung Li, Yun-An Chen, and Sunny Jui-Shan Lin. "Bai-Hu-Tang, Ancient Chinese Medicine Formula, May Provide a New Complementary Treatment Option for Sepsis." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/193084.
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Bai-Hu-Tang(BHT) has been broadly applied to treating the early stage of acute infection with systemic inflammation for two thousand years in Chinese medicine. We explore whether BHT is beneficial in treating sepsis and its effects on proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6, and anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10, in which both play key roles in the progress of sepsis. Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into six groups, with cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) performed in all but the sham-control group. Rats in CLP + BHT-L6and CLP + BHT-H6groups, respectively, received a low (0.45 g/kg) and high doses (0.9 g/kg) of BHT, 6 hrs postoperatively. CLP + BHT-L12and CLP + BHT-H12groups, respectively, received low and high doses of BHT, 12 hrs postoperatively. Sham-control and sepsis-control groups received distilled water (1 mL) as vehicle, 6 hrs postoperatively. Serial blood samples were drawn before operation, as baseline, and at 4, 8, and 12 hrs postoperatively for IL-6 and IL-10 assay. All rats were monitored for 3 days for survival study. Rats in the CLP + BHT-H6group had significantly higher survival rate (80%) and significantly lower levels of both IL-6 and IL-10 at 12 hrs postoperatively than those in the sepsis-control group. Results suggested that BHT may be a new complementary treatment option for sepsis.
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JEREMIAH, L. E. "Effects of Antioxidants on Rancidity Development and Palatability of Frozen Bacon." Journal of Food Protection 48, no. 8 (August 1, 1985): 653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-48.8.653.
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The efficacy of four antioxidants for retarding rancidity development and maintaining the palatability of frozen bacon slices were examined. The antioxidants (ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and propyl gallate) were incorporated into a dry sugar bacon cure alone or in combination. Results indicated that the incorporation of these antioxidants alone or in combination generally reduced rancidity develoment in bacon slices during prolonged frozen storage. However, the combination of BHA, BHT and propyl gallate was the only antioxidant treatment which was effective for extending the frozen storability of bacon slices from the standpoint of flavor desirability and overall palatability. Bacon slices cured in the presence of this antioxidant combination remained acceptable for ca. 84 d longer during frozen storage than bacon cured in the absence of antioxidants.
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van Kemenade, Zoë R., Laura Villanueva, Ellen C. Hopmans, Peter Kraal, Harry J. Witte, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, and Darci Rush. "Bacteriohopanetetrol-<i>x</i>: constraining its application as a lipid biomarker for marine anammox using the water column oxygen gradient of the Benguela upwelling system." Biogeosciences 19, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 201–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-201-2022.
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Abstract. Interpreting lipid biomarkers in the sediment archive requires a good understanding of their application and limitations in modern systems. Recently it was discovered that marine bacteria performing anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), belonging to the genus Ca. Scalindua, uniquely synthesize a stereoisomer of bacteriohopanetetrol (“BHT-x”). The ratio of BHT-x over total bacteriohopanetetrol (BHT, ubiquitously synthesized by diverse bacteria) has been suggested as a proxy for water column anoxia. As BHT has been found in sediments over 50 Myr old, BHT-x has the potential to complement and extend the sedimentary biomarker record of marine anammox, conventionally constructed using ladderane lipids. Yet, little is known about the distribution of BHT-x in relation to the distribution of ladderanes and to the genetic evidence of Ca. Scalindua in modern marine systems. Here, we investigate the distribution of BHT-x and the application of the BHT-x ratio in relation to distributions of ladderane intact polar lipids (IPLs), ladderane fatty acids (FAs) and Ca. Scalindua 16S rRNA genes in suspended particulate matter (SPM) from the water column of the Benguela upwelling system (BUS), sampled across a large oxygen gradient. In BUS SPM, high BHT-x abundances were restricted to the oxygen-deficient zone on the continental shelf (at [O2] < 45 µmol L−1, in all but one case). High BHT-x abundances co-occurred with high abundances of the Ca. Scalindua 16S rRNA gene (relative to the total number of bacterial 16S rRNA genes) and ladderane IPLs. At shelf stations with [O2] > 50 µmol L−1, the BHT-x ratio was < 0.04 (in all but one case). In apparent contradiction, ladderane FAs and low abundances of BHT and BHT-x (resulting in BHT-x ratios > 0.04) were also detected in oxygenated offshore waters ([O2] up to 180 µmol L−1), whereas ladderane IPLs were undetected. The index of ladderane lipids with five cyclobutane rings (NL5) correlates with in situ temperature. NL5-derived temperatures suggested that ladderane FAs in the offshore waters were not synthesized in situ but were transported down-slope from warmer shelf waters. Thus, in sedimentary archives of systems with known lateral organic matter transport, such as the BUS, relative BHT and BHT-x abundances should be carefully considered. In such systems, a higher BHT-x ratio may act as a safer threshold for deoxygenation and/or Ca. Scalindua presence: our results and previous studies indicate that a BHT-x ratio of ≥ 0.2 is a robust threshold for oxygen-depleted waters ([O2] < 50 µmol kg−1). In our data, ratios of ≥ 0.2 coincided with Ca. Scalindua 16S rRNA genes in all samples (n=62), except one. Lastly, when investigating in situ anammox, we highlight the importance of using ladderane IPLs over BHT-x and/or ladderane FAs; these latter compounds are more recalcitrant and may derive from transported fossil anammox bacteria remnants.
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Hammond, Alexander, Craig Perrin, James Steele, Jürgen Giessing, Paulo Gentil, and James P. Fisher. "The effects of a 4-week mesocycle of barbell back squat or barbell hip thrust strength training upon isolated lumbar extension strength." PeerJ 7 (July 26, 2019): e7337. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7337.
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Objectives Common exercises such as the barbell back squat (BBS) and barbell hip thrust (BHT) are perceived to provide a training stimulus to the lumbar extensors. However, to date there have been no empirical studies considering changes in lumbar extension strength as a result of BBS or BHT resistance training (RT) interventions. Purpose To consider the effects of BBS and BHT RT programmes upon isolated lumbar extension (ILEX) strength. Methods Trained male subjects (n = 14; 22.07 ± 0.62 years; 179.31 ± 6.96 cm; 79.77 ± 13.81 kg) were randomised in to either BBS (n = 7) or BHT (n = 7) groups and performed two training sessions per week during a 4-week mesocycle using 80% of their 1RM. All subjects were tested pre- and post-intervention for BBS and BHT 1RM as well as isometric ILEX strength. Results Analyses revealed that both BBS and BHT groups significantly improved both their BBS and BHT 1RM, suggesting a degree of transferability. However, the BBS group improved their BBS 1RM to a greater degree than the BHT group (p = 0.050; ∼11.8 kg/10.2% vs. ∼8.6 kg/7.7%, respectively). And the BHT group improved their BHT 1RM to a greater degree than the BBS group (p = 0.034; ∼27.5 kg/24.8% vs. ∼20.3 kg/13.3%, respectively). Neither BBS nor BHT groups significantly improved their isometric ILEX strength. Conclusions The present study supports the concept of specificity, particularly in relation to the movement mechanics between trunk extension (including pelvic rotation) and ILEX. Our data suggest that strength coaches, personal trainers, and trainees can self-select multi-joint lower-body trunk extension exercises based on preference or variety. However, evidence suggests that neither the BBS nor BHT exercises can meaningfully increase ILEX strength. Since strengthening these muscles might enhance physical and sporting performance we encourage strength coaches and personal trainers to prescribe ILEX exercise.
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Celestino, Maísa Teodoro, Uiaran de Oliveira Magalhães, Aline Guerra Manssour Fraga, Flávia Almada do Carmo, Viviane Lione, Helena Carla Castro, Valeria Pereira de Sousa, Carlos Rangel Rodrigues, and Lucio Mendes Cabral. "Rational use of antioxidants in solid oral pharmaceutical preparations." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 48, no. 3 (September 2012): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502012000300007.
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Antioxidants are currently used as efficient excipients that delay or inhibit the oxidation process of molecules. Excipients are often associated with adverse reactions. Stability studies can guide the search for solutions that minimize or delay the processes of degradation. The ability to predict oxidation reactions in different drugs is important. Methods: This study was conducted to assess the rational use of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), sodium metabisulfite (SMB), propyl gallate (PG) and cysteine (CYS) in tablet formulations of simvastatin and ketoconazole. These antioxidants were evaluated according to stability parameters and the relationship between efficiency of the antioxidant and chemical structure of the drugs. Results were compared with DPPH tests and computational simulations. BHT was most efficient regarding simvastatin stability, and the most effective BHT concentrations for maintaining stability were 0.5 and 0.1%. In relation to ketoconazole, SMB was most efficient for maintaining content and dissolution profile. The evaluation by DPPH showed that the largest percentage of absorbance reduction was observed for PG, while SMB proved most efficient and had lower consumption of DPPH. The same pattern was observed, albeit with lower efficiency, for the other lipophilic antioxidants such as BHT and BHA. The results of the molecular modeling study demonstrated that electronic properties obtained were correlated with antioxidant activity in solution, being useful for the rational development of liquid pharmaceutical formulations but not for solid oral formulations. This study demonstrated the importance of considering stability parameters and molecular modeling to elucidate the chemical phenomena involved in antioxidant activity, being useful for the rational use of antioxidants in the development of pharmaceutical formulations.
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Kumar, Sanjay, B. H. Paudel, S. Dhungel, and R. Khadka. "EFFECT OF COLD INDUCED PAIN AND MENTAL TASK ON BREATH HOLDING TIME." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 41, no. 141 (January 1, 2003): 262–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.742.
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The breath holding time (BHT) is under voluntary control to a considerable extentand is dependent on various factors. Pain interrupts ongoing mental processes andmental task stimulates the respiratory complex as a part of generalised central nervoussystem arousal. We hypothesised that the concurrent cold-induced pain and mentaltask may change BHT. In this study BHT with concurrent mental task (MT) or coldinducedpain (CPT) was assessed in healthy individuals (n=25). The objective was toinvestigate the effect of CPT and MT on BHT. Initially basal BHT was recorded thenthe BHT was recorded during MT and CPT. The data were analysed by Friedmantest. The results showed no significant effect of MT and CPT on BHT. However, BHTshowed an increasing trend with CPT and MT. It is concluded that cold pressor painand mental task do not have vital influence on breath holding time.Key Words: breath holding time, cold pressor test, pain, mental task.
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Nam, Yeon Kyung, Seong Chul Jin, Mi Hye Kim, La Yoon Choi, Yong-Bok Lee, and Woong Mo Yang. "Banhahubak-Tang Tablet, a Standardized Medicine Attenuates Allergic Asthma via Inhibition of Janus Kinase 1 (JAK1)/ Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 6 (STAT6) Signal Pathway." Molecules 25, no. 9 (May 8, 2020): 2206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092206.
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Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been known to be one of the risk factors to cause allergic asthma, leading to development of respiratory disease. Banhahubak-tang tablet (BHT), a standardized Korean Medicine, is prescribed for neurasthenia, laryngopharyngitis and asthma. In this study, we investigated therapeutic effects of BHT on airway inflammation in ovalbumin (OVA) and PM smaller than 10 μm (PM10)-induced allergic asthma mice. To establish allergic asthma with airway hyper-responsiveness by PM10, BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA and PM10, and orally administered BHT. Histological staining was performed to assess airway remodeling. Serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected for measuring immunoglobulin levels and counting inflammatory cells, respectively. Expression levels of Janus kinase 1 (JAK1)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), pro-inflammatory cytokines and type 2 T-helper (Th2)-related cytokines were analyzed in vivo and in vitro models. Histopathological analysis demonstrated that BHT suppressed inflammatory cell infiltration, mucus hypersecretion and collagen deposition in the airway. BHT administration effectively decreased number of inflammatory cells in BALF. BHT reduced total serum Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels. In addition, BHT significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of JAK1 and STAT6 expressions. Release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and Th2-related cytokines were down-regulated by BHT. In conclusion, BHT mitigated airway inflammation by down-regulating pro-inflammatory and Th2-related cytokines via JAK1/STAT6 signaling. BHT might be a promising herbal medicine for preventing airway inflammation. Moreover, an intervention study among humans is needed to further evaluate the possible beneficial effects of BHT in allergic asthma.
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Musz-Pomorska, Anna, Beata Kowalska, and Marcin K. Widomski. "Modelling of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) transport in water in PE-HD pipe including chemical reaction of BHT oxidation." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400118.
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This paper presents laboratory and modelling studies of antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene leaching from a water supply PE-HD pipe for laminar and turbulent flow. The reaction of BHT oxidation to BHT-OH was included in our calculations. Required input data, initial and boundary conditions were based on laboratory measurements performed for a new PE-HD pipe. Laboratory measurements covered tests of BHT content and homogeneity in pipe material as well as measurements of BHT concentration in water flowing inside the pipe loop with different velocities. The BHT content of the PE-HD pipe and its concentration in water were determined by GC-MS method. Modelling calculations of BHT concentration in water for two different types of flow were performed using the commercial CDF software Fluent (Ansys Inc.). Non-homogeneous BHT distribution in pipe material and leaching of the antioxidant to the water were observed during laboratory tests. Numerical prediction of BHT concentration in water showed acceptable agreement between measured and calculated data. Nonetheless, the universality of the developed model is limited by the great diversity of available plastic pipe materials with various contents and technological amendments.
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BOSCO, Gerardo, Alessandro IONADI, Piergiorgio G. DATA, and Jacopo P. MORTOLA. "Voluntary breath-holding in the morning and in the evening." Clinical Science 106, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20030260.
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The aim of the present study was to determine whether or not voluntary breath-holding time (BHT) changes with the time of the day. BHT with airways closed at end-expiration was measured in six male subjects in the sitting position during the morning (08.00–12.00 hours, on days 1, 6, 7 and 8) and evening (20.00–24.00 hours, on days 2 and 4). BHT increased with the number of days of testing and, at day 8, the morning values averaged 160% of those on day 1. Also, ΔPACO2 [the difference between end-tidal partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) and alveolar PCO2 (PACO2) at the breaking point] increased in proportion to BHT. Hence the BHT/ΔPACO2 ratio remained nearly constant. Voluntary hyperventilation prolonged BHT and increased ΔPACO2. Conversely, in hypoxia (13% O2 for 1–2 h), BHT and ΔPACO2 were reduced proportionally. During the evening sessions, most of the BHT/ΔPACO2 ratios in normoxia, hypoxia or after hyperventilation were higher than the corresponding morning values, with the group difference reaching statistical significance for the measurements in normoxia and hypoxia. In conclusion, voluntary BHT varies in both duration and its relationship with ΔPACO2 between the morning and evening hours. The results should also imply that, with an interruption of breathing, changes in alveolar and arterial gases are not the same at different times of the day.
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Movileanu, Iulia, Máryuri T. Núñez de González, Brian Hafley, Rhonda K. Miller, and Jimmy T. Keeton. "Comparison of Dried Plum Puree, Rosemary Extract, and BHA/BHT as Antioxidants in Irradiated Ground Beef Patties." International Journal of Food Science 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/360732.
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Fresh ground beef patties with (1) no antioxidant (control), (2) 0.02% butylated hydroxyanisole/butylated hydroxytoluene (BHA/BHT), (3) 3% dried plum puree, or (4) 0.25% rosemary extract were aerobically packaged, irradiated at target doses of 0, 1.5, or 2.0 kGy (1.7 and 2.3 kGy actual doses), and stored at C. The samples were evaluated for lipid oxidation on 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of storage after irradiation. When compared to the control, all antioxidant treatments were effective in retarding () irradiation-induced lipid oxidation during storage as determined by 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) values. Rosemary extracts had the same antioxidant effect () as BHA/BHT in irradiated and nonirradiated beef patties, followed by the dried plum puree treatment. Irradiation increased TBARs values, but no differences were noted in oxidation between irradiation dose levels.
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Shie, Meng-Shiuan, Mei Xian Loi, His-Chung Chen, Ming-Hsien Hsieh, Yi-Ting Lin, Chen-Chung Liu, Pei-Ning Wang, et al. "544 - Validation of a new cognitive screening tool, the Brain Health Test-7, for identification of mild cognitive impairment and early dementia in 3 differentkinds of hospital settings." International Psychogeriatrics 33, S1 (October 2021): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610221002398.
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BackgroundThe Brain Health Test-7 (BHT-7) is a revised tool from the original BHT, containing more tests about frontal lobe function. It was developed with theaim of identifying patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early dementia.Research objectiveHere we report the validity of the BHT-7 versus the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in differentpsychiatry or neurology clinics.MethodsPatients with memory complaints were recruited in this study from the outpatient clinic of psychiatry or neurology in 3 different kinds of hospitals. Allpatients underwent the evaluation of the BHT-7, MMSE, MoCA, and clinical dementia rating (CDR). The clinical diagnosis (normal, MCI, dementia) was made by consensus meeting, taking into account all available data.Demographic data and the scores of the MMSE, MoCA, and BHT-7 between groups were compared. Logistic regression was adopted for analysis of optimal cutoff values, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve,and the area under the ROC curve (AUC).ResultsWe enrolled a total of 1090 subjects (normal 402, MCI 317, dementia 371); of them, 705 (64.7%) were female. There was a statistically significant differencein age, years of education, and 3 cognitive test scores among the 3 groups.Compared with the MMSE and MoCA, the BHT-7 performed slightly betterthan MMSE and MoCA in differentiating MCI or dementia from the normalcontrols (Table 1). For BHT- 7, the cutoff point was 17 between normal andMCI, and 14 between normal and dementia. These cutoff points for BHT-7were consistent through 3 different clinical settings, but inconsistent for MMSE and MoCA. The testing time for the BHT-7 was about 5-7 minutes, shorter than that of the MMSE and MoCA.ConclusionCompared with MMSE and MoCA, the BHT-7 showed slightly better performance in differentiating normal from MCI or dementia subjects. The testing time for the BHT-7 was shorter, and its cutoff points were consistent through different outpatient clinic settings. The results support that BHT-7 is auseful cognitive screening tool for MCI or early dementia in various hospital settings.Table 1Comparisons of the performance of BHT-7, MMSE, MoCAAUCcutoffSENSPEPPVNPVNormal vs. MCIBHT-70.8532≦170.81700.74130.71350.8371MMSE0.8061≦270.79500.68830.66840.8091MoCA0.8316≦250.82020.67910.66840.8273Normal vs. DementiaBHT-70.9848≦140.94340.96020.95630.9484MMSE0.9693≦240.88950.96260.95650.9040MoCA0.9768≦210.92450.94280.93720.9312Normal vs. MCI + DementiaBHT-70.9241≦160.83720.84580.90280.7522MMSE0.8941≦250.72820.91520.93650.6625MoCA0.9099≦230.80810.85320.90410.7221
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Ren, Jing, Yao Zheng, Hui Du, Shan Wang, Linna Liu, Wanshi Duan, Zeping Zhang, Lijun Heng, and Qi Yang. "Antibiotic-induced black hairy tongue: two case reports and a review of the literature." Journal of International Medical Research 48, no. 10 (October 2020): 030006052096127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520961279.
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Black hairy tongue (BHT) is characterized by a discolored, hairy tongue. We herein report two cases of BHT associated with antibacterial agents and review previous cases. In Case 1, a 17-year-old girl with a central neurocytoma was administered intravenous piperacillin–tazobactam for postoperative infection, and BHT developed 12 days later. Her symptoms resolved 8 days after she discontinued the piperacillin–tazobactam and brushed her tongue three times daily. In Case 2, a 65-year-old man was administered intravenous piperacillin–tazobactam and levofloxacin to treat multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and BHT developed 15 days later. The piperacillin–tazobactam was discontinued and the patient brushed his tongue, and the discoloration gradually subsided thereafter. However, the BHT reappeared after linezolid treatment. The patient had adverse drug reactions to both the piperacillin–tazobactam and linezolid treatments. The BHT might have been related to antibiotic use in both cases. We identified 19 cases of antibiotic-related BHT in a literature search, but none were related to piperacillin–tazobactam use. In all cases, symptoms resolved after discontinuation of the drug and brushing of the tongue. BHT may be a rare adverse effect of antibiotics. Treatment strategies include removal of the causative agents, mechanical debridement, and good oral hygiene.
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Nakamura, Toshihiko, Shingo Yamada, and Toshirou Yoshioka. "Brain Hypothermic Therapy Dramatically Decreases Elevated Blood Concentrations of High Mobility Group Box 1 in Neonates with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy." Disease Markers 35 (2013): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/327604.
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Background. According to the Consensus 2010 of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR), children with moderate to severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) should receive brain hypothermic therapy (BHT) after successful resuscitation. Elevated high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in the blood at the early stage of brain ischemia-reperfusion injury has been suggested to be involved in the release of various inflammatory cytokines.Methods. In total, 21 neonates plasma HMGB1 concentration was measured. These neonates included 8 with HIE in whom BHT was indicated, 5 controls diagnosed as having HIE but who were not suitable candidates for BHT, and 8 normal controls.Results. The umbilical artery HMGB1 (UA-HMGB1) level before undergoing BHT significantly exceeded reference values. The UA-HMGB1 level in the BHT (−) group did not differ significantly from reference values, but was significantly increased 24 hours after birth. Repeated measure ANOVA showed a significant difference in time course changes between the BHT (+) and BHT (−) groups (P=0.0002).Conclusions. This study demonstrated hypothermic therapy to significantly decrease HMGB1. Furthermore, HMGB1 is a useful index of the inhibition of early stage inflammation.
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Llaurado, J. G. "The saga of BHT and BHA in life extension myths." Journal of the American College of Nutrition 4, no. 4 (January 1985): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1985.10720090.
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Clayson, David B., Frank Iverson, Eduardo A. Nera, and Eric Lok. "The Importance of Cellular Proliferation Induced by BHA and BHT." Toxicology and Industrial Health 9, no. 1-2 (January 1993): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233793009001-217.
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HARRIS, P. L., and S. L. CUPPETT. "Effect of Selected Antioxidants on the Activity of a Mixture of Crude Pseudomonas Lipases." Journal of Food Protection 54, no. 2 (February 1, 1991): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-54.2.133.
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Commercially acceptable concentrations (0.02%) of butylated hydroxytolulene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), tertiary butylhydroxyquinone (TBHQ), Tenox 4, and Tenox 8 were evaluated for their effect on the lipolytic activity of mixed Pseudomonas crude lipases (MCLs). MCLs were prepared from lipases produced by raw milk isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. cepacia, and P. putida. GRAS antioxidants, 1-ascorbyl 6-palmitate (AP) and d-α-tocopherol (AT), at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% concentrations, were also evaluated for their effect on lipase activity. Antioxidants and enzyme preparations were incubated for 30 min at 25 or 40°C. At 25°C, all antioxidants tested inhibited lipase activity to some extent. At 2% concentration, AP completely (100%) inhibited lipolytic activity, and AT inhibited lipolytic activity by 89%. At 40°C, the effectiveness of AP and AT as lipolytic inhibitors decreased, and the low concentrations of BHT, BHA, TBHQ, Tenox 4, and Tenox 8 stimulated lipolytic activity.
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Gilzad-Kohan, Hamed, Shabnam Sani, and Mehdi Boroujerdi. "Calcitriol Reverses Induced Expression of Efflux Proteins and Potentiates Cytotoxic Activity of Gemcitabine in Capan-2 Pancreatic Cancer Cells." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 20 (August 24, 2017): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/j37w7r.
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Purpose. Efflux and influx proteins play a major role in chemo-resistance by affecting the net cellular uptake of anti-cancer drugs. Hence, alteration of the efflux and influx protein expression may result in variations of chemotherapeutics uptake and consequently cell death rate. The present study investigated the effects of pre-treatment of capan-2 pancreatic cancer cells with calcitriol, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) or silibinin on the induction of three major efflux proteins and the main gemcitabine influx protein. The influence of the pre-treatments on the net cellular uptake of gemcitabine, total ATPase activity, and cell death rate were also evaluated. Methods. Capan-2 pancreatic cancer cells were pre-treated for 24 h with calcitriol, BHT, BHA, or silibinin, followed by gemcitabine treatment. The concentration of gemcitabine was quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was utilized in order to investigate the expression of the mRNAs. The expression of the proteins was assessed using western blotting. Measurement of the ATPase activity was conducted utilizing a colorimetric method and viability of the cells was determined using a luminescent cell viability assay. Results. Protein expression studies showed that BHT, silibinin, and BHA increased expression of the efflux proteins and decreased the overall uptake of gemcitabine, whereas calcitriol significantly inhibited expression of the efflux proteins and increased gemcitabine uptake. Expression of specific mRNAs correlated reasonably well with the levels of corresponding proteins. Additionally, the expression of efflux proteins and ATPase activity were well correlated, signifying that the induced efflux proteins are functionally active. Moreover, pre-treatment with calcitriol resulted in a significant increase in cell death with gemcitabine treatment, whereas, BHA significantly reduced the cell death rate. On the other hand, pre-treatment with BHT and silibinin had no significant effect on the cell death rate. Conclusions. Pre-treatment of the pancreatic cancer cells with calcitriol significantly increased gemcitabine cellular uptake and consequently decreased cell viability after treatment with gemcitabine, whereas BHA significantly reduced gemcitabine uptake and decreased cell death rate, which were at least partially attributed to the alteration of expression of efflux and influx proteins. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.
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Ibtissem, Bouftira, Mgaidi Imen, and Sfar Souad. "Dosage of 2,6-Bis (1.1-Dimethylethyl)-4-Methylphenol (BHT) in the Plant ExtractMesembryanthemum crystallinum." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010 (2010): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/142486.
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A naturally occurring BHT was identified in the leaves of the halophyte plantMesembryanthemum crystallinum. This phenol was extracted in this study by two methods at the different plant growth stages. One of the methods was better for BHT extraction; the concentration of this phenol is plant growth stage dependent. In this study, the floraison stage has the highest BHT concentration. The antioxidant activity of the plant extract was not related to BHT concentration. The higher antioxidant activity is obtained at seedlings stage.
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Yuan, Liemei, Gang Cai, and Jun Gao. "Synthesis, properties and application in polyvinyl butyral of spirooxazine photochromic compounds." Pigment & Resin Technology 48, no. 5 (September 2, 2019): 421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-12-2018-0125.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-methylphenol (BHT) on the thermal stability and fatigue resistance of spirooxazine and then study the properties of photochromic polyvinyl butyral resin (PVB) films. Design/methodology/approach BHT was introduced into the spirooxazine system by blending and covalent bonding. The properties of spirooxazine solutions and photochromic PVB films were studied. Findings The thermal stability and fatigue resistance of spirooxazine covalently linked (BHT-SO) or mixed (BHT/SO) with BHT were higher than the system without BHT, and BHT-SO was the better one. But acidic substance would greatly impair the fatigue resistance of spirooxazine. The optimum addition amount of BHT-SO2 to PVB was 2.5 per cent, and the minimum limit was 0.01 per cent. The fading kinetic and fatigue resistance of film were similar to the solution and better. Plasticizer could accelerate the fading rate and strengthen the mechanical properties of photochromic film but had no effect on the fatigue resistance. Research limitations/implications Spirooxazine could be grafted onto the PVB chain to make the ring closure fading reaction slower. Practical implications In addition to the wide application prospects of photochromic materials in decoration, optical storage, etc., the photochromic PVB film in the car safety glass can absorb sunlight and turn blue, then fade to colorless when the sunlight disappears, making the interior environment more comfortable. Originality/value The introduction of BHT into the spirooxazine system not only exerts its ability to capture free radicals, but its bulky volume also increases the resistance of the ring closure, making the fading process slower.
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Minyaev, Mikhail E., Andrei V. Churakov, and Ilya E. Nifant'ev. "Structural diversity of polynuclear Mg x O y cores in magnesium phenoxide complexes." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 73, no. 11 (October 6, 2017): 854–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229617012657.
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The binuclear complex bis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenolato)-1κO,2κO-(1,2-dimethoxyethane-1κ2 O,O′)bis(μ-phenylmethanolato-1:2κ2 O:O)(tetrahydrofuran-2κO)dimagnesium(II), [Mg2(C7H7O)2(C15H23O)2(C4H8O)(C4H10O2)] or [(BHT)(DME)Mg(μ-OBn)2Mg(THF)(BHT)], (I), was obtained from the complex [(BHT)Mg(μ-OBn)(THF)]2 by substitution of one tetrahydrofuran (THF) molecule with 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) in toluene (BHT is O-2,6- t Bu2-4-MeC6H4 and Bn is benzyl). The trinuclear complex bis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenolato)-1κO,3κO-tetrakis(μ-2-methylphenolato)-1:2κ4 O:O;2:3κ4 O:O-bis(tetrahydrofuran)-1κO,3κO-trimagnesium(II), [Mg3(C7H7O)4(C15H23O)2(C4H8O)2] or [(BHT)2(μ-O-2-MeC6H4)4(THF)2Mg3], (II), was formed from a mixture of Bu2Mg, [(BHT)Mg( n Bu)(THF)2] and 2-methylphenol. An unusual tetranuclear complex, bis(μ3-2-aminoethanolato-κ4 O:O:O,N)tetrakis(μ2-2-aminoethanolato-κ3 O:O,N)bis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenolato-κO)tetramagnesium(II), [Mg4(C2H6NO)6(C15H23O)2] or Mg4(BHT)2(OCH2CH2NH2)6, (III), resulted from the reaction between (BHT)2Mg(THF)2 and 2-aminoethanol. A polymerization test demonstrated the ability of (III) to catalyse the ring-opening polymerization of ∊-caprolactone without activation by alcohol. In all three complexes (I)–(III), the BHT ligand demonstrates the terminal κO-coordination mode. Complexes (I), (II) and (III) have binuclear rhomboid Mg2O2, trinuclear chain-like Mg3O4 and bicubic Mg4O6 cores, respectively. A survey of the literature on known polynuclear Mg x O y core types for ArO–Mg complexes is also presented.
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Tian, Hu Yong, Wan Ping Chen, D. Y. Wang, Y. Wang, J. T. Zeng, and Helen Lai Wah Chan. "Preparation and Properties of Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-Ba (Hf,Ti)TiO3 Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (March 2007): 957–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.957.
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Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics based on bismuth sodium titanate (BNT) -barium hafnate titanate (BHT) were prepared by a two-step synthesis process. The final BNT-BHT ceramics sintered at 1180oC for 2 h in air showed a perovskite structure with high density. The morphotropic phase boundaries (MPB) were found in BNT based piezoelectric ceramics with 8~10 wt% BHT in composites. In the case of Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-0.08BaHf0.05Ti0.95O3 ceramics, a maximum piezoelectric coefficient d33 of 122.6 pC/N was obtained. The remnant polarization (Pr) and coercive field (Ec) were measured and the relationship between ferroelectricity and the BHT fraction in the compounds was investigated. The BNT-BHT ceramics were expected to be a new and promising candidate for lead-free piezoelectric device applications.
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Irianto, Hari Eko, Yusro Nuri Fawzya, and Rosmawaty Peranginangin. "SELEKSI JENIS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN PENENTUAN KONSENTRASI OPTIMUMNYA PADA PEMURNIAN MINYAK IKAN LEMURU." Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia 1, no. 2 (April 18, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jppi.1.2.1995.1-12.
Full textAbstract:
Minyak ikan mengandung asam lemak tak jenuh cukup tinggi, sehingga menyebabkan mudah rusak akibat oksidasi. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mendapatkan metoda peningkatan stabititas minyak ikan selama permunian dengan menggunakan antioksidan. Jenis antioksidan yang diteliti efektivitasnya pada penelitian pendahuluanadalah BHA, BHT, propil galat, TBHQ dan tokoferor.
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Grillo, Claudia A., Analía I. Seoane, and Fernando N. Dulout. "Protective effect of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) against the clastogenic acitivity of cadmium chloride and potassium dichromate in hamster ovary cells." Genetics and Molecular Biology 22, no. 1 (March 1999): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47571999000100012.
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The effect of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), a widely used food additive, on chromosomal alterations induced by cadmium chloride (CC) and potassium dichromate (PD) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was studied both at metaphase and anaphase-telophase. CHO cells were cultured for 15-16 h in the presence of PD (6.0, 9.0 or 12.0 <FONT FACE="Symbol">m</font>M), BHT (1.0 <FONT FACE="Symbol">m</font>g/ml), or PD plus BHT as well as CC (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 <FONT FACE="Symbol">m</font>M), BHT or CC plus BHT for the analysis of chromosomal aberrations. To perform the anaphase-telophase test, cells were cultured in cover glasses and treated 8 h before fixation with the same chemicals. An extra dose of CC (4 <FONT FACE="Symbol">m</font>M) was used in this test. Both metal salts significantly increased chromosomal aberration frequencies in relation to untreated controls, and to DMSO- and BHT-treated cells. Post-treatment with BHT decreased the yield of chromosomal damage in relation to treatments performed with CC and PD. However, chromosomal aberration frequencies were significantly higher than those of the controls. In the anaphase-telophase test, CC significantly increased the yield of lagging chromosomes with the four doses employed and the frequency of lagging fragments with the highest dose. In combined treatments of CC and BHT, frequencies of the two types of alterations decreased significantly in relation to the cells treated with CC alone. No significant variation was found in the frequencies of chromatin bridges. Significant increases of numbers of chromatin bridges, lagging chromosomes and lagging fragments were found in cells treated with PD. The protective effect of BHT in combined treatments was evidenced by the significant decrease of chromatid bridges and lagging chromosomes in relation to PD-treated cells. Whereas BHT is able to induce chromosomal damage, it can also protect against oxidative damage induced by other genotoxicants.
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Tehseen, M., S. Hina, Alim Un Nisa, and A. Ahmad. "Oxidative stabilization of corn oil with spinach extract." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 54, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v54i4.44572.
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The present study was aimed to analyze the antioxidant activity of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) extract in oxidative stabilization of refined, bleached and de-odorized (RBD) corn oil (CO). Corn oil was supplemented with three different concentrations 600, 1200 and 1800 ppm of methanolic spinach extract and then stored at 25oC and 60oC. Different oxidation measuring parameters such as peroxide value (PV), free fatty acid (FFA) value, iodine value (IV), conjugated dienes (CD), conjugated trienes (CT) and para-anisidine value (PAV) were examined. The potency of spinach extract as natural antioxidant was found to be as effective as the synthetic antioxidants BHA and BHT used as standards and highest stabilization was observed in the order CO-1800>CO-1200>CO-BHT> CO-BHA>CO-600>CO-control. The results showed a significant effect of spinach extract in enhancing the oxidative stability of corn oil.
Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.54(4), 375-382, 2019
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Tortosa, Valentina, Valentina Pietropaolo, Valentina Brandi, Gabriele Macari, Andrea Pasquadibisceglie, and Fabio Polticelli. "Computational Methods for the Identification of Molecular Targets of Toxic Food Additives. Butylated Hydroxytoluene as a Case Study." Molecules 25, no. 9 (May 9, 2020): 2229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092229.
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Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is one of the most commonly used synthetic antioxidants in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and petrochemical products. BHT is considered safe for human health; however, its widespread use together with the potential toxicological effects have increased consumers concern about the use of this synthetic food additive. In addition, the estimated daily intake of BHT has been demonstrated to exceed the recommended acceptable threshold. In the present work, using BHT as a case study, the usefulness of computational techniques, such as reverse screening and molecular docking, in identifying protein–ligand interactions of food additives at the bases of their toxicological effects has been probed. The computational methods here employed have been useful for the identification of several potential unknown targets of BHT, suggesting a possible explanation for its toxic effects. In silico analyses can be employed to identify new macromolecular targets of synthetic food additives and to explore their functional mechanisms or side effects. Noteworthy, this could be important for the cases in which there is an evident lack of experimental studies, as is the case for BHT.
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Racanicci, AMC, JFM Menten, MC Iafigliola, JB Gaiotto, and AA Pedroso. "Efeito da Adição do Antioxidante BHT e do Armazenamento Sobre a Qualidade da Farinha de Carne e Ossos Para Frangos de Corte." Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola 2, no. 2 (August 2000): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-635x2000000200005.
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Este estudo foi desenvolvido com a finalidade monitorar a qualidade da farinha de carne e ossos (FCO), durante o armazenamento prolongado (10 semanas), e avaliar os efeitos da adição do BHT (500mg/kg) a esta farinha. Um lote fresco de FCO (41,12% PB e 9,14% EE) foi dividido em seis partes iguais, sendo uma não tratada (CONTROLE) e as demais tratadas com BHT em diferentes tempos de armazenamento (nos dias 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28: BHT/0, BHT/7, BHT/14, BHT/21 e BHT/28, respectivamente). As FCO foram armazenadas em ambiente diariamente monitorado e sua qualidade foi avaliada por amostragens semanais, com determinação do índice de peróxidos, cujo nível máximo obtido foi de aproximadamente 80meq/kg (CONTROLE). A partir da 4ª semana de armazenamento, foi conduzido um experimento com frangos de corte alimentados por 42 dias com rações à base de milho e farelo de soja, contendo cerca de 4% das FCO armazenadas. Foram utilizados 1.440 pintos de um dia, machos, distribuídos num delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 6 tratamentos e 6 repetições. Os resultados médios obtidos para peso vivo, ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, mortalidade e refugagem e fator de produção foram submetidos à análise da variância e as médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas ao CONTROLE através do teste de Dunnett. As variáveis estudadas, em geral, não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos (p>0,05), indicando que, neste estudo, o uso da FCO oxidada ou das FCO protegidas pelo BHT, não influenciaram o desempenho das aves.
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Zhu, Jian-ping, Hua-ying Wu, Yuan Zi, Xin-bin Xia, Meng-zhou Xie, and Zhi-ying Yuan. "Baihe Jizihuang Tang Ameliorates Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Depression-Like Behavior: Integrating Network Pharmacology and Brain-Gut Axis Evaluation." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (August 24, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5554363.
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Baihe Jizihuang Tang (BHT) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription, which can also be used as a nutritional food with medicinal value. Herein, we aimed to clarify the antidepressive effects and molecular mechanism of BHT. Network pharmacological analysis; chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rat model assessment; behavioral tests; analysis of hippocampal neurotransmitter levels, hippocampal pathological structure, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; western blot analysis; 16s RNA sequencing; ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC)/mass spectrometry (MS); and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/ultraviolet (UV) analysis were used. We found 8 potentially active components and 12 targets from the database. KEGG analysis suggested that BHT significantly affected BDNF/tyrosine receptor kinase B levels, glutamate binding, synaptic transmission based on neurotransmitter signal, and the response to glucocorticoid signaling pathways. Consistently, 7 chemical components were identified using UPLC/quadrupole time-of-flight/MS; among them, regalosides A, B, C, and E were unique components of lily of TCM, and their content in BHT was significantly different: regaloside A > B > E > C. BHT could nourish hippocampal neurons, affect neurotransmitter metabolism, reduce HPA axis hyperactivity, improve deficits in hippocampal tissue structure, and change depressive behavior. Moreover, BHT regulated BDNF expression in the hippocampus and improved intestinal flora deficits in CUMS rats by changing the content of Bifidobacterium, Rothia, Glutamicibacter, and Lactobacillus at the genus level. Collectively, BHT attenuated CUMS-induced depression-like behavior by regulating BDNF and intestinal flora disorder through the brain-gut axis. Therefore, including BHT in the medication list may constitute a potential strategy for preventing depression.
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MURCIA, M. ANTONIA, ANTONIA M. JIMÉNEZ, and MAGDALENA MARTÍNEZ-TOMÉ. "Evaluation of the Antioxidant Properties of Mediterranean and Tropical Fruits Compared with Common Food Additives." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 2037–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.12.2037.
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Several Mediterranean and tropical fruits have been analyzed in order to assess their antioxidant activity compared with that of common food additives (butylated hydroxyanisole [BHA], butylated hydroxytoluene [BHT] and propyl gallate). Among Mediterranean fruits, red grape and plum were more effective (P < 0.05) scavengers of peroxyl radicals than BHA, BHT, and propyl gallate. Of the tropical fruits, banana was the most effective scavenger of peroxyl radicals. Mediterranean and tropical fruits showed very good scavenger activity against hydroxy radicals (OH), protecting deoxyribose better than BHA and BHT. The HOCl scavenging ability of Mediterranean fruits tested was, in decreasing order, lemon > plum > apricot > white grape > melon > red grape > mandarin > watermelon > peach > medlar > apple > orange > cherry > strawberry. However, the four varieties of pear were poor scavengers (P < 0.05). Among tropical fruits, the order of efficiency as HOCl scavengers was passion fruit > lime > passiflora > kumquat > avocado > pineapple > physalis > papaya fruit > carambola > mango > banana. All Mediterranean fruits showed an effect on hydrogen peroxide except peach. Tropical fruits also had a strong effect on hydrogen peroxide except avocado, which had no effect. The effect of Mediterranean and tropical fruits on the protection factor of refined olive oil, analyzed by the Rancimat method and compared with common food additives, was clear. Watermelon conferred a significantly (P < 0.05) greater protection than the other Mediterranean fruits. Among tropical fruits, physalis had the most stabilizing effect.
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Orjalo, Ashley J., Samuel J. Callaghan, and Robert G. Lockie. "The Effects of the Barbell Hip Thrust on Post-Activation Performance Enhancement of Change of Direction Speed in College-Aged Men and Women." Sports 8, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports8120151.
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This study investigated whether the barbell hip thrust (BHT) enhanced change-of-direction (COD) speed measured by the 505 COD speed test. Forty recreationally trained individuals completed three sessions. Session 1 included one-repetition maximum (1RM) BHT testing to measure absolute and relative strength. Sessions 2 and 3 involved two counter-balanced conditioning activities (CAs): 3 sets × 5 repetitions of the BHT at 85% 1RM and a control condition (CC; 6 min rest). The 505 COD speed test was performed 5 and 2.5 min pre-CA, and 4, 8, 12, and 16 min post-CA in each session. A 2 × 5 repeated-measures ANOVA (p < 0.05) calculated performance changes across time post-CA. A 2 × 2 repeated-measures ANOVA analyzed best potentiated performance. Partial correlations controlling for sex calculated relationships between the 1RM BHT and 505 COD speed test percent potentiation. There was a significant main effect for time (p < 0.001), but not for condition (p = 0.271) or condition × time (p = 0.295). There were no significant correlations between 1RM BHT and potentiation. The 85% 1RM BHT did potentiate the 505 4–16 min post-CA but no more than the CC. Nonetheless, a heavy BHT could be programmed prior to COD drills as COD speed could be potentiated and performance improved in men and women.
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Da Costa, Romilda Arivina. "The Practice of Religion & Its Influence on Hatuhaha Language Shift in Central Moluccas." PAROLE: Journal of Linguistics and Education 6, no. 2 (May 11, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/parole.v6i2.1-13.
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By the trade and the spread of Islam, Malay language (BM) was introduced. Hatuhaha language (BHT) and Malay language (BM) were used based on their needs. When Portuguese and The Netherlands ruled there, Hatuhaha communities (HA) forced down from the mountain and occupied the coastal areas. The use of Hatuhaha language (BHT) began to be prohibited; especially in the Hulaliu village which have been Christianized. On the contrary, in the four villages which were not Christianized, Hatuhaha language (BHT) was limited use because they did not always have business with the colonial. Furthermore, religious fragmentation occurs gradually, and impacted sosiologically on the development of Hatuhaha language (BHT). This phenomenon is then examined by quantitative and qualitative approaches that utilize the library study method, observation, survey, and interview. The results showed that in addition to the factors of colonization and Christianization, religious practice in Hatuhaha community (HA) has given more significant impact on Hatuhaha language (BHT) shift. It could be shown through correlation test by using Chi-Square on the level of frequency in using Hatuhaha language (BHT) on the domain of family, religious, and custom.